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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S7mk4ZkrP5rmfDD6pb8rSTx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200680</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190385</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190385</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predi&#231;&#227;o do Mapa de Estresse em Aorta Ascendente: Otimiza&#231;&#227;o da Posi&#231;&#227;o Coaxial no Implante Valvar A&#243;rtico Percut&#226;neo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celis</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4788-1496</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Alvares de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9541-311X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ibanez</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3850-7478</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Nieckele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5025-7531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4836-8931</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nieckele</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Ourivio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Engenharia Mec&#226;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) - Departamento de Engenharia Mec&#226;nica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fitcente</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fitcenter, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Soares Teixeira &#8226; Fitcenter - Rua Jo&#227;o Pessoa, 248. CEP 24220-331, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pedrosote@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Celis D, Gomes BAA, Ibanez I, Azevedo PN, Teixeira PS, Nieckele AO; Celis D, Gomes BAA, Ibanez I, Azevedo PN, Teixeira PS, Nieckele AO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>680</fpage>
      <lpage>687</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O implante valvar a&#243;rtico percut&#226;neo (TAVR, do ingl&#234;s Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement) reduz a mortalidade de pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica grave. O conhecimento da distribui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o e tens&#227;o de cisalhamento na parede a&#243;rtica pode ajudar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de regi&#245;es cr&#237;ticas, onde o processo de remodelamento a&#243;rtico pode ocorrer. Neste trabalho &#233; apresentado um estudo de simula&#231;&#227;o computacional da influ&#234;ncia do posicionamento do orif&#237;cio valvar prot&#233;tico na hemodin&#226;mica na raiz de aorta e segmento ascendente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> A presente an&#225;lise apresenta um estudo da varia&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de fluxo devido a altera&#231;&#245;es no &#226;ngulo do orif&#237;cio valvar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um modelo tridimensional foi gerado a partir do exame de angiotomografia computadorizada da aorta de um paciente que foi submetido ao procedimento de TAVR. Diferentes vaz&#245;es de fluxo foram impostas atrav&#233;s do orif&#237;cio valvar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es no &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o causaram mudan&#231;as no padr&#227;o de fluxo, com deslocamento na posi&#231;&#227;o dos v&#243;rtices, na distribui&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o e no local de alta tens&#227;o cisalhante na parede a&#243;rtica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Essas caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas podem ser importantes no processo de remodelamento a&#243;rtico e distribui&#231;&#227;o de tens&#227;o, al&#233;m de auxiliar, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do posicionamento da pr&#243;tese valvar percut&#226;nea. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Resultado do Tratamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Durante muitos anos, a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica por cirurgia de &#8220;peito aberto&#8221; era o tratamento padr&#227;o para casos de estenose a&#243;rtica grave,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> reduzindo sintomas e aumentando a sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, alguns pacientes de alto risco n&#227;o devem ser submetidos &#224; cirurgia convecional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> seja pela idade avan&#231;ada, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ou presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para essa classe de pacientes, uma alternativa, menos invasiva, foi desenvolvida em 2002,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> chamada de implante de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando realizado pelo procedimento cir&#250;rgico convencional, o implante valvar &#233; preciso, por&#233;m invasivo. No procedimento TAVR, a pr&#243;tese &#233; liberada na regi&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico, substituindo a valva disfuncionante sem remov&#234;-la, por meio de cateteres e aux&#237;lio de imagens fluorosc&#243;picas. Contudo, o m&#233;todo est&#225; sujeito a maior variabilidade no posicionamento da pr&#243;tese, dada a natureza do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#245;es exc&#234;ntricas no &#226;nulo a&#243;rtico pode impedir a total expans&#227;o da pr&#243;tese percut&#226;nea, afetando, assim, o posicionamento coaxial da pr&#243;tese ap&#243;s sua libera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O posicionamento da valva pode ser definida com base na rela&#231;&#227;o entre o orif&#237;cio e o &#226;nulo, com sua inclina&#231;&#227;o definida como o &#226;ngulo entre a linha central do &#226;nulo a&#243;rtico e a linha central do orif&#237;cio prot&#233;tico. Varia&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o bem como no posicionamento da pr&#243;tese (posi&#231;&#227;o coaxial da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; valva nativa do paciente pode gerar mudan&#231;as hemodin&#226;micas significativas na raiz a&#243;rtica, tais como na intensidade de turbul&#234;ncia, dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo e maior queda de press&#227;o. Sabe-se que varia&#231;&#245;es no fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta ascendente est&#227;o relacionadas ao processo de remodelamento a&#243;rtico e condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, tais como dilata&#231;&#245;es, aneurismas e tortuosidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o de altos n&#237;veis de tens&#227;o cisalhante e press&#227;o &#233; importante dada a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica da aorta ascendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o helicoidal do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, antes e ap&#243;s o paciente ter sido submetido ao procedimento de TAVR, varia consideravelmente pelo efeito da geometria da pr&#243;tese implantada, sua inclina&#231;&#227;o e posi&#231;&#227;o final.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Atualmente, pouco se sabe acerca das consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas da aus&#234;ncia de coaxialidade da pr&#243;tese percut&#226;nea. Essas varia&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente conhecidas, e &#233; de grande interesse analisar a influ&#234;ncia deste procedimento sobre o remodelamento a&#243;rtico, para melhorar seu projeto e processo de acoplamento. Assim, no presente trabalho, realizou-se um estudo para investigar a influ&#234;ncia de pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es no &#226;ngulo coaxial valvar sobre o fluxo sangu&#237;neo no interior da aorta.</p>
      <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de fluxo a&#243;rtico utilizando o exame de angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) em vez de procedimentos invasivos pode ajudar a definir a melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. Este poder&#225; ser considerado uma boa pr&#225;tica na assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de e mais um passo em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; medicina de precis&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Para melhor representar a geometria da aorta, um modelo vascular foi constru&#237;do a partir de uma ATC da aorta sincronizada com eletrocardiograma (ECG-gated) realizada antes da TAVR em um paciente do sexo masculino de 77 anos de idade. O paciente apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica leve do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e estenose a&#243;rtica degenerativa grave com classe funcional III ( <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> , NYHA). A pr&#243;tese implantada foi uma Edwards-SAPIEN. O paciente forneceu consentimento livre e esclarecido pr&#233;vio para participar do estudo, o qual foi registrado no Conselho Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Brasil) e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>A ATC foi realizada em um tom&#243;grafo de 64 canais (Somatom Sensation 64, Siemens, Alemanha). Uma s&#233;rie de cortes foi selecionada, que incluiu desde o &#226;nulo a&#243;rtico at&#233; a aorta tor&#225;cica. As imagens DICOM foram transferidas para o software FIJI para a segmenta&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o desejada da aorta e estudo da fase sist&#243;lica do ciclo card&#237;aco. A segmenta&#231;&#227;o de uma ATC antes do implante &#233; uma extrapola&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lida, uma vez que n&#227;o existe diferen&#231;a significativa entre dados de ATC antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia. O di&#226;metro D efetivo da pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica foi determinado a partir de medidas do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o da continuidade de massa.</p>
      <p>Apesar do ciclo card&#237;aco ser naturalmente transiente, o foco do presente trabalho &#233; o per&#237;odo sist&#243;lico, quando as paredes da aorta est&#227;o distendidas, fornecendo o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo, com pequena varia&#231;&#227;o dada a complac&#234;ncia vascular. Al&#233;m disso, a pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica se abre completamente em um intervalo de tempo muito curto, alcan&#231;ando o di&#226;metro efetivo D muito rapidamente. Assim, para analisar a influ&#234;ncia do posicionamento da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica sobre o campo de fluxo e distribui&#231;&#227;o das tens&#245;es, foram feitas algumas simplifica&#231;&#245;es do modelo.</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>A superf&#237;cie da aorta foi considerada r&#237;gida, <italic>i.e</italic> ., sua complac&#234;ncia foi desconsiderada. Tal aproxima&#231;&#227;o &#233; menos conservadora, uma vez que, devido &#224; complac&#234;ncia, a press&#227;o dentro da aorta encontra-se reduzida em caso de dilata&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A valva foi posicionada na regi&#227;o da entrada, no centro do &#226;nulo a&#243;rtico. Os folhetos da pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica n&#227;o foram modelados. No pico sist&#243;lico, os folhetos encontram-se completamente abertos, resultando em um orif&#237;cio com di&#226;metro efetivo <italic>D</italic> . As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das no modelo devido ao baixo fluxo atrav&#233;s delas no pico sist&#243;lico. Essas simplifica&#231;&#245;es foram introduzidas devido a custo-efetividade da simula&#231;&#227;o do modelo, e acreditamos que estas n&#227;o possuem um impacto significativo sobre os resultados de velocidade de fluxo no pico sist&#243;lico.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O escoamento foi modelado em regime permanente, correspondendo ao momento do pico sist&#243;lico, o que pode ser considerado como condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica (vaz&#227;o m&#225;xima).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Essa aproxima&#231;&#227;o permite determinar a tens&#227;o m&#233;dia e distribui&#231;&#227;o de velocidade. No entanto, o &#237;ndice de cisalhamento oscilat&#243;rio, o qual est&#225; associado &#224; degenera&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> n&#227;o pode ser determinado.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Os efeitos de gravidade foram desconsiderados uma vez que as varia&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o s&#227;o dominantes.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Segundo Sun e Chaicana,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> o sangue pode ser considerado fluido newtoniano, <italic>i.e</italic> ., sua tens&#227;o de cisalhamento &#233; diretamente proporcional &#224; taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o do elemento de fluido. Essa aproxima&#231;&#227;o pode ser aplicada se a taxa de cisalhamento for maior que 100s<sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Ainda, sob condi&#231;&#245;es normais a 36<sup>o</sup>C, o sangue pode ser considerado um fluido incompress&#237;vel, com viscosidade constante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>No pico sist&#243;lico (vaz&#227;o m&#225;xima), o jato que flui pelo orif&#237;cio valvar &#233; turbulento. Segundo estudos anteriores, de escoamentos hemodin&#226;micos turbulentos, a turbul&#234;ncia foi determinada com o modelo de m&#233;dia de Reynolds. Com base em uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre dados num&#233;ricos e experimentais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> foi escolhido o modelo de turbul&#234;ncia &#954;&#8211;&#969; SST,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> recomendado para situa&#231;&#245;es de baixo n&#250;mero Reynolds.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Com base nas hip&#243;teses apresentadas acima, o campo de escoamento atrav&#233;s da aorta pode ser obtido pela solu&#231;&#227;o das equa&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de Reynolds de Navier-Stokes com:</p>
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                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi>
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            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>&#8706;</mml:mo>
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                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
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          <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
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      </disp-formula>
      <p>onde x<sub>i</sub> representa os eixos das coordenadas e u<sub>i</sub> o componente de velocidade m&#233;dia no tempo; &#961; &#233; a densidade, <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mover><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>&#961;&#954;</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> &#233; a press&#227;o modificada, que inclui a press&#227;o din&#226;mica turbulenta, a qual inclui a press&#227;o din&#226;mica turbulenta (&#954; &#233; a energia cin&#233;tica turbulenta);&#181; e &#181;<sub>t</sub> s&#227;o a viscosidade molecular e a viscosidade turbulenta; &#181;<sub>t</sub> &#233; determinada com base na solu&#231;&#227;o das equa&#231;&#245;es diferenciais para a energia cin&#233;tica turbulenta &#954; e a taxa espec&#237;fica de dissipa&#231;&#227;o &#969;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ilustra esquematicamente o dom&#237;nio computacional correspondente &#224; aorta. O contorno externo do dom&#237;nio computacional &#233; a camada mais interna (&#237;ntima) da aorta, que ser&#225; aqui chamada apenas de &#8220;parede&#8221; da aorta. O sangue entra na aorta atrav&#233;s da pr&#243;tese, com orif&#237;cio efetivo de 1,54 cm<sup>2</sup> de &#225;rea, na base da raiz a&#243;rtica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1a</xref> ). O plano da entrada coincide com o plano x-y, e perpendicular &#224; coordenada axial z. O &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o &#952; da valva &#233; definido em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eixo z, onde um &#952; negativo est&#225; em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; coron&#225;ria direita, e positivo para a parede posterolateral da aorta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1b</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Dom&#237;nio computacional: sistema de refer&#234;ncia e condi&#231;&#245;es de contorno.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A vaz&#227;o volum&#233;trica Q &#233; definida na entrada. Segundo Ku D.N.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> para esta situa&#231;&#227;o em que o n&#250;mero Womersley &#233; alto (&gt;10), pode-se considerar um perfil uniforme para os componentes de velocidade, bem como para as quantidades de turbul&#234;ncia. Com base nos dados de Gomes B.A.A.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> 10% de intensidade de turbul&#234;ncia na entrada foi recomendado.</p>
      <p>O fluxo deixa a aorta por quatro sa&#237;das, como ilustrado na Figura 1b. Em todas as regi&#245;es da sa&#237;da, aplicou-se uma condi&#231;&#227;o de fluxo difusivo nulo e a vaz&#227;o foi dividida entre elas, conforme recomendado por Alastruey et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> e Nardi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> com base nos valores m&#233;dios encontrados no corpo humano. Sa&#237;da 1 (aorta descendente): 69,1%; sa&#237;da 2 (tronco braquiocef&#225;lico): 19,3%; sa&#237;da 3 (art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum esquerda): 5,2% e sa&#237;da 4 (art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda): 6,4%.</p>
      <p>Na superf&#237;cie da aorta, uma condi&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o escorregamento foi definida como condi&#231;&#227;o de contorno. A condi&#231;&#227;o de contorno &#954; na superf&#237;cie s&#243;lida tamb&#233;m &#233; zero, e a dissipa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica nas paredes (&#969;<sub>W</sub>) &#233; definida com base na espessura da subcamada molecular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma vez que o escoamento foi modelado como incompress&#237;vel, o n&#237;vel de press&#227;o &#233; irrelevante e, assim, a distribui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o foi determinada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o na valva a&#243;rtica, p<sub>in</sub>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelagem num&#233;rica</title>
        <p>As equa&#231;&#245;es de conserva&#231;&#227;o de massa, quantidade de movimento linear e de turbul&#234;ncia, que caracterizam o problema foram resolvidas com o programa ANSYS Fluent v17,0, baseado no m&#233;todo de volumes finitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Uma malha com 400 mil n&#243;s foi definida para todos os casos. A malha foi delineada com base teste de independ&#234;ncia da malha, realizado para se garantir a qualidade da solu&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o da entrada da valva e na parede a&#243;rtica, com dist&#226;ncia adimensional da parede ao primeiro n&#243;, <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">y</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>&#961;u</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#964;</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">y</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#956;</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> , menor que 4,5 na superf&#237;cie da aorta, conforme recomendado para o modelo &#954; &#8211; &#969; SST. Aqui, <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#964;</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msqrt><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#964;</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">w</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#961;</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> &#233; a velocidade de fric&#231;&#227;o, onde <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#964;</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">w</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8706;</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8706;</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">w</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> &#233; a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento da parede (baseado no gradiente normal na parede). A malha definida forneceu varia&#231;&#227;o da queda de press&#227;o menor que 0,3% na regi&#227;o ascendente da aorta, indicada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Fig. 1a</xref> , quando a malha foi duplicada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A influ&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o sobre a velocidade axial, press&#227;o e tens&#227;o de cisalhamento na parede a&#243;rtica foi aqui avaliada. Com base em um estudo pr&#233;vio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> seis diferentes &#226;ngulos da valva de entrada foram analisados: -4&#176;, -2&#176;, 0&#176;, 1&#176;, 3&#176; e 5&#176;. Considerou-se a situa&#231;&#227;o mais cr&#237;tica correspondente ao pico sist&#243;lico, i.e., vaz&#227;o m&#225;xima durante o per&#237;odo de s&#237;stole (25 L/min).</p>
      <p>Para visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos campos internos, foi selecionado um plano central com 6 cm de altura e orientado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1a</xref> ). De acordo com a posi&#231;&#227;o do plano central escolhido, a parede esquerda do plano corresponde &#224; parede anterior da aorta e a parede direita corresponde &#224; parede posterior.</p>
      <p>Para a an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o do cisalhamento nas paredes, examinou-se a geometria completa, apesar de termos dado &#234;nfase &#224; parede contra a qual o jato sit&#243;lico incide (parede anterolateral direita da aorta ascendente).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> compara, para todos os &#226;ngulos de entrada estudados, os isocontornos do componente de velocidade axial (u<sub>z</sub>) e press&#227;o relativa (p &#8211; p<sub>in</sub>) no plano central da aorta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Pode-se observar um deslocamento progressivo do campo de velocidade axial com a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo valvar de entrada, sem que haja uma mudan&#231;a substancial do di&#226;metro do jato. Quando o jato &#233; desviado para a esquerda (&#226;ngulos negativos), este atinge a parede anterior da aorta. Al&#233;m disso, uma regi&#227;o com velocidade negativa para a direita do jato &#233; identific&#225;vel, indicando a presen&#231;a de recircula&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, a inclina&#231;&#227;o valvar para a direita (&#226;ngulos positivos) desloca o jato para longe da parede anterior, aproximando-se da parede posterior da aorta. O jato se espalha, e uma regi&#227;o menor de velocidades negativas ocorre no lado posterior da aorta. &#192; medida que o jato de entrada atinge a superf&#237;cie da aorta, a press&#227;o aumenta substancialmente, induzindo um fluxo descendente. Observa-se uma mudan&#231;a na localiza&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de alta press&#227;o, as quais est&#227;o localizadas na parede anterior em &#226;ngulos de inclina&#231;&#227;o negativos e se movem para a parede posterior em &#226;ngulos de inclina&#231;&#227;o positivos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Velocidade axial e press&#227;o relativa nos diferentes &#226;ngulos de inclina&#231;&#227;o.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para tr&#234;s &#226;ngulos representativos (-4&#176;, 0&#176; e +5&#176;), a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> apresenta uma isosuperf&#237;cie correspondente a um componente de velocidade axial constante, u<sub>z</sub> =1,3 m/s. A superf&#237;cie &#233; colorida pela press&#227;o relativa. Para visualizarmos melhor o fluxo, s&#227;o apresentadas imagens da vista anterior e posterior. Para os tr&#234;s &#226;ngulos de inclina&#231;&#227;o, o jato de entrada atinge o lado esquerdo da parede a&#243;rtica, onde a press&#227;o atinge seu valor m&#225;ximo. Pela curvatura da parede da aorta, o jato se curva em dire&#231;&#227;o ao arco a&#243;rtico. Para o &#226;ngulo negativo (dire&#231;&#227;o oposta &#224; curvatura da aorta), pode-se observar uma curvatura mais acentuada do jato. Para o &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o positivo, o jato de entrada encontra-se mais alinhado com o formato da aorta e o jato &#233; mais vertical.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Influ&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula. Isosuperf&#237;cie de u<sub><italic>z</italic></sub> =1,3 m/s, colorida segundo press&#227;o relativa Q=25L/min.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> , a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento da parede e a press&#227;o na parede da aorta s&#227;o apresentadas para seis &#226;ngulos e Q=25 L/min. A aorta &#233; visualizada de modo a focar a regi&#227;o onde os maiores efeitos ocorrem e, neste caso, ocorre na parede anterolateral direita da aorta ascendente. Pode-se ver claramente que a regi&#227;o de alto cisalhamento corresponde &#224; parede anterolateral direita da aorta ascendente. Foram obtidos valores de at&#233; 30 Pa, como relatado por v&#225;rios outros autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Esses valores de elevadas tens&#245;es de cisalhamento na parede est&#227;o concentrados em uma regi&#227;o pr&#243;xima ao tronco braquiocef&#225;lico. Analisando a figura, pode-se perceber que, quando o &#226;ngulo muda de valores negativos para valores positivos, ocorre um deslocamento e redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores mais altos de tens&#227;o de cisalhamento, mostrando que a regi&#227;o de alta press&#227;o corresponde &#224; regi&#227;o onde o jato de entrada atinge a parede da aorta. Tamb&#233;m pode-se observar que as press&#245;es mais altas ocorrem na regi&#227;o anterior para os casos de &#226;ngulos negativos. &#192; medida em que os &#226;ngulos aumentam e se tornam positivos, a regi&#227;o de maior press&#227;o &#233; deslocada para a zona posterior. Isso implica um deslocamento e diminui&#231;&#227;o do estresse mec&#226;nico na parede da aorta ascendente pela mudan&#231;a da inclina&#231;&#227;o da valva prot&#233;tica em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; parede posterior.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Influ&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula sobre a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento e press&#227;o da parede da aorta. Q=25L/min.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para melhor identifica&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o da aorta ascendente com elevada tens&#227;o de cisalhamento e press&#227;o, definiu-se uma sub-regi&#227;o cr&#237;tica (correspondente &#224; parede anterolateral direita, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Fig. 1a</xref> ) onde os principais efeitos ocorrem. Essa regi&#227;o foi considerada como refer&#234;ncia para a an&#225;lise. Adicionalmente, foram definidos tr&#234;s intervalos de tens&#227;o de cisalhamento e press&#227;o, onde a cor azul corresponde a valores mais baixos, a cor verde a valores intermedi&#225;rios e o vermelho a valores mais altos. Analisando a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> , pode-se notar uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no tamanho da regi&#227;o com alta tens&#227;o de cisalhamento quando a inclina&#231;&#227;o do fluxo aumenta de -4<sup>o</sup> a +5<sup>o</sup>. Apesar de se observar uma redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de alta press&#227;o com o aumento do &#226;ngulo de posi&#231;&#227;o valvar, essa redu&#231;&#227;o &#233; bem menos marcante. Para determinar a varia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da regi&#227;o com valores altos de tens&#227;o (cisalhamento e press&#227;o), a porcentagem da &#225;rea superficial coberta por cada intervalo de tens&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea de refer&#234;ncia foi determinada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ). Observa-se que o tamanho da zona de baixa tens&#227;o de cisalhamento tende a permanecer constante em um valor de aproximadamente 47%, enquanto o tamanho da zona de alta tens&#227;o de cisalhamento diminui progressivamente com a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o. A mudan&#231;a de press&#227;o pela inclina&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo valvar &#233; relativamente pequena, com muita pouca varia&#231;&#227;o no tamanho da regi&#227;o com valores de alta press&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Identifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de alta tens&#227;o de cisalhamento e press&#227;o, com distribui&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem na parede anterolateral, em fun&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o; Q=25L/min.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> , pode-se observar uma redu&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 15% no tamanho da &#225;rea com valores mais altos de tens&#227;o de cisalhamento, quando o &#226;ngulo de fluxo muda de -4&#176; a +3&#176;. A influ&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo de fluxo sobre o tamanho da &#225;rea de alta press&#227;o &#233; muito menor, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de apenas 6%, com o aumento do &#226;ngulo de entrada.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Porcentagem da &#225;rea (parede anterolateral direita da aorta ascendente) com valores elevados de tens&#227;o de cisalhamento e press&#227;o com a varia&#231;&#227;o no &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese valvar induz mudan&#231;as nos padr&#245;es hemodin&#226;micos da aorta. No entanto, em todos os casos, o jato tende a atingir a parede lateral esquerda da aorta ascendente. &#194;ngulos negativos de inclina&#231;&#227;o provocam um desvio do jato em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; parede anterior, sem uma modifica&#231;&#227;o substancial do di&#226;metro do jato, considerando os valores da posi&#231;&#227;o central. Essa mudan&#231;a concentra a press&#227;o e a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento nessa parede, aumentando seu estresse mec&#226;nico.</p>
      <p>Quando a pr&#243;tese assume uma angula&#231;&#227;o positiva, o jato inclina-se para a parede posterior, com um ligeiro aumento no di&#226;metro. Essa varia&#231;&#227;o no &#226;ngulo alivia o estresse mec&#226;nico na parede anterior da aorta ascendente, diminuindo e deslocando os valores mais altos de tens&#227;o de cisalhamento em todas as paredes da aorta.</p>
      <p>Apesar da presente an&#225;lise limitar-se &#224; anatomia de apenas um paciente, ela fornece uma perspectiva de uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o no comportamento do fluxo devido apenas a modifica&#231;&#245;es no &#226;ngulo, sem influ&#234;ncia de outro vi&#233;s, como o formato da aorta.</p>
      <p>O impacto significativo da inclina&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese valvar sobre as propriedades hemodin&#226;micas do fluxo a&#243;rtico faz com que recomendemos aos fabricantes que considerem esse par&#226;metro no projeto das pr&#243;teses percut&#226;neas. Ainda, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, podemos sugerir que um estudo da influ&#234;ncia dos &#226;ngulos de inclina&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese, na hemodin&#226;mica do fluxo a&#243;rtico, seja realizado com cada paciente antes de ser submetido ao procedimento de TARV. Sabe-se que cada paciente apresenta diferen&#231;as na geometria a&#243;rtica e na resist&#234;ncia da parede da aorta e, por isso, tal an&#225;lise deve ser individualizada. O estudo poder&#225; contribuir para a implementa&#231;&#227;o da TAVR, ao recomendar ajustes estrat&#233;gicos no posicionamento das pr&#243;teses valvares e assim prevenir elevado estresse mec&#226;nico, o qual pode ter influ&#234;ncias no processo de remodelamento a&#243;rtico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Conformidade com normas &#233;ticas</p>
        <p>Os autores recebem cont&#237;nuo apoio das ag&#234;ncias do governo brasileiro CNPq e CAPES. N&#227;o houve conflito de interesse por parte de nenhum dos autores. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com os padr&#245;es &#233;ticos do comit&#234; de &#233;tica nacional e institucional e com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki (1964), e aprovados pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC-MS, n&#250;mero CAAE 10998912.2.0000.5272).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Diego Celis pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Engenharia Mec&#226;nica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES, CNPq e PUC-Rio.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prediction of Stress Map in Ascending Aorta - Optimization of the Coaxial Position in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celis</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4788-1496</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Alvares de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9541-311X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ibanez</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3850-7478</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Nieckele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5025-7531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4836-8931</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nieckele</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Ourivio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) - Departamento de Engenharia Mec&#226;nica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fitcenter, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Pedro Soares Teixeira &#8226; Fitcenter - Rua Jo&#227;o Pessoa, 248. Postal Code 24220-331, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: pedrosote@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Celis D, Gomes BAA, Ibanez I, Azevedo PN, Teixeira PS, Nieckele AO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Backgroud</title>
          <p>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) can reduce mortality among patients with aortic stenosis. Knowledge of pressure distribution and shear stress at the aortic wall may help identify critical regions, where aortic remodeling process may occur. Here a numerical simulation study of the influence of positioning of the prosthetic valve orifice on the flow field is presented.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The present analysis provides a perspective of great variance on flow behavior due only to angle changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A 3D model was generated from computed tomography angiography of a patient who had undergone a TAVR. Different mass flow rates were imposed at the inlet valve.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Small variations of the tilt angle could modify the nature of the flow, displacing the position of the vortices, and altering the prerssure distribution and the location of high wall shear stress.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>These hemodynamic features may be relevant in the aortic remodeling process and distribution of the stress mapping and could help, in the near future, the optimization of the percutaneous prosthesis implantation. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed Tomography Angiography/methods Treatment Outcome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>For many years, the open-chest aortic valve replacement was the standard-of-care treatment for cases of severe aortic stenosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> reducing symptoms and improving survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, some high-risk patients cannot undertake open-chest surgery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> either because of their advanced age, left ventricular dysfunction, or the presence of multiple coexisting conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> For this class of patients, in 2002<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> a powerful less invasive alternative was developed, called transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When performed by open surgical procedure, valve placement is precise, but invasive. In the TAVR procedure, prosthesis is released in the region of the aortic annulus, replacing the damaged valve without removing it, through the use of catheters and with the aid of fluoroscopic images. However, the method is subject to greater variability in the positioning of the prosthesis, due to the nature of the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Also, the presence of eccentric calcifications in the aortic annulus may avoid the complete expansion of the percutaneous prosthesis, thereby affecting its coaxial position after the release process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The valve position can be defined based on the relationship between its effective orifice and the annulus, with its inclination determined as the angle formed between aortic annulus centerline and the effective orifice centerline. Variations in prosthesis composition as well as in its positioning (coaxial position of the aortic prosthesis) in relation to the patient&#8217;s native valve can generate significant hemodynamic changes in the aortic root, such as the turbulence intensity, flow direction and pressure drop increase. It is well known that blood flow variations in the ascending aorta are related to the aortic remodeling process and pathological conditions, such as dilatation, aneurysmal formations and tortuosity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Identification of high shear stress and pressure is important due to their association with aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The helical patterns of blood flow, before and after a patient have undergone a TAVR procedure, vary considerably by the effect of the geometry of the prosthesis implanted, its inclination and final positioning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Currently, little is known about the hemodynamic consequences of the lack of coaxiality of the percutaneous prosthesis. These variations have not been completely understood and it is of great interest to analyze the influence of this procedure on aortic remodeling, to improve its design and assembly. Therefore, in the present work, a study is performed to investigate the influence of small variations in the coaxial angle of the valve on the flow field inside the aorta.</p>
        <p>The definition of the aortic flow pattern based on computed tomography angiography (CTA), without using an invasive procedure, may help to define the best care strategy. This could be considered as a good practice in health care and maybe a step further on direction of precision medicine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>To better represent the aorta geometry, a vascular model was constructed from a pre-TAVR electrocardiogram gated-scan CTA of the aorta from a 77-year-old male patient. The patient had mild systolic left ventricular dysfunction, and severe degenerative aortic stenosis with New York Heart Association functional class III. The valve implanted was an Edwards-SAPIEN. The patient provided a free, prior and informed consent for participation in the study, which was registered in the National Council of Ethics in Research (Ministry of Health - Brazil) and approved by the Research Ethics Committee, National Institute of Cardiology.</p>
        <p>The CTA was performed on a 64-slice scanner (Somatom Sensation 64, Siemens, Germany). A series of CTA slices were selected, covering from the aortic annulus to the thoracic aorta. The DICOM images were transferred to the FIJI software, in order to allow the segmentation of the desired aortic region and study of the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. Segmentation of a pre-implant CTA is a valid extrapolation, since there is no major difference between pre- and post-operative CTA data. The effective diameter <italic>D</italic> of the aortic prosthesis was determined from post-operative transthoracic echocardiogram measurements, using the continuity equation.</p>
        <p>Although the cardiac cycle is naturally transient, the focus of the present work is the systolic period, when the aortic walls are distended, providing their maximum diameter, with small variation due the vascular complacency. Further, the aortic prosthesis completely opens in a very short time interval, reaching its effective diameter <italic>D</italic> very fast. Thus, to analyze the influence of the positioning of the aortic valve on the flow field and stress distribution, a few simplifications of the model were made:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>The aortic surface was considered rigid, <italic>i.e</italic> ., its complacency was neglected. This approximation is less conservative, since due to complacency, the pressure inside the aorta is reduced in aortic dilatation.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The valve was placed at the inlet region, centered in the aortic annulus. The leaflets of the aortic prosthesis were not modeled. At systolic peak, they are completely open, resulting in an orifice with the effective diameter <italic>D</italic> . The coronary arteries were also not included in the model because of the low flow through them at systolic peak. These simplifications were introduced due to the cost-effectiveness of model simulation, and we believe that they do not have a significant impact on the results of peak systolic flow rate.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The flow was modeled in steady state, corresponding to the moment of systolic peak, which can be considered as the critical condition (maximum flow rate).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This approximation allows inferring the time average stress and velocity distribution. However, the oscillatory shear index, which is associated to aneurysmal degeneration,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> cannot be determined.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Gravity effects were neglected since the pressure variations are dominant.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>According to Sun and Chaichana,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> blood can be considered as a Newtonian fluid, i.e., the viscous stress is directly proportional to the fluid element deformation rate. This approximation can be applied if the shear rate is above 100 s<sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In addition, under normal conditions at 36&#176;C, the blood can be considered as an incompressible fluid, with constant viscosity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>At the systolic peak (maximum flow rate), the jet flow leaving the valve orifice is turbulent. Following previous studies on turbulent hemodynamic flows,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> the turbulence was determined with the Reynolds-Average model. Based on a comparison between numerical and experimental data,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> the turbulence model &#954;&#8211;&#969; SST,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> which is recommended for low Reynolds number situations, was selected.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Based on the hypothesis presented above, the flow field through the aorta can be obtained by the solution of the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations:</p>
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                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>&#8706;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">j</mml:mi>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
                <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>&#8706;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">j</mml:mi>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>&#8706;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfrac>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:mfenced>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>where x<sub>i</sub>represents the coordinate axes and u<sub>i</sub>the time-average velocity component; &#961; is the density, <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mover><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>&#961;&#954;</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> is the modified pressure, which includes the turbulent dynamic pressure (&#954; is the turbulent kinetic energy); &#181; and &#181;<sub>t</sub>are the molecular and turbulent viscosity; &#181;<sub>t</sub>is determined based on the solution of the differential equations for the turbulent kinetic energy &#954; and the specific rate of dissipation &#969;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> illustrates schematically the computational domain corresponding to the aorta. The outer boundary of the computational domain is the inner layer (intima) of the aorta, which will be referred here simply as aortic wall. The blood enters the aorta through the prosthesis, with an effective orifice area of 1.54 cm<sup>2</sup>, at the base of the aortic root ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1a</xref> ). The inlet plane is coincident with the plane x-y, and perpendicular to the axial z coordinate. The tilt angle &#952; of the valve is defined in relation to the z-axis, where negative &#952; is in the direction of the right coronary artery, and positive to the posterolateral aortic wall ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1b</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Computational domain: system of reference and boundary conditions.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The volumetric flow rate Q is defined at the entrance. According to Ku D.N.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> for the situation under consideration, since the Womersley number is high (&gt;10), a uniform profile for the velocity components, as well as for the turbulent quantities is reasonable. Based on the data of Gomes B.A.A.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> 10% of turbulent intensity was prescribed at the inlet.</p>
        <p>The flow leaves the aorta through four exits, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1b</xref> , with null diffusive flux. The flow rate was split at the outflow regions, based on average values found in the human body, following the recommendation of Alastruey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> , and Nardiet al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> , Output 1 (descending aorta): 69.1%; Output 2 (brachiocephalic trunk): 19.3%; Output 3 (left common carotid artery): 5.2% and Output 4 (left subclavian artery): 6.4%.</p>
        <p>At the aortic surface, a non-slip condition was defined as a boundary condition. The boundary condition of &#954; at the solid surface is also zero, and the specific dissipation in the walls (&#969;<sub>W</sub>) is defined based on the thickness of the molecular sublayer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since the flow was modeled as incompressible, the pressure level is irrelevant, thus, the pressure distribution was determined in relation to the pressure at the aortic valve, p<sub>in</sub>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Numerical modeling</title>
          <p>The conservation of mass, momentum, and turbulence equations that characterize the problem were solved with ANSYS Fluent software v17.0, based on the finite volume method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A mesh with 400,000 nodes was defined for all cases. The mesh was designed based on a mesh independence test, performed to guarantee the quality of the solution in the valve inlet region and at the aorta wall, with the dimensionless wall distance of the first node, <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">y</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>&#961;u</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#964;</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">y</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#956;</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> smaller than 4.5 at the aortic surface, as recommended for the &#954; &#8211; &#969; SST model. Here, <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#964;</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msqrt><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#964;</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">w</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#961;</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> is the friction velocity, where <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#964;</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">w</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8706;</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8706;</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">w</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> is the wall shear stress (WSS) (based on the normal gradient at the wall). The defined mesh provided variation of the pressure drop at the ascending aorta region, indicated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Fig. 1a</xref> , inferior to 0.3%, when the mesh was doubled.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The influence of the tilt angle on the axial velocity, pressure and WSS was evaluated here. Based on a previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> six different inlet valve angles were analyzed: -4&#176;, -2&#176;, 0&#176;, 1&#176;, 3&#176; and 5&#176;. The most critical situation corresponding to the systole peak, <italic>i.e</italic> ., maximum flow rate during the systole period (25 L/min) was considered.</p>
        <p>To visualize the internal fields, a central plane with 6cm of height and oriented with respect to the right coronary artery ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Fig. 1a</xref> ) was selected. According to the position of the chosen center plane, the left wall of the plane corresponds to the anterior wall of the aorta and the right wall corresponds to the posterior wall.</p>
        <p>To analyze the stress distribution on the walls, the complete geometry was examined, although emphases were given to the wall where the inlet jet impinges (right anterolateral wall of the ascending aorta).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> compares, for all inlet angles studied, the isocontours of the axial velocity component (u<sub>z</sub>) and relative pressure (p &#8211; p<sub>in</sub>) at the central plane of the aorta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). It can be seen a progressive displacement of the axial velocity field with the variation of the inlet valve angle, without substantial modification of the jet diameter. When the jet is tilted to the left (negative angles), it reaches the anterior aortic wall. Furthermore, a region with negative velocity to the right of the jet is identifiable, indicating the presence of a recirculation. On the other hand, the inclination of the valve to the right (positive angles) displaces the jet away from the anterior wall, approaching the posterior aortic wall. The jet undergoes a spreading, and a smaller region of negative velocities occurs at the posterior side of the aorta. As the inlet jet impinges the aorta surface, the pressure increases substantially, and a downward flow is induced. Note a change in the location of the high-pressure areas, which are located at the anterior wall at negative tilt angles and move to the posterior wall at positive tilt angles.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Axial velocity and relative pressure at different tilt angles.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For three representative angles (-4&#176;, 0&#176; and +5&#176;), <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> presents an iso-surface corresponding to the constant axial velocity component, u<sub>z</sub>=1.3 m/s. The surface is colored by the relative pressure. To better visualize the flow, front and back views are presented. For the three tilt angles, the inlet jet impinges at the left side of aortic wall, where the pressure reaches its maximum value. Due to the aortic wall curvature, the jet is bent in direction of the aortic arch. For the negative angle (opposite direction than the aortic curvature), a stronger curvature of the jet can be observed. For the positive tilt angle, the inlet jet is more aligned with the aortic shape, and the jet is more vertical.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Influence of tilt angle of the valve. Iso-surface of u<sub><italic>z</italic></sub> =1,3 m/s, colored by relative pressure. Q=25L/min.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> , the WSS and the pressure at the aortic wall are shown for six angles and Q=25L/min. The aorta is visualized in such a way as to focus on the region where the greatest effects occur, which in this case occurs in the right anterolateral wall of the ascending aorta. It can be clearly seen that the high stress region corresponds to the right anterolateral wall of the ascending aorta. WWS values up to 30 Pa were obtained, as also observed by several authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> This high WSS values are concentrated in a region near the brachiocephalic trunk. Analyzing the figure, it can be perceived that when the angle is modified from negative values to positive values there is a displacement and a reduction of the higher values of WSS, showing that the region of high pressure corresponds to the region where the inlet jet impinges the aortic wall. It can also be seen that higher pressures occur in the anterior region for the negative angles cases. As the angles increase and become positive, the higher-pressure region is displaced to the posterior zone. This implies a displacement and decrease of mechanical stress on the ascending aortic wall by modifying the inclination of the prosthetic valve on the direction of the posterior wall.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Influence of the tilt angle of the valve on shear stress and pressure at aortic wall. Q=25L/min.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>To better identify the region of the ascending aorta surface with elevated WSS and pressure, a critical sub-region (corresponding to the right anterolateral wall, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Fig. 1a</xref> ) where the major effects occur was defined. This region was taken as reference to the analysis. Further, three subranges of WSS and relative pressure values were defined, where blue corresponds to lower values, green to intermediate values and red to higher values. Analyzing <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> , it can be seen a significant reduction in the size of the region with high WSS when the flow inclination increases from -4<sup>o</sup>to +5<sup>o</sup>. Although a reduction of the area with high pressure is also observed when the valve position angle is increased, the reduction is much less striking. To determine the variation of the size of the region with high stress values (WSS and pressure), the percentage of superficial area covered by each stress range in relation to the reference area was determined ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ). Note that the size of the low WSS zone tends to remain at a constant value of approximately 47%, while the size of the high WSS zone is progressively reduced by varying the tilt angle. Pressure variation due to valve inclination is relatively small, with very small changes in the size of the region with high-pressure values.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Identification of the area with high wall shear stress and pressure, with percentage distribution on the anterolateral wall, as a function of the tilt angle, Q=25L/min.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> , it is possible to observe reduction up to 15% of the size of area with the highest values of WSS, when the flow angle changes from -4&#176; to +3&#176;. The influence of the flow angle on the size of the area with high pressure is much smaller, with a reduction of only 6% with the increase of the inlet angle.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Percentage of the area (right anterolateral wall of the ascending aorta) with high wall shear stress and high-pressure values by changes in the tilt angle.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0680-90385-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>From the results of this study, it was observed that the tilt angle of the prosthetic valve induces changes in the hemodynamic patterns of the aorta. However, in all cases, the jet tends to hit the right lateral wall of the ascending aorta. Negative tilt angles incline the jet towards the anterior wall, without a substantial modification of the jet diameter considering the values of the central position. This change concentrates the pressure and WSS on this wall, increasing its mechanical stress.</p>
        <p>As the prosthetic valve takes positive angulation, the jet tilts toward the posterior wall, with a small widening of the jet diameter. This angle variation relieves the mechanical stress on the anterior wall of the ascending aorta, decreasing and displacing higher WSS values in all aortic walls.</p>
        <p>Although the present analysis is limited to only one patient, it provides a perspective of great variation in the flow behavior due angle changes, without influence of other bias like the aortic shape.</p>
        <p>The significant impact of the inclination of the prosthetic valve on the hemodynamic properties of the aorta flow leads us to recommend that manufacturers consider this parameter in the design of percutaneous prosthesis. One can also suggest, in the near future, that a hemodynamic study of the influence of the tilt angles of the prosthesis should be performed on each candidate before being submitted to the TARV procedure. It is known that each patient has differences in the aortic geometry and in the aortic wall resistance; therefore, such analysis should be individualized. The study could contribute to the implementation of TAVR, by recommending strategic adjustments in the positioning of prosthetic valves, thereby preventing high mechanical stress, which can influence the aortic remodeling process.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Compliance with Ethical Standards</p>
          <p>The authors were supported by grants from the Brazilian Government agencies: CNPq and CAPES. There was no conflict of interest by any of the authors. All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration, and approved by ethics and research committee of the National Institute of Cardiology, INC-MS CAAE number: 10998912.2.0000.5272. Registered Informed consent was obtained from each participant in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the Master thesis submitted by Diego Celis, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Engenharia Mec&#226;nica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by CAPES, CNPq and PUC-Rio.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
