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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qS7K4PYjwxGRKQdPYXycyWK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200667</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200862</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200862</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Troponina Card&#237;aca como Preditor de Inj&#250;ria Mioc&#225;rdica e Mortalidade por COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5733-8622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Henrique Paiter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or Sao Luiz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or Sao Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold> &#8226; Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 330 Sala 1114. CEP <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>667</fpage>
      <lpage>668</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina T</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>No Brasil, at&#233; o dia 1&#186; de agosto de 2020, foram diagnosticados 2.707.877 casos de COVID-19, com ac&#250;mulo de 93.563 &#243;bitos. A taxa de letalidade para o pa&#237;s, nesse per&#237;odo, foi de 3,5% com mortalidade vari&#225;vel conforme a regi&#227;o estudada, sendo a menor na regi&#227;o Sul (11,1 mortes/100 mil habitantes) e a maior na regi&#227;o Norte (60,2 mortes/100 mil habitantes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> At&#233; 20% dos indiv&#237;duos infectados requerem hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, e destes, cerca de 25% necessitam de cuidados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Postula-se que a ocorr&#234;ncia de intensa resposta inflamat&#243;ria e a forma&#231;&#227;o de um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, potencializadas por hipoxemia, justifique os principais achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais nos casos graves de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo novo coronav&#237;rus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a ocorr&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (IM) n&#227;o &#233; incomum, e a eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina card&#237;aca (cTn) I comporta-se como preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Tamb&#233;m h&#225; possibilidade de les&#227;o direta pelo v&#237;rus, causando miocardite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Um estudo de necr&#243;psia que documentou a presen&#231;a do v&#237;rus em 61,5% dos participantes n&#227;o observou o afluxo de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias no mioc&#225;rdio na fase aguda, e a consequ&#234;ncia a longo prazo dessa infec&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ainda n&#227;o &#233; conhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Todavia, a incid&#234;ncia de IM em pacientes hospitalizados por essa enfermidade no Brasil &#233; pouco conhecida, e seu impacto progn&#243;stico ainda &#233; mal elucidado. O estudo multic&#234;ntrico com biomarcadores card&#237;acos &#233; dificultado pelo emprego de diferentes testes laboratoriais entre as institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IM &#233; baseado na identifica&#231;&#227;o de ao menos um valor de cTn acima da refer&#234;ncia superior da normalidade. Isso porque varia&#231;&#245;es em an&#225;lises seriadas desse biomarcador sugerem les&#227;o aguda das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel determinar o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico subjacente apenas pela sua mensura&#231;&#227;o. As raz&#245;es para sua ocorr&#234;ncia podem ser agrupadas como: causas card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas, n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas e sist&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Eleva&#231;&#245;es de cTn s&#227;o comuns em pacientes internados em UTI e est&#227;o relacionadas a maiores eventos adversos, independentemente da doen&#231;a de base.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Um estudo pioneiro, desenvolvido na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com amostra de conveni&#234;ncia abrangendo 183 casos confirmados de COVID-19 internados em hospital terci&#225;rio, buscou avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da cTn T e do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP) nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Concluiu-se que a cTn T, mas n&#227;o o BNP, foi um marcador independente de risco para morte intra-hospitalar ou necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Uma limita&#231;&#227;o foi a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de dados obtidos por meio de eletrocardiografia e ecocardiografia, justificada por pol&#237;tica institucional que visava &#224; melhor distribui&#231;&#227;o de recursos financeiros e &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o de recursos humanos. Al&#233;m disso, a cTn foi verificada apenas nas primeiras 24h de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que o quadro inflamat&#243;rio secund&#225;rio &#224; tempestade de citocinas (fase III) ocorre depois da fase puIMonar (fase II), com um intervalo m&#233;dio de 5 dias. Desse modo, a dosagem seriada de cTn seria a melhor abordagem, pois auxiliaria a identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente com IM n&#227;o detectada na admiss&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Uma metan&#225;lise realizada em mar&#231;o de 2020 por Giuseppe Lippi et al. mostrou, em seus resultados, que aumentos significativos da cTn correspondendo &#224; IM s&#227;o encontrados em cerca de 8 a 12% de todos os casos de COVID-19, sendo mais frequentes nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es graves da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Um estudo recentemente publicado, realizado com 2.736 pacientes com COVID-19, observou que a IM, quantificada pelo aumento da cTn, mesmo com baixos valores, e principaIMente naqueles com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), foi associada a alto rico de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos pelo estudo brasileiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> refor&#231;am a impress&#227;o j&#225; levantada por outros autores de que a eleva&#231;&#227;o de cTn na COVID-19 est&#225; ligada a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Assim, &#224; luz dos dados atuais, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com COVID-19 seja uma estrat&#233;gia exequ&#237;vel, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o benef&#237;cio em identificar o acometimento card&#237;aco sem expor outros profissionais durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames como eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>Portanto, a IM &#233; comum em pacientes com COVID-19 e pode ser explicada por diferentes mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o existe recomenda&#231;&#227;o para terapia espec&#237;fica dessa les&#227;o por IM relacionada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo novo coronav&#237;rus; no entanto, a dosagem de cTn ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar pode facilitar a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco desses pacientes, com a vantagem de ser um m&#233;todo faciIMente reprodut&#237;vel e com m&#237;nima exposi&#231;&#227;o da equipe de sa&#250;de envolvida na sua execu&#231;&#227;o, o que &#233; especificamente &#250;til ao controle de propaga&#231;&#227;o viral em ambiente hospitalar.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valor Progn&#243;stico da Troponina T e do Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Tipo B em Pacientes Internados por COVID-19</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Troponin as a Predictor of Myocardial Injury and Mortality from COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5733-8622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Henrique Paiter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or Sao Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold> &#8226; Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 330 Sala 1114. Postal Code <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Familial</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin T</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In Brazil, until August 1, 2020, 2,707,877 cases of COVID-19 were diagnosed, with 93,563 deaths. the lethality rate for the country, in this period, was 3.5% with mortality variable mortality depending on the region studied. It is the lowest in the South (11.1 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) and the highest in the North (60.2 deaths/100,000 inhabitants).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Up to 20% of infected individuals require hospitalization and, of these, about 25% need to be taken to an intensive care unit (ICU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In severe cases of COVID-19, intense inflammatory response and hypercoagulability enhanced by hypoxemia justify the main clinical and laboratory findings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In this population, the presence of Myocardial Injury (MI) is not uncommon, and increased cardiac troponin (cTn)I behaves as a predictor of in-hospital mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> There is also a possibility of direct injury by a virus that could generate myocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A necropsy study that documented the presence of a virus in 61.5% did not observe the inflow of inflammatory cells in the myocardium in the acute phase, and the long-term consequence of this cardiac infection is not yet known.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> However, the incidence of MI in patients admitted for this disease in Brazil is little known, and its prognostic impact is still poorly elucidated. A multicenter study with cardiac biomarkers is hampered by different laboratory tests between institutions.</p>
      <p>Diagnosis of (MI) is based on the identification of at least one cTn value above the normal upper range. Variations in serial analyses of this biomarker suggest acute cardiac cell damage, though not being able to determine the underlying pathophysiological mechanism just by measuring it. Reasons for its occurrence can be grouped as ischemic cardiac, non-ischemic, and systemic cardiac causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Increased cTn is common in ICU patients and is related to more significant adverse events regardless of the underlying disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A pioneering study developed in Rio de Janeiro with a convenience sample of 183 confirmed cases of COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary hospital assessed the prognostic value of cTn T and BNP in this population. They concluded that cTn T, but not BNP, was an independent risk marker for in-hospital death or need for invasive mechanical ventilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> One of the study limitations was the lack of electrocardiography and echocardiography data, justified by an institutional policy aimed at better distribution of financial resources and at protecting healthcare professionals. Besides, troponin was checked only in the first 24 hours of hospitalization.</p>
      <p>We know that the inflammatory condition secondary to cytokine storm (phase III) occurs after the pulmonary phase (phase II), with an average interval of 5 days. Thus, the serial dosage of troponin would be the best approach as it would help to identify patients with myocardial injury not detected at admission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A meta-analysis carried out in March 2020 by Giuseppe Lippi et al. found that significant increases in troponin corresponding to myocardial injury are found in about 8 to 12% of all cases of COVID-19, and is more frequent in critically ill patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A recently published study carried out with 2,736 patients with COVID-19 found that myocardial injury, quantified by a rise in troponin, even if this is a modest rise, and especially in those with a history of cardiovascular disease, was associated with a high death rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Data obtained by this Brazilian study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> reinforce the impression raised by other authors that increased cTn in COVID-19 is associated with worse clinical outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> The use of this biomarker in risk stratification in patients with COVID-19 may be a feasible strategy to identify cardiac involvement without exposing healthcare professionals to electrocardiography and echocardiography scans.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, MI is common in COVID-19 patients and could be explained by different pathophysiological mechanisms. So far, there is no recommendation for specific IM therapy related to infection by a new coronavirus. However, measurement of cTn during hospitalization can facilitate the risk classification of these patients with the advantage of being an easily reproducible method with minimal exposure of the health team involved in its execution, which is specifically useful for controlling viral spread in a hospital environment.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Value of Troponin-T and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
