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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vf498rwmWTFNqTdJybGgWnR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200658</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200968</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200968</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estresse, Mulheres e Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio: O que se Sabe?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5632-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; UFRJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha Figueiredo &#8226;</bold> Av. Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 195, sala 1111. CEP <postal-code>22020-002</postal-code>, Copacabana, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>h.cunhafigueiredo@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>658</fpage>
      <lpage>659</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Durante d&#233;cadas as mulheres foram exclu&#237;das da pesquisa em sa&#250;de. Este fato foi objeto de cr&#237;tica do <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (NIH),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> que buscou encorajar a inclus&#227;o de mulheres em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de pesquisa, com parco progresso nos anos 1980. Alguns dos exemplos mais conhecidos aconteceram na pesquisa cardiovascular. O <italic>Harvard Physicians Health Study,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> que analisou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o uso moderado de aspirina e doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, n&#227;o incluiu mulheres na amostra estudada. Na ocasi&#227;o, o resultado do estudo n&#227;o p&#244;de ser conclusivo para a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em mulheres. The <italic>Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trials</italic> (MR. FIT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> foi outra grande pesquisa sobre doen&#231;a card&#237;aca que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o incluiu indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino. Este estudo nacional examinou como os n&#237;veis de colesterol, press&#227;o arterial e tabagismo afetavam o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A omiss&#227;o das mulheres destas e de outras pesquisas &#224; &#233;poca merece destaque, tendo em vista as taxas de mortalidade cardiovascular entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria da civiliza&#231;&#227;o ocidental mostra a predominante domina&#231;&#227;o masculina dentro e fora do lar, como a mulher era submissa, e os pap&#233;is que a ela eram reservados, quais sejam, responsabilidades da casa e da fam&#237;lia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A busca de espa&#231;o profissional na sociedade moderna tornou a mulher protagonista no mercado de trabalho, embora a maioria delas n&#227;o tenha conseguido deixar de exercer a segunda jornada no retorno &#224; casa.</p>
    <p>A <italic>World Health Organization</italic> (WHO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> apresenta no <italic>Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke</italic>, no t&#243;pico <italic>Cardiovascular Disease</italic>, entre outros assuntos, os fatores de risco e assinala entre os <italic>Other modifiable risk factors</italic> o estresse psicossocial (&#8220;estresse cr&#244;nico da vida, isolamento social e ansiedade&#8221;), que aumenta o risco de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral. Igualmente, refere &#8220;depress&#227;o&#8221; como associada &#224;quele aumento. Neste atlas, o &#237;tem 12 &#233; intitulado <italic>Women: a special case</italic>? Ali assinala <italic>Risks for women only</italic>: &#8220;uso de contraceptivos orais; terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal; s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos; maior risco de ataque card&#237;aco no in&#237;cio de cada ciclo menstrual&#8221;. A mulher carrega consigo tais singularidades e tamb&#233;m as tens&#245;es experimentadas na administra&#231;&#227;o da vida pessoal, familiar e profissional que lhe geram sobrecarga emocional, apesar de ter havido avan&#231;os na aten&#231;&#227;o e cuidados para a mulher nesse cen&#225;rio das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Bom que assim seja, porque naquele cap&#237;tulo est&#225; escrito que as mulheres se equivocam ao achar que s&#227;o mais propensas ao c&#226;ncer do que &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>O artigo &#8220;Um olhar sobre o estresse nas mulheres com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> estudou uma amostra que tamb&#233;m incluiu homens e usou um instrumento com quatro est&#225;gios (alerta, resist&#234;ncia, quase-exaust&#227;o e exaust&#227;o). A fase de &#8220;alerta&#8221;, com as rea&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo ao estressor; &#8220;resist&#234;ncia&#8221;, fase em que o indiv&#237;duo busca modos de lidar com o estresse; e as fases de &#8220;quase-exaust&#227;o&#8221; e &#8220;exaust&#227;o&#8221;, que s&#227;o caracterizadas pelo in&#237;cio do processo de adoecimento tendo como alvo os &#243;rg&#227;os mais vulner&#225;veis ou quando, efetivamente, as doen&#231;as se manifestam. Nesse estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> ficou evidente a maior susceptibilidade das mulheres ao sofrimento pelo estresse, pois pontuaram o dobro dos homens nas fases de &#8220;quase-exaust&#227;o&#8221; (32,9% x 16,7%) e de &#8220;exaust&#227;o&#8221; (18,6% x 9,2%).</p>
    <p>O estresse psicossocial deve ser estudado usando-se uma medida composta, pois ocorrem v&#225;rias manifesta&#231;&#245;es na esfera subjetiva, biol&#243;gica e comportamental, justificando-se uma abordagem integrada. Um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> que avaliou sintomas de depress&#227;o, ansiedade, raiva, estresse geral percebido, estresse p&#243;s-traum&#225;tico e hostilidade e usou instrumentos espec&#237;ficos, estudou uma amostra de mulheres com doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel, prospectivamente. Os autores padronizaram as escalas e combinaram em um &#237;ndex composto para analisarem estatisticamente. Encontraram mulheres com alto n&#237;vel de estresse psicol&#243;gico e que tiveram significantemente maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares. A medida de n&#237;veis de estresse percebido tamb&#233;m &#233; muito usada em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e um estudo observou que mulheres relataram mais altos n&#237;veis de estresse do que os homens no per&#237;odo de 12 meses p&#243;s-IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> N&#227;o obstante, outro importante estudo prospectivo (18 anos de seguimento) investigou em uma grande amostra de mulheres e homens a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a percep&#231;&#227;o do impacto do estresse sobre a sa&#250;de autoavaliada e a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Os investigadores observaram que os participantes que responderam &#8220;muito ou extremamente&#8221; tiveram aumentado o risco de DAC. O novo aspecto est&#225; na avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto do estresse. Esse estudo predisse a incid&#234;ncia de DAC independente da escala de n&#237;veis de estresse percebido e os autores afirmam que &#233; razo&#225;vel assumir que a &#250;nica quest&#227;o &#8220;At&#233; que ponto voc&#234; acha que o estresse ou a press&#227;o em sua vida afetou sua sa&#250;de?&#8221; pode ser usada em <italic>settings</italic> de cuidado geral ou especializado.</p>
    <p>Por fim, ainda h&#225; muito a saber sobre stress psicol&#243;gico e doen&#231;a cardiovascular. &#201; uma pauta que tem muito a ser estudada e, a considerar a pergunta do estudo acima, sugerimos pesquisas que usem m&#233;todo qualitativo e possam ouvir as vozes das pessoas, independente de sexo, em contraponto e como complemento &#224;s in&#250;meras investiga&#231;&#245;es com m&#233;todo de pesquisa quantitativo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Um Olhar sobre o Stress nas Mulheres com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Increased risk of coronary heart disease among individuals reporting adverse impacto of stress on their health: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>2697</fpage>
          <lpage>2705</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Nabi H, Kivim&#228;ki M, Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Britton A, Brunner EJ, et al. Increased risk of coronary heart disease among individuals reporting adverse impacto of stress on their health: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J.34(4):2697-705.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Stress, Women and Acute Myocardial Infarction: What is known?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5632-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; UFRJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha Figueiredo &#8226;</bold> Av. Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 195, sala 1111. Postal Code <postal-code>22020-002</postal-code>, Copacabana, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>h.cunhafigueiredo@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Psychological Stress</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>For decades, women were excluded from health research. This fact has been criticized by the National Institutes of Health (NIH),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> which sought to encourage the inclusion of women in clinical research trials, with little progress in the 1980s. Some of the most well-known examples occurred in cardiovascular research. The Harvard Physicians Health Study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> which analyzed the relationship between moderate use of aspirin and heart disease, did not include women in the sample studied. In that occasion, the result could not be conclusive for its application to women. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trials (MR. FIT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> was another major research on heart disease that did not include female individuals. This national study examined how cholesterol levels, blood pressure and smoking affected the development of heart disease.</p>
      <p>The omission of women from these and other studies at the time deserves to be highlighted in view of the cardiovascular mortality rates among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The history of Western civilization shows the predominant male domination inside and outside home, how women were submissives, and the roles that were reserved for them, namely, domestic and family responsibilities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The search for a professional space in modern society has made women protagonists in the job market, although most of them have not been able to stop playing the second round when they are back home after a busy workday.</p>
      <p>The World Health Organization (WHO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> presents in the Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke, in the topic Cardiovascular Disease, among other subjects, the risk factors and points out among the <italic>Other modifiable risk factors</italic> psychosocial stress (&#8220;chronic life stress, social isolation and anxiety&#8221;) which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Likewise, it mentions &#8220;depression&#8221; as associated with that increase. In this atlas, item 12 is entitled <italic>Women: a special case?</italic> There, <italic>Risks for women only</italic> quotes: &#8220;use of oral contraceptives; hormone replacement therapy; polycystic ovary syndrome; greater risk of heart attack at the beginning of each menstrual cycle&#8221;. Women carry with them such singularities and also the tensions experienced in the management of personal, familiar and professional life that generate emotional overload, despite advances in attention and care for women in this scenario of cardiovascular diseases. Good to be so, because in that chapter it is written that women are wrong to think that they are more prone to cancer than to cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>The article &#8220;Stress in women with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A close look&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> studied a sample that also included men and used an instrument with four stages (alertness, resistance, near-exhaustion and exhaustion). The &#8220;alert&#8221; phase, with the reactions of the autonomic nervous system to the stressor; &#8220;resistance&#8221;, the individual looks for ways to deal with stress; and the &#8220;near-exhaustion&#8221; and &#8220;exhaustion&#8221; phases, that are characterized by the beginning of the process of illness targeting the most vulnerable organs or when, effectively, the diseases manifest themselves. In this study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> the greater susceptibility of women to suffering from stress was evident, as they scored twice as many men in the &#8220;near-exhaustion&#8221; (32.9% x 16.7%) and &#8220;exhaustion&#8221; (18.6% x 9.2%).</p>
      <p>Psychosocial stress should be studied using a composite measure, as there are several manifestations in the subjective, biological and behavioral sphere, justifying an integrated approach. A study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> that evaluated symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, perceived general stress, post-traumatic stress and hostility and used specific instruments, prospectively studied a sample of women with stable coronary disease. The authors standardized the scales and combined them into a composite index to analyze them statistically. They found women with a high level of psychological stress and who had a significantly higher incidence of cardiovascular events. The measure of perceived stress levels is also widely used in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and a study found that women reported higher levels of stress than men in the 12-month period after an AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Nevertheless, another important prospective study (18 years of follow-up) investigated in a large sample of women and men the association between the perception of the impact of stress on self-rated health and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> This study predicted CAD incidence regardless of the perceived stress level scale and the authors claim that it is reasonable to assume that the only question &#8220;To what extend do you feel that the stress or pressure you have experienced in your life has affected your health?&#8221; can be used in general or specialized care settings.</p>
      <p>Finally, there is still a lot to know about psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. It is a subject that has a lot to be studied and, considering the question of the study above, we suggest researches to use qualitative method and to listen to people's voices, regardless of sex, in counterpoint and as a complement to the countless investigations with quantitative research method.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Stress in Women with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Closer Look</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
