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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Ks7Jgfkn4Mqs6wxVHfBJ7CB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200649</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190282</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190282</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Olhar sobre o <italic>Stress</italic> nas Mulheres com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Karine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Aline da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmitt</surname>
            <given-names>Kelly Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2823-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcia Moura Schmidt &#8226;</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia - Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395. CEP <postal-code>90620-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mouramarcia050@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Moraes MA, Schmidt MM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Schmidt K, Lima AS, Schmitt KR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Schmidt K, Schmidt MM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Schmidt MM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>649</fpage>
      <lpage>657</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As mulheres parecem ser mais suscet&#237;veis ao estresse psicossocial quando comparadas aos homens, e o estresse est&#225; associado a piora na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar se o sexo feminino &#233; preditor independente de risco para o estresse e comparar os n&#237;veis de estresse entre mulheres e homens com IAM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal de uma s&#233;rie de casos, realizado entre janeiro de 2017 e junho de 2018. Pacientes com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, atendidos na institui&#231;&#227;o por IAM nesse per&#237;odo. A exist&#234;ncia de estresse foi avaliada por meio do Invent&#225;rio de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de LIPP (ISSL), que o categoriza em quatro fases: alerta, resist&#234;ncia, quase exaust&#227;o e exaust&#227;o, com base em uma lista de sintomas f&#237;sicos e psicol&#243;gicos. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 24.0. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi um valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 330 entrevistados, 89% das mulheres e 70% dos homens apresentaram estresse; o sexo feminino quase triplicou as chances de sofr&#234;-lo (EXP (B) 2,79; p = 0,02). Quanto &#224;s quatro fases, as mulheres mostraram-se mais em quase exaust&#227;o e exaust&#227;o, e os homens, mais em resist&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Este estudo evidenciou que as mulheres se encontram na terceira e quarta fases do estresse, ou seja, em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse psicossocial duradouras. Tais resultados podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas para preven&#231;&#227;o e promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de conforme os sexos, visando minimizar os efeitos do estresse nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Vasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p><italic>Selye</italic> foi o primeiro a identificar o estresse como um conjunto de rea&#231;&#245;es que o organismo apresenta frente a situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais &#233; exigido um esfor&#231;o para a adapta&#231;&#227;o a elas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O estresse &#233; entendido, ent&#227;o, como uma rea&#231;&#227;o a qualquer evento estressor e pode desencadear sintomas comportamentais, psicol&#243;gicos e f&#237;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No estudo intercontinental Interheart,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> realizado com 11.119 casos e 13.648 controles em 52 pa&#237;ses, foi demonstrado que a presen&#231;a de estressores dobra o risco de IAM. Os dados de um Inqu&#233;rito Nacional de Sa&#250;de americano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> confirmam esses achados e demonstram ainda que o estresse ou a ang&#250;stia psicol&#243;gica podem duplicar o risco de IAM (RC = 2,0 [IC 95% 1,4 a 3,0]).</p>
      <p>O estresse psicol&#243;gico cr&#244;nico provoca uma excessiva ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, levando &#224; exacerba&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose coron&#225;ria e da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A longo prazo, pode tamb&#233;m aumentar o risco de eventos coron&#225;rios e morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estudos apontam que as mulheres s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis ao estresse psicossocial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Isso porque elas t&#234;m assumido uma vida cotidiana com m&#250;ltiplos pap&#233;is sociais e familiares, tornando-se mais propensas a enfermidades como cardiopatias e doen&#231;as vasculares (tanto quanto os homens).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> O IAM e o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) s&#227;o as principais causadoras de morte em mulheres com mais de 50 anos, com mais &#243;bitos por causas cardiovasculares do que outras, incluindo o c&#226;ncer de mama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em estudos brasileiros, as mulheres mais jovens apresentam maior frequ&#234;ncia de sintomas de estresse quando comparadas aos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Contudo, nos estudos sobre estresse e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica, o sexo feminino apresenta menor preval&#234;ncia e casos em maior idade do que o sexo masculino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Tendo em vista o exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os preditores de estresse, principalmente se o sexo feminino &#233; preditor independente de risco, bem como comparar caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, hist&#243;ria pregressa e evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar, al&#233;m dos n&#237;veis de estresse entre mulheres e homens com IAM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e Participantes</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal a partir de uma s&#233;rie de casos ao longo de 18 meses, cujos pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos conforme os seguintes crit&#233;rios: idade entre 18 e 65 anos, ou seja, idade ativa laboral; e atendidos por IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, menos de 12 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia. Segundo a V Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o tratamento do IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (2015),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> o IAM &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST &gt; 1,0 mm em deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas no eletrocardiograma (ECG), e aumento e/ou queda dos n&#237;veis de marcadores card&#237;acos, principalmente da troponina (com valor acima do percentil 99), s&#227;o essenciais para o diagn&#243;stico. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: delta T prolongado, necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>delirium</italic> ou hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de dem&#234;ncia, dificuldades cognitivas, ou ainda diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as psiqui&#225;tricas, conforme o m&#233;dico assistente, que impediram o entendimento e a assinatura do termo de consentimento.</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram entrevistados nas primeiras 48 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o, fornecendo dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica pregressa e informa&#231;&#245;es sobre fatores de risco para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da ra&#231;a baseou-se na autodeclara&#231;&#227;o deles. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida por diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio ou uso de anti-hipertensivos; dislipidemia foi considerada presente naqueles com diagn&#243;stico anterior ou uso de hipolipemiantes; diabetes Melito foi definido pelo uso pr&#233;vio de insulina ou subst&#226;ncias hipoglicemiantes, ou glicemia de jejum documentada &gt; 126 mg/dl em duas ocasi&#245;es. Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) foi considerada presente se parentes de primeiro grau tinham IAM ou morte por causa cardiovascular s&#250;bita antes dos 55 anos para os homens e 65 para as mulheres. Para o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o peso e altura autorreferidos. Depress&#227;o foi estabelecida pela ocorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos um epis&#243;dio maior de sintomas depressivos requerendo tratamento farmacol&#243;gico; angina foi definida como dor ou desconforto em regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, epig&#225;strio, mand&#237;bula, ombro, dorso ou membros superiores, desencadeada ou agravada por atividade f&#237;sica ou estresse emocional, conforme classe II em diante, segundo as Diretrizes de Doen&#231;a Coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos foram consultados para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos na interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumentos</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a do estresse foi avaliada por meio do ISSL,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> instrumento validado pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia. Ele &#233; composto por uma lista de 53 sintomas f&#237;sicos e psicol&#243;gicos, divididos em per&#237;odos: nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas, na &#250;ltima semana e no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s. Al&#233;m de informar a exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de estresse, o instrumento categoriza-o em quatro fases: alerta (corresponde &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida nos sintomas das &#250;ltimas 24 horas); resist&#234;ncia e quase exaust&#227;o (pontua&#231;&#245;es da &#250;ltima semana) e exaust&#227;o (sintomas que estiveram presentes no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s). O ISSL possibilita, assim, o diagn&#243;stico do estresse, a verifica&#231;&#227;o da fase em que a pessoa se encontra e a predomin&#226;ncia de sintomas f&#237;sicos, psicol&#243;gicos ou mistos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fases do Estresse</title>
          <p>A fase de alerta caracteriza-se por rea&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico logo que o organismo percebe o estressor. A de resist&#234;ncia apresenta-se quando um estressor permanece presente com o passar do tempo, fazendo com que a pessoa resista e busque for&#231;as para continuar lidando com o estresse, embora ainda tenha os sintomas. Na fase de quase exaust&#227;o, o processo de adoecimento se inicia, e os &#243;rg&#227;os com maior vulnerabilidade gen&#233;tica ou adquirida passam a mostrar sinais de deteriora&#231;&#227;o. Se n&#227;o h&#225; al&#237;vio para o estresse com a remo&#231;&#227;o dos estressores ou o uso de estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento, ele chega &#224; sua fase de exaust&#227;o, causando diversos problemas, como &#250;lceras, gengivites, psor&#237;ase, hipertens&#227;o arterial, depress&#227;o, ansiedade, entre outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#201;ticas</title>
          <p>Esse estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional (CAAE: 62727416.5.0000.5333). Todos os participantes aceitaram participar e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre-Esclarecido (TCLE), conforme preceitos das Resolu&#231;&#245;es n. 466/12 e 510/2016 do CNS/MS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tamanho do Estudo</title>
          <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi realizado com o Programa Win Pepi vers&#227;o 11.29. Considerando-se que a diferen&#231;a entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de homens e mulheres com estresse varia entre 30 e 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> e que 70% dos pacientes com IAM s&#227;o do sexo masculino,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 e poder de 80, seriam necess&#225;rios 194 participantes, sendo 114 homens e 80 mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram registrados em um banco de dados no Excel e analisados pelo programa estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 24.0. O Teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade das vari&#225;veis. As cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as categ&#243;ricas, por frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e percentual. Foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para preditores de estresse com as vari&#225;veis que obtiveram p &lt; 0,10 na an&#225;lise bivariada. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis entre os participantes com e sem estresse e conforme o sexo, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes ou o teste qui-quadrado. Foi considerado um valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. A preval&#234;ncia de estresse, as fases e a sintomatologia foram apresentadas em percentuais e comparadas com o qui-quadrado quando necess&#225;rio, seguindo as normas do Manual do Instrumento, cujas respostas s&#227;o categorizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos consecutivamente no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2017 e junho de 2018. Conforme o fluxograma do estudo, apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, dos 632 pacientes com IAM acessados para elegibilidade, 211 n&#227;o preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, 32 foram exclu&#237;dos conforme os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos, 40 foram a &#243;bito e 19 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o terem sido entrevistados nas primeiras 48 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o. A amostra, ent&#227;o, foi totalizada com 330 participantes.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma do estudo realizado no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2017 a junho de 2018.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0649-90282-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Dos 330 entrevistados, 80 eram mulheres e 250 eram homens; 74% apresentaram estresse, sendo 89% das mulheres e 70% dos homens. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas conforme a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estresse. Foi observado que aqueles com estresse s&#227;o, na maioria, mulheres, indiv&#237;duos com menos anos de estudo e internados pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os fatores de risco; entretanto, na hist&#243;ria pregressa, os pacientes com estresse apresentaram mais angina e depress&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as quantos &#224;s intercorr&#234;ncias na interna&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros na preval&#234;ncia de estresse</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Total n = 330</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Com estresse n = 245</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sem estresse n = 85</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo feminino (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (24,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71 (29,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (10,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54,6 &#177; 7,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54,4 &#177; 8,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55,4 &#177; 7,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,8 &#177; 5,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,6 &#177; 5,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,2 &#177; 5,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Escolaridade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,0 &#177; 4,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,7 &#177; 4,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,9 &#177; 3,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Caucasianos (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">249 (81,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">186 (81,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (80,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Renda familiar &lt; 5 sal&#225;rios (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">243 (76,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">186 (78,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (69,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SUS (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">231 (76,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">184 (79,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (64,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HAS (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">180 (54,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">132 (54,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (56,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DM (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75 (22,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (22,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (23,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TABAG (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (49,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (49,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (44,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DSLP (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (27,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (27,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (24,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HF + (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (24,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (25,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (22,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica pregressa</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAM pr&#233;vio (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64 (19,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (21,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (14,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ICP pr&#233;via (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (14,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (16,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (9,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC pr&#233;vio (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (6,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (5,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 7,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ICC (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (5,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (5,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (4,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Angina (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (26,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (30,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (15,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DPOC (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (2,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (3,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IRC (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Depress&#227;o (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (15,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (19,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (7,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Eventos intra-hospitalares</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmia (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (2,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (3,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAM recorrente (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#211;bito (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Qui-quadrado ou t de student para amostras independentes.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SUS: Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabete melito; TABAG: tabagismo; DSLP: dislipidemia; HF+: hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A partir da an&#225;lise bivariada entre as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com e sem estresse, foram selecionadas aquelas com p &lt; 0,10 para inclus&#227;o na an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os resultados demonstraram que o sexo feminino e o tipo de assist&#234;ncia p&#250;blica (SUS) foram os preditores independentes de estresse. O risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o (Exp B) do sexo feminino foi de 2,79 (1,21 &#8211; 6,40, p = 0,02), indicando que ser mulher quase triplica a chance de sofrer estresse.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise multivariada de preditores independentes de estresse</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Exp (B)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,21 a 6,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Escolaridade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,91 a 1,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Angina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,94 a 3,87</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Depress&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,57 a 4,02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60 a 1,86</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SUS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,93</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00 a 3,70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>SUS: Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A an&#225;lise conforme o sexo incluiu somente os pacientes com estresse, totalizando 245 participantes (71 mulheres e 174 homens). Conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, as mulheres com estresse apresentam menor escolaridade do que os homens, e um percentual maior delas tem menor renda familiar. Elas tamb&#233;m foram internadas pelo SUS com mais frequ&#234;ncia que os homens (89,7% <italic>versus</italic> 75,5%; p = 0,014). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e ao IMC. Quanto aos fatores de risco, as mulheres apresentaram mais tabagismo do que os homens. Hipertens&#227;o, diabete melito e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana foram semelhantes entre ambos os grupos. Parece haver uma tend&#234;ncia das mulheres &#224; dislipidemia, e elas apresentaram mais hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de depress&#227;o e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) do que os homens. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar, as mulheres apresentaram maior mortalidade.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas entre mulheres e homens com estresse</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Mulheres n = 71 (89%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Homens n = 174 (70%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,667</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,168</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Escolaridade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Brancos (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (86,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">127 (78,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Renda familiar &lt; 5 sal&#225;rios (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (91,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (72,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SUS (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (89,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (75,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">Fatores de risco</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HAS (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (62,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (50,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DM (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (28,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (20,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,170</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TABAG (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (64,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (44,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DSLP (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (35,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (23,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,062</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HF+ (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (26,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (25,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,885</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica pregressa</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAM pr&#233;vio (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (22,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (21,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,791</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ICP pr&#233;vio (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (17,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (16,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,914</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Angina (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (30,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (31,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,836</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ICC (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (7,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (4,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,350</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Depress&#227;o (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (37,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (11,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DPOC (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (7,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IRC (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (1,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,877</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC pr&#233;vio (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (5,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (5,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,952</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmia (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (5,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,105</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAM recorrente (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,526</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#211;bito intra-hospitalar (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (4,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,045</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Qui-quadrado ou t de student para amostras independentes.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SUS: Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabete melito; TABAG: tabagismo; DSLP: dislipidemia; HF+: hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das fases do estresse, as mulheres se mostraram mais na de quase exaust&#227;o (18,6% <italic>versus</italic> 9,2%; p = 0,041) e exaust&#227;o (32,9% <italic>versus</italic> 16,7%; p = 0,005), e os homens, mais na de resist&#234;ncia (40,0% versus 62,6%; p &lt; 0,001). Houve preval&#234;ncia semelhante na fase de alerta (7,1% <italic>versus</italic> 8,6%; p = 0,703) e o predom&#237;nio de sintomas f&#237;sicos (77,1% <italic>versus</italic> 73,6%; p = 0,586) em ambos os grupos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o desses percentuais.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das fases do estresse entre mulheres e homens.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0649-90282-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesse estudo, observou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de estresse entre pacientes com IAM foi de 74%, semelhante &#224;s descritas para pacientes cardiopatas, que variam entre 72 e 85% em hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> H&#225;, portanto, alta preval&#234;ncia de estresse entre os pacientes acometidos de infarto e submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>As mulheres apresentaram mais estresse do que os homens, conforme j&#225; descrito na literatura. No estudo de Calais e Lipp,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> por exemplo, sobre as diferen&#231;as de sexo e escolaridade na manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, as autoras, utilizando o ISSL, encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de 79,30% nas mulheres, enquanto o percentual de homens com sintomas de estresse era 51,72%. J&#225; em uma pesquisa com magistrados da justi&#231;a do trabalho,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m utilizando o mesmo instrumento, 82% das ju&#237;zas e 56% dos ju&#237;zes estavam estressados, o que mostra uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos. Embora essas pesquisas descrevam percentuais superiores de estresse nas mulheres, nenhuma delas avaliou se o sexo feminino era um preditor independente, sendo esse um diferencial deste estudo. Nele, foi encontrada uma preval&#234;ncia maior em ambos sexos, 89% em mulheres e 70% em homens. Assim, a an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que o sexo feminino tem as chances de estresse quase triplicadas.</p>
      <p>O tipo de assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m foi um preditor independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, sendo os pacientes atendidos pelo SUS os mais acometidos. Dados semelhantes foram encontrados no estudo de Santos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> no qual mais pacientes do grupo SUS apresentaram estresse em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo dos conveniados, o que sugere a maior vulnerabilidade dos pacientes da assist&#234;ncia p&#250;blica, provavelmente devido a menor <italic>status</italic> socioecon&#244;mico e menos escolaridade e renda, fatores associados a maiores n&#237;veis de estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Neste estudo, contudo, n&#227;o foram realizadas suban&#225;lises para verificar as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre o grupo SUS e conv&#234;nios, sendo esta uma possibilidade para pesquisas futuras.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise somente com os pacientes estressados conforme os sexos, observou-se que as mulheres com estresse apresentam mais hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de depress&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, tem sido descrito que elas s&#227;o significativamente mais propensas a terem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio dessa doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, principalmente no climat&#233;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> e h&#225; um crescente interesse em saber se a maior diferen&#231;a entre os sexos na taxa de depress&#227;o pode ser o aumento da exposi&#231;&#227;o e reatividade aos estressores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Tem sido observado tamb&#233;m que as mulheres s&#227;o substancialmente mais propensas a serem v&#237;timas de experi&#234;ncias traum&#225;ticas, como abuso sexual e agress&#227;o, do que os homens, e que tais ocorr&#234;ncias, especialmente na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia, s&#227;o comumente preditivas de epis&#243;dios depressivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Condi&#231;&#245;es estressantes cr&#244;nicas, como pobreza e pais solteiros (monoparentalidade), excedem nas mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, e essas circunst&#226;ncias s&#227;o frequentemente associadas &#224; depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Experimentar doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e atuar como cuidadores de cuidados prim&#225;rios para parentes doentes tamb&#233;m parece ser uma experi&#234;ncia vivenciada mais por mulheres do que homens, o que tamb&#233;m est&#225; ligado &#224; doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> &#201; descrito ainda que &#8220;tens&#245;es cr&#244;nicas&#8221; relacionadas a pap&#233;is femininos na forma de redu&#231;&#227;o de poder e tomada de decis&#227;o, como falta de afirma&#231;&#227;o em relacionamentos &#237;ntimos, sobrecarga de pap&#233;is, desigualdades dom&#233;sticas e cuidados com crian&#231;as, foram preditores de depress&#227;o ao longo do tempo e mediaram parcialmente as diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero na depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No estudo de Hammen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> que avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre estresse e depress&#227;o nas mulheres, o aparecimento de depress&#227;o foi significativamente associado ao estresse cr&#244;nico e agudo. Havia tamb&#233;m uma tend&#234;ncia, consistente com um efeito sensibilizador, de que o estresse cr&#244;nico moderasse os efeitos de eventos estressores agudos na depress&#227;o maior, de modo que altos n&#237;veis da forma cr&#244;nica amplificaram o impacto de eventos agudos. Em contraste, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre estresse agudo e depress&#227;o foi menor entre mulheres com n&#237;veis mais baixos do cr&#244;nico. Os resultados confirmam a import&#226;ncia de levar em conta os efeitos do estresse cr&#244;nico na rela&#231;&#227;o entre estresse e depress&#227;o em mulheres.</p>
      <p>Ainda na an&#225;lise somente com os pacientes estressados conforme os sexos, observou-se que as mulheres estressadas s&#227;o mais tabagistas que os homens e com mais hist&#243;ria de DPOC. No entanto, dados epidemiol&#243;gicos mostraram que h&#225; maior preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo no sexo masculino,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> e a quantidade de doen&#231;as relacionadas ao tabaco superou o dobro nos homens quando comparados &#224;s mulheres, com concentra&#231;&#227;o em DPOC, IAM, pneumonia e AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Desse modo, a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de tabagismo e DPOC nas mulheres, quando considerada somente a popula&#231;&#227;o estressada, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o, sendo o estresse um fator que pode estar influenciando esses achados.</p>
      <p>Segundo Bussoletto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> ao lidar com os desafios do dia a dia e na busca por relaxamento e recompensa, os pacientes recorrem ao tabagismo e &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada como estrat&#233;gias, o que piora n&#227;o apenas o n&#237;vel de estresse, mas tamb&#233;m a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Essa premissa pode ser verdadeira porque, embora n&#227;o haja signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, o percentual de dislipidemia foi maior tamb&#233;m nas mulheres. Assim, considera-se que, embora as mulheres n&#227;o tivessem mais idade em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens na amostra (fator conhecidamente associado &#224; mortalidade em mulheres),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> esse ac&#250;mulo de fatores de risco, destacando ainda menores escolaridade e renda, pode ter contribu&#237;do para o maior percentual de &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares encontrado no sexo feminino. Contudo, salienta-se que esse estudo n&#227;o foi desenhado para avaliar a mortalidade.</p>
      <p>Embora as mulheres sofram mais com o estresse emocional, a maioria dos estudos, principalmente com pacientes isqu&#234;micos, inclu&#237;ram poucas delas. Assim, Lucinda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> analisando o estresse em pacientes ap&#243;s IAM e ativos no mercado de trabalho, descreveram que 71% da amostra encontravam-se na fase de resist&#234;ncia (91% da amostra eram compostos por homens, e apenas 9%, por mulheres). De maneira id&#234;ntica, Bussoletto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> encontrou 78,6% da sua amostra na fase de resist&#234;ncia, e seu estudo incluiu 83,87% de homens e 16,13% de mulheres. Em nosso estudo, foram encontrados 57,6% dos participantes na fase de resist&#234;ncia, com 76% de homens, ou seja, um percentual maior que o de mulheres (24%). Assim, foi poss&#237;vel observar as diferen&#231;as nas fases do estresse entre homens e mulheres; estas se apresentaram predominantemente nas fases de quase exaust&#227;o e exaust&#227;o, ou seja, de estresse cr&#244;nico. Esses resultados corroboram o estudo de Wottrich et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> que, utilizando tamb&#233;m o ISSL, analisou o estresse em pacientes hipertensos conforme o g&#234;nero. A autora tamb&#233;m observou que a maioria das mulheres estava na fase de exaust&#227;o (41,4% <italic>versus</italic> 15,2%), enquanto os homens estavam na fase de resist&#234;ncia (60,6%). Curiosamente, essa amostra de 103 pacientes foi composta, predominantemente (70%), por mulheres.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As mulheres do nosso estudo apresentaram menores escolaridade e renda familiar do que os homens. Assim, sup&#245;em-se que as condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas tamb&#233;m estejam mediando a presen&#231;a de estresse, al&#233;m de contribuir para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entretanto, n&#227;o se sabe se essas mulheres apresentaram menor renda por serem s&#243;s, vi&#250;vas e sem companheiros. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos outros fatores psicossociais, como n&#250;mero e idade dos filhos e netos, nem condi&#231;&#245;es de vulnerabilidade social. N&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a rede de apoio familiar, o que significa que podem existir outros aspectos relacionados aos achados.</p>
        <p>Este estudo utilizou, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do estresse, o ISSL, que mensura a presen&#231;a de sintomas nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas, na &#250;ltima semana e no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s, podendo existir vi&#233;s de informa&#231;&#227;o por parte dos entrevistados ao responderem o question&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O estudo evidenciou que ser do sexo feminino e utilizar o SUS s&#227;o preditores independentes de risco para o estresse em pacientes com infarto recente. As mulheres encontravam-se na terceira e quarta fases da doen&#231;a, ou seja, em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse duradouras. Elas tamb&#233;m apresentaram menores escolaridade e renda familiar, al&#233;m de parecerem minimizar o estresse cotidiano com o cigarro. O sexo feminino ainda mostrou mais depress&#227;o do que o masculino. Esses resultados podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas de g&#234;nero para a preven&#231;&#227;o e a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, visando minimizar os efeitos do estresse nos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Instituto de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>31. Mikkola TS, Gissler M, Merikukka M, Tuomikoski P, Ylikorkala O. Sex differences in age-related cardiovascular mortality. PloS One. 2013;8(5):e63347.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Stress in Women with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Closer Look</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Karine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Aline da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmitt</surname>
            <given-names>Kelly Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2823-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcia Moura Schmidt &#8226;</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia - Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395. Postal Code <postal-code>90620-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mouramarcia050@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Moraes MA, Schmidt MM; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Schmidt K, Lima AS, Schmitt KR; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Schmidt K, Schmidt MM; Statistical analysis: Schmidt MM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Women seem to be more susceptible to psychosocial stress than men, and stress is associated with worse outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether the female gender is an independent predictor of risk for stress and to compare stress levels between women and men after AMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study of a case series. Patients aged 18 to 65 years who were treated for AMI at the study facility between January 2017 and June 2018 were eligible. The presence of stress was assessed using Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (ISSL), which categorizes stress into four phases (alertness, resistance, near-exhaustion, and exhaustion), through a list of physical and psychological symptoms. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 24.0. The significance level was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 330 respondents, 89% of women and 70% of men experienced stress. The female gender was associated with nearly threefold higher odds of experiencing stress (EXP (B)2.79, p = 0.02). Regarding the phases of stress, women were more often in the near-exhaustion and exhaustion phases, while men were more often in the resistance phase.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This study showed that women are most often in the third and fourth phases of stress, i.e., in situations of long-standing psychosocial stress. These findings can assist in the development of gender-specific strategies for health promotion and disease prevention, aiming to minimize the effects of stress in this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Psychological</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Selye was the first to identify stress as a set of reactions that the body exhibits when it is required to adapt to a situation by exerting an effort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Stress is thus understood as a reaction to any stressful event, or <italic>stressor</italic>, and can trigger behavioral, psychological, and physical symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the intercontinental INTERHEART study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> conducted with 11,119 cases and 13,648 controls across 52 countries, the presence of stressors was shown to double the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Data from a U.S. National Health Interview Survey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> confirm these findings, and demonstrate that stress and psychological distress can double the risk of AMI (OR: 2.0; 95%CI, 1.4 to 3.0).</p>
        <p>Chronic psychological stress produces the overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, which exacerbates coronary atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> In the long term, this may increase the risk of coronary events and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Studies have shown that women are more susceptible to psychosocial stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Women's daily lives involve multiple social and family roles, which makes them as much as or more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases than men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke are the leading causes of death in women over the age of 50. In this age group, there are more cardiovascular deaths than by any other cause, including breast cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In Brazilian studies, younger women have been found to experience a higher frequency of stress symptoms compared to men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> However, in studies on stress and ischemic heart disease, women are less prevalent and older than males.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Within this context, the objective of the present study was to investigate predictors of stress, mainly to investigate whether female gender is an independent predictor of stress risk, as well as to compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, medical history, in-hospital events and stress levels between women and men with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Design and Participants</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study of a case series conducted over an 18-month period. Patients were included according to the following criteria: Age 18 to 65 years (i.e., working age); treated for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI), within 12 hours of symptom onset, at a cardiology referral center. According to the 5<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guideline on the Treatment of STEMI (2015),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> AMI is defined as an acute ischemic syndrome with ST-segment elevation &gt;1.0 mm on contiguous ECG leads. Increased and/or decreased levels of cardiac markers, especially troponin (&gt;99<sup>th</sup> percentile), are essential for the diagnosis. Exclusion criteria: Prolonged time from symptom onset until hospital arrival; need for mechanical ventilation; development of delirium; previous history of dementia, cognitive impairment; or known psychiatric conditions, according to the attending physician, which would preclude comprehension of the informed consent form.</p>
          <p>Participants were interviewed during the first 48 hours of hospitalization. Data on sociodemographic variables, past medical history, and risk factors for ischemic heart disease were collected. Race was self-reported by the participants. Hypertension was defined as a previous diagnosis or current use of antihypertensive agents. Dyslipidemia was considered present in patients with a previous diagnosis or those currently using lipid-lowering drugs. Diabetes mellitus was defined by a documented fasting glucose &gt;126 mg/dL on two occasions or a history of use of insulin or antidiabetic agents. Family history of CAD was considered positive if any first-degree relatives had a history of AMI or sudden cardiovascular death before age 55 (men) or 65 (women). BMI (body mass index) was calculated using the self-reported weight and height data. Depression was defined by the occurrence of at least one major depressive episode requiring pharmacological treatment. Angina was defined as pain or discomfort in the anterior chest, epigastric region, jaw, shoulder, back or upper limbs, triggered or worsened by physical activity or emotional stress (class II or higher), according to the Stable Coronary Disease Guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Medical records were checked for any intercurrent events occurring during hospitalization.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Instruments</title>
            <p>The presence of stress was assessed using the LIPP's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (ISSL),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> which has been validated by the Brazilian Federal Board of Psychology. The ISSL consists of a list of 53 physical and psychological symptoms, divided into time periods: in the last 24 hours, in the last week, and in the last month. In addition to detecting the presence or absence of stress, the instrument categorizes stress into four phases: alertness (corresponding to the score obtained for symptoms present in the last 24 hours), resistance, near-exhaustion (corresponding to the scores for the last week), and exhaustion (corresponding to symptoms that were present in the month preceding the interview). This instrument thus allows the diagnosis of stress, establishing the stage of stress the respondent is currently experiencing, and whether there is a predominance of physical, psychological, or mixed symptoms.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Phases of Stress</title>
            <p>The alertness phase is characterized by sympathetic nervous system reactions, elicited by the initial perception of the stressor. The resistance phase develops when a stressor persists over time &#8211; causing the person to resist and find the strength to continue coping with the stress, although the symptoms remain present. In the near-exhaustion phase, the actual pathological process begins, and organs that have a greater genetic or acquired vulnerability start to show signs of deterioration. If the stress is not relieved, whether by removal of the stressor or the use of coping strategies, the exhaustion phase is reached. Various conditions arise, such as stress ulcers, gingivitis, psoriasis, hypertension, depression, and anxiety, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ethical Considerations</title>
            <p>This study was approved the institutional Research Ethics Committee (CAAE: 62727416.5.0000.5333). All participants agreed to participate in the study and signed the Free and Informed Consent Form (ICF), pursuant to the provisions of Brazilian National Health Council Resolutions 466/12 and 510/2016.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Sample Size</title>
            <p>The sample size was calculated using the WinPepi software, version 11.29. Considering that the difference between the proportion of men and women with stress ranges from 30%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> to 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> and that 70% of patients with acute myocardial infarction are males,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> for a significance level of 0.05 and a statistical power of 80%, the minimum sample size would comprise 194 participants (114 men, 80 women).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
            <p>Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel database and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 24.0. The Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of the variables. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and categorical variables, as absolute and relative frequencies. The multivariate logistic regression was performed for the predictors of stress. Variables that reached p&lt;0.10 in the bivariate analysis were retained for the multivariate model. A <italic>t</italic>-test for independent samples or chi-square test was used for comparison of variables between participants with and without stress and by gender. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of stress, its phases, and symptoms were presented as relative frequencies and compared with the chi-square test as necessary, following the rules of the ISSL Instrument, in which the responses are categorized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Patients were included consecutively from August 2017 through June 2018. According to the study flowchart diagram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>), of the 632 patients with AMI assessed for eligibility, 211 did not meet the inclusion criteria, 32 were excluded according to the established criteria, 40 died, and 19 were excluded because they were not interviewed within the first 48 hours of hospitalization. Thus, the final sample consisted of 330 participants.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study flowchart diagram. January 2017 to June 2018.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0649-90282-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Of these 330 respondents, 80 were women and 250 were men. Overall, 74% were experiencing stress (89% of women and 70% of men). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the sample, stratified by the presence or absence of stress. We observed that those respondents with stress were mostly women, with fewer years of formal education, and had been admitted under the care of the Unified Health System (SUS). There were no significant differences between the risk factors; however, regarding the past medical history, patients with stress were more likely to have angina and depression. There were no differences regarding complications and intercurrent events occurring during hospitalization in these patients.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Difference in stress prevalence between genders</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Overall n=330</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Stress n=245</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No stress n=85</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sociodemographic characteristics</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female gender, n%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (24.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71 (29.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (10.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.6 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.4 &#177; 8.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.4 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, kg/m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.8 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.6 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.2 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Level of schooling, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.7 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.9 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Caucasian, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">249 (81.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">186 (81.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (80.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Household income &lt;5&#215; minimum wage, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">243 (76.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">186 (78.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (69.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Unified Health System, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">231 (76.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">184 (79.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (64.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HTN, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">180 (54.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">132 (54.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (56.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75 (22.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (22.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (23.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (49.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (49.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (44.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (24.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FH+, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (24.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (25.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (22.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Past medical history</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prior AMI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64 (19.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (21.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (14.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prior PCI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (14.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (9.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (6.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (5.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CHF, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (5.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (5.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (4.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Angina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (26.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (30.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (15.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">COPD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (2.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CKD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Depression, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (15.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (19.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>In-hospital events</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arrhythmia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (2.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (3.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Recurrent AMI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Death, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; CHF: congestive heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; FH+: family history of coronary artery disease; HTN: hypertension; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Chi-square or Student's t-test for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>After the bivariate analysis of the characteristics of patients with <italic>vs</italic>. without stress, we selected those with p&lt;0.10 for inclusion in the multivariate analysis model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). The results showed that female gender and being admitted under the Brazilian public healthcare system (Unified Health System) were independent predictors of stress. The relative risk of exposure to stress&#8212;Exp(B)&#8212;in women was 2.79 (95% CI 1.21 to 6.40, p=0.02), which suggests that being female nearly triples one's odds of experiencing stress.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis of independent predictors of stress</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Exp(B)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">95% confidence interval</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Females</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.21-6.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Level of schooling</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.91-1.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Angina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.94-3.87</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Depression</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.57-4.02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60-1.86</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Unified Health System</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.93</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00-3.70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The analysis by gender included only those patients with stress, i.e., a total of 245 participants (71 women and 174 men). As seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>, women with stress had a lower level of schooling than men, and a greater proportion of them had a lower household income. Women were also hospitalized under the care of the public system more frequently than men (89.7% vs 75.5%, p=0.014). There were no significant differences in relation to age or body mass index (BMI). Regarding the risk factors, smoking was more prevalent among women than men. Hypertension, diabetes, and family history of coronary heart disease were similar in both groups. There was an apparent trend toward dyslipidemia among women. Women were also more likely than men to have a history of depression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Regarding the clinical course, the in-hospital mortality was higher in women.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of profiles between women and men with stress</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Women n=71 (89%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Men n=174 (70%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sociodemographic characteristics</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.667</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, kg/m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Level of schooling, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">White ethnicity, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (86.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">127 (78.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Household income &lt;5&#215; minimum wage, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (91.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (72.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Unified Health System, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (89.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (75.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HTN, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (62.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (50.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (28.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (20.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (64.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (44.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (35.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (23.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FH+, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (26.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (25.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.885</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Past medical history</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prior AMI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (22.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (21.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.791</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prior PCI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (17.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (16.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.914</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Angina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (30.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (31.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.836</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CHF, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (4.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.350</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Depression, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (37.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (11.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">COPD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CKD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (1.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.877</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (5.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (5.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.952</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Intercurrent events</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arrhythmia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (5.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Recurrent AMI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.526</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">In-hospital death, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (4.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.045</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; CHF: congestive heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; FH+: family history of coronary artery disease; HTN: hypertension; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Chi-square or Student's t-test for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Assessment of the phases of stress showed that women were more likely than men to be in the near-exhaustion (18.6% vs. 9.2%, p= 0.041) and exhaustion (32.9% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.005) phases, while men were more likely to be in the resistance phase (40.0% vs. 62.6%, p&lt;0.001). The prevalence of the alertness phase (7.1% vs. 8.6%, p=0.703) and a predominance of physical symptoms (77.1% vs. 73.6%, p=0.586) were similar in the two groups. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> illustrates the distribution of these percentages.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of stress phases in women and men.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0649-90282-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, the prevalence of stress in patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction was 74%. The overall prevalence of stress was similar to that described in previous studies of patients with cardiovascular disease, ranging from 72%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> up to 85% in patients with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Therefore, there is a high prevalence of stress in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of myocardial infarction.</p>
        <p>Women experienced more stress than men, as described elsewhere in the literature. In a study by Calais and Lipp<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> on the differences in stress manifestations by gender and level of schooling, the authors, using the ISSL, found an overall stress prevalence of 79.30% in women and 51.72% in men. In a survey of magistrate court employees<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> using the same instrument, 82% of female and 56% of male magistrate employees were stressed, demonstrating a significant difference between the genders. Although these surveys described higher percentages of stress in women, neither of them evaluated whether female gender alone was an independent predictor, which is a strength of our study. We found a higher prevalence in both genders, although it was higher in women (89% and 70%, respectively). The multivariate analysis showed that female gender was associated with nearly threefold higher odds of stress.</p>
        <p>The healthcare model was also an independent predictor for the occurrence of stress, with patients treated by the Unified Health System (SUS) being the most affected. Similar data were found in a study by Santos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> in which more patients in the SUS group showed more stress as compared to health-insured patients. This suggests that patients treated by the public system are more vulnerable, probably due to the lower socioeconomic status of these patients, lower level of schooling, and lower income&#8212;all factors associated with higher levels of stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> In our study, however, we did not perform any subgroup analyses to check for possible differences between the SUS group and patients with private health insurance. This remains a possibility for future research.</p>
        <p>On a subgroup analysis restricted to patients with stress, stratified by gender, we found that women with stress were more likely to have a history of depression. It has been described that women are significantly more likely to have a history of depression diagnosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> especially during menopause,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> as compared to men. There is a growing interest in finding out whether this gender difference in rates of depression might be driven by greater exposure and reactivity to stressors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Women are substantially more likely to be victimized by traumatic experiences (such as sexual abuse and assault), than men. Such experiences, especially in childhood or adolescence, are commonly predictive of depressive episodes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Chronic stressors often associated with depression, such as poverty and single parenthood, are far more common in women than in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Experiencing chronic illness and being the primary caregiver for sick family members also seem to be experiences far more common for women than for men. These conditions are likewise associated with depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Studies have suggested that &#8220;chronic strain&#8221; related to traditional female roles, manifested by reduced agency and decision-making (such as submissiveness in intimate relationships, role overload, domestic inequalities, childcare responsibilities), were predictive of depression over time and partially mediated gender differences in depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In a study by Hammen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> evaluating the stress-depression relationship in women, the onset of depression was significantly associated with chronic and acute stress. There was a trend, consistent with a sensitizing effect, that chronic stress would moderate the effects of acute stressful events in major depression, so that high levels of chronic stress amplified the impact of acute events; conversely, the association between acute stress and depression was lower among women with lower levels of chronic stress. These findings confirm the importance of taking into account the effects of chronic stress on the stress-depression relationship in women.</p>
        <p>Our subgroup analysis restricted to stressed patients, and stratified by gender, found that stressed women smoke more and are more likely to have a history of COPD than men. Epidemiological data support a higher prevalence of smoking in men,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> and rates of tobacco-related illnesses in men are more than double those in women, with particular focus on COPD, AMI, pneumonia, and stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> The higher prevalence of smoking and COPD in women when we consider only the stressed population warrants further analysis. Stress itself may be influencing these findings.</p>
        <p>According to Bussoleto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> when dealing with day-to-day challenges and seeking relaxation and rewards, patients resort to smoking and inadequate nutritional strategies. This not only worsens their level of stress, but also worsens heart disease. This premise may have been held true in our study, because, although it was not powered to detect significance, the percentage of dyslipidemia was higher in women than in men. We consider that, although women were not older than men in this sample (a factor known to be associated with mortality in women),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> this buildup of risk factors&#8212;which also highlighted the lower level of schooling and income of women as compared to men &#8211; may have contributed to the higher percentage of in-hospital deaths found in women. Nevertheless, we must emphasize that this study was not designed to assess mortality.</p>
        <p>Although women experience more emotional stress, most studies, especially those of ischemic patients, have included few women. Lucinda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> analyzing stress in post-AMI patients who remained active in the job market, found that 71% of the sample was in the resistance phase, with 91% of the sample consisting of men and only 9% of women. Likewise, Bussoleto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> found 78.6% of his sample in the resistance phase, in a study that included 83.87% men and 16.13% women. In our study, 57.6% of participants were in the resistance phase, including 76% of men, that is, a higher percentage than among women (24%). Thus, we were able to observe differences in the phases of stress between men and women. Women were predominantly in the near-exhaustion and exhaustion phases, i.e., in the phases of chronic stress. These results corroborate the findings of Wottrich,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> who also used the ISSL to analyze stress in hypertensive patients according to gender. The author also found that women were mostly in the exhaustion phase of stress (41.4% vs. 15.2%), while men were in the resistance phase (60.6%). Interestingly, this sample of 103 patients consisted predominantly (70%) of women.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The women in the present study had lower level of schooling and lower household income than the men. Thus, it is assumed that socioeconomic conditions also act as mediators in the presence of stress, in addition to contributing to cardiovascular diseases. However, our design precludes any inference as to whether women had lower income because they lived alone or were widowed. We are also unaware of any other psychosocial factors, such as the number and age of children and grandchildren, or about social vulnerability conditions. We have no information about their family support networks. In other words, there may be other factors related to our findings.</p>
          <p>This study used Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (ISSL), an instrument that measures the presence of symptoms in the last 24 hours, in the last week, and in the last month. However, it is subject to reporting bias by the respondents when completing the questionnaire.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, female gender and being admitted to the hospital under the Unified Health System (SUS) were independent predictors of risk for stress in patients with recent AMI. Women were most often in the third and fourth phases of stress, i.e., in situations of long-standing psychosocial stress. Women also had fewer years of schooling and lower household income and appeared to use tobacco smoking quite often as a coping strategy. Depression was also more prevalent in women than in men. These findings can assist in the development of gender-specific strategies for health promotion and disease prevention, aimed at minimizing the effects of stress on patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by Instituto de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
