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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PLVzBtmdkk3HKFyLJpGqK9k</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200639</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190337</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190337</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Impacto da Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria no Paradoxo da Obesidade em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1873-0074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Ilh&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feliciano</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Marta</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rita Ilh&#227;o Moreira &#8226;</bold> Hospital Santa Marta - Rua Santa Marta, 50. <postal-code>1169-024</postal-code>, Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: <email>ritailhaomoreira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Moreira RI; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Moreira RI, Silva TP, Gon&#231;alves AV, Feliciano J, Rio P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Moreira RI, Gon&#231;alves AV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Moreira RI, Silva TP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soares R, Ferreira RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>639</fpage>
      <lpage>645</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado tem sido associado a desfechos melhores em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. Este achado tem levado ao conceito do paradoxo da obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar o impacto de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria no paradoxo da obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) &#8804; 40%, acompanhados no nosso centro, foram prospectivamente submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente de linha de base incluindo par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi dividida de acordo com o IMC (&lt; 25, 25 &#8211; 29,9 e &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados durante 60 meses. O desfecho composto foi definido como morte card&#237;aca, transplante card&#237;aco urgente ou necessidade de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 282 pacientes inclu&#237;dos (75% masculino, 54 &#177; 12 anos, IMC 27 &#177; 4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, FEVE 27% &#177; 7%), o desfecho composto ocorreu em 24,4% durante o acompanhamento. Os pacientes com IMC elevado eram mais velhos e apresentavam FEVE e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de s&#243;dio mais elevados, bem como menor inclina&#231;&#227;o de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>). VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub>p) eram fortes preditores progn&#243;sticos (p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise univariada de regress&#227;o de Cox, o IMC elevado foi associado a desfechos melhores (raz&#227;o de risco 0,940, intervalo de confian&#231;a 0,886 &#8211; 0,998, p 0,042). Por&#233;m, ap&#243;s ajustar para ou inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> ou VO<sub>2</sub>p, o papel protetor do IMC sumiu. O benef&#237;cio de sobrevida do IMC n&#227;o foi evidente quando os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a classe de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, valor de corte de 35, e VO<sub>2</sub>p, valor de corte de 14 mL/kg/min).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Estes resultados sugerem que a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria supera a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e a sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios Respirat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A obesidade impacta a maioria dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e &#233; um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), estando presente em aproximadamente 20% a 30% dos pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Apesar disso, v&#225;rios investigadores t&#234;m demonstrado que o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado est&#225; paradoxalmente associado a melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos no contexto de IC estabelecida, fen&#244;meno que foi denominado &#8220;paradoxo da obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Diversos mecanismos concorrentes e frequentemente contradit&#243;rios foram propostos para explicar o paradoxo da obesidade na IC. Os poss&#237;veis motivos incluem n&#237;veis elevados de lipoprote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> n&#237;veis baixos de adiponectina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> e resposta diminu&#237;da &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Fatores de confus&#227;o tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido sugeridos como uma explica&#231;&#227;o potencial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, medida de v&#225;rias maneiras como consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub>p) ou inclina&#231;&#227;o de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>), tem sido identificada como um importante preditor de sobrevida na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Um forte paradoxo da obesidade tem sido demonstrado em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> mas n&#227;o em pacientes com altos n&#237;veis de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>N&#243;s visamos investigar o impacto de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria no paradoxo da obesidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com os princ&#237;pios prescritos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os participantes preencheram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e o comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional aprovou o protocolo do estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo de coorte prospectivo incluindo todos os pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) (&#8804; 40%), em classe II ou III da New York Heart Association (NYHA), acompanhados nas Cl&#237;nicas de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os pacientes encaminhados &#224; Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca foram submetidos &#224; abrangente avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar, de 2000 a 2009. Foram coletados prospectivamente os dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar; todos os exames foram realizados no prazo de um m&#234;s para cada paciente. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com os seguintes fatores: menores de 18 anos, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia card&#237;aca programada, comorbidades limitadoras de exerc&#237;cio (incluindo doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, comprometimento musculoesquel&#233;tico e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica grave) e transplante card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio.</p>
        <p>Foi realizado o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo em esteira limitado por sintomas usando o protocolo de Bruce modificado (esteira GE Marquette Series 2000). Ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto, consumo de oxig&#234;nio e produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono foram aferidos respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o, usando um analisador de gases SensorMedics Vmax 229. Antes de cada teste, o equipamento foi calibrado de forma padr&#227;o utilizando gases de refer&#234;ncia. Os pacientes foram incentivados a realizar exerc&#237;cio at&#233; que a rela&#231;&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria (rela&#231;&#227;o entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio, RER) fosse &#8805; 1,10. Foi definido o VO<sub>2</sub>p como a maior m&#233;dia de 30 segundos alcan&#231;ada durante o exerc&#237;cio e foi normalizado para a massa corporal; substituto para massa magra foi considerado em pacientes obesos (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A porcentagem de VO<sub>2</sub>p previsto foi calculada de acordo com Hansen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Foi calculada a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> por regress&#227;o linear de m&#237;nimos quadrados, utilizando dados obtidos ao longo de todo o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Os dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram interpretados por um m&#233;dico durante o exame. Foram obtidos o peso e a estatura em uma balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica Welmy 110-CH, antes de realizar o teste cardiopulmonar.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado um sistema de ultrassom GE Vivid 9 para obter vistas paraesternais nos eixos longo e curto, bem como vistas apicais de duas, tr&#234;s e quatro c&#226;maras. Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo os volumes diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foram determinados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento e desfecho</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados durante 60 meses. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, transplante card&#237;aco ou necessidade de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico. Os dados foram obtidos de consultas ambulatoriais e revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, com entrevista telef&#244;nica padronizada complementar para todos os pacientes aos 12, 36 e 60 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>O desfecho composto foi definido como morte card&#237;aca, transplante card&#237;aco urgente (ocorrendo durante interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o planejada por agravamento da CI, requerendo inotr&#243;picos) ou necessidade de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos nos seguintes tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com o IMC: &lt; 25, 25 &#8211; 29,9 e &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria foi dicotomizada em baixo e alto risco de acordo com VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (valor de corte de 35<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>) e VO<sub>2</sub>p (valor de corte de 14 mL/kg/min<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>).</p>
        <p>Os dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o apresentados como frequ&#234;ncias (porcentagens) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o), conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ap&#243;s verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Foram analisadas as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas usando o teste quiquadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unilateral foi usada para compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, quando apropriado. Foram aplicados modelos univariados e multivariado de regress&#227;o de Cox para analisar o tempo at&#233; o desfecho composto. A sobrevida foi estimada pela an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier e comparada pelo teste de log-rank. Foi realizada an&#225;lise adicional do grupo de IMC menor (&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), separando IMC &lt; 20 e IMC 20 &#8211; 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Por&#233;m, devido &#224; pequena porcentagem de pacientes com IMC &lt; 20 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (apenas 17 pacientes), apenas as caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base foram avaliadas (Tabela Suplementar S1 e Figura Suplementar S1) e nenhuma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica adicional foi realizada. Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bilaterais. Foi considerado significativo o valor de p &lt; 0,05. O software SPSS vers&#227;o 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA) foi usado para a computa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 282 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 53,7 &#177; 12,1 anos; 75,5% eram de sexo masculino, com IMC m&#233;dio de 26,8 &#177; 4,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e 37,6% tinham cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) m&#233;dia foi de 27,4% &#177; 7,3% e 23,0% de pacientes estavam em classe &#8805; III NYHA. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia, 96,8% dos pacientes estavam sob uso de um inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina ou um bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; 80,1% estavam sob uso de um betabloqueador; 68,1% estavam recebendo um antagonista mineralocorticoide e 26,2% tinham estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados durante 60 meses. O desfecho composto de morte card&#237;aca, transplante card&#237;aco urgente ou necessidade de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico ocorreu em 24,4% dos pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupos de &#237;ndice de massa corporal</title>
        <p>S&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> as caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos pacientes de acordo com os grupos de IMC. Os pacientes com IMC mais alto eram mais velhos e apresentavam FEVE e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de s&#243;dio mais elevados. O esfor&#231;o do exerc&#237;cio foi, em m&#233;dia, m&#225;ximo em todos os grupos de IMC (RER &gt; 1.05), embora o IMC mais alto estivesse associado a um valor menor de RER. O IMC elevado foi associado a menor inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (p 0,005), bem como VO<sub>2</sub>p numericamente mais alto e percentual do VO2p previsto, embora sem alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base de acordo com a classe de IMC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 99)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC 25 &#8211; 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 119)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 64)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49,0 (&#177; 9,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59,3 (&#177; 4,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57,3 (&#177; 8,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (70,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (77,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (79,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (37,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (37,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (39,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,961</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (8,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (25,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (35,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE, % m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24,0 (&#177; 5,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28,3 (&#177; 0,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27,8 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Classe &#8805; III NYHA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (29,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (20,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (19,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,184</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IECA ou BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (99,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (95,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (96,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,241</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75 (75,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">99 (83,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (82,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antagonista mineralocorticoide, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86 (72,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (68,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,364</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (21,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (27,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (29,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,402</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DCI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (23,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (25,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (35,0%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,938</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hb, g/dL, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,0 (&#177; 1,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,4 (&#177; 1,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,6 (&#177; 1,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TFGe, mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103,4 (&#177; 48,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69,0 (&#177; 23,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73,0 (&#177;23,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#243;dio, mEq/L, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">134,5 (&#177; 7,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">139,0 (&#177;2,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">136,4 (&#177; 4,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BNP, pg/mL, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">534,3 (&#177; 365,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">350,7 (&#177; 89,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">573,4 (&#177; 300,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,710</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RER, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,13 (&#177; 0,14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,06 (&#177; 0,49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,07 (&#177; 0,15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VO<sub>2</sub>p, mL/kg/min, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,0 (&#177; 2,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,2 (&#177; 3,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16,1 (&#177; 2,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,758</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">% VO<sub>2</sub>p previsto, % m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43,0 (&#177; 8,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55,3 (&#177; 9,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60,3 (&#177; 16,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,207</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43,4 (&#177; 6,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33,8 (&#177; 6,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33,1 (&#177; 8,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; DCI: desfibrilador cardioversor implant&#225;vel; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; Hb: hemoglobina; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: inclina&#231;&#227;o de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RER: rela&#231;&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; VO<sub>2</sub>p: consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico. P calculado por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em um modelo n&#227;o ajustado de riscos proporcionais de Cox, o IMC foi um preditor de sobrevida livre de eventos quando expresso como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (raz&#227;o de risco [RR] 0,940, IC 0,886 &#8211; 0,998, p 0,042, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) ou uma vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica (log-rank valor de p 0,047, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfecho composto de acordo com &#237;ndice de massa corporal e par&#226;metros de teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel dependente</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">RR (95% IC)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC, n&#227;o ajustado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,940 (0,886 &#8211; 0,998)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, n&#227;o ajustada</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,164 (1,135 &#8211; 1,194)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VO<sub>2</sub>p, n&#227;o ajustado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,791 (0,742 &#8211; 0,842)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2: inclina&#231;&#227;o de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria; RR: raz&#227;o de risco; VO<sub>2</sub>p: consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise Kaplan-Meier de acordo com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) no grupo geral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0639-90337-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</title>
        <p>Tanto a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> quanto o VO<sub>2</sub>p foram preditores fortes de sobrevida livre de eventos na an&#225;lise univariada (p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Quando os pacientes foram agrupados em classes de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria de baixo e alto risco de acordo com a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, o IMC n&#227;o foi um preditor de desfechos cl&#237;nicos na an&#225;lise univariada de regress&#227;o de Cox (p 0,771 para inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35 e p 0,439 para inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 35). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> ilustra as caracter&#237;sticas de sobrevida livre de eventos de cada grupo de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Al&#233;m disso, o IMC n&#227;o afetou sobrevida livre de eventos quando os pacientes foram agrupados por VO<sub>2</sub>p (p 0,170 para VO<sub>2</sub>p &#8804; 14 mL/kg/min e p 0,164 para VO2p &gt; 14 mL/kg/min).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise Kaplan-Meier de acordo com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) nos grupos (A) de baixa aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35) e (B) de alta aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 35).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0639-90337-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Embora o IMC tenha sido um preditor progn&#243;stico na an&#225;lise univariada, ap&#243;s usar uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox ajustando para a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, o IMC perdeu a sua capacidade progn&#243;stica (p 0,786, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e a sobrevida livre de eventos ap&#243;s ajustar para VO<sub>2</sub>p (p 0,201, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfecho composto de acordo com &#237;ndice de massa corporal ajustado para par&#226;metros de teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel dependente</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">RR (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC, ajustado por VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,008 (0,949 &#8211; 1,072)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,786</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC, ajustado por VO<sub>2</sub>p,</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,949 (0,892 &#8211; 1,020)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,201</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2: inclina&#231;&#227;o de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria; RR: raz&#227;o de risco; VO<sub>2</sub>p: consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos se a capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria afeta o paradoxo da obesidade. Os achados podem ser resumidos da maneira seguinte: (1) o paradoxo da obesidade est&#225; presente nesta popula&#231;&#227;o com IC; (2) a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e o VO<sub>2</sub>p s&#227;o fortes preditores progn&#243;sticos, e (3) mais importante, a capacidade progn&#243;stica do IMC se perde ao se considerar qualquer um desses dois par&#226;metros de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>A obesidade &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de IC. No Estudo Framingham Heart, com 5.881 participantes, o risco de IC dobrou em indiv&#237;duos obesos (RR 1,90 para homens e RR 2,12 para mulheres).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Estes resultados foram semelhantes em estudos maiores, incluindo um estudo com mais de 59.000 participantes livres de IC no in&#237;cio, onde os RRs ajustados multivariados para desenvolver IC com diferentes n&#237;veis de IMC (&lt; 25, 25 &#8211; 29,9 e &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) foram de 1,00, 1,25 e 1,99 para homens e 1,00, 1,33 e 2,06 para mulheres, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Embora o IMC elevado constitua um fator de risco independente para IC, m&#250;ltiplas investiga&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m mostrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o reversa entre o IMC e a mortalidade, levando ao conceito do &#8220;paradoxo da obesidade.&#8221; Um dos primeiros estudos em 2001, com 1.203 pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada, mostrou que IMC &gt; 27,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup> estava associado a um benef&#237;cio de sobrevida estatisticamente significativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Uma an&#225;lise da sobrevida hospitalar e IMC em mais de 100.000 pacientes com IC descompensada identificou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 10% no risco de mortalidade para cada aumento de 5 unidades no IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Adicionalmente uma meta-an&#225;lise incluindo &gt; 22.000 pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica mostrou que o risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o era menor em pacientes com sobrepeso (risco relativo de 0,79 e 0,92, em compara&#231;&#227;o com IMC normal, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Na nossa coorte de pacientes com IC, os pacientes com maior IMC tamb&#233;m apresentaram melhor progn&#243;stico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Historicamente, o VO<sub>2</sub>p tem sido a vari&#225;vel do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiorrespirat&#243;rio mais amplamente usada para determinar o progn&#243;stico da IC e o momento de transplante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Por&#233;m, outras vari&#225;veis, incluindo a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o fortes preditores progn&#243;sticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> A vantagem adicional de medir a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#233; que este valor continua confi&#225;vel se um paciente n&#227;o atingir o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo (RER &gt; 1,05) e, portanto, n&#227;o atingir seu &#8220;verdadeiro&#8221; VO<sub>2</sub>p. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No nosso estudo, a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e o VO<sub>2</sub>p eram fortes preditores progn&#243;sticos. Chase et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> demonstraram que a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> mant&#233;m o seu valor progn&#243;stico independente do IMC em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Tamb&#233;m demonstramos que IMC elevado resulta em um resultado melhor na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada. Por&#233;m, quando a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> ou o VO<sub>2</sub>p foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o, o IMC perdeu a sua capacidade progn&#243;stica. Al&#233;m disso, quando os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a sua classe de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, o IMC n&#227;o influenciou os desfechos. Analisando a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o com IC por classe de IMC, tamb&#233;m pudemos observar que os pacientes com maior IMC apresentaram melhores par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos (incluindo FEVE, n&#237;veis de s&#243;dio e inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>), indicando que estes pacientes apresentavam um quadro de IC menos avan&#231;ado.</p>
      <p>Estes achados indicam que o paradoxo da obesidade pode ser mitigado ou mesmo negado pela aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, podendo representar apenas um vi&#233;s de sobreviv&#234;ncia ou de evento-&#237;ndice. A IC &#233; um estado catab&#243;lico e o IMC elevado pode representar uma reserva metab&#243;lica, enquanto o IMC mais baixo pode ser uma consequ&#234;ncia da perda de peso n&#227;o intencional e da caquexia card&#237;aca, que est&#225; associada a um mau progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Adicionalmente, a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica das nossas Cl&#237;nicas de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca tem demonstrado que os pacientes obesos podem apresentar maior comprometimento funcional devido ao aumento da massa corporal e, portanto, procurar atendimento m&#233;dico mais cedo, o que leva &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce de terapia progn&#243;stica. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que alguns dos pacientes identificados como &#8220;obesos&#8221;, de fato, tenham aumento de massa muscular e for&#231;a muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O paradoxo da obesidade j&#225; foi questionado em outros estudos. Lavie et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> demonstraram que, em pacientes com ICFEr, o IMC foi um preditor de sobrevida no grupo com baixa aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (VO<sub>2</sub>p &lt; 14 mL/kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mas n&#227;o no grupo com alta aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Mais recentemente, Piepoli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> verificaram que o papel progn&#243;stico do IMC sumiu quando idade, sexo, FEVE e VO<sub>2</sub>p foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estes estudos anteriores que avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria no paradoxo da obesidade analisaram apenas a influ&#234;ncia do VO<sub>2</sub>p, que &#233; dependente do esfor&#231;o e altamente influenciado pela motiva&#231;&#227;o do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> No nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m demonstramos que a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, que &#233; um par&#226;metro independente do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, mitigou o paradoxo da obesidade. Portanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e o paradoxo da obesidade n&#227;o &#233; influenciada pelo esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo do exerc&#237;cio realizado durante o teste.</p>
      <p>Apesar do benef&#237;cio da perda de peso na preven&#231;&#227;o de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca adversa, IC e outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, n&#227;o h&#225; um consenso claro em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; perda de peso em pacientes com IC. Grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para compreender melhor os benef&#237;cios e os riscos da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso em pacientes com IC. Dado o estado atual das evid&#234;ncias, pode ser razo&#225;vel aconselhar a perda de peso proposital, particularmente nos pacientes com graus mais graves de obesidade, incorporando os benef&#237;cios da atividade f&#237;sica, do treinamento f&#237;sico e da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, o que limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. No entanto, isto possibilitou que o protocolo do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiorrespirat&#243;rio fosse homog&#234;neo em todos os casos e pode ter reduzido o n&#250;mero de m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pela interpreta&#231;&#227;o do exame, diminuindo a variabilidade interobservador. Al&#233;m disso, trata-se de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEr (FEVE sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia 27,4% &#177; 7,3%) que eram capazes de realizar exerc&#237;cios e, portanto, os resultados podem n&#227;o se aplicar a toda a popula&#231;&#227;o com IC. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que os pacientes com maior IMC apresentaram menor RER. No entanto, estes tiveram o maior desempenho de exerc&#237;cio e a an&#225;lise com a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> supera essa limita&#231;&#227;o, considerando que &#233; um par&#226;metro independente do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o com IC, o IMC n&#227;o esteve relacionado aos desfechos quando as vari&#225;veis do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiorrespirat&#243;rio foram levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria afeta a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e a sobrevida em pacientes com IC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on the Obesity Paradox in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1873-0074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Ilh&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feliciano</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rita Ilh&#227;o Moreira &#8226;</bold> Hospital Santa Marta - Rua Santa Marta, 50. <postal-code>1169-024</postal-code>, Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: <email>ritailhaomoreira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Moreira RI; Acquisition of data: Moreira RI, Silva TP, Gon&#231;alves AV, Feliciano J, Rio P; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Moreira RI, Gon&#231;alves AV; Writing of the manuscript: Moreira RI, Silva TP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soares R, Ferreira RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Higher body mass index (BMI) has been associated with improved outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. This finding has led to the concept of the obesity paradox.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the impact of exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory capacity on the obesity paradox.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Outpatients with symptomatic heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 40%, followed up in our center, prospectively underwent baseline comprehensive evaluation including clinical, laboratorial, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters. The study population was divided according to BMI (&lt; 25, 25 &#8211; 29.9, and &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). All patients were followed for 60 months. The combined endpoint was defined as cardiac death, urgent heart transplantation, or need for mechanical circulatory support. P value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In the 282 enrolled patients (75% male, 54 &#177; 12 years, BMI 27 &#177; 4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, LVEF 27% &#177; 7%), the composite endpoint occurred in 24.4% during follow-up. Patients with higher BMI were older, and they had higher LVEF and serum sodium levels, as well as lower ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) slope. VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> and peak oxygen consumption (pVO<sub>2</sub>) were strong predictors of prognosis (p &lt; 0.001). In univariable Cox regression analysis, higher BMI was associated with better outcomes (HR 0.940, CI 0.886 &#8211; 0.998, p 0.042). However, after adjusting for either VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope or pVO<sub>2</sub>, the protective role of BMI disappeared. Survival benefit of BMI was not evident when patients were grouped according to cardiorespiratory fitness class (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, cut-off value 35, and pVO<sub>2</sub>, cut-off value 14 mL/kg/min).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>These results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness outweighs the relationship between BMI and survival in patients with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Breathing Exercises</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiorespiratory Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Function Tests</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obesity impacts most cardiovascular disease risk factors, and it is an independent risk factor for the development of heart failure (HF), being present in approximately 20% to 30% of patients with advanced HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> However, multiple investigators have demonstrated that elevated body mass index (BMI) is paradoxically associated with improved clinical outcomes in the setting of established HF, which has been termed the &#8220;obesity paradox&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Various competing and often contradictory mechanisms have been proposed to explain the HF obesity paradox. Possible reasons include increased levels of serum lipoproteins,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> low levels of adiponectin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> and decreased response to sympathetic activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Confounding factors have also been suggested as a potential explanation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Cardiorespiratory fitness, measured variously as peak oxygen uptake (pVO<sub>2</sub>) or ventilatory efficiency slope (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope), has been identified as an important predictor of survival in HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A strong obesity paradox has been demonstrated in patients with coronary heart disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> but not in patients with high levels of exercise tolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>We aim to investigate the impact of exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory capacity on the obesity paradox.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The investigation conforms to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants filled out a written informed consent form, and the institutional ethics committee approved the study protocol.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of patients and complementary evaluation</title>
          <p>We performed a prospective cohort study including all patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (&#8804; 40%), in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III, followed in the Heart Failure Clinics of our institution. All patients referred to the Heart Failure Clinics underwent comprehensive complementary evaluation, from 2000 to 2009. Clinical, laboratorial, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and cardiopulmonary exercise test data were prospectively collected; all exams were performed within a period of one month for each patient.</p>
          <p>Patients with any of the following factors were excluded: age under 18 years old, planned percutaneous coronary revascularization or cardiac surgery, exercise-limiting comorbidities (including cerebrovascular disease, musculoskeletal impairment, and severe peripheral vascular disease), and previous heart transplant.</p>
          <p>A maximal symptom-limited treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed using the modified Bruce protocol (GE Marquette Series 2000 treadmill). Minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide production were obtained breath-by-breath, using a SensorMedics Vmax 229 gas analyzer. Before each test, the equipment was calibrated in standard fashion using reference gases. Patients were encouraged to perform exercise until the respiratory exchange ratio (ratio between carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption, RER) was &#8805; 1.10. The pVO<sub>2</sub> was defined as the highest 30-second average achieved during exercise and was normalized for body mass; surrogate for fat-free mass was considered in obese patients (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Percentage of predicted pVO<sub>2</sub> was calculated according to Hansen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>. The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was calculated by least squares linear regression, using data acquired throughout the whole exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>. The electrocardiographic data was interpreted by a physician during the exam. Weight and height were obtained, using a 110-CH Welmy anthropometric scale, before the cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed.</p>
          <p>A GE Vivid 9 ultrasound system was used to acquire parasternal long- and short-axis views, as well as apical two-, three-, and four-chamber views. Echocardiographic parameters, including left ventricle end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and left ventricle ejection fraction, were determined according to the American Society of Echocardiography's recommendations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and endpoint</title>
          <p>All patients were followed-up for 60 months. Patients were evaluated for the occurrence of death, heart transplant, or the need for mechanical circulatory support. Data was obtained from the outpatient clinic visits and review of medical charts, with a complementary standardized telephone interview for all patients at 12, 36, and 60 months of follow-up.</p>
          <p>The combined endpoint was defined as cardiac death, urgent heart transplant (occurring during unplanned hospitalization due to worsening of HF, requiring inotropes), or need for mechanical circulatory support.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Patients were divided into the following three groups according to BMI: &lt; 25, 25 &#8211; 29.9, and &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Cardiorespiratory fitness was dichotomized into low- and high-risk according to VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (cut-off value of 35<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>) and pVO<sub>2</sub> (cut-off value of 14 mL/kg/min<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>). Categorical data are presented as frequencies (percentages), and continuous variables as mean (standard deviation), as appropriate. Continuous variables were analyzed using the unpaired Student's t test after normality was verified (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test); categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for between-group comparison, when appropriate. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were applied to analyze time until the combined endpoint. Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared by log-rank test. Further analysis of the lower BMI group (&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was performed, separating BMI &lt; 20 and BMI 20 &#8211; 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. However, due to the small percentage of patients with BMI &lt; 20 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (only 17 patients), only baseline characteristics were evaluated (Supplementary Table S1 and Supplementary Figure S1), and no further statistical analysis was performed. All statistical tests were two-sided. P value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. SPSS version 21 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for computation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 282 patients were included, with mean age of 53.7 &#177; 12.1 years; 75.5% were male, with mean BMI 26.8 &#177; 4.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and 37.6% had ischemic cardiomyopathy. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 27.4% &#177; 7.3%, and 23.0% of patients were in NYHA class &#8805; III. Regarding therapy, 96.8% were receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker; 80.1% were receiving a beta-blocker; 68.1% were receiving a mineralocorticoid antagonist, and 26.2% had biventricular pacing. All patients were followed up during 60 months. The combined endpoint of cardiac death, urgent heart transplant, or need for mechanical circulatory support occurred in 24.4% of patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Body mass index groups</title>
          <p>Baseline characteristics of patients according to BMI groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. Patients with higher BMI were older, and they had higher LVEF and serum sodium levels. Exercise effort was, on average, maximal in all BMI groups (RER &gt; 1.05), although higher BMI was associated with lower RER value. Elevated BMI was associated with lower VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (p 0.005), as well as numerically higher pVO<sub>2</sub> and percentage of predicted pVO<sub>2</sub>, which did not reach statistical significance, however.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics according to BMI class</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Baseline characteristics</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 99)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">BMI 25 &#8211; 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 119)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 64)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, years, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">49.0 (&#177; 9.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59.3 (&#177; 4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57.3 (&#177; 8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (70.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (77.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (79.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.359</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ischemic etiology, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (37.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (37.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (39.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.961</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (25.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (35.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF, % mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24.0 (&#177; 5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28.3 (&#177; 0.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27.8 (3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA class &#8805; III, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (29.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (20.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (19.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.184</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ACE inhibitors / ARBs, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (99.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (95.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (96.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.241</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75 (75.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">99 (83.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (82.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.335</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mineralcorticoid antagonist, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (63.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">86 (72.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (68.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.364</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Biventricular pacing, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (21.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (27.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (29.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.402</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ICD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (23.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (25.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (35.0%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.938</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hb, g/dL mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.0 (&#177; 1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12.4 (&#177; 1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13.6 (&#177; 1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">103.4 (&#177; 48.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">69.0 (&#177; 23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">73.0 (&#177;23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.140</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sodium, mEq/L mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">134.5 (&#177; 7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">139.0 (&#177;2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">136.4 (&#177; 4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BNP, pg/mL mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">534.3 (&#177; 365.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">350.7 (&#177; 89.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">573.4 (&#177; 300.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.710</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RER, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.13 (&#177; 0.14)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.06 (&#177; 0.49)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.07 (&#177; 0.15)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">pVO<sub>2</sub>, mL/kg/min mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.0 (&#177; 2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.2 (&#177; 3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16.1 (&#177; 2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.758</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">% predicted pVO<sub>2</sub>, % mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43.0 (&#177; 8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">55.3 (&#177; 9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60.3 (&#177; 16.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.207</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43.4 (&#177; 6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33.8 (&#177; 6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33.1 (&#177; 8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACE inhibitors: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Hb: hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; pVO<sub>2:</sub> peak oxygen consumption; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: ventilator efficiency slope. P calculated by analysis of variance.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In an unadjusted Cox proportional hazards model, BMI was a predictor of event-free survival when expressed as a continuous variable (hazard ratio [HR] 0.940, CI 0.886 &#8211; 0.998, p 0.042, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>) or a dichotomous variable (log-rank p value 0.047, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composite endpoint according to unadjusted body mass index and cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Dependent variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, unadjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.940 (0.886 &#8211; 0.998)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, unadjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.164 (1.135 &#8211; 1.194)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">pVO<sub>2</sub>, unadjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.791 (0.742 &#8211; 0.842)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; HR: hazard ratio; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: ventilator efficiency slope; pVO<sub>2</sub>: peak oxygen consumption.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier analysis according to body mass index (BMI) in the overall group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0639-90337-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiorespiratory fitness</title>
          <p>Both VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and pVO<sub>2</sub> were strong predictors of event-free survival in univariable analysis (p &lt; 0.001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>When patients were grouped into low- and high-risk cardiorespiratory fitness classes according to VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, BMI was not a predictor of clinical outcomes on univariate Cox regression analysis (p 0.771 for VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35 and p 0.439 for VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &#8804; 35). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> illustrates the event-free survival characteristics of each cardiorespiratory fitness group. Furthermore, BMI did not affect event-free survival when patients were grouped for pVO<sub>2</sub> (p 0.170 for pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 14 mL/kg/min and p 0.164 for pVO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 14 mL/kg/min).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier analysis according to body mass index (BMI) in the (A) low cardiorespiratory fitness group (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35) and (B) high cardiorespiratory fitness group (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &#8804; 35).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0639-90337-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Although BMI was a predictor of prognosis on univariable analysis, after using a Cox regression analysis adjusting for VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, BMI lost its prognostic capacity (p 0.786, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). Moreover, there was no relationship between BMI and event-free survival after adjusting for pVO<sub>2</sub> (p 0.201, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composite endpoint according to body mass index adjusted to cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Dependent variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, adjusted by VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.008 (0.949 &#8211; 1.072)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.786</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, adjusted by pVO<sub>2</sub>,</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.949 (0.892 &#8211; 1.020)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.201</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; HR: hazard ratio; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: ventilator efficiency slope; pVO<sub>2:</sub> peak oxygen consumption.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we evaluated whether cardiorespiratory capacity affects the obesity paradox. The findings can be summarized as follows: (1) obesity paradox is present in this HF population; (2) VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and pVO<sub>2</sub> are strong prognostic predictors, and (3) most importantly, the prognostic capacity of BMI is lost when considering either of these two cardiorespiratory fitness parameters.</p>
        <p>Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of HF. In the Framingham Heart Study, with 5,881 participants, the risk of HF doubled in obese subjects (HR 1.90 for men and HR 2.12 for women).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> These results were similar in larger studies, including one with over 59,000 participants free of HF at baseline, where the multivariable-adjusted HRs for developing HF at different levels of BMI (&lt; 25, 25 &#8211; 29.9, and &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were 1.00, 1.25, and 1.99 for men and 1.00, 1.33, and 2.06 for women, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Although elevated BMI constitutes an independent risk factor for HF, multiple investigations have shown a reverse association between BMI and mortality, leading to the concept of &#8220;obesity paradox.&#8221; One of the first studies in 2001, with 1,203 patients with advanced HFrEF, showed that BMI &gt; 27.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was associated with a statistically significant survival benefit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> An analysis of in-hospital survival and BMI in more than 100,000 patients with decompensated HF identified that mortality risk was lowered by 10% for every 5-unit increase in BMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Furthermore, a meta-analysis including &gt; 22,000 patients with chronic HF showed that the risk of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization was lowest in overweight patients (relative risk 0.79 and 0.92 compared to normal BMI, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> In our cohort of patients with HF, patients with higher BMI also presented better prognosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Historically, pVO<sub>2</sub> has been the cardiorespiratory exercise test variable most widely used for determining HF prognosis and timing of transplant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> However, other variables, including VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, are also strong predictors of prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> The additional advantage of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope measurement is that its value is still reliable if a patient does not reach a maximal effort (RER &gt; 1.05) and therefore does not achieve his or her &#8220;true&#8221; pVO<sub>2.</sub> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In our study, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and pVO<sub>2</sub> were both strong predictors of prognosis. Chase et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> demonstrated that VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope maintains prognostic value irrespective of BMI in patients with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. We also demonstrated that higher BMI conveys a better outcome in unadjusted analysis. However, when either VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope or pVO<sub>2</sub> were considered, BMI lost its prognostic capacity. Moreover, when the patients were grouped according to their cardiorespiratory fitness class, BMI did not influence outcomes. Analyzing our HF population by BMI class, we were also able to observe that patients with higher BMI had better prognostic parameters (including LVEF, sodium levels, and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope), indicating that these patients presented a less advanced HF condition.</p>
        <p>These findings indicate that the obesity paradox might be mitigated and even negated by cardiorespiratory fitness, and it may only represent a survival or index event bias. HF is a catabolic state, and elevated BMI may represent metabolic reserve, while lower BMI may be a consequence of unintentional weight loss and cardiac cachexia, which is associated with poor prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Additionally, the clinical experience in our Heart Failure Clinics has shown that obese patients may experience greater functional impairment due to increased body mass and therefore seek medical assistance first, leading to earlier implementation of prognostic therapy. Additionally, it is possible that some of the patients identified as &#8220;obese,&#8221; in fact, have increased muscle mass and muscular strength.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The obesity paradox has previously been challenged in other studies. Lavie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> demonstrated that, in patients with HFrEF, BMI was a significant predictor of survival in the group with low cardiorespiratory fitness (pVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14 mL/kg/m<sup>2</sup>), but not in the high cardiorespiratory fitness group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> More recently, Piepoli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> verified that the prognostic role of BMI disappeared when age, gender, LVEF, and pVO<sub>2</sub> were taken into consideration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
        <p>These previous studies that evaluated the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on the obesity paradox only analyzed the influence of pVO<sub>2</sub>, which is effort-dependent and highly influenced by patient motivation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> In our study, we also demonstrated that VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, which is a maximal effort-independent parameter, mitigated the obesity paradox. Therefore, the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and the obesity paradox is not influenced by maximal exercise effort performed during the test.</p>
        <p>Despite the benefit of weight loss in the prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling, HF, and other cardiac diseases, there is no clear consensus regarding weight loss in patients with HF. Large clinical trials are needed to better understand the benefits and risks of weight reduction in patients with HF. Given the current state of evidence, it may be reasonable to advise purposeful weight loss, particularly in those with more severe degrees of obesity, incorporating the benefits of physical activity, exercise training, and cardiorespiratory fitness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This is a single center study, which limits the generalization of results. Nevertheless, this made it possible for the cardiorespiratory exercise test protocol to be homogeneous in all cases, and it may have reduced the number of physicians responsible for interpretation of the exam, thus reducing interobserver variability. Additionally, the population comprised patients with HFrEF (mean systolic LVEF 27.4% &#177; 7.3%) who were able to perform exercise and, therefore, the results may not apply to the entire HF population. A further limitation is that patients with higher BMI presented lower RER. However, these patients had the highest exercise performance, and analysis with VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope overcomes this limitation, as it is a maximal effort-independent parameter.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the studied HF population, BMI was not related to outcomes when cardiorespiratory exercise test variables were taken into consideration. Therefore, cardiorespiratory fitness affects the relationship between BMI and survival in HF patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
