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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SrtbK8KJsMdrPrHtNxx9MTt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200637</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200518</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200518</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da Atorvastatina na Hiperplasia Intimal em Modelo Experimental</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mariana Gatto &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, S/N. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>mariana.gatto@unesp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>637</fpage>
      <lpage>638</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Atorvastatina/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperplasia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Enxerto Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculo Liso Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelos Animais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Apesar do significativo avan&#231;o da biomedicina cardiovascular nos &#250;ltimos anos, que proporcionou melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) bem como sua preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento, a DAC ainda &#233; respons&#225;vel por consider&#225;vel parcela de &#243;bitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A DAC &#233; o resultado do ac&#250;mulo patol&#243;gico de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias que pode levar a oclus&#227;o e isquemia do tecido card&#237;aco. Entre os tratamentos utilizados para a DAC, podemos destacar o enxerto de veia (EV), tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Entretanto, a longo prazo, ocorre alta taxa de obstru&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos venosos, com remodela&#231;&#227;o expansiva e aumento da deposi&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), que pode ocasionar hiperplasia intimal (HI), aterosclerose e trombose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A HI est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; reestenose do EV e se inicia em resposta a determinado estresse, o qual desencadeia processo inflamat&#243;rio e consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com prolifera&#231;&#227;o e migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular (CMLV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
    <p>As estatinas s&#227;o inibidores da enzima HMG-CoA (3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) respons&#225;vel pela s&#237;ntese de colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Dentro desta classe medicamentosa, a atorvastatina &#233; comumente utilizada na terap&#234;utica de pacientes com hipercolesterolemia e aterosclerose e possui capacidade de diminuir n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios, plaquetas e processo inflamat&#243;rio, atenuando dessa forma a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> J&#225; foi demonstrado, por estudo experimental com modelo de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea, que a atorvastatina &#233; capaz de suprimir a HI, por diminuir os n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios sangu&#237;neos e o ac&#250;mulo intimal de CMLV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Outro estudo com modelo semelhante mostrou que a redu&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia neointimal foi devido ao aumento da apoptose das CMLV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O estudo publicado nos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> desta edi&#231;&#227;o teve como objetivo avaliar se a atorvastatina inibe a HI de EV em ratos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> j&#225; que s&#227;o escassos os estudos que verificaram os efeitos das estatinas na reestenose do enxerto ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Esses pesquisadores observaram que o tratamento com atorvastatina por quatro semanas ap&#243;s o enxerto foi eficaz em reduzir a espessura intimal, demonstrada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o de CMLV utilizando o PCNA (ant&#237;geno nuclear de prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular) e a &#945;-SMA (actina-alfa de m&#250;sculo liso) como indicadores de prolifera&#231;&#227;o destas c&#233;lulas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A curiosidade dos autores em avaliar o efeito da atorvastatina na hiperplasia celular &#233; pertinente porque demonstraram o efeito inibidor dessa medica&#231;&#227;o na prolifera&#231;&#227;o de CMLV pela primeira vez em modelo de EV experimental. Al&#233;m disso, os autores constataram que o tratamento com atorvastatina diminuiu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da p38MAPK no enxerto venoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Alguns estudos j&#225; haviam mostrado que as estatinas s&#227;o capazes de suprimir a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da via p38MAPK induzida pela angiotensina II em cultura de CMLV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> e que a inibi&#231;&#227;o dessa via por infus&#227;o da angiotensina-(1-7) em enxerto experimental de veia jugular atenuou o remodelamento vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> No entanto o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o da p38MAPK na HI ainda n&#227;o tinha sido avaliado no modelo de EV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> O envolvimento da p38MAPK na HI foi recentemente verificado por estudo em que os autores mostraram que em les&#245;es carot&#237;deas experimentais h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de miR-451. Quando esse microRNA est&#225; altamente expresso em CMLV ocorre bloqueio da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da p38MAPK e diminui&#231;&#227;o da migra&#231;&#227;o dessas c&#233;lulas para o local da inj&#250;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A pesquisa em que se baseia esse minieditorial demonstrou que a atorvastatina diminuiu os n&#237;veis de fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38MAPK, e os autores associam esse achado com a redu&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o das CMLV no enxerto venoso, fatores que provavelmente foram envolvidos com a atenua&#231;&#227;o da HI. Desta forma, os achados do presente estudo indicam a import&#226;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o das estatinas na preven&#231;&#227;o da reestenose em enxertos venosos, fornecendo base para estudos cl&#237;nicos. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo poder&#225; elucidar futuramente os poss&#237;veis mecanismos moleculares envolvidos com os benef&#237;cios deste medicamento nesse modelo experimental.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Atorvastatina Reduz o Ac&#250;mulo de C&#233;lulas Musculares Lisas Vasculares para Inibir a Hiperplasia Intimal pela Inibi&#231;&#227;o de Via p38 MAPK em um Modelo de Enxerto de Veia em Ratos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Atorvastatin on Intimal Hyperplasia in the Experimental Model</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mariana Gatto &#8226;</bold> Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, District of Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, Botucatu, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>mariana.gatto@unesp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atorvastatin/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperplasia, Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Dsease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle, Smooth, Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Models, Animal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Despite the significant advance in cardiovascular biomedicine in recent years, which provided a better understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as its prevention and treatment, this disease is still responsible for considerable mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The CAD results from the pathological accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries that can lead to their occlusion and ischemia of the cardiac tissue. Among the treatments used for CAD, stands out the venous graft (VG), a type of surgical intervention for coronary artery bypass grafting. However, in the long term, there is a high rate of obstruction of VG, with expansive remodeling and increased deposition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which can cause intimal hyperplasia (IH), atherosclerosis and thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The IH is closely related to restenosis of the VG and begins in response to certain stress, which triggers inflammatory process and consequent endothelial dysfunction with proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Statins are inhibitors of the enzyme HMG-CoA (3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A), which is responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Within this drug class, atorvastatin is commonly used in the treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis and can decrease levels of lipids, platelets, and inflammatory processes, thus attenuating the occurrence of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> It has been demonstrated by an experimental study using a carotid lesion model that atorvastatin is capable of suppressing IH by decreasing blood lipid levels and VSMC accumulation in the intima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Another study with a similar model showed that the reduction in neointimal hyperplasia was due to increased VSMC apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The study published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> of this edition aimed to assess whether atorvastatin inhibits IH in rat vein graft<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> since few studies verified the effects of the statins on VG restenosis after coronary artery bypass grafting. These researchers observed that treatment with atorvastatin for four weeks after the VG was effective in reducing the intimal thickness, demonstrated by the decrease in VSMC using PCNA (nuclear cell proliferation antigen) and &#945;-SMA (&#945;-smooth muscle actin) as proliferation indicators of these cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The authors&#8217; curiosity in evaluating the effect of atorvastatin on cell hyperplasia is relevant because they demonstrated the inhibitory effect of this medication on the VSMC proliferation for the first time in an experimental VG model. Besides, the authors found that treatment with atorvastatin decreased p38MAPK phosphorylation in the VG tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Some studies have been shown that statins are capable of suppressing p38MAPK pathway phosphorylation induced by angiotensin II in VSMC cultures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> and that inhibition of this pathway by angiotensin-(1-7) infusion in an experimental jugular vein graft attenuated vascular remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> However, the mechanism of action of p38MAPK in IH in the VG model had not yet been evaluated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The p38MAPK involvement in IH has recently been verified by a study in which the authors showed that in experimental carotid lesions, there is decreased expression of miR-451. When this microRNA is highly expressed in VSMC, it occurs blockage of p38MAPK signaling and decreased migration of these cells to the injury site.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The research on which this short editorial is based demonstrated that atorvastatin decreased the p38MAPK phosphorylation, and the authors associate this finding with reduced proliferation of VSMC in the VG, factors that were probably involved with the attenuation of IH. Thus, the findings of the present study indicate the importance of using statins to prevent restenosis in VGs, providing a basis for clinical studies. Also, the group will be able to elucidate in the future the possible molecular mechanisms involved with the benefits of this drug in this experimental model.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Atorvastatin Reduces Accumulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia via p38 MAPK Pathway Inhibition in a Rat Model of Vein Graft</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
