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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mmQdv3dnWYHdsygKcqkgyLs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200630</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190231</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190231</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atorvastatina Reduz o Ac&#250;mulo de C&#233;lulas Musculares Lisas Vasculares para Inibir a Hiperplasia Intimal pela Inibi&#231;&#227;o de Via p38 MAPK em um Modelo de Enxerto de Veia em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chu</surname>
            <given-names>Tianshu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Molin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Zhiwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ling</surname>
            <given-names>Fei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cao</surname>
            <given-names>Jing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9424-6049</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ge</surname>
            <given-names>Jianjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Science and Technology of China</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Life Sciences and Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jianjun Ge &#8226;</bold> University of Science and Technology of China - Cardiac surgery - Hefei Anhui Hefei Anhui <postal-code>230001</postal-code> &#8211; China, E-mail: <email>SLGejianjun@outlook.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Chu T, Zhao Z, Ling F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chu T, Ling F, Cao J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chu T, Huang M, Zhao Z, Cao J; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Chu T, Huang M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chu T; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ge J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>630</fpage>
      <lpage>636</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A taxa de falha de enxerto de veia safena um ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio varia de 10% a 25%. O objetivo deste estudo foi de investigar se a atorvastatina pode reduzir o ac&#250;mulo de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares para inibir a hiperplasia intimal por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o da via p38 MAPK.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quarenta e cinco ratos Sprague-Dawley foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos. Trinta ratos foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de enxerto de veia e randomizados para tratamento com ve&#237;culo ou atorvastatina; quinze ratos foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia sham. Detectamos a hiperplasia intimal por meio de colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina e a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas relacionadas por meio de an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica e Western blot. Foram realizadas as compara&#231;&#245;es por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de fator &#250;nico e pelo teste da diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa de Fisher, com p &lt; 0,05 considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A &#237;ntima analisada pela colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina era dramaticamente mais espessa no grupo controle que no grupo atorvastatina e no grupo sham (p &lt; 0,01). Os resultados da colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica de &#945;-SMA demonstraram que a porcentagem de c&#233;lulas positivas para &#945;-SMA no grupo controle era mais alta que no grupo atorvastatina (p &lt; 0,01). N&#243;s tamb&#233;m avaliamos &#945;-SMA, PCNA, p38 MAPK e fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK ap&#243;s o tratamento com estatina por meio de an&#225;lise de Western blot e os resultados indicaram que a atorvastatina n&#227;o levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK (p &lt; 0,05); no entanto, resultou na inibi&#231;&#227;o da fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK (p &lt; 0,01) e reduziu significativamente os n&#237;veis de &#945;-SMA e PCNA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>N&#243;s demonstramos que a atorvastatina pode inibir o ac&#250;mulo de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o da via p38 MAPK e &#233; capaz de inibir a hiperplasia intimal em modelos de enxerto de veia em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Atorvastatina</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos de M&#250;sculo Liso</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperplasia</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelos Animais</kwd>
        <kwd>Quinases de Prote&#237;na Quinase Ativadas por Mit&#243;genos</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Nature Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81470530</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81470530).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ainda s&#227;o as principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo, embora tenha havido muitos avan&#231;os na terapia m&#233;dica. Diversos estudos e diretrizes cl&#237;nicas mostram que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) reduz a morbimortalidade de pacientes com doen&#231;a triarterial ou doen&#231;a principal esquerda, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o com a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Notavelmente, um ano ap&#243;s a CRM, a taxa de falha do enxerto de veia safena (EVS) pode ser de 10% a 25%; no per&#237;odo de 1 a 5 anos, a taxa aumentar&#225; de 1% a 2% por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, em 6 a 10 anos, a taxa de bloqueio aumenta de 4% a 5% por ano, devido &#224; aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> O mecanismo da reestenose de EVS inclui trombose, hiperplasia intimal (HI) e aterosclerose. A prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a migra&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais e das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares (CMLVs) s&#227;o fundamentais &#224; HI e a HI &#233; a causa principal da reestenose de EVS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Por&#233;m, o mecanismo da HI n&#227;o &#233; claro e ainda n&#227;o se sabe qual m&#233;todo de preven&#231;&#227;o e terapia seria mais eficaz.</p>
      <p>Uma quantidade substancial de evid&#234;ncia sugere que o tratamento com estatina reduza o risco cardiovascular; portanto, quando os n&#237;veis de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade s&#227;o superiores a 100 mg/dL, a terapia com estatinas &#233; recomendada para os pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Muitas observa&#231;&#245;es indicam que o tratamento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com estatina pode reduzir a morbidade, a mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e as complica&#231;&#245;es. Evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que o tratamento com estatina ap&#243;s CRM pode reduzir a taxa de doen&#231;a de EVS por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o de HI, indicando que o tratamento otimizado com estatina &#233; crucial para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio de longo prazo da CRM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> &#201; amplamente aceita a hip&#243;tese de &#8220;resposta &#224; inj&#250;ria&#8221; proposta por Russell Ross; esta hip&#243;tese afirma que, ap&#243;s a arterializa&#231;&#227;o, o EVS instantaneamente sofre les&#245;es (por exemplo, isquemia, hip&#243;xia, estresse de cisalhamento ou trauma cir&#250;rgico), provocando um evento que inicia a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, seguida por altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais levando a HI, como resultado do ac&#250;mulo de CMLVs e da disfun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o, prolifera&#231;&#227;o e migra&#231;&#227;o destas c&#233;lulas s&#227;o estimuladas pela fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 prote&#237;nas quinases ativadas por mit&#243;geno (p38 MAPKs), quinases reguladas por sinal extracelular (ERK), c-Jun e quinases N-terminais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a inibi&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK pode reduzir a resposta imune inata e, consequentemente, inibir a HI ap&#243;s a arterializa&#231;&#227;o do EVS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Com base nesses estudos em HI, formulamos a hip&#243;tese de que a atorvastatina poderia reduzir o ac&#250;mulo de CMLVs para inibir HI por meio da supress&#227;o da via p38 MAPK. N&#243;s testamos a nossa hip&#243;tese utilizando um modelo de enxerto de veia com tratamento com estatina em ratos para detectar HI por meio de colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina e express&#227;o de prote&#237;na correlacionada por meio de an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica e de Western blot. Verificamos que a atorvastatina era capaz de inibir a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK para reduzir o ac&#250;mulo de CMLVs e, adicionalmente, inibir a HI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Animais Experimentais e Procedimento Cir&#250;rgico</title>
        <p>Todos os experimentos com os animais neste estudo foram realizados de acordo com os protocolos aprovados pelo Comit&#234; Institucional para Uso e Cuidado de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio. Quarenta e cinco ratos machos Sprague-Dawley, de 8 a 10 semanas de idade, livres de pat&#243;genos, pesando de 200 a 220 g, foram fornecidos pelo Centro de Pesquisa do Laborat&#243;rio de Animais de Anhui e identificados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica da Universidade M&#233;dica de Anhui. Foram randomizados (desenho completamente randomizado) em 3 grupos, contendo 15 ratos cada, e alimentados durante 4 semanas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Trinta ratos receberam o enxerto de veia, conforme previamente descrito;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> o m&#233;todo foi utilizado para construir modelos de enxerto de veia jugular direita na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum, e os ratos foram randomizados para serem tratados com ve&#237;culo (grupo controle, administrado com &#225;gua destilada continuamente por gavagem durante 4 semanas) ou atorvastatina (grupo atorvastatina, 15 mg/kg, dissolvido em &#225;gua destilada). Quinze ratos receberam uma cirurgia sham (grupo sham), definida como simula&#231;&#227;o do processo operat&#243;rio, sem arterializa&#231;&#227;o venosa e interven&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cole&#231;&#227;o de Amostras</title>
        <p>Coletamos o enxerto de veia de cada rato na quarta semana ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Os ratos foram totalmente anestesiados, fixados na mesa de opera&#231;&#227;o, heparinizados como antes e operados da mesma forma, pela mesma abordagem. Para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, os enxertos venosos foram colocados em microtubos com paraformalde&#237;do e fixados a 4 &#176;C durante 24 horas. Os enxertos venosos com Western Blot foram colocados em microtubos sem solvente e, subsequentemente, armazenados a &#8722;80 &#176;C. Os ratos foram sacrificados por deslocamento cervical e devidamente manuseados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Histol&#243;gica e Imuno-histoqu&#237;mica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica da &#237;ntima por colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina, utilizando um kit de colora&#231;&#227;o de hematoxilina e eosina (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Foi utilizado um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem microsc&#243;pica Olympus para coletar imagens das se&#231;&#245;es (lentes objetivas &#215;40, &#215;100 e &#215;200) e medir a espessura da &#237;ntima. Dois pesquisadores independentes realizaram as medidas e a an&#225;lise dos dados. N&#243;s selecionamos se&#231;&#245;es das veias enxertadas; subsequentemente, medimos 16 pontos de espessura intimal e calculamos a m&#233;dia. As se&#231;&#245;es de tecido foram testados para prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular utilizando um kit para an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica para &#945;-actina de m&#250;sculo liso (&#945;-SMA) (R&amp;D Systems, Bio-Techne, Minnesota, EUA), a prote&#237;na espec&#237;fica das CMLVs. Todas as imagens (lentes objetivas &#215;100 e &#215;200) foram obtidas utilizado um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem microsc&#243;pica Olympus (Olympus, Japan) e processadas com o software Image-J 1.48u (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, EUA). Um total de 10 observa&#231;&#245;es foram aplicadas para calcular a porcentagem m&#233;dia de c&#233;lulas positivas para &#945;-SMA de cada rato.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Western Blot</title>
        <p>Quatro semanas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, quantidades equivalentes de prote&#237;nas dos enxertos venosos dos tr&#234;s grupos foram submetidas &#224; eletroforese em dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio/gel de 10% e transferidas para membranas de PVDF (Sigma-Aldrich, EUA). As membranas foram, subsequentemente, incubadas com anticorpos anti-fosfo-espec&#237;ficos de p38 MAPK, anticorpos anti-n&#227;o-fosforilados de p38 MAPK, anticorpos anti-n&#227;o-fosforilados de &#945;-SMA e anticorpos anti-n&#227;o-fosforilados de ant&#237;geno nuclear de prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular (PCNA), seguido por incuba&#231;&#227;o com IgG-peroxidase anti-rato. Foi realizado o Western blotting conforme previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Os anticorpos (p38, p-p38, &#945;-SMA, PCNA e &#946;-actin) foram adquiridos da R&amp;D Systems (Bio-Techne, Minnesota, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas utilizando SPSS 17.0. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Considerando que os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foram realizadas as compara&#231;&#245;es entre m&#250;ltiplos grupos por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de fator &#250;nico e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre dois pelo teste da diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa de Fisher. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os ratos sobreviveram bem 4 semanas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o</p>
      <p>Para simular as altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas da CRM, n&#243;s utilizamos o m&#233;todo de <italic>cuff</italic> aperfei&#231;oado para construir modelos de enxerto de veia jugular na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida em um lado; ap&#243;s o enxerto, as veias transplantadas estavam bem preenchidas e os vasos sangu&#237;neos tinham bom pulso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Foram diariamente verificados o estado vital dos ratos e a incis&#227;o. Todos os ratos sobreviveram e se recuperaram bem, com pulso bom nas veias enxertadas. Todos os ratos foram sacrificados 4 semanas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Notavelmente, apenas um rato apresentou oclus&#227;o venosa no grupo controle e o fluxo sangu&#237;neo nas veias enxertadas estava sem obstru&#231;&#227;o. Novo tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o estava presente nas veias do grupo controle, mostrando tubos mais espessos, edema e rigidez leve. Por&#233;m, as veias no grupo atorvastatina apresentavam poucos tecidos novos, sem expans&#227;o &#243;bvia e eram facilmente separados.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Processo de constru&#231;&#227;o do modelo. Procedimento operacional: Foi utilizado hidrato de cloral 10% para anestesiar os ratos via inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal. Foi injetada heparina (700 UI/kg) na veia caudal para induzir a hepariniza&#231;&#227;o. Foi feita uma incis&#227;o vertical de aproximadamente 1 cm no meio do pesco&#231;o (desviada para o lado da opera&#231;&#227;o) e as veias foram dissociadas de um lado (A e B). Epitheca de 1 a 2 mm foram obtidas com uma agulha de pun&#231;&#227;o arterial 20G vermelha (BD Company), usada como c&#226;nula. A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida foi isolada at&#233; os ramos. Em seguida, duas linhas de sutura e hemoclips foram colocados em ambas extremidades da art&#233;ria para bloquear o fluxo sangu&#237;neo (C). O meio da art&#233;ria foi isolado e cuidadosamente virado para 1 a 1,2 mm acima da c&#226;nula para trazer a &#237;ntima para fora (D). Foi usada uma sutura de seda 6/0 para n&#243; e fixa&#231;&#227;o; a veia estava subsequentemente entre art&#233;rias isoladas e foi poss&#237;vel abrir os grampos vasculares (E e F). A incis&#227;o foi suturada depois que verificamos que o pulso no enxerto de veia estava normal e que n&#227;o houve sangramento.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0630-90231-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>A Atorvastatina Reduziu o Espessamento Intimal do Enxerto de Veia</title>
        <p>Para avaliar o efeito da atorvastatina na HI, realizamos colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina 4 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Subsequentemente, foi utilizado um sistema computadorizado de an&#225;lise de imagens para analisar a HI. Os resultados mostraram que a &#237;ntima do grupo controle foi significativamente mais espessa do que aquela do grupo atorvastatina e do grupo sham (249,3 &#177; 14,5 versus 95,1 &#177; 3,6, 32,3 &#177; 1,7, p &lt; 0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A e B). O resultado indicou que a atorvastatina pode inibir a HI no enxerto de veia.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A atorvastatina reduziu o espessamento intimal do enxerto de veia. O tecido dos vasos foi coletado 4 semanas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, fixado com formalina, cortado em se&#231;&#245;es de tecido de 4 &#956;m e colorido com H&amp;E. As imagens (lente objetivo &#215;40, &#215;100 e &#215;200) foram coletadas e analisadas usando um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem microsc&#243;pica Olympus. A &#237;ntima do grupo controle foi significativamente mais espessa do que aquela do grupo atorvastatina e do grupo sham (249,3 &#177; 14,5 versus 95,1 &#177; 3,6, 32,3 &#177; 1,7, p &lt; 0,01). *O grupo controle apresentou uma diferen&#231;a &#243;bvia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros dois grupos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0630-90231-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A Atorvastatina Reduziu a Prolifera&#231;&#227;o Celular na &#205;ntima do Enxerto de Veia</title>
        <p>Realizamos an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica de &#945;-SMA e Western blot de &#945;-SMA e PCNA, um indicador do estado de prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, com a finalidade de investigar os componentes celulares e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de HI. Al&#233;m disso, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>, os resultados da colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica de &#945;-SMA mostraram que a porcentagem de c&#233;lulas positivas para &#945;-SMA foi significativamente mais alta no grupo controle do que no grupo atorvastatina e no grupo sham (40,5% &#177; 3,1% versus 19,6% &#177; 1,4%, 4,7% &#177; 0,9%, p &lt; 0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>A e B). A atorvastatina significativamente diminuiu os n&#237;veis de &#945;-SMA e PCNA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>C e D). Estes resultados indicam que as CMLVs s&#227;o o componente celular principal da HI e que a atorvastatina pode inibir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o das CMLVs e reduzir a HI.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A atorvastatina reduziu a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na &#237;ntima do enxerto de veia. O tecido dos vasos foi coletado 4 semanas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, fixado com formalina, cortado em se&#231;&#245;es de tecido de 4 &#956;m e colorido o anticorpo prim&#225;rio anti-&#945;-SMA. As imagens (lente objetivo &#215;100 e &#215;200) foram coletadas e analisadas usando um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem microsc&#243;pica Olympus. O grupo controle apresentava uma porcentagem de c&#233;lulas positivas para &#945;-SMA foi significativamente mais alta do que o grupo atorvastatina e o grupo sham (40,5% &#177; 3,1% versus 19,6% &#177; 1,4%, 4,7% &#177; 0,9%, p &lt; 0,01). *O grupo controle apresentou uma diferen&#231;a &#243;bvia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros dois grupos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0630-90231-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A atorvastatina reduziu a express&#227;o de &#945;-SMA, PCNA e fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK. O tecido dos vasos coletado 4 semanas ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o foi colocado em microtubos sem solvente, armazenados a &#8722;80 &#176;C e utilizado para detec&#231;&#227;o de Western blot. A atorvastatina n&#227;o reduziu o n&#237;vel de p38 MAPK significativamente (p &gt; 0,05, A). No entanto, inibiu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK (p &lt; 0,01, B) e significativamente reduziu os n&#237;veis de &#945;-SMA e PCNA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01; C e D). *O grupo controle apresentou uma diferen&#231;a &#243;bvia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros dois grupos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0630-90231-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A Atorvastatina Reduziu a Fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK</title>
        <p>Realizamos Western blot de p38 MAPK e fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK com a finalidade de investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a atorvastatina e a via p38 MAPK. Os efeitos da atorvastatina em p38 MAPK e na fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A e B. A atorvastatina inibiu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK (p &lt; 0,01, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>B) mas sem redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de p38 MAPK (p &gt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A). Estes resultados indicam que a atorvastatina foi capaz de reduzir a HI por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o da fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a atorvastatina foi capaz de reduzir o ac&#250;mulo de CMLVs e inibir a HI suprimindo a via de p38 MAPK. Outros estudos mostraram que, com aux&#237;lio da angiotensina II, o tratamento com estatina induziu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK e ERK 1/2 em CMLVs em cultura;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> por&#233;m, o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o da HI ap&#243;s a CRM ainda n&#227;o foi esclarecido e n&#227;o tem sido verificado experimentos em animais. Nos nossos experimentos de reestenose de ponte de veia em ratos, demonstramos que, ap&#243;s o tratamento com atorvastatina, a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na de fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK, &#945;-SMA e PCNA foi reduzida, e houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na espessura m&#233;dia da HI, bem como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na prolifera&#231;&#227;o de &#945;-SMA.</p>
      <p>As estatinas t&#234;m sido capazes de melhorar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana, especialmente ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea e CRM, devido aos efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, anti-ateroscler&#243;ticos, de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> No entanto, estudos sobre o efeito das estatinas na reestenose do enxerto vascular ap&#243;s CRM s&#227;o raros. No presente estudo, utilizando colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina, verificamos que a atorvastatina foi capaz de inibir a HI de enxertos de veias. Os nossos achados est&#227;o de acordo com nosso trabalho anterior, que sugeriu que ratos tratados com sinvastatina apresentavam aumento significativo da &#225;rea m&#233;dia dos vasos do l&#250;men em um modelo de acesso vascular em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, detectamos a densidade de &#945;-SMA por an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica e a express&#227;o de &#945;-SMA e PCNA por Western blot. Estes resultados indicam que a atorvastatina foi capaz de reduzir o ac&#250;mulo de CMLVs para inibir HI. Yiguan Xu et al. relataram que a atorvastatina pode inibir neo-HI e promover apoptose de CMLV nas camadas neointimais ap&#243;s inj&#250;ria da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> &#201; a primeira vez que observamos o mesmo fen&#244;meno em um modelo de enxerto de veia em rato. Por meio de um mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fico, a atorvastatina levou ao al&#237;vio dos danos causados pela inj&#250;ria do endot&#233;lio vascular.</p>
      <p>O mecanismo da reestenose inclui trombose, HI e aterosclerose tardia. A prolifera&#231;&#227;o, migra&#231;&#227;o e secre&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais e de CMLVs s&#227;o cruciais &#224; HI, causa principal da reestenose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Em um estudo pr&#233;vio, demonstramos que a p38 MAPK &#233; fosforilada em um modelo de enxerto venoso arterializado em ratos, seguido pela ativa&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune inata (inflama&#231;&#227;o), e um inibidor de p38 MAPK seria capaz de reduzir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular induzida por arterializa&#231;&#227;o e diminuir a resposta inflamat&#243;ria precoce que segue a inj&#250;ria vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Portanto, testamos a express&#227;o de &#945;-SMA, PCNA, p38 MAPK e fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK ap&#243;s o tratamento com estatina e os resultados mostraram que a atorvastatina n&#227;o reduziu o n&#237;vel de p38 MAPK significativamente (p &gt; 0,05). No entanto, inibiu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de p38 MAPK (p &lt; 0,01), e os n&#237;veis de &#945;-SMA e PCNA mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01). Conforme relatado por Antonio G. et al. o tratamento com estatina foi capaz de inibir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o das CMLVs em cultura pela via MAPK. No entanto, os experimentos em c&#233;lulas que eles realizaram foram apenas <italic>in vivo</italic>, sem a valida&#231;&#227;o de experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic> em animais, e n&#227;o associaram este mecanismo &#224; HI de reestenose vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> O ponto forte principal do nosso estudo foi que realizamos experimentos em ratos, com a constru&#231;&#227;o de um modelo altamente complexo, a fim de verificar se as estatinas foram capazes de reduzir o ac&#250;mulo de CMLVs e, ainda, de inibir HI por meio da supress&#227;o da via p38 MAPK.</p>
      <p>Dessa maneira, os achados de nosso estudo contribuir&#227;o para trabalhos cl&#237;nicos futuros, e deveremos nos concentrar mais na aplica&#231;&#227;o das estatinas em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. Neste estudo, conduzimos apenas experimentos em animais <italic>in vivo</italic>, sem experimentos com c&#233;lulas <italic>in vitro</italic>; estudos futuros com investiga&#231;&#227;o mais direta em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel molecular. Considerando que a atorvastatina pode reduzir o ac&#250;mulo de CMLVs para inibir HI por meio da supress&#227;o da via p38 MAPK em modelos de ratos, especulamos que as estatinas tamb&#233;m podem ter um efeito preventivo em pacientes ap&#243;s CRM, mas isso ainda precisa ser investigado em estudos futuros. Nossa equipe est&#225; atualmente realizando ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados sobre os efeitos da aplica&#231;&#227;o de estatinas na taxa de pat&#234;ncia vascular ap&#243;s CRM.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, temos demonstrado que a atorvastatina pode inibir o ac&#250;mulo das CMLVs por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o de via p38 MAPK, levando &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da HI. Verificamos este mecanismo pela primeira vez em um modelo de enxerto de veia em ratos. Os resultados desta pesquisa estabelecer&#227;o uma base para pesquisa cl&#237;nica sobre o uso de estatinas na preven&#231;&#227;o de reestenose venosa.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81470530).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atorvastatin Reduces Accumulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia via p38 MAPK Pathway Inhibition in a Rat Model of Vein Graft</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chu</surname>
            <given-names>Tianshu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Molin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Zhiwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ling</surname>
            <given-names>Fei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cao</surname>
            <given-names>Jing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9424-6049</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ge</surname>
            <given-names>Jianjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jianjun Ge &#8226;</bold> University of Science and Technology of China - Cardiac surgery - Hefei Anhui Hefei Anhui <postal-code>230001</postal-code> &#8211; China E-mail: <email>SLGejianjun@outlook.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Chu T, Zhao Z, Ling F; Acquisition of data: Chu T, Ling F, Cao J; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chu T, Huang M, Zhao Z, Cao J; Statistical analysis: Chu T, Huang M; Writing of the manuscript: Chu T; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ge J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The rate of saphenous vein graft failure one year after coronary artery bypass grafting ranges from 10% to 25%. The aim of this study was to explore whether atorvastatin can reduce accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells to inhibit intimal hyperplasia via p38 MAPK pathway inhibition.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to three groups. Thirty rats received a vein graft operation, and they were randomized to be treated with vehicle or atorvastatin; fifteen rats received a sham operation. We detected intimal hyperplasia by hematoxylin-eosin staining and related protein expression by immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. Comparisons were analyzed by single-factor analysis of variance and Fisher's least significant difference test, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The intima analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining was dramatically thicker in the control group than in the atorvastatin group and sham group (p &lt; 0.01). The outcomes of immunohistochemical staining of &#945;-SMA demonstrated that the percentage of &#945;-SMA-positive cells in the control group was higher than in the atorvastatin group (p &lt; 0.01). We also evaluated &#945;-SMA, PCNA, p38 MAPK, and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK after statin treatment by Western blot analysis, and the results indicated that atorvastatin did not lead to p38 MAPK reduction (p &lt; 0.05); it did, however, result in inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation (p &lt; 0.01), and it significantly reduced &#945;-SMA and PCNA levels, in comparison with the control group (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We have demonstrated that atorvastatin can inhibit accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway, and it is capable of inhibiting intimal hyperplasia in a rat vein graft model.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atorvastatin</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocytes Smooth Muscle</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperplasia</kwd>
        <kwd>Models, Animal</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization, Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Nature Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>No. 81470530</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81470530).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease and related complications are still the main causes of mortality around the world, although there have been many advances in medical therapy. Many studies and clinical guidelines have shown that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery reduces morbidity and mortality of patients with three-vessel disease or left main disease, with reduced ejection fraction compared to percutaneous coronary intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Notably, one year after CABG, the rate of saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure can be 10% to 25%, and in 1 to 5 years, the rate will be increased by 1 % to 2% per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Moreover, in 6 to 10 years, the failure rate will increase at a rate of 4% to 5% every year, due to atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> The mechanism of SVG restenosis includes thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia (IH) and atherosclerosis. The proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are crucial to IH, and IH is the main cause of SVG restenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> However, the mechanism of IH is not clear, and it is still not known which prevention method and therapy would be most effective.</p>
        <p>A substantial amount of evidence suggests that statin treatment reduces cardiovascular risk; therefore, when low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are higher than 100 mg/dL, statin therapy is recommended for patients with coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Many observations have indicated that preoperative statin treatment could reduce morbidity, postoperative mortality, and complications, and recent evidence has indicated that statin treatment after CABG can reduce the rate of SVG disease by inhibiting IH, indicating that optimal statin treatment is crucial to the assessment of the long-term benefit of CABG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> The &#8220;response-to-injury&#8221; hypothesis proposed by Russell Ross is widely accepted; this hypothesis states that, following arterialization, SVGs instantly undergo injury (e.g. ischemia, hypoxia, shear stress, or surgical trauma), leading to an initiating event in the inflammatory response, followed by morphological and functional changes leading to IH, as the result of accumulation of VSMCs and endothelial cell dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The dysfunction, proliferation and migration of these cells are stimulated by phosphorylation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (p38 MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun and N-terminal kinases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Studies have demonstrated that inhibition of p38 MAPK could reduce the innate immune response and consequently inhibit IH following SVG arterialization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Based on these studies on IH, we hypothesized that atorvastatin could reduce the accumulation of VSMCs to inhibit IH by suppressing the p38 MAPK pathway. We verified our hypothesis by using a rat vein graft model with statin treatment to detect IH by hematoxylin-eosin staining and correlated protein expression by immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. We found that atorvastatin was able to inhibit phosphorylation of p38 MAPK to reduce accumulation of VSMCs and, furthermore, inhibit IH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
          <title>Experimental Animals and Surgical Procedure</title>
          <p>All animal experiments in this study were performed according to protocols approved by the Institutional Committee for Use and Care of Laboratory Animals. Forty-five male, pathogen-free, 8- to 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200 to 220 g were provided by the Anhui Lab Animal Research Center and identified by the Medical Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University. They were randomized (completely randomized design) to 3 groups, containing 15 rats each, and fed for 4 weeks after operation. Thirty rats received a vein graft as described previously;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> the method was used to construct rat models of right jugular vein grafts on common carotid artery, and the rats were randomized to be treated with vehicle (control group, administered with distilled water continuously by gavage for 4 weeks) or atorvastatin (atorvastatin group, 15 mg/kg, dissolved in distilled water). Fifteen rats received a sham operation (sham group), defined as simulation of the operation process, without venous arterialization and medical intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample Collection</title>
          <p>We collected each rat's vein graft at the fourth week after operation. Fully anaesthetized rats were fixed on the operating table, heparinized as before and operated in the same way, through the same approach. For histological analysis, vein grafts were placed in microtubes with paraformaldehyde, and fixed at 4 &#176;C for 24 hours. Vein grafts with Western-Blot were placed in solvent-free microtubes and then stored at &#8722;80 &#176;C. Rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation and handled properly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histologic and Immunohistochemical Analysis</title>
          <p>Morphometric analysis of intima was performed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, using a hematoxylin and eosin staining kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). An Olympus microscope image acquisition system was used to collect images of sections (&#215;40, &#215;100, and &#215;200 objective lens) and measure intimal thickness. Two independent researchers performed the measurements and data analysis. We selected sections of grafted veins; subsequently, we measured 16 points of intimal thickness and calculated the mean. Tissue sections were tested for cell proliferation using an immunohistochemistry analysis kit for &#945;-smooth muscle actin (&#945;-SMA) (R&amp;D Systems, Bio-Techne, Minnesota, USA), the specific protein of VSMCs. All images (&#215;100 and &#215;200 objective lens) were captured using an Olympus microscope image acquisition system (Olympus, Japan) and processed with Image-J 1.48u software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). A total of 10 observation views were applied to calculate the average percentage of &#945;-SMA-positive cells for each rat.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western Blot Analysis</title>
          <p>Four weeks after the operation, equivalent amounts of vein graft proteins from the three groups were electrophoresed in sodium dodecyl sulfate/10% polyacrylamide gel and blotted onto PVDF membranes (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The membranes were subsequently incubated with anti-phospho-specific p38 MAPK antibodies, anti-non-phosphorylated p38 MAPK antibodies, anti-non-phosphorylated &#945;-SMA antibodies, and anti-non-phosphorylated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibodies, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse IgG-peroxidase. Western blotting was performed as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> The antibodies (p38, p-p38, &#945;-SMA, PCNA and &#946;-actin) were acquired from R&amp;D Systems (Bio-Techne, Minnesota, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0. Data are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation. As the data showed normal distribution, comparisons between multiple groups were analyzed by single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), and comparisons between two groups were made by Fisher's least significant difference test. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Rats Survived Well 4 Weeks After Operation</title>
          <p>To simulate the pathophysiological changes of CABG, we used the improved cuff method to construct rat models of jugular vein graft on carotid artery in one side; after grafting, the transplanted veins were well filled, and the blood vessels had good pulse (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). Rats&#8217; vital status and incision were checked every day, and all rats survived and recovered well with good pulse in the grafted veins. All rats were euthanized 4 weeks after operation. Notably, only one rat had venous occlusion in the control group, and blood flow in other grafted veins was unobstructed. New granulation tissue was present in the veins of the control group, showing thickened tubes, edema, and mild stiffness. However, veins in the atorvastatin group had few fresh tissues with no obvious expansion, and they were easily separated.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Model construction process. Operating procedure: 10% chloral hydrate was used to anaesthetize rats via intraperitoneal injection. Heparin (700 IU/kg) was injected through the caudal vein to induce heparinization. A vertical incision of approximately 1 cm was made in the middle of the neck (deflected to the operation side) and the veins were dissociated on one side (A and B). Epitheca of 1 to 2 mm were taken using 20G red arterial puncture needle (BD Company), used as cannula. The carotid artery was isolated until the branches. Then, two suture traction lines and hemoclips were placed at both ends of the artery to block blood flow (C). The middle of the artery was isolated and turned carefully to 1 to 1.2mm above the cannula to bring intima outside (D). 6/0 silk suture was used for knot and fixation; the vein was subsequently between isolated arteries, and we were able to open vascular clamps (E and F). The incision was sutured after we had verified that pulse in the vein graft was normal and that there was no bleeding.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0630-90231-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atorvastatin Reduced Intimal Thickening of the Vein Graft</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on IH, we performed hematoxylin-eosin staining 4 weeks after surgery. Subsequently, a computer image analysis system was used to analyze IH. The results showed that the intima of the control group was significantly thicker than that of the atorvastatin group and the sham group (249.3 &#177; 14.5 versus 95.1 &#177; 3.6, 32.3 &#177; 1.7, p &lt; 0.01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>A and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref>B). The result indicated that atorvastatin is able to inhibit IH in the vein graft.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Atorvastatin reduced intimal thickening of the vein graft. The vessel tissue was collected 4 weeks after operation, fixed with formalin, sliced to 4 &#956;m tissue sections, and stained with H&amp;E. Images (&#215;40, &#215;100, and &#215;200 objective lens) were collected and analyzed on an Olympus microscope imaging system. The intima of the control group was significantly thicker than that of atorvastatin group and the sham group (249.3 &#177; 14.5 versus 95.1 &#177; 3.6, 32.3 &#177; 1.7, p &lt; 0.01). *The control group had an obvious difference with the other two groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0630-90231-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atorvastatin Reduced Cell Proliferation in Intimal of The Vein Graft</title>
          <p>We performed immunohistochemistry analysis of &#945;-SMA and Western blot of &#945;-SMA and PCNA, an indicator of cell proliferation status, in order to explore the cellular components and proliferation of IH. Furthermore, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>, the results of immunohistochemical staining of &#945;-SMA showed that the percentage of &#945;-SMA-positive cells was significantly higher in the control group than in the atorvastatin group and the sham group (40.5% &#177; 3.1% versus 19.6% &#177; 1.4%, 4.7% &#177; 0.9%, p &lt; 0.01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>A and B). Atorvastatin significantly decreased &#945;-SMA and PCNA levels, in comparison with control group (p &lt; 0.01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>C and D). These results indicate that VSMCs are the main cellular component of IH and that atorvastatin can inhibit the proliferation of VSMCs and reduce IH.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Atorvastatin decreased cell proliferating of the vein graft. The vessel tissue was collected 4 weeks after operation, fixed with formalin, sliced to 4 &#956;m tissue sections, and stained with the primary antibody anti-&#945;-SMA. Images (&#215;100 and &#215;200 objective lens) were collected and analyzed on an Olympus microscope imaging system. The control group had a significantly higher percentage of &#945;-SMA-positive cells than the atorvastatin group and the sham group (40.5% &#177; 3.1% versus 19.6% &#177; 1.4%, 4.7% &#177; 0.9%, p &lt; 0.01). *The control group had an obvious difference the other two groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0630-90231-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Atorvastatin reduced the expression of &#945;-SMA, PCNA and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. The vessel tissue collected 4 weeks after operation was placed in solvent-free microtubes, stored at &#8722;80 &#176;C, and used for Western blot detection. Atorvastatin did not significantly reduce the level of p38 MAPK (p &gt; 0.05, A). However, it inhibited phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p &lt; 0.01, B) and significantly reduced &#945;-SMA and PCNA levels, in comparison with the control group (p &lt; 0.01; C and D). *The control group had an obvious difference the other two groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0630-90231-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atorvastatin Reduced Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK</title>
          <p>We performed Western blot of p38 MAPK and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in order to explore the relation between atorvastatin and the p38 MAPK pathway. The effects of atorvastatin on p38 MAPK and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>A and B. Atorvastatin inhibited phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p &lt; 0.01, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>B) but without significantly reducing p38 MAPK (p &gt; 0.05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>A). These results indicate that atorvastatin was able to reduce IH by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38 MAPK.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results of this study indicate that atorvastatin was able to reduce the accumulation of VSMCs and inhibit IH by suppressing the p38 MAPK pathway. Other studies have shown that, with the help of angiotensin II, statin treatment induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK 1/2 in cultured VSMCs;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> however, the action mechanism of IH after coronary artery bypass has not been made clear, and it has not been verified in animal experiments. In our experiments of vein bridge restenosis in rats, we demonstrated that, after atorvastatin treatment, the protein expression of phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, &#945;-SMA, and PCNA was reduced, and there was a significant reduction in the average thickness of IH, as well as a significant decrease in proliferation of &#945;-SMA.</p>
        <p>Statins have been able to improve clinical outcomes of patients with coronary heart disease, especially after percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention and CABG, due to pleiotropic, anti-atherosclerotic, and chronic inflammation effects, as well as inhibition of endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> However, studies about the effect of statins on vascular graft restenosis after CABG are rare. In the current study, using hematoxylin-eosin staining, we found that atorvastatin was able to inhibit IH of vein grafts. Our findings are in agreement with our previous work, which has suggested that rats treated with simvastatin showed significant growth in the mean lumen vessel area in a rat model of vascular access.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Furthermore, we detected &#945;-SMA density by immunohistochemistry and the expression of &#945;-SMA and PCNA by Western blot. These results indicated that atorvastatin was able to reduce accumulation of VSMCs to inhibit IH. Yiguan Xu et al. reported that atorvastatin can inhibit neo-IH and promote VSMC apoptosis in neointimal layers after carotid artery injury in rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> This is the first time that we have observed the same phenomenon in a rat model of vein graft; namely, through a specific action mechanism, atorvastatin led to alleviation of the damage caused by vascular endothelial injury.</p>
        <p>The mechanism of restenosis includes thrombosis, IH, and late atherosclerosis. Proliferation, migration, and secretion of endothelial cells and VSMCs are crucial to IH, the leading cause of restenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> In a previous study, we showed that p38 MAPK is phosphorylated in a model of arterialized vein grafts followed by activation of the innate immune response (inflammation), and a p38 MAPK inhibitor could reduce arterialization-induced cell proliferation and downregulate the early inflammatory response that follows vascular injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Hence, we tested the expression of &#945;-SMA, PCNA, p38 MAPK, and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK after statin treatment, and the results showed that atorvastatin did not significantly reduce the level of p38 MAPK (p &gt; 0.05). However, it inhibited phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p &lt; 0.01), and the &#945;-SMA and PCNA levels showed a significant decrease, in comparison with the control group (p &lt; 0.01). As reported by Antonio G. et al, statin treatment was able to inhibit proliferation of VSMCs in culture via the MAPK pathway. However, the cell experiments they completed were only <italic>in vivo</italic>, without validation of <italic>in vitro</italic> animal experiments, and they did not link this mechanism to IH of vascular restenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> The main strength of our study is that we performed our experiments in rats, with the construction of a highly complex model, in order to verify that statins were able to reduce accumulation of VSMCs and, furthermore, inhibit IH by suppressing p38 MAPK pathway.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the findings from our study will contribute to future clinical work, and we should focus more on the application of statins in patients with CABG. In this study, we conducted only animal experiments <italic>in vivo</italic>, without <italic>in vitro</italic> cell experiments; future studies with more direct action mechanism research are needed to elucidate the action mechanism at the molecular level. As atorvastatin could reduce the accumulation of VSMCs to inhibit IH by suppressing the p38 MAPK pathway in rat models, we speculate that statins may also have a preventive effect in patients after CABG, but this still needs to be investigated in future studies. Our team is currently carrying out controlled clinical trials on the effects of statin application on the vascular patency rate after CABG.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, we have demonstrated that atorvastatin can inhibit the accumulation of VSMCs by inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway, leading to IH inhibition. We have verified this mechanism for the first time in a rat model of vein graft. These research results will lay a foundation for basic and clinical research on statin use for prevention of venous restenosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81470530).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
