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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gK7R5SYyS4NPK3J67YWzGgN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200620</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190271</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190271</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica e Biomarcadores de Participantes de Caminhada de Longa Dist&#226;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1884-5103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Euzebio</surname>
            <given-names>Maicon Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9253-1068</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Watila Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Henrique Nascente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7750-2792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arantes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Medicina, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Cardiologia, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade da Pol&#237;cia Militar do Estado de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade da Pol&#237;cia Militar do Estado de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maicon Borges Euzebio</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Medicina &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - R. 235, s/n. CEP <postal-code>74605-050</postal-code>, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>maiconborges@gmail.com</email>, <email>sebbabarroso@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM, Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Arantes AC, Jardim PCBV, Barroso WKS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Euzebio MB, Sousa WM, Melo MA, Costa SHN, Arantes AC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM, Melo MA, Costa SHN, Sousa ALL, Arantes AC, Jardim PCBV, Barroso WKS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM, Barroso WKS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV, Barroso WKS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>620</fpage>
      <lpage>627</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os efeitos da caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia sobre o sistema cardiovascular s&#227;o pouco estudados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo geral deste estudo foi verificar esses efeitos sobre o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e dos biomarcadores card&#237;acos CK-MB (massa), troponina T e NT-proBNP em atletas amadores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo longitudinal realizado em 2015 avaliou os participantes nas 5 etapas seguintes: A0 (basal) antes de iniciar o percurso, e as demais, A1, A2, A3 e A4 ao final de cada dia, totalizando 244,7 km. Em todas as etapas foram dosados os biomarcadores NT-proBNP, CK-MB (massa) e troponina T. Realizou-se ecocardiograma para an&#225;lise das ondas E, A e E'. Adotado p &lt; 0,05 como significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 25 participantes com m&#233;dia de idade de 46 &#177; 10,5 anos e &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 20,2 &#177; 2,3 kg/m2. Encontrou-se aumentos dos valores de NT-proBNP de A0 para A1, A2, A3 e A4 (p &lt; 0,001), CK-MB (massa) de A0 para A2 (p &lt; 0,001) e da onda E' de A0 para A1, A2, A3 e A4 (p &lt; 0,001). Foram identificadas correla&#231;&#245;es entre os seguintes: CK-MB (massa) e troponina T (A1: r = 0,524, p = 0,010; A4: r = 0,413, p = 0,044); CK-MB (massa) e NT-proBNP (A4: r = 0,539, p = 0,006); e E/A e E' (A0: r = 0,603, p &lt; 0,001; A1: r = 0,639, p &lt; 0,001; A4: r = 0,593, p = 0,002); e correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre CK-MB (massa) com E/A (A1: r = &#8722;0,428, p = 0,041).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os efeitos da atividade f&#237;sica intensa, prolongada e intercalada foram verificados a partir das varia&#231;&#245;es significativas no comportamento da CK-MB (massa), NT-proBNP e E'. Apesar das altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas, n&#227;o houve crit&#233;rios sugestivos de dano ao mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores Biol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina T</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; fundamental para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de geral e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Entretanto, a intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia s&#227;o fatores que separam os benef&#237;cios dos preju&#237;zos no organismo humano. Evid&#234;ncias recentes questionam se a demanda fisiol&#243;gica para manter um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco elevado durante um per&#237;odo prolongado de exerc&#237;cio pode resultar em comprometimento transit&#243;rio das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os efeitos agudos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e at&#233; mesmo as varia&#231;&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#227;o relacionadas indiretamente &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o persistente, dependendo tamb&#233;m da intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o. Essas adapta&#231;&#245;es, mesmo em curto prazo, podem produzir diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, fato esse conhecido como fadiga card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As enzimas card&#237;acas creatina quinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB (CK-MB, <italic>creatine kinase-MB</italic>), troponina T card&#237;aca e do amino&#225;cido precursor N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral tipo B (NT-proBNP, <italic>N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide</italic>) s&#227;o biomarcadores importantes para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da exist&#234;ncia de les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas e da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>N&#237;veis de CK-MB tamb&#233;m podem elevar em estados de rabdomi&#243;lise e at&#233; de apoplexia, possuindo dessa forma uma sensibilidade vari&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A troponina T &#233; o marcador preferencial de les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas, considerado como padr&#227;o ouro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O NT-proBNP est&#225; associado direta e paralelamente com as concentra&#231;&#245;es do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP &#8211; <italic>brain natriuretic peptide</italic>). Ele pode ser utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica da insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda e tamb&#233;m se eleva em condi&#231;&#245;es que induzem disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Pouco se conhece sobre o comportamento desses biomarcadores e especialmente do significado progn&#243;stico em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis submetidos a stress f&#237;sico intenso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No entanto, poucas pesquisas avaliaram o efeito da caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia, de moderada a alta intensidade, no sistema cardiovascular a partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e dos biomarcadores card&#237;acos. Este foi o primeiro estudo a avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e os biomarcadores card&#237;acos nesse tipo de exerc&#237;cio. Dessa forma o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar, em atletas amadores, os efeitos de caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia, de moderada a alta intensidade, sobre o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e dos biomarcadores card&#237;acos CK-MB (massa), troponina T e NT-proBNP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este foi um estudo longitudinal, realizado durante caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia no ano de 2015 - 24&#170; Caminhada Ecol&#243;gica de Goi&#225;s. Inicialmente, cerca de duzentas pessoas se inscreveram pela internet para participar. Os candidatos participaram de uma seletiva, na qual percorreram 56 km, divididos em dois dias (28 km cada), os quais deveriam ser cumpridos em at&#233; tr&#234;s horas e dez minutos para os homens e tr&#234;s horas e 30 minutos para as mulheres. Os classificados de acordo com o melhor tempo de cada faixa et&#225;ria foram selecionados, totalizando 29 participantes, sendo 25 do sexo masculino e quatro do sexo feminino. As mulheres foram retiradas da an&#225;lise por n&#227;o completarem diariamente o percurso previamente estabelecido.</p>
      <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s sob parecer de n&#250;mero 1.107.021. Os indiv&#237;duos aprovados na seletiva foram convidados a participar do estudo. Ap&#243;s o aceite, aplicou-se o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e foi realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial (A0) em uma unidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. As outras avalia&#231;&#245;es aconteceram 34 dias ap&#243;s A0 ao longo do trajeto de 244,7 km, ao final de cada um dos dias e nos locais de repouso de cada cidade do percurso no per&#237;odo de 21 a 24 de julho de 2015 sendo cognominadas de A1, A2, A3 e A4 (avalia&#231;&#227;o do 1&#186; dia 2&#186; dia 3&#186; dia e 4&#186; dia). N&#227;o foram realizadas coletas de dados no &#250;ltimo dia do evento pois os participantes foram dispensados para retornarem &#224;s suas cidades.</p>
      <p>A domin&#226;ncia do relevo foi dada em subida, em descida e nivelado, conforme cada dia do percurso. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas de um estudo anterior que j&#225; havia avaliado esse percurso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> A declividade do tra&#231;ado do terreno foi obtida por meio do <italic>software</italic> <italic>ArcGIS 10.3</italic> pela ferramenta de declividade (<italic>slope, arctoolbox</italic>), a partir das imagens <italic>Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</italic> (<italic>SRTM</italic>) fornecidas pelo servi&#231;o geol&#243;gico americano de tr&#234;s arcseg de tamanho de pixel. Para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o meteorol&#243;gica dos dias do percurso (A1 a A4) foram utilizados os dados da esta&#231;&#227;o Goi&#225;s denominada oficialmente pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia - INMET de A014.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Organiza&#231;&#227;o da Coleta</title>
        <p>O ambiente de pesquisa foi subdividido em esta&#231;&#245;es, uma para cada avalia&#231;&#227;o. As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram compostas por anamnese (somente em A0); ecocardiografia e coleta de sangue para avalia&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores em todas as etapas. As coletas dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e biomarcadores come&#231;avam por volta das 18 horas (30 a 120 minutos ap&#243;s o final da caminhada) de cada dia do percurso. Dessa forma, quando os participantes chegavam nos locais de repouso, j&#225; haviam sido preparadas esta&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa iniciando o fluxo pela identifica&#231;&#227;o dos participantes e depois pela coleta de sangue e avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, sendo posteriormente dispensados para voltarem a rotina do evento. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar coleta pela manh&#227; pois os participantes levantavam &#224;s 04 horas da madrugada e isso poderia prejudic&#225;-los por interferir nos seus per&#237;odos de descanso e recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A anamnese foi organizada pelos pesquisadores em formato de entrevista com quest&#245;es referentes a dados pessoais como idade (em anos), sexo (masculino e feminino), profiss&#227;o e estado civil; antecedentes pessoais e familiares: hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes e dislipidemia; uso de medicamento(s); tabagismo (atual/anterior); quantidade de cigarros por dia para fumantes; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (frequ&#234;ncia semanal, dura&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria e tempo de pr&#225;tica); presen&#231;a de problema ortop&#233;dico que dificultasse a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos para a Realiza&#231;&#227;o dos Exames de Biomarcadores Sangu&#237;neos e Ecocardiograma</title>
        <p>Foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica para a coleta de sangue por meio de acesso venoso perif&#233;rico em fossa cubital esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Foram extra&#237;dos cerca de 5ml de sangue de cada participante. O sangue foi centrifugado no local da coleta a 3.000 rpm durante 10 minutos para a obten&#231;&#227;o do soro/plasma. O soro foi colhido em tubos de amostra com gel separador. As amostras foram prontamente armazenadas e congeladas a &#8722;20 &#186;C em congelador espec&#237;fico nas esta&#231;&#245;es de coleta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> As amostras foram encaminhadas para um laborat&#243;rio credenciado para serem analisadas. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames dos biomarcadores foram utilizados kits com registro na Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA). Os valores de CK-MB (massa), troponina T e NT-proBNP foram obtidos a partir da t&#233;cnica imunoensaio de electroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Os ensaios foram realizados pelo sistema COBAS&#174; - Modular Analytics E170 a partir dos kits seguintes: CK-MB STAT, Troponin T hs e proBNP II respectivamente. Para assegurar a correta execu&#231;&#227;o do ensaio, foram cumpridas todas as instru&#231;&#245;es fornecidas no documento guia para o analisador. Todos os exames foram processados por biom&#233;dico. Foram utilizadas as seguintes unidades de medidas: pg/ml para NT-proBNP e para troponina T e ng/ml para CK- MB (massa).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado individualmente em todas as etapas da coleta. Em A0 ao longo do dia e, de A1 at&#233; A4 por volta das 18 horas, ap&#243;s a chegada dos participantes nas esta&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa. Todos os exames foram realizados pelo mesmo ecocardiografista. Foi realizado ecocardiograma uni e bidimensional com Doppler colorido, utilizando-se o aparelho port&#225;til Philips CX50&#174;, com transdutor eletr&#244;nico de 2-5MHz de frequ&#234;ncia. A t&#233;cnica e os padr&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia utilizados foram aqueles preconizados pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Foi utilizado o mesmo &#226;ngulo de incid&#234;ncia para an&#225;lise transmitral, procurando-se alinhar o feixe de ultrassom o mais paralelo poss&#237;vel ao fluxo do Doppler colorido. Os par&#226;metros utilizados para a an&#225;lise da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, com suas respectivas unidades de medidas, foram, para fluxo mitral, E em cm/s, A em cm/s e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o tecidual foi E' em cm/s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados por estat&#237;stica descritiva com frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, m&#233;dias, desvio padr&#227;o e intervalo de confian&#231;a. Para testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados das vari&#225;veis foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis referentes aos biomarcadores card&#237;acos entre os dias da caminhada e referentes aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, foi realizado o teste de ANOVA para medidas repetidas, seguido do <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. Para as correla&#231;&#245;es foram utilizados os testes de Pearson ou Spearman. Adotou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Para realizar a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizado o software Stata, vers&#227;o 14.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Amostra</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 25 homens, m&#233;dia de idade de 46 &#177; 10,5 anos e &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 20,2 &#177; 2,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Quatro (16%) participantes utilizavam medicamentos que n&#227;o influenciaram nas vari&#225;veis analisadas. A dist&#226;ncia percorrida em quatro dias foi de 244,7 km e velocidade m&#233;dia de 7,6 km/h. Todos os participantes caminhavam juntos, em bloco, mantendo portanto a mesma velocidade. O per&#237;odo de descanso noturno di&#225;rio foi entre seis e sete horas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociais, de sa&#250;de e de h&#225;bitos de vida dos participantes da Caminhada Ecol&#243;gica de Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2015, n = 25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">19 &#8211; 39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">40 &#8211; 59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&#8805; 60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as relatadas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Problemas ortop&#233;dicos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">12</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>N&#250;mero de participantes avaliados</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos pr&#233;vios, 24 participantes (96%) praticavam corrida; um (4%) ciclismo e quatro (16%) muscula&#231;&#227;o. A m&#233;dia de tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de atividade aer&#243;bia foi de 13,3 anos (0,5 &#177; 40) e a m&#233;dia da dist&#226;ncia semanal de corrida, que foi a atividade relatada como mais praticada, foi de 64 km.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Ambientais do Trajeto</title>
        <p>A temperatura durante os dias do percurso variou de 19 a 32 &#186;C e a umidade relativa de 21 a 77%. Em A1 e A3 o relevo era predominantemente de subida, em A2 de descida (A2) e em A4 plano. As varia&#231;&#245;es mais acentuadas da declividade do terreno foram encontradas nos trechos de A2 e A3, variando de 0 a &#8722;15.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos Biomarcadores e das Ondas de Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica Durante a Caminhada de Longa Dist&#226;ncia</title>
        <p>O NT-proBNP apresentou aumento significativo de A0 para todas as outras avalia&#231;&#245;es. A CK-MB (massa) teve aumento significativo de A0 para A2 e a troponina T n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Quanto a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, as ondas E e A n&#227;o sofreram altera&#231;&#245;es entre os dias da caminhada. A onda E' aumentou de A0 para todos os outros dias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre valores de NT-proBNP, Troponina T, CK-MB (Massa), E/A, E e E' obtidos durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o basal e durante os quatro dias de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a intensa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0620-90271-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Foram realizadas correla&#231;&#245;es entre todos os par&#226;metros coletados referentes aos biomarcadores e ondas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e, evidenciadas somente as correla&#231;&#245;es significativas. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos biomarcadores sangu&#237;neos, foram identificadas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e moderadas nos seguintes dias de exposi&#231;&#227;o: A1, entre troponina T e CK-MB (massa); A4, entre NT-proBNP e CK-MB (massa) e entre troponina T e CK-MB (massa). Na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, foram identificadas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e moderadas entre E/A e E' em A0, A1 e A4. Dentre os biomarcadores e as ondas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, foi evidenciada correla&#231;&#227;o negativa e moderada entre CK-MB e E/A em A1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores, da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e dos biomarcadores com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de participantes da Caminhada Ecol&#243;gica de Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2015, n = 25</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">A0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">E/A x E&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,603</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Troponina T x CK-MB (massa)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,524</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,010<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">E/A x E&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,639</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">CK-MB (massa) - E/A (seria &#8220;x&#8221;?)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">-0,428</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,041<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">NT-proBNP x CK-MB (massa)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,539</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Troponina T x CK-MB (massa)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,413</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,044<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">E/A x E&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,593</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Pearson;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Teste de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar dos participantes serem considerados atletas amadores, a maioria possu&#237;a experi&#234;ncia pr&#233;via no percurso e em edi&#231;&#245;es anteriores da Caminhada Ecol&#243;gica de Goi&#225;s com uma m&#233;dia de 7,2 participa&#231;&#245;es; somando-se a isso, o processo seletivo para ingresso proporcionou o surgimento de uma amostra altamente selecionada.</p>
      <p>A velocidade de corrida competitiva em meia maratona ou maratona solicita maiores demandas energ&#233;ticas e metab&#243;licas e amplia a chances de desfechos cardiovasculares, principalmente em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o condicionados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> No nosso trabalho a velocidade m&#233;dia foi de 7,6 km/h, bem inferior ao modelo de maratona e meia maratona e, portanto, com menor demanda energ&#233;tica e metab&#243;lica dos participantes.</p>
      <p>Durante os dias de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos 30 dias que precederam (A0), ocorreram aumentos significativos dos valores de NT-proBNP, CK-MB (massa) e da onda E' (Doppler tecidual). N&#227;o observamos varia&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis de troponina T e na rela&#231;&#227;o das ondas de fluxo mitral E/A.</p>
      <p>Este aumento tamb&#233;m foi verificado em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, adolescentes e adultos, independente do sexo, quando submetidos a exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia com retorno aos valores basais nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, encontramos um aumento nos valores das concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de NT-proBNP em at&#233; cinco vezes ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio quando comparado aos n&#237;veis basais, dados que corroboram com a literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Esses dados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia do efeito natriur&#233;tico no mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#227;o aguda e subaguda do aparelho cardiovascular ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>Eleva&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas da CK-MB (massa) tamb&#233;m foram encontradas em indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cios extenuantes. Em uma pesquisa, realizada nos Estados Unidos com participantes jovens de uma maratona, foram encontrados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos aumentados e sustentados da CK-MB em at&#233; 54 horas p&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Indiv&#237;duos treinados, que realizam exerc&#237;cio de alta intensidade em pr&#225;ticas esportivas, tendem durante o teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo apresentar de forma aguda maiores eleva&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas da CK-MB do que indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o treinados, sugerindo assim um envolvimento card&#237;aco e principalmente benigno na natureza desses n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Cientistas tamb&#233;m verificaram o efeito do exerc&#237;cio prolongado e das varia&#231;&#245;es de temperatura ambiental no comportamento das creatina quinases e identificaram que quanto mais prolongado o exerc&#237;cio e maior a temperatura ambiental, maiores s&#227;o as libera&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas desses biomarcadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Quanto mais extenso o trecho percorrido em uma menor quantidade de tempo, maiores as chances de les&#245;es musculares e, portanto, a presen&#231;a s&#233;rica de maior quantidade das creatina quinases. Mais um fato importante &#233; que a for&#231;a de rea&#231;&#227;o do relevo, nos momentos descida, exercida contra os participantes, pode tamb&#233;m ocasionar aumento de les&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas, devido &#224; maior fonte de impacto com tend&#234;ncia a um custo metab&#243;lico mais acentuado durante o declive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es significativas da CK-MB (massa) em nosso estudo foram encontradas somente entre os trechos de A0 e A2. Este aumento pode ter sido relacionado &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do percurso em A2, a saber, predominantemente de descida, com maior varia&#231;&#227;o de declive e com maior extens&#227;o quando comparado aos outros dias. O efeito cumulativo da CK-MB (massa) em A1 pode ter influenciado o aumento significativo do valor da CK-MB (massa) em A2.</p>
      <p>Existem tamb&#233;m comprova&#231;&#245;es das limita&#231;&#245;es da avalia&#231;&#227;o da CK-MB em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis durante a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Sua especificidade fica prejudicada na presen&#231;a de processos inflamat&#243;rios e de estresse muscular esquel&#233;tico associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o nas primeiras horas de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o pelo aparecimento lentificado desses marcadores no sangue, sendo mais sens&#237;vel quando h&#225; presen&#231;a de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em estudos de meia maratona, maratona e ultramaratona de 48 horas, realizados em corredores amadores (indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o atletas), foram encontrados valores elevados de troponina T nas tr&#234;s primeiras horas da p&#243;s-exposi&#231;&#227;o com redu&#231;&#245;es importantes logo a seguir, chegando a n&#237;veis basais em no m&#225;ximo 48 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Em nadadores, ap&#243;s 60 minutos de nata&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m foi verificado a mesma varia&#231;&#227;o da troponina T que em corredores amadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Eijsvogels et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> avaliaram 82 pessoas durante um trajeto de 30 quilometros/dia durante quatros dias, tamb&#233;m identificou que as troponinas tiveram aumento somente no primeiro dia com redu&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica em todos os outros dias apresentando associa&#231;&#227;o com a velocidade da caminhada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Uma meta-an&#225;lise de 45 estudos que avaliaram o comportamento das troponinas e dos BNPs ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o a exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia observou que os valores plasm&#225;ticos elevados das troponinas e BNP durante e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio intenso e prolongado s&#227;o propensos a altera&#231;&#245;es, podendo representar uma caracter&#237;stica aguda frente a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara a biomec&#226;nica da libera&#231;&#227;o das troponinas induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e se essa realmente reflete um processo fisiol&#243;gico ou patol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A troponina T avaliada no presente estudo n&#227;o apresentou, durante os dias do percurso, aumento significativo e difere dos resultados encontrados em outros estudos citados. Isto pode estar relacionado aos fatos de os participantes terem percorrido os trajetos em uma velocidade m&#233;dia abaixo dos valores de competi&#231;&#227;o mesmo para corredores amadores; terem alternado corrida com caminhada; e terem sido hidratados rigorosamente durante todo o trajeto. O comportamento da troponina T foi diferente do geralmente esperado quando relacionado a CK-MB (massa). Como a troponina T tem maior especificidade para dano mioc&#225;rdico por isquemia &#233; poss&#237;vel que essa seja a raz&#227;o de menor aumento entre A0 e os demais dias. Este fato pode demonstrar que os danos ao sistema cardiovascular parecem ser m&#237;nimos e que essa modalidade de esfor&#231;o aparenta ser segura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em nossa amostra, encontramos aumento significativo da onda E' com rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais e sem redu&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o das ondas E/A. Esses achados podem estar relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada que era bem condicionada e &#224; intensidade do esfor&#231;o, concorrendo para uma maior capacidade adaptativa de remodelamento do mioc&#225;rdio. Outros estudos que fizeram ecocardiografia em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es tiveram resultados distintos. N&#227;o foi encontrada disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda ou direita em triatletas amadores de m&#233;dia e longa dist&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> J&#225; em atletas adultos foram demonstradas altera&#231;&#245;es do relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico durante a di&#225;stole,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> identificada pelo aumento da onda E (fluxo mitral) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a onda E' (Doppler tecidual). Em exerc&#237;cios de ultra-resist&#234;ncia houve diminui&#231;&#245;es significativas na onda E e na rela&#231;&#227;o E/A imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Uma publica&#231;&#227;o com metodologia mais pr&#243;xima da que utilizamos avaliou as mudan&#231;as da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em participantes de uma trilha ecol&#243;gica e constatou a rela&#231;&#227;o das ondas mitral E/A e Doppler tecidual E' significativamente diminu&#237;das, a partir de 21 km.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O treinamento regular e aer&#243;bio pode minimizar as altera&#231;&#245;es agudas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica frente a solicita&#231;&#227;o de maiores demandas card&#237;acas no exerc&#237;cio intenso. Este efeito de treinamento pode exercer um papel fundamental na preserva&#231;&#227;o do preenchimento diast&#243;lico em atletas mais velhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Encontramos correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre os seguintes: E/A e E'; CK-MB (massa) e troponina T; e CK-MB (massa) e NT-proBNP. Correla&#231;&#227;o negativa foi encontrada apenas entre CK-MB (massa) e E/A (rela&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido com a velocidade de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial).</p>
      <p>Poucos trabalhos realizaram correla&#231;&#227;o das ondas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e das varia&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas dos biomarcadores de les&#227;o card&#237;aca com as ondas de varia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Sabe-se que em padr&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicos as varia&#231;&#245;es do comportamento do fluxo mitral refletem na mesma dire&#231;&#227;o que as varia&#231;&#245;es do comportamento tecidual ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Jouffroy et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> conseguiram encontrar correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre E/A e E' em participantes amadores de prova de resist&#234;ncia. Os poucos estudos que avaliaram essas correla&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m resultados discordantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Sabe-se da rela&#231;&#227;o direta do aumento dos BNP(s) com as troponinas, creatina quinases e com as altera&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas. A troponina T tamb&#233;m est&#225; fortemente associada &#224;s anormalidades de relaxamento ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> A correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da CK-MB (massa) com troponina T e NT-proBNP encontrada em nosso trabalho pode estar relacionada ao fato de que mesmo em situa&#231;&#245;es de aus&#234;ncia de isqu&#234;mia card&#237;aca, n&#237;veis m&#237;nimos desses biomarcadores podem ser liberados na corrente sangu&#237;nea e na mesma dire&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da CK-MB (massa).</p>
      <p>Por conseguinte, verificamos correla&#231;&#227;o inversa da CK-MB (massa) com a rela&#231;&#227;o das ondas E/A. O motivo que a diminui&#231;&#227;o de um implica no aumento da outra necessita ser mais estudado j&#225; que, talvez, essa correla&#231;&#227;o possa ser apenas acaso. Podemos especular quanto &#224; possibilidade de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica revers&#237;vel seja um dos poss&#237;veis mecanismos de aumento plasm&#225;tico da CK-MB (massa) com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da onda E e aumento da onda A.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados durante os dias do trajeto teve que se adaptar aos hor&#225;rios dispon&#237;veis do evento, podendo ter interferido na avalia&#231;&#227;o das varia&#231;&#245;es agudas dos biomarcadores card&#237;acos j&#225; que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos destes variam conforme o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, tamb&#233;m, realizar coleta matinal para avaliar o comportamento das vari&#225;veis ap&#243;s o repouso, j&#225; que isso atrapalharia o descanso e o processo de recupera&#231;&#227;o dos participantes que tinham que acordar as quatro horas da manh&#227; para se preparem e depois percorrerem os trechos estabelecidos. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o poderia ter ajudado a elucidar melhor quest&#245;es referentes ao comportamento dos biomarcadores e das ondas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica como, por exemplo, se houve ou n&#227;o retorno pr&#243;ximo aos valores basais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os efeitos da atividade f&#237;sica intensa, prolongada e intercalada foram verificados a partir das varia&#231;&#245;es significativas no comportamento da CK-MB (massa), NT-proBNP e E'. Vale ressaltar que apesar das altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas, n&#227;o houveram crit&#233;rios demonstrativos de dano ao mioc&#225;rdio com essa modalidade de esfor&#231;o em indiv&#237;duos treinados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Maicon Borges Euzebio pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diastolic Function and Biomarkers of Long-Distance Walking Participants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1884-5103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Euzebio</surname>
            <given-names>Maicon Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9253-1068</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Watila Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Henrique Nascente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7750-2792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arantes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Medicina, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Cardiologia, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade da Pol&#237;cia Militar do Estado de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Maicon Borges Euzebio</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Medicina &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - R. 235, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>74605-050</postal-code>, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>maiconborges@gmail.com</email>, <email>sebbabarroso@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM, Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Arantes AC, Jardim PCBV, Barroso WKS; Acquisition of data: Euzebio MB, Sousa WM, Melo MA, Costa SHN, Arantes AC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM, Melo MA, Costa SHN, Sousa ALL, Arantes AC, Jardim PCBV, Barroso WKS; Statistical analysis: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM; Writing of the manuscript: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM, Barroso WKS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Euzebio MB, Vitorino PVO, Sousa WM, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV, Barroso WKS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The effects of long-distance walking on the cardiovascular system have been little studied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The general objective of this study was to verify these effects on the behavior of diastolic function and the cardiac biomarkers CK-MB (mass), troponin T, and NT-proBNP, in amateur athletes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>This longitudinal study, conducted in 2015, evaluated participants during the following 5 stages: E0 (baseline) before starting the trajectory and the others, E1, E2, E3, and E4, at the end of each day, totaling 244.7 km. At all stages, the biomarkers NT-proBNP, CK-MB (mass), and troponin T were measured. Echocardiogram was performed to analyze the E, A and E' waves. P &lt; 0.05 was adopted as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study evaluated 25 participants, with an average age of 46 &#177; 10.5 years and body mass index of 20.2 &#177; 2.3 kg/m2. Increased values were found for NT-proBNP from E0 to E1, E2, E3, and E4 (p &lt; 0.001), CK-MB (mass) from E0 to E2 (p &lt; 0.001), and E' wave from E0 to E1, E2, E3, and E4 (p &lt; 0.001). Positive correlations were identified between the following: CK-MB (mass) and troponin T (E1: r = 0.524, p = 0.010; E4: r = 0.413, p = 0.044); CK-MB (mass) and NT-proBNP (E4: r = 0.539, p = 0.006); and E/A and E' (E0: r = 0.603, p &lt; 0.001; E1: r = 0.639, p &lt; 0.001; E4: r = 0.593, p = 0.002). A negative correlation was found between CK-MB (mass) and E/A (E1: r = &#8722;0.428, p = 0.041).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The effects of intense, prolonged, and interspersed physical activity were verified based on significant variations in the behavior of CK-MB (mass), NT-proBNP, and the E' wave. Notwithstanding the alterations found, there were no criteria suggestive of myocardial damage</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Walking</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers, Biological</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin-T</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptide Brain</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Physical exercise is fundamental to general health maintenance and disease prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Intensity, duration, and frequency, however, are factors that separate benefit from harm in the human organism. Recent evidence has asked whether the physiological demand of maintaining elevated cardiac output during a prolonged period of exercise may result in transient impairment of cardiac functions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The acute effects of physical exercise on diastolic function and even variations in diastolic dysfunction are indirectly related to persistent stimulation, which also depends on intensity and duration. These adaptations, even when they are short-term, may cause decreased cardiac function, which is known as cardiac fatigue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The cardiac enzymes creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and the amino acid precursor N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are important biomarkers for evaluating the existence of myocardial lesions and diastolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>CK-MB levels may also increase in states of rhabdomyolysis and even apoplexy; in this manner, they have variable sensitivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Troponin T is the preferred marker of myocardial lesion, and it is considered the gold standard.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>NT-proBNP is associated, in a direct and parallel manner, with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations. It may be used for diagnostic and prognostic assessment of left ventricular insufficiency, and it also increases in conditions that induce diastolic dysfunction. Little is known regarding the behavior of these biomarkers and especially their prognostic meaning in healthy individuals undergoing intense physical stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Nonetheless, few studies have evaluated the effect of moderate to high intensity long-distance walking on the cardiovascular system based on evaluation of diastolic function and cardiac biomarkers. This was the first study to evaluate diastolic function and cardiac biomarkers in this type of exercise. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to verify, in amateur athletes, the effects of moderate to high intensity long-distance walking on the behavior of diastolic function and the cardiac biomarkers CK-MB (mass), troponin T, and NT-proBNP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a longitudinal study, carried out during a long-distance walk, namely, the Goi&#225;s Ecological Walk, in the year 2015. Initially, approximately 200 people signed up via Internet to participate. The candidates participated in a selection process, during which they walked 56 km, divided into two days (28 km each), which had to completed in, at most, three hours and ten minutes for men and three and a half hours for women. Participants were ranked according to the best times in each age group, and a total of 29 participants, 25 male and 4 female, were selected. Women were not included in analysis, because they did not complete the previously established daily route.</p>
        <p>The research project received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Pontifical Catholic University of Goi&#225;s under certificate number 1.107.021. The individuals approved during the selection process were invited to participate in the study. Following acceptance, a free and informed consent form was applied, and initial evaluation (E0) was carried out in a cardiovascular evaluation unit. Other evaluations took place 34 days after E0 during the 244.7-km trajectory, at the end of each day, at the resting places in each city on the trajectory, from July 21 to 24, 2015; evaluation days were named E1, E2, E3, and E4 (first, second, third, and fourth days of evaluation). Data collection was not carried out on the final day of the event, as participants were released to return to their home cities.</p>
        <p>The predominant relief of the terrain was described as ascending, descending, and level, according to each day of the trajectory. This information was obtained from a previous study that had evaluated this.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The slope of the terrain was obtained using ArcGIS 10.3 software, through the slope tool (slope, arctoolbox), based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) images provided by the American geological service, with pixel size of three arcsec. For meteorological monitoring of the trajectory days (E1 to E4), data were utilized from the Goi&#225;s station officially denominated by the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET, acronym in Portuguese) of E014.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Organization of Collection</title>
          <p>The study setting was subdivided into stations, one for each evaluation. Evaluations consisted of anamnesis (during E0 only) and echocardiography and blood collection for evaluation of biomarkers at all stages. Collection of echocardiographic data and biomarkers began around 6:00 p.m. (30 to 120 minutes after the end of each walk) on every day of the trajectory. In this manner, when participants arrived at the resting places, research stations had already been prepared, initiating the flow of identification of participants, followed by blood collection and echocardiographic evaluation; participants were subsequently free to return to the event. Collection was not possible in the morning, as participants woke up at 4:00 a.m., and this could have interfering with their periods of rest and recovery.</p>
          <p>The researchers organized anamnesis in the form of an interview with questions regarding personal data such as age (years), sex (male and female), profession, and marital status; personal and family history of arterial hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia; use of medication(s); tobacco use (current/prior); number of cigarettes per day, for smokers; physical exercise practice (weekly frequency, daily duration, and duration of practice); and the presence of orthopedic problems that might make it difficult to practice exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood Biomarker Tests and Echocardiogram Procedures</title>
          <p>The blood collection technique was via peripheral venous access in left cubital fossa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Approximately 5 ml of blood were drawn from each participant. The blood was centrifuged at the collection site at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum/plasma. The serum was collected in sample tubes with separator gel. The samples were promptly stored and frozen at &#8722;20 &#186;C in a specific freezer at the collection stations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The samples were sent to an accredited laboratory for analysis. Kits registered by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA, acronym in Portuguese) were used for the biomarker tests. The values of CK-MB (mass), troponin T, and NT-proBNP were obtained using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The assays were performed on a COBAS&#174; Modular Analytics E170 system using the following kits: CK-MB STAT, Troponin T hs, and proBNP II, respectively. To ensure that assays were performed correctly, all instructions provided in the user's guide for analyzers were followed. A biomedical doctor handled all exams. The following units of measurement were used: pg/ml for NT-proBNP and troponin T and ng/ml for CK-MB (mass).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Echocardiogram was carried out individually at all stages of collection, during the day on E0 and around 6:00 p.m. from E1 to E4, after participants' arrival at the research stations. All exams were carried out by the same echocardiographer. One- and two-dimensional echocardiogram with color Doppler was performed using a Philips CX50&#174; portable device, with an electronic transducer with 2 to 5MHz of frequency. The technique and reference standards used were those recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography <sup>(12)</sup>. The same angle of incidence was used for transmittal analysis, attempting to align the ultrasound beam as parallel as possible to the color Doppler flow. The parameters used for analysis of diastolic dysfunction, with their respective units of measurement, were, for mitral flow, E in cm/s, A in cm/s, and E/A ratio. For tissue evaluation, E' in cm/s was used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with absolute and relative frequencies, averages, standard deviation, and confidence interval. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of the data distribution of the variables. To compare variables related to cardiac biomarkers between the days of the walk and echocardiographic parameters, the ANOVA test for repeated measures was applied, followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. Pearson or Spearman tests were used for correlations. P value &lt; 0.05 was adopted for statistical significance. Stata software, version 14, was used to carry out statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the Sample</title>
          <p>Evaluation included 25 men, with average age of 46 &#177; 10.5 years and body mass index 20.2 &#177; 2.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). Four (16%) participants were using medications that did not influence the variables analyzed. The distance covered in four days was 244.7 km, with an average velocity of 7.6 km/h. All participants walked together as a group, thus maintaining the same velocity. The nocturnal resting period was between six and seven hours daily.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Social, health, and lifestyle characteristics of the participants of the Goi&#225;s Ecological Walk, Brazil, 2015 (n = 25)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <bold>Age range (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">19 &#8211; 39</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">40 &#8211; 59</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&#8805; 60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <bold>Medication use</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <bold>Diseases reported</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Hypothyroidism</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Orthopedic problems</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">12</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Number of participants evaluated.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In relation to previous physical exercise, 24 participants (96%) practiced running; one (4%) practiced cycling, and four (16%) practiced bodybuilding. Average duration of aerobic activity was 13.3 years (0.5 &#177; 40), and average weekly distance of running, which was the most reported activity, was 64 km.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Environmental Characteristics of the Trajectory</title>
          <p>Temperature during the days of the walk ranged from 19 to 32 &#186;C, and relative humidity ranged from 21% to 77%. On E1 and E3, the relief was predominantly ascending; on E2, it was descending (E2), and, on E4, it was level. The most accentuated variations in the slope of the terrain were found in sections of E2 and E3, ranging from 0 to &#8722;15.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of Diastolic Function Biomarkers and Waves During the Long-Distance Walk</title>
          <p>NT-proBNP showed a significant increase from E0 to all the other evaluations. CK-MB (mass) showed a significant increase from E0 to E2, and troponin T did not show any significant alterations. Regarding diastolic function, the E and A waves did not alter between the days of the walk. The E' wave increased from E0 to all the other days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison between NT-proBNP, troponin T, CK-MB (mass), E/A, E, and E' values obtained during baseline evaluation and the four days of exposure to moderate to intense physical activity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0620-90271-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Correlations were made between all parameters collected regarding diastolic function biomarkers and waves; only significant correlations are shown. In relation to blood biomarkers, positive and moderate correlations were identified on the following days of exposure: E1, between troponin T and CK-MB (mass); and E4, between NT-proBNP and CK-MB (mass), as well as between troponin T and CK-MB (mass). In relation to diastolic function, positive and moderate correlations were identified between E/A and E' on E0, E1, and E4. With respect to diastolic function biomarkers and waves, a negative and moderate correlation was found between CK-MB and E/A on E1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation of biomarkers, diastolic function, and biomarkers with diastolic function in participants of the Goi&#225;s Ecological Walk, Brazil, 2015 (n = 25)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Evaluation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">E0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">E/A x E&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.603</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Troponin T x CK-MB (mass)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.524</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.010<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">E/A x E&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.639</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">CK-MB (mass) x E/A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">-0.428</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.041<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">NT-proBNP x CK-MB (mass)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.539</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Troponin T x CK-MB (mass)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.413</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.044<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">E/A x E&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.593</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Pearson test;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Spearman test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Although the participants were considered amateur athletes, the majority had prior experience with the trajectory and in prior editions of the Goi&#225;s Ecological Walk, with an average of 7.2 participations; in addition to this, the selection process resulted in a highly select sample.</p>
        <p>The velocity of competitive running in half marathons or marathons solicits higher energetic and metabolic demands, and it increases the chances of cardiovascular outcomes, especially in individuals who are not conditioned.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> In our study, the average velocity was 7.6 km/h, which is much lower than in marathons and half marathons; for this reason, there were lower energetic and metabolic demands on participants.</p>
        <p>During the days they were exposed to exercise, in comparison to the 30 preceding days (E0), significant increases occurred in NT-proBNP, CK-MB (mass), and E' wave (tissue Doppler) values. We did not observe significant variations in the levels of troponin T and the mitral flow E/A ratio.</p>
        <p>This increase has also been found in healthy individuals, adolescents, and adults, regardless of sex, when undergoing resistance exercises, with a return to baseline values during the first 24 hours after exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the present study, we found an up to five-fold increase in serum NT-proBNP concentrations following exercise, when compared to baseline levels; these data corroborate the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> They also reinforce the importance of the natriuretic effect in the mechanism of acute and subacute adaptation of the cardiovascular apparatus to physical effort.</p>
        <p>Serum elevations of CK-MB (mass) have also been found in individuals after strenuous exercise. In a survey conducted in the United States, with young participants in a marathon, increased and sustained plasma levels of CK-MB were found up to 54 hours after exposure to exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Trained individuals, who perform high intensity exercise in sports, during the maximal effort test, tend to present acutely higher serum elevations of CK-MB than untrained individuals, thus suggesting cardiac involvement that is mainly benign in the nature of these serum levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Scientists have also verified the effect of prolonged exercise and variations in environmental temperature on the behavior of creatine kinases, and they identified that the longer the exercise and the higher the environmental temperature, the greater the plasma release of these biomarkers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> The longer the stretch covered in a shorter amount of time, the greater the chances of muscle damage and, thus, the greater serum quantity of creatine kinases. Another important fact is that, during descent, the ground reaction force exerted against participants may also lead to increased musculoskeletal injuries, due to the greater source of impact, with a tendency toward more accentuated metabolic cost during descending slopes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In our study, significant variations in CK-MB (mass) were found only between E0 and E2. This increase may have been related to the characteristics of the trajectory in E2, namely, predominantly descending, with greater variation in slope and greater distance than the other days. The cumulative effect of CK-MB (mass) in E1 may have influenced the significant increase in the value of CK-MB (mass) in E2.</p>
        <p>Evidence also exists regarding the limitations of evaluation of CK-MB in healthy individuals during physical exercise practice. Its specificity becomes impaired in the presence of inflammatory processes and skeletal muscle stress associated with a reduction during the first hours of exposure to effort, due to the slowed appearance of these markers in the blood, and it is more sensitive when cardiac injury is present.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In studies on half marathons, marathons, and 48-hour ultra-marathons, carried out in amateur runners (non-athletes), elevated troponin T values were found during the first three hours of post-exposure, with important reductions immediately following, reaching baseline levels in a maximum of 48 hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> In swimmers, 60 minutes after swimming, the same variation was found in troponin T as in amateur runners.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Eijsvogels et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> evaluated 82 people during a trajectory of 30 km daily for four days, and they also found that troponins increased only on the first day, with plasma reduction on all other days showing an association with walking speed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> A meta-analysis of 45 studies that evaluated the behavior of troponins and BNPs following exposure to resistance exercises observed that the elevated plasma values of troponins and BNP during and after intense and prolonged exercise are prone to change, and they may represent an acute characteristic with respect to exposure to exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> The biomechanics of the release of troponins induced by physical exercise are still unclear; it is also unclear whether this really reflects a physiological or pathological process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In this study, troponin T did not show a significant increase during the days of the trajectory; these results differ from those found in other studies mentioned. This may be related to following facts: the participants covered the trajectories at an average speed below competition values, even for amateur runners; they alternated running and walking; and they were carefully hydrated throughout the journey. The behavior of troponin T was different than what is generally expected when related to CK-MB (mass). As troponin T has greater specificity for myocardial damage due to ischemia, it is possible that this is the reason for the lower increase between E0 and the other days. This fact may demonstrate that damage to the cardiovascular system seems to be minimal and this exercise modality seems to be safe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In our sample, we found a significant increase in the E' wave in relation to baseline values, without a reduction in the E/A wave ratio. These findings may be related to the characteristics of the population evaluated, which was well conditioned, and to the intensity of the effort, contributing to a greater adaptive capacity of myocardial remodeling. Other studies that have performed echocardiography in different populations have found different results. Left or right ventricular diastolic dysfunction was not found in amateur medium- and long-distance triathletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> In contrast, in adult athletes, alterations in myocardial relaxation were demonstrated during diastole,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> identified by increased E wave (mitral flow) in comparison with the E' wave (tissue Doppler). In ultra-resistance exercises, there were significant decreases in the E wave and the E/A ratio immediately after exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> A study, whose methodology was closer to the one we used, evaluated changes in cardiac function in participants of an ecological walk and found significantly decreased mitral E/A ratio and tissue Doppler E' wave, from 21 km.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Regular aerobic training can minimize acute changes in diastolic function in response to the greater cardiac demand during intense exercise. This training effect can play a fundamental role in preserving diastolic filling in older athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref></p>
        <p>We found positive correlations between the following: E/A and E'; CK-MB (mass) and troponin T; and CK-MB (mass) and NT-proBNP. A negative correlation was found only between CK-MB (mass) and E/A (the ratio of the velocities of rapid ventricular filling and atrial contraction).</p>
        <p>Few studies have made correlations of diastolic function waves and serum variations of cardiac injury biomarkers with diastolic function variation waves. It is known that, in physiological patterns, variations in the behavior of mitral flow are reflected in the same direction as variations in ventricular tissue behavior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Jouffroy et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> succeeded in finding a positive correlation between E/A and E' in amateur participants of ultradistance running. The few studies that have evaluated these correlations have found discordant results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The direct relation of increased BNP(s) with troponins, creatine kinases, and diastolic alterations is known. Troponin T is also strongly associated with ventricular relaxation abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> The positive correlation of CK-MB (mass) with troponin T and NT-proBNP found in our study may be related to the fact that, even in situations where cardiac ischemia is absent, minimum levels of these biomarkers may be released into the bloodstream, in the same direction as the behavior of CK-MB (mass).</p>
        <p>Consequently, we found an inverse correlation of CK-MB (mass) with the E/A wave ratio. The reason that the decrease in one leads to an increase in the other needs to be studied further, given that this correlation may be merely casual. We can speculate as to the possibility that reversible diastolic dysfunction is one of the possible mechanisms of plasma increase of CK-MB (mass) with the decreased E wave and the increased A wave.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Data collection during the days of the trajectory had to adapt to the available times of the event, and this may have interfered with evaluation of acute variations in cardiac biomarkers, given that plasma levels vary according to time of exposure. It was also not possible to carry out collection in the morning in order to evaluate the behavior of the variables after resting, as this would have interfered with participants' rest and the recovery process, as they had to wake up at 4:00 a.m. to get ready and then walk the established route. Furthermore, evaluation of exposure would have helped better elucidate questions regarding the behavior of diastolic function biomarkers and waves, for instance, whether or not there was a return close to baseline values.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The effects of intense, prolonged, and interspersed physical activity were verified based on significant variations in the behavior of CK-MB (mass), NT-proBNP, and E'. It is worth underscoring that, notwithstanding the alterations found, there were no criteria demonstrative of myocardial damage during this exercise modality in trained individuals.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maicon Borges Euzebio, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
