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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Fj6HTQpNH67NjhFcqNCw9Mx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200613</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190305</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prefer&#234;ncias dos Pacientes ap&#243;s Estreitamento Coron&#225;rio Recorrente: Experimentos de Escolha Discreta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0210-4877</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magliano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9763-3485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Liborio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelo</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Rebeca de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanna Francisconi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1389-9214</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Cristina de Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krucien</surname>
            <given-names>Nikolas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Chicago</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Illinois</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois - EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Aberdeen</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aberdeen</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen - Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Magliano</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>carlosincnats@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Magliano C, Monteiro AL, Pereira CCA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Magliano C, Rebelo ARO, Santos GF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Magliano C, Monteiro AL, Pereira CCA, Krucien N, Saraiva RM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Magliano C, Krucien N; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Magliano C, Monteiro AL, Krucien N; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Monteiro AL, Rebelo ARO, Santos GF, Pereira CCA, Krucien N, Saraiva RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>613</fpage>
      <lpage>619</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Selecionar a estrat&#233;gia de tratamento ideal para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria &#233; um desafio. Um desfecho crucial a ser considerado no momento dessa escolha &#233; a necessidade de refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que ela se torna muito mais frequente ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) do que ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Pretende-se, com este estudo, trazer reflex&#245;es acerca das prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes pelas estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o sob a perspectiva de pacientes que tiveram que refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Selecionamos uma amostra de pacientes que haviam sido submetidos &#224; ICP e hospitalizados para refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e elicitamos suas prefer&#234;ncias por nova ICP ou CRM. Morte perioperat&#243;ria, mortalidade a longo prazo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e repetir a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados para a constru&#231;&#227;o de cen&#225;rios a partir da descri&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos hipot&#233;ticos que foram rotulados como ICP ou CRM. A ICP era sempre apresentada como a op&#231;&#227;o com menor incid&#234;ncia de morte perioperat&#243;ria e maior necessidade de se refazer o procedimento. O modelo log&#237;stico condicional foi empregado para analisar as escolhas dos pacientes, utilizando-se o software R. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ao todo, 144 pacientes participaram, a maioria dos quais (73,7%) preferiram a CRM &#224; ICP (p &lt; 0,001). Os coeficientes de regress&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos para o r&#243;tulo ICP, mortalidade a longo prazo da ICP, morte perioperat&#243;ria da CRM, mortalidade a longo prazo da CRM e refazer a CRM. O r&#243;tulo ICP foi o par&#226;metro mais importante (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A maioria dos pacientes que enfrentam a necessidade de refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria rejeitam uma nova ICP, com base em n&#237;veis realistas de riscos e benef&#237;cios. Incorporar as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes &#224; estimativa do risco-benef&#237;cio e &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento poderia melhorar o cuidado centrado no paciente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>Reestenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Prefer&#234;ncia do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos e Question&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade e incapacidade no mundo, respons&#225;vel por cerca de um ter&#231;o de todas as mortes em indiv&#237;duos acima de 35 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> H&#225; duas op&#231;&#245;es de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o: a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) e a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM). Al&#233;m da necessidade de a CRM ser realizada com o peito aberto, algumas diferen&#231;as cruciais entre os tratamentos s&#227;o: o risco de morte perioperat&#243;ria, mais elevado na CRM e o risco de ter que refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, mais elevado na ICP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Recentemente, o uso de <italic>stents</italic> recobertos reduziu a necessidade de refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, mas o dilema em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; melhor estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o permanece sem resposta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Portanto, a escolha da estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ideal &#233; um desafio e depende de muitos fatores, tais como o n&#250;mero, a gravidade, e a posi&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias com estreitamento ou bloqueadas, a sa&#250;de geral do paciente, e suas prefer&#234;ncias pelos desfechos relacionados, como o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, as complica&#231;&#245;es em curto prazo, a necessidade de refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e a sobrevida a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os prestadores de cuidados de sa&#250;de v&#234;m tentando integrar os pacientes de forma mais ativa nas decis&#245;es e o profissional deve possuir as habilidades para envolver os pacientes nas tomadas de decis&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Simplesmente pedir aos pacientes para ranquear os desfechos relacionados ao tratamento, de modo geral, n&#227;o produz informa&#231;&#245;es substanciais, uma vez que eles provavelmente ir&#227;o afirmar que almejam todos os benef&#237;cios (baixos riscos para todos os desfechos). Por outro lado, os experimentos de escolha, como os experimentos de escolha discreta (DCE) obrigam os pacientes a fazer um <italic>trade-off</italic> entre op&#231;&#245;es realistas, por exemplo, a op&#231;&#227;o com o menor risco de morte perioperat&#243;ria (ICP) <italic>versus</italic> a op&#231;&#227;o com menor risco de ter que refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (CRM).</p>
      <p>Os DCEs s&#227;o frequentemente utilizados para obten&#231;&#227;o de prefer&#234;ncias numa grande variedade de situa&#231;&#245;es e se tornaram a abordagem aplicada com mais frequ&#234;ncia nos cuidados de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Em um DCE, uma sequ&#234;ncia de cen&#225;rios hipot&#233;ticos &#233; apresentada aos indiv&#237;duos e pede-se que eles escolham entre alternativas concorrentes, que variam quanto a diversas caracter&#237;sticas (atributos).</p>
      <p>A metodologia do DCE &#233; fundamentada em um modelo de maximiza&#231;&#227;o da utilidade aleat&#243;ria (<italic>Random Utility Maximization-RUM</italic>), onde as premissas b&#225;sicas s&#227;o: 1) qualquer produto, nesse caso a op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento (ICP e CRM) pode ser caracterizado por atributos-chave (por exemplo, risco de morte perioperat&#243;ria, risco de refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) e seus n&#237;veis (por exemplo, 2%, 35%) e 2) sempre que os indiv&#237;duos t&#234;m op&#231;&#245;es dentre as quais escolher (por exemplo, PCI versus CABG), eles escolhem a op&#231;&#227;o que tem a maior utilidade, que &#233; definida atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis daqueles atributos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> A utilidade &#233; um termo utilizado pelos economistas para descrever a mensura&#231;&#227;o da &#8220;usabilidade&#8221; e &#8220;desejabilidade&#8221; que um consumidor obt&#233;m a partir de qualquer bem e representa a capacidade de um produto trazer satisfa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica publicada recentemente, nosso grupo de pesquisa procurou estudos que avaliassem prefer&#234;ncias declaradas entre ICP e CRM. Identificamos uma escassez de estudos que abordassem esse tema e uma falta de m&#233;todos padronizados para avaliar as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes. Ainda assim, quatorze desfechos utilizados para comparar ICP e CRM puderam ser identificados: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cicatriz de incis&#227;o, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade a longo prazo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, morte perioperat&#243;ria, infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, angina p&#243;s-procedimento, pseudoaneurisma, insufici&#234;ncia renal, refazer CRM, refazer ICP, e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Dentre aqueles que j&#225; haviam sido submetidos &#224; ICP, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum estudo que avalie as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes entre se submeter a nova ICP ou CRM, caso nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o seja indicada. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi trazer reflex&#245;es acerca das prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes pela ICP ou CRM sob a perspectiva de pacientes hospitalizados que tiveram que refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho</title>
        <p>Um DCE foi desenvolvido e administrado em uma amostra de pacientes hospitalizados utilizando-se entrevistas presenciais individuais, entre novembro de 2017 e abril de 2018. Os pacientes foram recrutados aleatoriamente com base no n&#250;mero do leito, usando uma lista de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, um hospital p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio brasileiro especializado em Cardiologia. Pacientes com 18 anos de idade ou mais foram considerados eleg&#237;veis se tivessem sido submetidos &#224; ICP pr&#233;via e estivessem internados devido &#224; doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, necessitando de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que se consideraram incapazes de entender o experimento foram exclu&#237;dos. N&#227;o houve nenhum outro crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o. Foi obtida a aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica do Comit&#234; &#201;tico do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia e um consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de cada participante do estudo (CAAE n&#250;mero 63684017.0.0000.5240).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimento de Escolha Discreta</title>
        <p>O DCE baseou-se nos desfechos que foram identificados na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica publicada anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Para realizar o experimento de escolha discreta, aqueles desfechos foram previamente ranqueados e receberam pontos dos pacientes para identificar sua import&#226;ncia relativa. Todos os desfechos foram ranqueados levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o um cen&#225;rio hipot&#233;tico. O m&#233;todo detalhado utilizado para os pacientes ranquearem e distribu&#237;rem pontos entre os desfechos foi publicado anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A sele&#231;&#227;o de quais atributos devem ser utilizados nos cen&#225;rios do DCE &#233; uma etapa essencial, uma vez que s&#243; ser&#225; poss&#237;vel calcular os <italic>trade-offs</italic> entre os atributos que ser&#227;o utilizados. Inclu&#237;mos somente quatro atributos, j&#225; que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de todos os 14 atributos identificados na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica faria com que os entrevistados ficassem cansados ou fizessem uso de heur&#237;sticas, um atalho mental que permite que as pessoas fa&#231;am julgamentos rapidamente, embora resulte em medidas de prefer&#234;ncia enviesadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Os quatro atributos escolhidos para compor os cen&#225;rios do DCE foram selecionados considerando-se: 1) a mortalidade a longo prazo deveria ser inclu&#237;da como a refer&#234;ncia para taxas marginais de substitui&#231;&#227;o; 2) serem os atributos mais relevantes, conforme o ranqueamento feito pelos pacientes, e 3) terem uma diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia entre ICP e CRM. Os quatro atributos selecionados foram: morte perioperat&#243;ria, mortalidade a longo prazo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para aplicar o DCE em pacientes hospitalizados, utilizamos recursos visuais que foram especialmente desenvolvidos para esse projeto, a fim de incluir pacientes com diferentes origens socioeducativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Os recursos visuais melhoram a compreens&#227;o do risco e permitem que os pacientes se considerem aptos a entender e participar das decis&#245;es com respostas consistentes com a teoria econ&#244;mica, escolhendo as alternativas com maior utilidade.</p>
        <p>Um exemplo de cen&#225;rio de DCE apresentado neste artigo aos pacientes encontra-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>: o primeiro atributo, &#8220;morte perioperat&#243;ria&#8221;, aparece com n&#237;vel 3% para ICP (angioplastia) e 8% para CRM (cirurgia); o segundo atributo &#233; &#8220;mortalidade em 5 anos&#8221;, risco de 22% para ICP e 15% para CRM. Cada entrevistado teve que escolher entre ICP e CRM em 12 cen&#225;rios diferentes. Todos os cen&#225;rios utilizados foram apresentados com os mesmos quatro atributos, mas com diferentes n&#237;veis de combina&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com valores preestabelecidos. A ICP sempre foi apresentada como a op&#231;&#227;o com menor risco de morte perioperat&#243;ria e maior necessidade de refazer o procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Exemplos de op&#231;&#245;es para um experimento de escolha discreta.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0613-90305-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Atributos e n&#237;veis selecionados para descrever as op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento no DCE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Atributo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CRM</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Morte perioperat&#243;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1% - 2% - 3%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4% - 6% - 8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Mortalidade a longo prazo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">8% - 15% - 22%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">7% - 11% - 15%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">6% - 10% - 14%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3% - 5% - 7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Repetir a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">13% - 24% - 35%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1% - 4% - 7%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa DCE &#8211; Sele&#231;&#227;o de N&#237;veis</title>
        <p>Quando as op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento foram descritas nas tarefas do DCE, os quatro atributos de risco foram operacionalizados atrav&#233;s da sua classifica&#231;&#227;o em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis espec&#237;ficos. Os n&#237;veis de mortalidade a longo prazo, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foram obtidos de estudos recentes comparando ICP e CRM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> para garantir que n&#237;veis reais de risco seriam utilizados. O n&#237;vel para morte perioperat&#243;ria foi selecionado com base na m&#233;dia da morte perioperat&#243;ria da ICP e da CRM (2,21% e 6,23%, respectivamente), de acordo com os dados do DATASUS, anos 2016 e 2017,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> e foram apresentados em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis: 1%, 2% ou 3% para ICP e 4%, 6% e 8% para CRM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa DCE &#8211; Desenho das Tarefas de Escolha</title>
        <p>O programa NGene<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> foi utilizado para proje&#231;&#227;o dos cen&#225;rios, o que correspondeu ao mecanismo pelo qual os perfis hipot&#233;ticos foram apresentados aos entrevistados para obten&#231;&#227;o das prefer&#234;ncias no DCE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Um desenho D-Eficiente, sem nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via sobre as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes, foi utilizado para gerar as tarefas de escolha. A ordem das tarefas de escolha foi randomizada entre os participantes.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram entrevistados individual e presencialmente, escolhendo uma op&#231;&#227;o em 12 cen&#225;rios diferentes apresentados em um question&#225;rio impresso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional foi empregada para analisar as escolhas dos pacientes, utilizando-se o software R. Os dados de medi&#231;&#227;o foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (x &#177; DP). Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        <p>Os quatro atributos entraram no modelo como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e lineares. Uma vez que as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes pelos atributos de risco foram estimadas, foi poss&#237;vel computar taxas marginais de substitui&#231;&#227;o (TMS). A TMS representou os <italic>trade-offs</italic> entre os atributos ou o quanto de um atributo os pacientes estavam dispostos a sacrificar para obter mais de um outro atributo. Devido &#224; especifica&#231;&#227;o linear do modelo, a TMS consistiu simplesmente da raz&#227;o de dois coeficientes estimados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Seguimos essa abordagem para computar os Riscos M&#225;ximos Aceit&#225;veis com um aumento de 1% na mortalidade a longo prazo na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o como refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Do total de 145 pacientes recrutados, 144 entregaram o consentimento informado por escrito para participar do estudo e se consideraram capazes de entender o experimento. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 57,5 &#177; 11,6 anos; 74% eram homens e a maioria dos pacientes eram casados (56%), com baixos n&#237;veis de escolaridade e renda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas de base e caracter&#237;sticas dos entrevistados</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Dado (N = 144)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">57,5 (11,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Sexo masculino, n&#250;mero (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">106 (74%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Renda anual, U$</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">6.838,59 (10.586,82)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Casado 81 (56%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Estado Civil</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Solteiro 35 (24%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Outro 28 (20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8804; 1 ano: 5 (3,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 &#8211; 5 anos: 39 (27%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de escolaridade, anos de estudo (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 &#8211; 9 anos: 31 (22%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 &#8211; 12 anos: 40 (28%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">N&#237;vel Superior: 29 (20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 &#8211; 98 (68%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de ICPs pr&#233;vias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 &#8211; 23 (16%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 ou mais &#8211; 23 (16%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>convers&#227;o com base em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www4.bcbgov.br/pec/conversao/conversao.asp">http://www4.bcbgov.br/pec/conversao/conversao.asp</ext-link> (1 USD=3,49 BRL).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Cada entrevistado respondeu a 12 tarefas de escolha, totalizando, assim, 1.728 (ou seja, 144 vezes 12) observa&#231;&#245;es para an&#225;lise. A maioria dos pacientes (73,7%) preferiu a CRM &#224; ICP (p &lt; 0,001). Os resultados para a estimativa das prefer&#234;ncias est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pesos Relativos das Prefer&#234;ncias Estimadas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Estimativa</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Erro Padr&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">R&#243;tulo ICP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">- 1,3226</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,6708</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Morte perioperat&#243;ria da ICP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">- 0,0421</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0975</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Mortalidade a longo prazo da ICP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">- 0,0371</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0172</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio da ICP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">- 0,0314</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0165</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Repetir ICP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">- 0,0005</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0087</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Morte perioperat&#243;ria da CRM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">- 0,0956</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0425</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Mortalidade a longo prazo da CRM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">- 0,0582</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0287</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio da CRM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0480</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0407</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Repetir CRM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">- 0,0657</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0253</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Verosimilhan&#231;a logar&#237;tmica = &#8722;952,35. CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; NS: n&#227;o significante.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os coeficientes de regress&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos no n&#237;vel de 5% para o r&#243;tulo ICP, mortalidade a longo prazo da ICP, morte perioperat&#243;ria da CRM, mortalidade a longo prazo da CRM e refazer a CRM. Os coeficientes negativos indicam que os pacientes consideraram os atributos como algo indesej&#225;vel (mais risco &#233; pior do que menos). Curiosamente, a fun&#231;&#227;o utilidade usada no modelo de regress&#227;o incluiu uma constante alternativa espec&#237;fica para o r&#243;tulo ICP e foi n&#227;o apenas estatisticamente significativa, como tamb&#233;m o par&#226;metro mais importante, aquele com o maior valor negativo, o que significa que a maioria dos pacientes que tiveram que refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o rejeitaram a ICP, independentemente dos riscos associados apresentados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo &#233; &#250;nico porque, at&#233; onde sabemos, &#233; o primeiro a avaliar as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes dentre aqueles que tiveram que refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a ICP e fornece importantes reflex&#245;es, tais como a evid&#234;ncia de uma varia&#231;&#227;o significativa na utilidade percebida de tratamentos e a prefer&#234;ncia not&#243;ria, de modo geral, pela op&#231;&#227;o mais invasiva (CRM).</p>
      <p>Poucos estudos utilizaram o DCE como uma ferramenta para elicita&#231;&#227;o de prefer&#234;ncias para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica identificou que a maioria dos estudos (83%) utilizaram o ranqueamento e a pontua&#231;&#227;o como m&#233;todos para identificar as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes e apenas dois estudos (33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> utilizaram cen&#225;rios hipot&#233;ticos. Hornberger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> analisaram uma amostra nacional de entrevistados em um estudo de an&#225;lise conjunta considerando cicatriz da incis&#227;o, dor, tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e refazer o tratamento. Vale ressaltar que os participantes consideraram que a ICP superaria a CRM apenas se o risco de ter que refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ao longo de tr&#234;s anos fosse reduzido para menos de 28%. Kipp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> utilizando um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica mista, identificaram que, para quase todos os riscos indicados, os pacientes preferiram a ICP &#224; CRM, at&#233; mesmo quando o risco de morte era duas vezes maior que o risco da CRM ou o risco de refazer os procedimentos era tr&#234;s vezes superior quando comparado com a CRM.</p>
      <p>Contrariamente ao estudo realizado por Kipp, a maioria dos pacientes (73,8%) neste estudo escolheu a op&#231;&#227;o mais invasiva: CRM. Essa diferen&#231;a pode estar relacionada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, uma vez que levamos em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas pacientes com uma hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de ICP. Al&#233;m disso, devemos considerar algumas diferen&#231;as nos desenhos dos estudos. Enquanto o estudo de Kipp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> baseou-se em um risco tr&#234;s vezes maior de refazer a ICP, quando comparado com o risco de refazer a CRM, com n&#237;veis entre 2 e 5%, n&#243;s consideramos o risco da CRM entre 1% e 7% e o da ICP entre 13% e 35%. Esse risco elevado de ter que refazer a ICP foi observado em pacientes diab&#233;ticos no estudo Syntax,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> no qual 35,3% dos pacientes acompanhados durante 5 anos tiveram que ser submetidos a um novo procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Outro ponto importante levantado pelos nossos achados &#233; que diferentes desfechos s&#227;o vistos de forma diferente pelos pacientes. Entretanto, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes se baseiam na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de desfechos combinados, tais como eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes (MACE - <italic>major adverse cardiovascular events</italic>). Desfechos como morte, AVC, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o frequentemente agrupados na tentativa de capturar o efeito global do tratamento, e as principais vantagens s&#227;o a menor dura&#231;&#227;o, tamanho da amostra e custo de um experimento cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> O uso do MACE pressup&#245;e que todos os seus componentes t&#234;m a mesma gravidade cl&#237;nica e que os pacientes e m&#233;dicos t&#234;m uma percep&#231;&#227;o semelhante de cada componente, hip&#243;teses que se mostraram falsas tanto no nosso estudo quanto em outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Pacientes e m&#233;dicos t&#234;m perspectivas diferentes e nenhum deles considerou todos os desfechos cl&#237;nicos da mesma forma. O peso apropriado de cada componente de um desfecho combinado forneceria uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o mais precisa dos dados do experimento.</p>
      <p>Uma importante decis&#227;o na aplica&#231;&#227;o do DCE &#233; se as escolhas ser&#227;o apresentadas como rotuladas ou n&#227;o rotuladas. Decidimos adotar os cen&#225;rios rotulados, ou seja, os pacientes escolhem entre ICP e CRM, e n&#227;o a op&#231;&#227;o &#8220;A&#8221; <italic>versus</italic> &#8220;B&#8221;. Os DCEs n&#227;o rotulados seriam mais indicados para investigar <italic>trade-offs</italic> entre atributos, ao passo que os DCEs rotulados podem ser mais adequados para explicar escolhas da vida real. Os conjuntos de escolha rotulados s&#227;o considerados menos abstratos e podem aumentar a validade dos resultados, o que pode ser mais adequado para apoiar a tomada de decis&#245;es ao n&#237;vel da defini&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas. A desvantagem &#233; que os r&#243;tulos podem diminuir a aten&#231;&#227;o dispensada pelos entrevistados aos atributos e alguns pacientes podem ter escolhido uma op&#231;&#227;o independentemente dos seus riscos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Na nossa amostra, cada entrevistado respondeu a uma tarefa adicional de escolha para determinar a validade do DCE ao final da se&#231;&#227;o: uma pergunta dominante, onde a ICP representava o tratamento com n&#237;veis de atributos claramente dominantes ou melhores, isto &#233;, a op&#231;&#227;o menos invasiva associada a riscos mais baixos de mortalidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou repeti&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. Esperava-se que os entrevistados escolhessem a ICP, mas 54 (37,5%) dos pacientes escolheram a CRM, o que pode configurar rejei&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via &#224; ICP e o impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do r&#243;tulo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos Fortes e Implica&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>H&#225; apenas alguns estudos sobre prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes entre a ICP e CRM e este &#233; o primeiro a analisar as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes especificamente por procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o repetidos.</p>
        <p>Outro ponto forte &#233; a sele&#231;&#227;o de participantes, composta de pacientes hospitalizados, aguardando nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Atualmente, a maioria dos valores dos estados de sa&#250;de s&#227;o obtidos de membros do p&#250;blico em geral, que tentam imaginar como o estado seria, baseando-se sobretudo na premissa de que a sa&#250;de &#233; paga pela popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Entretanto, os pacientes compreendem melhor as consequ&#234;ncias das suas escolhas e sabem como &#233; viver com aquela condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. Isto minimiza uma das principais preocupa&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DCE, que &#233; o vi&#233;s hipot&#233;tico relacionado ao desinteresse ou desaten&#231;&#227;o pelos cen&#225;rios hipot&#233;ticos, ao passo que os pacientes que enfrentam o problema de sa&#250;de estariam mais envolvidos no experimento.</p>
        <p>As diretrizes atuais da Cardiologia podem se beneficiar da inclus&#227;o das prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes nas suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Por exemplo, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o os resultados para os pacientes com doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos do estudo Syntax, a mortalidade a longo prazo de 11,4% no grupo CRM (valor do coeficiente &#8211; 0,0582) seria equivalente a uma mortalidade a longo prazo de 17,9% ((-0,0582/-0,0371)*11,4) no grupo ICP (valor do coeficiente &#8722;0,0371). Com base no valor dos par&#226;metros identificados no nosso modelo de regress&#227;o, mesmo com a mortalidade a longo prazo mais elevada para ICP (13,9%), essa diferen&#231;a de 2,5% na mortalidade a longo prazo, observada no estudo Syntax, n&#227;o seria suficiente para influenciar as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes em favor da CRM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo s&#227;o limitados pelo tamanho reduzido da amostra utilizada oriunda de um &#250;nico hospital terci&#225;rio, o que pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos nossos resultados.</p>
        <p>Podem haver alguns efeitos de intera&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que os pacientes podem ter valorado determinados atributos ou n&#237;veis de maneira diferente em decorr&#234;ncia das suas experi&#234;ncias particulares pr&#233;vias. Outra quest&#227;o &#233; que os atributos entraram no modelo como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas para facilitar a compreens&#227;o, e consideramos o efeito das prefer&#234;ncias dos n&#237;veis como algo linear, o que pode n&#227;o ser realista, uma vez que o valor da mudan&#231;a do risco baixo para moderado n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente o mesmo valor da mudan&#231;a do risco moderado para grave.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar dos importantes <italic>trade-offs</italic> entre a ICP e CRM, tais como necessidade de refazer a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes podem ter sido pouco exploradas. No DCE com uma amostra de pacientes hospitalizados com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e ICP pr&#233;via, nossos resultados sustentam que a maioria dos pacientes rejeita uma nova ICP e preferem a CRM, quando expostos aos n&#237;veis de risco reais de cada op&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Carlos Alberto da Silva Magliano pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Patients' Preferences after Recurrent Coronary Narrowing: Discrete Choice Experiments</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0210-4877</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magliano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9763-3485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Liborio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelo</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Rebeca de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanna Francisconi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1389-9214</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Cristina de Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krucien</surname>
            <given-names>Nikolas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Chicago</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Illinois</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois - USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aberdeen</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen - United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Magliano</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>carlosincnats@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Magliano C, Monteiro AL, Pereira CCA; Acquisition of data: Magliano C, Rebelo ARO, Santos GF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Magliano C, Monteiro AL, Pereira CCA, Krucien N, Saraiva RM; Statistical analysis: Magliano C, Krucien N; Writing of the manuscript: Magliano C, Monteiro AL, Krucien N; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Monteiro AL, Rebelo ARO, Santos GF, Pereira CCA, Krucien N, Saraiva RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Selecting the optimal treatment strategy for coronary revascularization is challenging. A crucial endpoint to be considered when making this choice is the necessity to repeat revascularization since it is much more frequent after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) than after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study intends to provide insights on patients' preferences for revascularization, strategies in the perspective of patients who had to repeat revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We selected a sample of patients who had undergone PCI and were hospitalized to repeat coronary revascularization and elicited their preferences for a new PCI or CABG. Perioperative death, long-term death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization were used to design scenarios describing hypothetical treatments that were labeled as PCI or CABG. PCI was always presented as the option with lower perioperative death risk and a higher necessity to repeat procedure. A conditional logit model was used to analyze patients' choices using R software. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 144 patients participated, most of them (73.7%) preferred CABG over PCI (p &lt; 0.001). The regression coefficients were statistically significant for PCI label, PCI long-term death, CABG perioperative death, CABG long-term death and repeat CABG. The PCI label was the most important parameter (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Most patients who face the necessity to repeat coronary revascularization reject a new PCI, considering realistic levels of risks and benefits. Incorporating patients' preferences into benefit-risk calculation and treatment recommendations could enhance patient-centered care.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Intervention Coronary Percutaneous</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Preference</kwd>
        <kwd>Surveys and Questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, responsible for about one-third of all deaths in people over 35 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> There are two revascularization options: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Besides the necessity of an open chest surgery for CABG, some crucial distinctions between these treatments are the perioperative risk of death, higher with CABG and the necessity to repeat revascularization, higher with PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Recently, the use of drug&#8211;eluting stents have reduced the necessity to repeat revascularization, but the dilemma of the best revascularization strategy is still unanswered.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Therefore, the choice of optimal revascularization strategy is challenging and relies on many factors, such as the number, severity, and position of the narrowed or blocked arteries, patients' overall health, and their preferences for related endpoints, such as recovery time, short-time complications, the necessity to repeat revascularization and long-time survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Health care providers have been trying to integrate patients more actively as partners in decisions and the provider must have the skills to involve patients in decision making.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Simply asking patients to rate treatment-related endpoints generally yield no substantial information since they will probably state that they want all the benefits (lower risks for all endpoints). Instead, choice experiments like discrete choice experiments (DCE) force patients to make a trade-off between realistic options, for instance, the option with the lower perioperative death (PCI) versus the option with lower risk to repeat revascularization (CABG).</p>
        <p>DCE are frequently used to elicit preferences in a wide range of situations and became the most frequently applied approach in health care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In a DCE, subjects are presented with a sequence of hypothetical scenarios and are asked to choose between competing alternatives that vary along several characteristics (attributes).</p>
        <p>The DCE methodology is grounded in a random utility maximisation (RUM) framework, where the basic assumptions are: 1) any commodity, in this case treatment option (PCI and CABG) can be characterized by key attributes (eg, risk of perioperative death, risk to repeat revascularization) and their levels (e.g., 2%, 35%) and 2) whenever individuals have options to choose from (eg, PCI versus CABG), they make their choice for the option with the greatest utility, which is defined by comparing those attributes' levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Utility is a term used by economists to describe the measurement of &#8220;usefulness&#8221; and &#8220;desirability&#8221; that a consumer obtains from any good and represents the capacity of a commodity to give satisfaction.</p>
        <p>In a recently published systematic review, our research team searched for studies that evaluated stated preferences between PCI and CABG. We identified a shortage of studies that addressed this theme and a lack of standardized methods for evaluating patients' preferences. Even so, fourteen endpoints used to compare PCI and CABG could be identified: atrial fibrillation, heart failure, incision scar, length of stay, long-term death, myocardial infarction, perioperative death, postoperative infection, postprocedural angina, pseudoaneurysm, renal failure, repeat CABG, repeat PCI, and stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Among those who had already undergone PCI, there is no study that evaluated patients' preferences between undergoing a new PCI or CABG, in case new revascularization is indicated. Therefore, this study aimed to provide insights regarding patients' preferences for PCI or CABG in the perspective of hospitalized patients who had to repeat revascularization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Design</title>
          <p>A DCE was developed and administered to a sample of hospitalized patients through individual and face-to-face interviews, from November 2017 to April 2018. The patients were randomly recruited based on their ward number using a list of random numbers at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, a Brazilian tertiary public hospital specializing in cardiology. Patients 18 years old or over were deemed eligible if they had undergone previous PCI and were hospitalized due to coronary disease requiring new revascularization.</p>
          <p>Patients who considered themselves unable to understand the experiment were excluded. There were no other exclusion criteria. Ethical approval was obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ethics Board and written informed consent was obtained from each study participant (CAAE number 63684017.0.0000.5240).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discrete Choice Experiment</title>
          <p>The DCE was based on endpoints that were identified by the systematic review previously published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In order to perform the DCE experiment, those endpoints were previously ranked and rated by patients to identify their relative importance. All endpoints were ranked considering a hypothetical scenario. The detailed method used for the patients to rank and rate the endpoints was previously published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The selection of which attributes should be used in the DCE scenarios is an essential step, since it will only be possible to calculate the trade-offs between the attributes that will be used. We included only four attributes, since the use of all 14 attributes identified in the systematic review would make respondents tired or to use heuristics, a mental shortcut that allows people to make judgments quickly albeit leads to biased preference measures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The four attributes chose to compose the DCE scenarios were selected considering: 1) long-term death should be included as the reference for marginal rates of substitution; 2) being the most relevant attributes accordingly to patients ranking, and 3) having a significant difference in incidence between PCI and CABG. The four attributes selected were: perioperative death, long-term death, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization.</p>
          <p>In order to use DCE in hospitalized patients, we used visual aids that were specifically developed for this project, in order to include patients with different socioeducational background.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Visual aids improve risk understanding and allow patients to consider themselves able to understand and participate in decisions with answers consistent with economic theory, choosing the alternatives with higher utility.</p>
          <p>An example of a DCE scenario presented in this paper to patients is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>: the first attribute (&#8220;perioperative death&#8221;) is shown with level 3% for PCI (angioplasty) and 8% for CABG (surgery); the second attribute is &#8220;death in 5 years&#8221;, 22% risk for PCI and 15% for CABG. Each respondent had to choose between PCI and CABG in 12 different scenarios. All scenarios used were shown with the same four attributes, but with different levels combination according to pre-established values. PCI was always presented as the option with lower perioperative death and a higher necessity to repeat procedure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A sample discrete choice experiment choice.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-04-0613-90305-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Attributes and levels selected to describe treatment options in the DCE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Attribute</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">PCI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">CABG</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Perioperative death</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1% - 2% - 3%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4% - 6% - 8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Long-term death</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">8% - 15% - 22%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">7% - 11% - 15%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">6% - 10% - 14%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3% - 5% - 7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Repeat revascularization</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">13% - 24% - 35%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1% - 4% - 7%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Development of the DCE Survey &#8211; Selection of Levels</title>
          <p>When describing the treatment options in the DCE tasks, the four risk attributes were operationalized by classifying them into three specific levels. The levels for long-term death, revascularization, and myocardial infarction were derived from recent studies comparing PCI versus CABG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> in order to make sure that actual levels of risk would be used. The level for perioperative death was selected based on the mean PCI and CABG perioperative mortality rates (2.21% and 6.23%, respectively), according to the Brazilian National Database years 2016 and 2017 (DATASUS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> and was presented in three levels: 1%, 2% or 3% for PCI, and 4%, 6% and 8% for CABG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Development of the DCE Survey &#8211; Designing the Choice Tasks</title>
          <p>The NGene Software<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> was used to design the scenarios, which corresponded to the mechanism by which hypothetical profiles were presented to respondents for preference elicitation in DCE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A D-Efficient design with no prior information about patients' preferences was used to generate the choice tasks. The order of the choice tasks was randomized among the participants.</p>
          <p>All patients were individually and personally interviewed, choosing one option in 12 different scenarios presented in a paper-based questionnaire.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>A conditional logit model was used to analyse patients' choices using R software. Measurement data were presented as mean&#177; standard deviation (x &#177; SD). A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>The four risk attributes entered the model as continuous and linear variables. Once patients' preferences for the risk attributes were estimated, it was possible to compute marginal rates of substitution (MRS). The MRS represented the trade-offs between attributes or how much of one attribute patients were willing to sacrifice to obtain more of another attribute. Due to the linear specification of the model, the MRS simply consisted of the ratio of two estimated coefficients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> We followed this approach to compute Maximum Acceptable Risks (MAR) with a 1% increase in the CABG long-term death as the reference.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Out of 145 recruited patients, 144 gave written informed consent to participate in the study and considered themselves able to understand the experiment. The mean age was 57.5 &#177; 11.6 years; 74% were men and most patients were married (56%), with a low level of education and low income (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline socioeconomic conditions and characteristics of respondents</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Data (N = 144)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">57.5 (11.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Male sex, number (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">106 (74%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Annual income, U$</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">6,838.59 (10,586.82)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Married 81 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Marital status</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Single 35 (24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Other 28 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8804; 1 year: 5 (3.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 &#8211; 5 years: 39 (27%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Level of education, years of study (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 &#8211; 9 years: 31 (22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 &#8211; 12 years: 40 (28%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">College degree: 29 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 &#8211; 98 (68%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Number of previous PCI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 &#8211; 23 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 or more &#8211; 23 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; continuous data are presented as mean (standard deviation).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>conversion based on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www4.bcb.gov.br/pec/conversao/conversao.asp">http://www4.bcb.gov.br/pec/conversao/conversao.asp</ext-link> (1 U$ = 3.49 R$).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Each respondent answered 12 choice tasks, providing thus a total of 1,728 (i.e., 144 times 12) observations for the analysis. Most patients (73.7%) preferred CABG over PCI (p &lt; 0.001). The results for the estimation of preferences are reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estimated Relative Preference Weights</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Estimate</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Standard error</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PCI label</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">- 1.3226</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.6708</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PCI perioperative death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">- 0.0421</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0975</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PCI long-term death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">- 0.0371</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0172</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PCI myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">- 0.0314</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0165</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Repeat PCI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">- 0.0005</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0087</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CABG perioperative death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">- 0.0956</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0425</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CABG long-term death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">- 0.0582</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0287</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CABG myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0480</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0407</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Repeat CABG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">- 0.0657</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0253</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Log-likelihood = &#8722;952.35. CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; NS: non-significant.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The regression coefficients were statistically significant at 5% level for PCI label, PCI long-term death, CABG perioperative death, CABG long-term death and repeat CABG. The negative coefficients indicate that patients considered the attributes as something undesirable (more risk is worse than less). Notably, the utility function used in the regression model included an alternative specific constant for PCI label and it was not only statistically significant but also the most important parameter, the one with the greatest negative value, meaning that most patients who had to repeat revascularization rejected PCI regardless of the associated risks presented.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study is unique since, as far as we know, it is the first one that evaluated patients' preferences among those who had to undergo repeat revascularization after PCI and provides important insights, such as the evidence of a significant variation in the perceived utility of treatments and the noteworthy overall preference for the most invasive option (CABG).</p>
        <p>There are few studies that used DCEs as a tool to elicit preferences for coronary revascularization. Our systematic review identified that most studies (83%) used ranking or rating as the method to identify patients' preferences and only two studies (33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> used hypothetical scenarios. Hornberger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> studied a nationwide sample of respondents in a conjoint analysis study considering incision scar, pain, recovery time, days in hospital and repeated treatment. It is noteworthy that the participants considered that PCI would overcome CABG only if the 3-year risk of redoing revascularization declined to less than 28%. Kipp et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> using a mixed logistic regression analysis, identified that for nearly all quoted risks, patients preferred PCI over CABG, even when the risk of death was double the risk with CABG or the risk of repeat procedures was more than three times that for CABG.</p>
        <p>In contrast with the Kipp study, the majority of the patients (73.8%) in this study chose the most invasive option: CABG. This difference may be related to the different population since we considered only patients who had a past history of PCI. Besides that, we must consider some differences in the studies designs. While Kipp et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> study was based on a threefold risk to repeat PCI over the risk to repeat CABG, with levels between 2 and 5%, we considered CABG risk between 1% and 7% and PCI risk between 13% and 35%. This high risk to repeat PCI was observed in diabetic patients in the Syntax trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> where 35.3% of patients followed for 5 years had to undergo a new revascularization procedure.</p>
        <p>Another important point raised by our findings is that different endpoints are seen differently by patients. However, guidelines' recommendations are based on the use of composite endpoints such as major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Endpoints such as death, stroke, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization are frequently grouped as an attempt to capture the overall treatment effect and the main advantages are the reduction of the duration, sample size and costs of a clinical trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> The use of MACE assumes that all its components are of equal clinical severity and patients and physicians have a similar perception of each component, assumptions that were false both in our study and in others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Patients and physicians have distinct perspectives and none of them considered all clinical endpoints equally. The appropriate weight of each component of a composite endpoint would provide a more refined interpretation of the trial data.</p>
        <p>An important decision in the application of DCE is whether to present the choices in a labeled or unlabeled form. We decided to adopt labeled scenarios, that is, patients chose between PCI and CABG, and not between option &#8220;A&#8221; versus &#8220;B&#8221;. Unlabeled DCEs would be more suitable to investigate trade-offs between attributes, while labeled DCEs may be more suitable to explain real-life choices. Labeled choice sets are considered less abstract and may increase the validity of the results, which may be better suitable to support decision-making at the policy level. The disadvantage is that labels may reduce the attention respondents give to the attributes and some patients may have chosen one option irrespective of their risks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> In our sample, each respondent answered an additional DCE validity test choice task at the end of the DCE section, a dominated question, where PCI represented the treatment with clearly dominant or better attribute levels, i.e., the less invasive option associated with the lesser risks of dying, having a myocardial infarction or repeat treatment. Respondents were expected to choose PCI, but 54 (37.5%) patients chose CABG, which may configure previous PCI rejection and the impact of the label utilization.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and Clinical Implications</title>
          <p>There are just a few studies regarding patients' preferences between PCI and CABG and this is the first one to analyze patients' preferences specifically for repeated revascularization procedures.</p>
          <p>Another strength is the selection of participants, composed of hospitalized patients, waiting for new revascularization. Currently, most health state value sets are obtained from members of the general public, who attempt to imagine what the state would be like, mainly argued for on the basis that the general population are the payers of healthcare. However, patients understand better the consequences of their choices and what it is like to live with that health condition. This minimizes one of the major concerns with DCEs that is the hypothetical bias related to patients' disinterest or inattention towards hypothetical scenarios, while patients facing the health problem would be more involved with the experiment.</p>
          <p>Current cardiology guidelines may benefit from including patients' preferences into their recommendations. For instance, taking into consideration the results for patients with three-vessel disease of the Syntax trial, the 11.4% long-term mortality in the CABG group (coefficient value &#8211; 0.0582) would be equivalent to 17.9% ((-0.0582/-0.0371)*11.4) long-term mortality in PCI group (coefficient value &#8722;0.0371). Based on the value of the parameters identified in our regression model, even with the higher PCI long-term mortality (13.9%), this 2.5% long-term mortality difference, shown in the Syntax trial, would not be sufficient to influence patients' preferences in favour of CABG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The results of our study are limited by the use of a small sample size from a single tertiary hospital, which may limit the generalizability of our results.</p>
          <p>There may be some interaction effects, since patients may have valued particular attributes or levels differently because of their previous particular experience. Another issue is that the attributes were modelled as continuous variables to make it easier to understand and we considered the effect of levels preferences as linear, which may not be realistic since the value of changing from low to moderate risk not necessarily is the same value of changing risk from moderate to severe.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Despite the important trade-offs between PCI and CABG, such as the necessity to repeat revascularization, patients' preferences have been poorly explored. In a DCE with a sample of hospitalized patients with coronary disease and previous PCI, our results support that most patients reject a new PCI and prefer CABG when facing realistic risk levels of each option.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the doctoral Thesis submitted by Carlos Magliano, from Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
