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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KVpmhbW7KzmRQ8rkGKk4DZB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200611</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200970</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200970</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Minieditorial: Fragilidade em Pacientes n&#227;o Idosos Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5123-3080</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontana</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Iran Castro &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Princesa Isabel 395. CEP <postal-code>90620-000</postal-code> &#8211; Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>irancstro@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>611</fpage>
      <lpage>612</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fragilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Valvas Card&#237;acas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fragilidade &#233; reconhecida como uma s&#237;ndrome geri&#225;trica caracterizada por um excesso de vulnerabilidade a estressores, com baixa capacidade de manter ou recuperar a homeostase ap&#243;s um evento desestabilizador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A an&#225;lise da fragilidade &#233; um assunto bem conhecido e estudado em pacientes idosos, tendo rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o progn&#243;stico e at&#233; mesmo com medidas a serem institu&#237;das pr&#233;-procedimento para melhorar a qualidade de vida e a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Apesar da descri&#231;&#227;o original restringir o termo a pacientes com mais de 65 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> a s&#237;ndrome tamb&#233;m atinge pacientes mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> A fragilidade representa mais aspectos biol&#243;gicos e fenot&#237;picos do que a idade em si,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e os precursores da s&#237;ndrome j&#225; aparecem precocemente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico e a terapia da s&#237;ndrome t&#234;m sido quase exclusivamente limitados aos pacientes com mais de 65 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Poucos estudos que analisaram fragilidade inclu&#237;ram pacientes com menos de 65 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Os fatores classicamente relacionados &#224; fragilidade s&#227;o idade avan&#231;ada, baixa escolaridade, tabagismo, uso de terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, ser solteiro/a, ter depress&#227;o, baixo n&#237;vel intelectual e, nos Estados Unidos, ser de etnia Afro-americana ou Espanhola.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A fragilidade est&#225; associada ao aumento da mortalidade geral e tamb&#233;m prediz piores desfechos em receptores de transplante renal, cirurgia geral e cirurgia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> A ferramenta mais utilizada para definir fragilidade s&#227;o os crit&#233;rios de fragilidade de Fried, que definem como pr&#233;-fr&#225;gil quem atende a 2 crit&#233;rios e como fr&#225;gil quem atende a 3 ou mais dos seguintes crit&#233;rios:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Perda de peso (&#8805;5 por cento do peso corporal no &#250;ltimo ano), exaust&#227;o (resposta positiva &#224;s perguntas sobre o esfor&#231;o necess&#225;rio para realizar atividade), fraqueza (diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de preens&#227;o), velocidade de caminhada lenta (velocidade de marcha) (&gt; 6 a 7 segundos para caminhar 4,5 m) e diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica (Kcal gastas por semana: homens gastando &lt;383 Kcal e mulheres &lt;270 Kcal).</p>
    <p>Quando um procedimento cir&#250;rgico precisa ser indicado, instantaneamente uma s&#233;rie de fatores v&#234;m &#224; mente. O momento certo, o risco cir&#250;rgico e o progn&#243;stico do paciente com e sem o procedimento. Os escores de risco analisam a parte org&#226;nica atrav&#233;s de dados objetivos, associados ao tipo de cirurgia proposta. No entanto, muitas vezes nos deparamos com valores extremamente baixos, que, subjetivamente, sabemos n&#227;o serem confi&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes idosos com estenose valvar a&#243;rtica, os escores de fragilidade j&#225; s&#227;o rotineiramente incorporados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, auxiliando na indica&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o da troca transcateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Em uma era que enfatiza os custos na Medicina, identificar os pacientes mais vulner&#225;veis, decidir um curso de terapia apropriado e direcionar recursos valiosos s&#227;o prioridades importantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> revela que a an&#225;lise da fragilidade n&#227;o est&#225; relacionada &#224;s comorbidades, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e capacidade funcional, um fato bastante relevante. Outro ponto que deve ser considerado &#233; que por raz&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, a an&#225;lise n&#227;o incluiu pacientes com problemas ortop&#233;dicos ou neurol&#243;gicos, com classe funcional IV ou IAM recente, ou em uso de corticoides &#8211; nesse contexto, o risco provavelmente seria exponencial. A mortalidade hospitalar foi significativamente maior em pacientes fr&#225;geis (29,4%, p = 0,026) do que em pacientes pr&#233;-fr&#225;geis (8,6%) e n&#227;o-fr&#225;geis (0%).</p>
    <p>O estudo engloba uma s&#233;rie de caracter&#237;sticas que o tornam relevante. Primeiramente, trata-se de um tema comum e ainda pouco explorado. Em segundo lugar, permite-nos estimar objetivamente o quanto a fragilidade contribui para o desfecho de pacientes n&#227;o idosos fr&#225;geis submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, independentemente do tipo. Por fim, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos para a necessidade de incorporar os escores de fragilidade &#224; sua rotina para melhor estratificar e at&#233; mesmo definir quando um procedimento deve ou n&#227;o ser indicado, dando ao m&#233;dico, paciente e familiares ferramentas que auxiliam na tomada de decis&#227;o. TAVI ou cirurgia convencional? CRM ou ACTP? Espero que tenhamos a for&#231;a de evid&#234;ncia apropriada para indicar aos nossos pacientes o procedimento com a melhor rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Short Editorial: Frailty among Non-Elderly Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5123-3080</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontana</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Iran Castro</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Princesa Isabel 395. CEP <postal-code>90620-000</postal-code> &#8211; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>irancstro@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Frailty</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valves/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care/mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Frailty is recognized as a geriatric syndrome characterized by an excess of vulnerability to stressors, with a low ability to maintain or recover homeostasis after a destabilizing event.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The analysis of frailty is a well-known and studied subject in elderly patients, having a direct relationship with the prognosis and even with measures to be instituted pre-procedure aiming to improve the quality of life and the outcome of the patients.</p>
      <p>Despite the original description restricting the term to patients older than 65 years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> the syndrome also affects younger patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Frailty represents more biological and phenotypic aspects than age itself,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and precursors of the syndrome appear at a young age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The diagnosis and therapy of the syndrome has been almost exclusively limited to patients over 65 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Few studies that analyzed frailty included patients under 65 years old.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Factors classically related to frailty are advanced age, low educational level, smoking, use of hormone replacement therapy, not being married, depression, low intellectual level and, in the United States, being of African-American or Spanish ethnicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Frailty is associated with an increase in overall mortality and also predicts worse outcomes in kidney transplant recipients, general surgery and cardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> The most used tool to define fragility is Fried frailty criteria, which define as pre-fragile those who meets 2 criteria and as fragile those who meets 3 or more of the following criteria:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Weight loss (&#8805;5 percent of body weight in last year), exhaustion (positive response to questions regarding effort required for activity), weakness (decreased grip strength), slow walking speed (gait speed) (&gt;6 to 7 seconds to walk 15 feet) and decreased physical activity (Kcals spent per week: males spending &lt;383 Kcals and females &lt;270 Kcal).</p>
      <p>When a surgical procedure has to be indicated, instantly a series of factors comes to mind: the right moment, the surgical risk and the patient's prognosis, with and without the procedure. The risk scores analyze the organic part through objective data, associated with the type of surgery proposed. However, we are often faced with extremely low values, which, subjectively, we know are not reliable.</p>
      <p>In elderly patients with aortic valve stenosis, frailty scores are already routinely incorporated into the assessment of cardiovascular risk, helping in the indication or not of transcatheter exchange.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> In an era that emphasizes costs in Medicine, identifying the most vulnerable patients, deciding an appropriate course of therapy, and targeting valuable resources are important priorities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The present study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> reveals that the analysis of frailty is not related to comorbidities, ejection fraction and functional capacity, a very relevant fact. Another point that one must consider is that due to methodological reasons, the analysis did not include patients with orthopedic or neurological problems, with functional class IV or recent AMI, or those using corticosteroids - in this context, the risk would probably be exponential. The hospital mortality was significantly higher in frail patients (29.4%, p=0.026) than in pre-frail (8.6%) and non-frail patients (0%).</p>
      <p>The study encompasses a series of characteristics that make it relevant. First, it deals with a common and still little explored topic. Second, it allows us to objectively estimate how much frailty contributes to the outcome of fragile, non-elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery, regardless of the type. Finally, it draws the attention of physicians to the need to incorporate frailty scores into their daily routines in order to better stratify and even define when a procedure should or should not be indicated, providing the doctor, patient and family with tools that assist in the decision-making. TAVI or conventional surgery? CABG or PTCA? I hope that we have the appropriate strength of evidence to indicate to our patients the procedure with the best risk-benefit ratio.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
