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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">s5TFxjPDthkPx8SdBTtqZcj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200595</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190145</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190145</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto Atual da Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea na Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9243-7407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borgomoni</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4672-6494</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Orlandi</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Maria Maglia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4820-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goncharov</surname>
            <given-names>Maxim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3020-6398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Conte</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Praca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiorelli</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrucci</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tiveron</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Grandim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Estadual Campinas FCM Unicamp - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia Mar&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mar&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia Mar&#237;lia, Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR). Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, n&#250;mero 44, bloco II &#8211; 2&#186; andar, sala 11 CEP&#8211; 05403-000 &#8211; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>omar.mejia@incor.com.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>595</fpage>
      <lpage>601</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Resultados pr&#233;vios com o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) geram dificuldades na escolha do melhor tratamento para cada paciente na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) no contexto atual.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o impacto da CEC no cen&#225;rio atual da CRM no estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram analisados 2.905 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM de forma consecutiva em 11 centros do estado de S&#227;o Paulo pertencentes ao Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (REPLICCAR) I. Dados perioperat&#243;rios e de seguimento foram colocados via <italic>on-line</italic> por especialistas treinados e capacitados em cada hospital. Foram analisadas as associa&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis perioperat&#243;rias com o tipo de procedimento (com ou sem CEC) e com os desfechos. A mortalidade esperada foi calculada por meio do EuroSCORE II (ESII). Os valores de p menores de 5% foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade dos pacientes entre os grupos (p=0,081). Dentre os pacientes, 72,9% eram de sexo masculino; 542 pacientes foram operados sem CEC (18,7%). Das caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pr&#233;vio (p=0,005) e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (p=0,031) foram operados com CEC; no entanto, pacientes de emerg&#234;ncia ou em classe funcional New York Heart Association (NYHA) IV foram operados sem CEC (p&lt;0,001). O valor do ESII foi semelhante para ambos os grupos (p=0,427). Na CRM sem CEC, houve prefer&#234;ncia pelo uso do enxerto radial (p&lt;0,001) e com CEC pela art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria direita (p&lt;0,001). No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o uso de CEC esteve associado com reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento (p=0,012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Atualmente, no REPLICCAR, reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento foi o &#250;nico desfecho associado ao uso da CEC na CRM. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(4):595-601)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) &#233; um dos procedimentos mais estudados e, como consequ&#234;ncia, foram alcan&#231;ados excelentes resultados.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> O advento da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), sem d&#250;vidas, permitiu estabelecer a CRM como um tratamento seguro, efetivo e reproduz&#237;vel; no entanto, sempre existiu uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; influ&#234;ncia da CEC na morbimortalidade.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> As primeiras an&#225;lises que compararam CRM com e sem CEC foram em pacientes de baixo risco e n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Com o tempo, o controle da CEC passou a apresentar melhoras, e come&#231;aram a ser encontrados benef&#237;cios a curto prazo unicamente para subgrupos de maior risco.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudos randomizados mais atuais que n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as a curto prazo revelaram problemas com a t&#233;cnica sem CEC, em que apontam complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a pat&#234;ncia das anastomoses e com os maiores &#237;ndices de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> Assim, embora existam crit&#233;rios bem-definidos para indica&#231;&#227;o da CRM, a escolha da CEC continua sendo baseada no perfil cl&#237;nico do paciente e na experi&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o. A oportunidade atual para a t&#233;cnica sem CEC pode estar no aumento de pacientes fr&#225;geis encaminhados para CRM,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> no conceito de levar o procedimento correto para o paciente correto. Por outro lado, resultados atuais da CRM com CEC mostram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE),<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> embora problemas com o aumento de sangramento e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ainda persistam em pacientes de alto risco.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM sem CEC &#233; vari&#225;vel, assim como os resultados de morbimortalidade.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> A falta de uma diretriz nacional que oriente o manuseio da CEC por meio de a&#231;&#245;es dirigidas por metas, protocolos de seguran&#231;a e sistemas de monitoramento em tempo real pode estar influenciando nos resultados; portanto, existe uma lacuna na nossa realidade sobre o impacto da CEC na CRM.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto atual da pr&#225;tica da CEC na morbimortalidade dos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM do REPLICCAR, o maior registro de cirurgias cardiovasculares do estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>A amostra total foi de 5.222 pacientes, dos quais 2.905 foram submetidos &#224; CRM nas 11 institui&#231;&#245;es participantes do estudo REPLICCAR.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Os pacientes foram operados consecutivamente, de novembro de 2013 a dezembro de 2016, nos seguintes hospitais:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Irmandade da Santa Casa de Piracicaba</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Irmandade da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hospital Paulo Sacramento de Jundia&#237;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hospital Pitangueiras do Grupo Sobam</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Irmandade da Santa Casa de Mar&#237;lia</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o e Exclus&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos, operados de CRM de forma eletiva, urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia no per&#237;odo estabelecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que realizaram, no mesmo procedimento, cirurgias associadas (incluindo valva, aorta tor&#225;cica e outros) e procedimentos alternativos da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana ( <italic>laser</italic> , inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco e outros).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Coleta, Defini&#231;&#227;o e Organiza&#231;&#227;o dos Dados</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise foi realizada no banco de dados do REPLICCAR I. Trata-se de um registro prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico e mandat&#243;rio com coleta de dados entre novembro de 2013 e dezembro de 2016. A coleta de dados foi realizada por pessoas graduadas e treinadas para esta finalidade em cada centro participante. Os dados foram incorporados no <italic>site</italic> http://bdcardio.incor.usp.br, por meio de quatro interfaces dispon&#237;veis: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, intraoperat&#243;rio, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e avalia&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias. O seguimento dos pacientes foi realizado por via telef&#244;nica. A completude e veracidade dos dados foram supervisionadas pelo comit&#234; executivo do registro. As defini&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis foram adotadas a partir do EuroSCORE II, e o c&#225;lculo da mortalidade esperada no <italic>site</italic> http://www.EuroSCORE.org/calc.html.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos analisados foram: morbidade (reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento, choque cardiog&#234;nico, AVE, infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico, mediastinite, pneumonia, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio [IAM] e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda [IRAg]) e mortalidade cir&#250;rgica no per&#237;odo entre a cirurgia e a avalia&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias, ou, do contr&#225;rio, at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o uso do <italic>software </italic> STATA vers&#227;o 13.1 (StataCorp, Texas, USA). Para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade dos dados, foi utilizado o Teste de <italic>Shapiro Wilk</italic> . As vari&#225;veis IMC (&lt;18,5kg/m2: baixo; 18,5 a 24,9kg/m2: normal; 25 a 29.9kg/m2: sobrepeso e; &#8805;30kg/m2: obesidade), classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA (I e II; III e IV), EuroSCORE II (&lt;5% e &#8805;5%), hemoglobina glicosilada (&#8804;7% e &gt;7%), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (&lt;30%; 30 a 50%; &#8805;50%), hemat&#243;crito (&lt;30% e &#8805;30%) e creatinina (&#8804;1,4mg/dL e &gt;1,4mg/dL) foram categorizadas como frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa, com o intervalo de confian&#231;a binomial de 95%. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; diferen&#231;a pelo teste de <italic>Mann Whitney,</italic> devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Contudo, para a compara&#231;&#227;o de categorias, utilizamos os testes qui-quadrado ou exato de <italic>Fisher</italic> . As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas assim&#233;tricas foram descritas atrav&#233;s de mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis de desfecho (complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias) foram analisadas por meio da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, e foram expressas a raz&#227;o de chances ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> ) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Os valores de <italic>p</italic> menores de 5% foram considerados significativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>&#201;tica e Termo de Consentimento</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi uma suban&#225;lise dentro do projeto intitulado &#8220; <italic>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco Cir&#250;rgico como Instrumento de Inova&#231;&#227;o em Programas em Cirurgia Card&#237;aca no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> &#8221; com registro <italic>on-line </italic> n&#176; 9696 da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lises de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do HC-FMUSP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram avaliados 2.905 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM no per&#237;odo de estudo. Destes, 542 (18,7%) n&#227;o fizeram uso de CEC durante o procedimento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade entre os grupos analisados ( <italic>p</italic> =0,081), a mediana dos pacientes com CEC foi de 63 anos (56 a 69), e sem CEC mediana, de 64 (56 a 71); 72,9% foram do g&#234;nero masculino.</p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , est&#227;o descritas as caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias dos grupos avaliados. Embora, os grupos demonstrem homogeneidade, observamos uma alta preval&#234;ncia de infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio em ambos os grupos (&gt; de 40%), sendo significativamente maior para o grupo de pacientes escolhidos para a cirurgia com CEC (p=0,005). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor da mediana do EuroSCORE II (p=0,482) para ambos os grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias da amostra de pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM com e sem CEC. REPLICCAR, S&#227;o Paulo, 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">CEC</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="2">Sim (n = 2.363)</th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#227;o (n = 542)</th>
                <th rowspan="2">IC 95%</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">63 (56-69)*</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">64 (56-71)*</td>
                <td align="center">62,4 a 62,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,081&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25 a 0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,125&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1.737</td>
                <td align="center">73,5</td>
                <td align="center">381</td>
                <td align="center">70,3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">625</td>
                <td align="center">26,5</td>
                <td align="center">161</td>
                <td align="center">29,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">27,3 a 27,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,809&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 18,5</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>18,5 a 24,9</td>
                <td align="center">709</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">173</td>
                <td align="center">31,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>25 a 29,9</td>
                <td align="center">1.057</td>
                <td align="center">44,7</td>
                <td align="center">234</td>
                <td align="center">43,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 30</td>
                <td align="center">583</td>
                <td align="center">24,7</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.142</td>
                <td align="center">48,3</td>
                <td align="center">226</td>
                <td align="center">41,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 a 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,005&#8225;</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold><italic>Stent</italic> pr&#233;vio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">389</td>
                <td align="center">16,5</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 a 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,363&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 a 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,157&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insulinodependente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">382</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 a 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,381&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,004 a 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,963&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Angina classe funcional IV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">442</td>
                <td align="center">18,7</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 a 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,299&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,32 a 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,917&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I e II</td>
                <td align="center">1.562</td>
                <td align="center">66,1</td>
                <td align="center">357</td>
                <td align="center">65,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III e IV</td>
                <td align="center">801</td>
                <td align="center">33,9</td>
                <td align="center">185</td>
                <td align="center">34,1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroSCORE II</td>
                <td colspan="2"> </td>
                <td colspan="2"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,07 a 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,482&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 5%</td>
                <td align="center">2.156</td>
                <td align="center">91,5</td>
                <td align="center">501</td>
                <td align="center">92,4</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 5%</td>
                <td align="center">200</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*Mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ); &#8224;Mann Whitney; &#8225;Teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , podemos observar que pacientes com hemoglobina glicosilada &gt; 7% foram operados com CEC (p=0,008). Quando a limita&#231;&#227;o esteve relacionada com o cora&#231;&#227;o, como s&#227;o os pacientes com FE&lt;50%, eles foram escolhidos para cirurgia com CEC (p=0,031). O tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o esteve associado com valores de hemat&#243;crito e creatinina para os v&#225;rios pontos de corte analisados neste estudo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da amostra de pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM com e sem CEC. REPLICCAR, S&#227;o Paulo, 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">CEC</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Exames pr&#233;</th>
                <th colspan="2">Sim (n = 2363)</th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#227;o (n = 542)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Hemoglobina glicosilada</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6,6 a 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,008&#8225;</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 7%</td>
                <td align="center">784</td>
                <td align="center">68,0</td>
                <td align="center">159</td>
                <td align="center">77,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 7%</td>
                <td align="center">369</td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">56,5 a 57,3</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,031&#8225;</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30 a 50%</td>
                <td align="center">474</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">16,1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">1853</td>
                <td align="center">78,4</td>
                <td align="center">451</td>
                <td align="center">83,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Hemat&#243;crito</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">39,9 a 40,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,218&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">2284</td>
                <td align="center">96,7</td>
                <td align="center">518</td>
                <td align="center">95,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Creatinina</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,1 a 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,651&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 1,4 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">2049</td>
                <td align="center">86,7</td>
                <td align="center">466</td>
                <td align="center">86,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 1,4 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">314</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>&#8225;Teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No que diz respeito aos fatores intraoperat&#243;rios, na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> , verificamos que, quando escolhida a t&#233;cnica sem CEC, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;quela com CEC, houve maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o do enxerto de art&#233;ria radial (p&lt;0,001) do que enxerto de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita (ATID) (p&lt;0,001); no entanto, o uso de enxerto de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (ATIE) n&#227;o teve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p=0,276) com alguma das t&#233;cnicas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores intraoperat&#243;rios da amostra de pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM com e sem CEC. REPLICCAR, S&#227;o Paulo, 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">CEC</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Intraoperat&#243;rio</th>
                <th colspan="2">Sim ( <italic>n</italic> = 2363)</th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#227;o ( <italic>n</italic> = 542)</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ATIE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2.221</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">516</td>
                <td align="center">95,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 a 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,276&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ATID</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">282</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 a 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Radial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">134</td>
                <td align="center">5,7</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 a 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>&#8225;Teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> , n&#227;o identificamos associa&#231;&#227;o significativa para a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, sendo a propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante entre os casos com e sem CEC ( <italic>p</italic> =0,473). O uso da CEC n&#227;o esteve relacionado com a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica ( <italic>p</italic> =0,761). No entanto, o uso da t&#233;cnica com CEC esteve associado com reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento ( <italic>p</italic> =0,001), levando a um aumento do risco de sangramento de 6,2 vezes (B = 1,8, IC95% 0,41-3,23).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias da amostra de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio com e sem CEC. REPLICCAR, S&#227;o Paulo, 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos cl&#237;nicos e mortalidade</th>
                <th colspan="2">Uso de CEC</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th>Sim (n = 2363)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o (n = 542)</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">53 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 a 25,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">77 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 a 1,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AVE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 a 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,784</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">286 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 a 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mediastinite</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 a 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,303</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pneumonia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">163 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 a 1,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,251</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IAM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">38 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 a 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IRAg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">118 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 a 1,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#211;bito</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">102 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 a 1,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,761</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>OR: Odds ratio; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IRAg: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias mostram que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria na CRM sem CEC leva a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> assim como menores &#237;ndices de vasoplegia e les&#227;o renal.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Neste cen&#225;rio, an&#225;lises retrospectivas em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es confirmam uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da morbimortalidade quando a CRM &#233; realizada sem CEC.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> Assim, mesmo uma an&#225;lise nos quatro maiores centros dos EUA mostrou benef&#237;cio quando a CRM foi realizada sem CEC, principalmente nos pacientes considerados de alto risco.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Dois estudos publicados no mesmo per&#237;odo, um nos EUA<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> e outro no Brasil,<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> revelaram tamb&#233;m um maior risco de &#243;bito nos pacientes operados com CEC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos operados sem CEC, principalmente no grupo de alto risco. Da mesma forma, uma an&#225;lise de 30 anos da CRM sem CEC demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos desfechos de mortalidade hospitalar, acidente cerebrovascular, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias graves, tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e diminui&#231;&#227;o de custos.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, estudos randomizados de grande impacto n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a a favor da CRM sem CEC no que diz respeito &#224; morbimortalidade.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> - <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> </sup> Em nossa an&#225;lise, com uma amostra atual e multic&#234;ntrica, a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a encontrada a favor da CRM sem CEC foi o menor n&#250;mero de reopera&#231;&#245;es por sangramento. Isso tamb&#233;m foi verificado no estudo de Lamy et al.,<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> onde mesmo n&#227;o existindo uma diferen&#231;a significativa na morbimortalidade, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento. A taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento encontrada em nosso estudo &#233; similar &#224; encontrada em outro estudo,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> mas, em contrapartida, a mortalidade foi 4,5 vezes maior nos pacientes que tiveram essa complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de CRM sem CEC na nossa amostra &#233; similar aos valores relatados em outras casu&#237;sticas,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> sugerindo a ader&#234;ncia &#224;s diretrizes na escolha da t&#233;cnica e a inclus&#227;o de todos os pacientes no registro. Na an&#225;lise, tamb&#233;m foi evidenciado que, quando as limita&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas estiveram relacionadas &#224; manipula&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, como infarto pr&#233;vio e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a equipe tendeu a escolher a t&#233;cnica com CEC. No entanto, bons resultados tamb&#233;m foram encontrados quando operados sem CEC.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Por outro lado, quando as limita&#231;&#245;es estiveram relacionadas com a gravidade do paciente, tipo NYHA IV ou estado de emerg&#234;ncia, a escolha foi pela t&#233;cnica sem CEC. Isso corrobora com estudos que mostram uma prefer&#234;ncia pela CRM sem CEC nos pacientes inst&#225;veis.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> A maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial na CRM sem CEC pode ser explicada pelo menor tempo para obten&#231;&#227;o do enxerto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dupla mam&#225;ria principalmente nos quadros agudos.</p>
      <p>Cantero et al.,<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> publicaram uma mortalidade hospitalar de 4,3% e 4,7%, respectivamente, no grupo sem CEC e com CEC (p=0,92), similar aos valores encontrados no nosso estudo (p=0,76). No entanto, diferentemente do nosso estudo, eles encontraram nos pacientes operados sem CEC um menor &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao infarto (p=0,02) e ao uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (p=0,01).</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o significativa no que diz respeito ao g&#234;nero feminino com maiores &#237;ndices de desfechos negativos. Como descrito por S&#225; et al.,<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> isso talvez esteja relacionado com o tamanho amostral dos diferentes estudos.</p>
      <p>Os escores de risco s&#227;o instrumentos de predi&#231;&#227;o que ajudam pacientes e profissionais da sa&#250;de na tomada de decis&#245;es sobre o prov&#225;vel risco de complica&#231;&#245;es ou &#243;bito. Em um estudo realizado no InCor-HC-FMUSP, foi encontrado um ponto de corte para o EuroSCORE e o 2000BP que ajudaria na tomada de decis&#245;es para o uso ou n&#227;o da CEC na CRM.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, foi utilizado o EuroSCORE II, o mesmo que subestimou a nossa mortalidade observada, o que contraindicaria sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para a tomada de decis&#245;es na amostra estudada. Isso confirma as orienta&#231;&#245;es da &#250;ltima diretriz europeia, em que o uso atual do ESII para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ap&#243;s CRM fica contraindicado.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foram: (1) a influ&#234;ncia das varia&#231;&#245;es no manuseio da CEC e dos protocolos sem CEC utilizados em cada centro participante n&#227;o foi analisada. (2) N&#227;o foram analisados aspectos importantes, como o uso de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e o uso de antifibrinol&#237;ticos nos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. No entanto, sabemos que o uso de protocolos seguindo as evid&#234;ncias atuais t&#234;m reduzido consideravelmente o aumento do risco de sangramento.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Em resumo, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados n&#227;o encontraram, em curto prazo, redu&#231;&#245;es na morbidade e mortalidade demonstradas nos estudos observacionais quando a CRM foi realizada sem CEC. No futuro, o uso de uma CEC mais monitorada e em tempo real, incluindo gasometria <italic>on-line</italic> e terapia dirigida por metas, pode ressaltar as vantagens do uso da CEC. Finalmente, &#233; importante reiterar que o estado da arte atual &#233; que grupos multidisciplinares definam e escolham a t&#233;cnica correta para o paciente certo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes escolhidos para CRM com CEC, foram os mais est&#225;veis clinicamente, por&#233;m, os com pior fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em compara&#231;&#227;o aos operados sem CEC. A reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento foi o &#250;nico desfecho associado &#224; pr&#225;tica atual da CEC na CRM no estado de S&#227;o Paulo; contudo, tal complica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o influenciou no aumento do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos.</p>
      <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Borgomoni GB, Mejia OAV, Lisboa LAF, Conte PH, Oliveira MAP, Petrucci Junior O, Tiveron M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Borgomoni GB, Mejia OAV, Conte PH, Oliveira MAP, Petrucci Junior O, Tiveron M, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Borgomoni GB, Mejia OAV, Goncharov M, Lisboa LAF, Conte PH, Oliveira MAP, Fiorelli AI, Petrucci Junior O, Tiveron M, Dallan LAO; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Borgomoni GB, Mejia OAV, Orlandi BMM, Goncharov M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Borgomoni GB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mejia OAV, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="suported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Current Impact of Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in S&#227;o Paulo State</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9243-7407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borgomoni</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4672-6494</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Orlandi</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Maria Maglia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4820-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goncharov</surname>
            <given-names>Maxim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3020-6398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Conte</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Praca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiorelli</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrucci</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tiveron</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Grandim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Campinas FCM Unicamp - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mar&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia Mar&#237;lia, Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR). 44 Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar Avenue, Block II &#8211; 2nd floor, 11 room &#8211; POSTAL CODE 05403-000 &#8211; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: omar.mejia@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Borgomoni GB, Mejia OAV, Lisboa LAF, Conte PH, Oliveira MAP, Petrucci Junior O, Tiveron M; Acquisition of data: Borgomoni GB, Mejia OAV, Conte PH, Oliveira MAP, Petrucci Junior O, Tiveron M, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Borgomoni GB, Mejia OAV, Goncharov M, Lisboa LAF, Conte PH, Oliveira MAP, Fiorelli AI, Petrucci Junior O, Tiveron M, Dallan LAO; Statistical analysis: Borgomoni GB, Mejia OAV, Orlandi BMM, Goncharov M; Writing of the manuscript: Borgomoni GB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mejia OAV, Lisboa LAF, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Previous results on the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have generated difficulties in choosing the best treatment for each patient undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery (CABG) in the current context.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>Evaluate the current impact of CPB in CABG in S&#227;o Paulo State.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 2905 patients who underwent CABG were consecutively analyzed in 11 S&#227;o Paulo State centers belonging to the S&#227;o Paulo Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery (REPLICCAR) I. Perioperative and follow-up data were included online by trained specialists in each hospital. Associations of the perioperative variables with the type of procedure and with the outcomes were analyzed. The study outcomes were morbidity and operative mortality. The expected mortality was calculated using EuroSCORE II (ESII). The values of p &lt;5% were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>There were no significant differences concerning the patients&#8217; age between the groups (p=0.081). 72.9% of the patients were males. Of the patients, 542 underwent surgery without CPB (18.7%). Of the preoperative characteristics, patients with previous myocardial infarction (p=0.005) and ventricular dysfunction (p=0.031) underwent surgery with CPB. However, emergency or <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) class IV patients underwent surgery without CPB (p&lt;0.001). The ESII value was similar in both groups (p=0.427). In CABG without CPB, the radial graft was preferred (p&lt;0.001), and in CABG with CPB the right mammary artery was the preferred one (p&lt;0.001). In the postoperative period, CPB use was associated with reoperation for bleeding (p=0.012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Currently in the REPLICCAR, reoperation for bleeding was the only outcome associated with the use of CPB in CABG. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(4):595-601)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>\epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is one of the most studied procedures and, consequently, excellent results have been achieved.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>The advent of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has, undoubtedly, allowed establishing CABG as a safe, effective, and reproducible treatment, although there has always been a concern about the influence of CPB on morbimortality.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>The first analysis that compared CABG with and without CPB was carried out in low-risk patients and did not show any significant differences.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Over time, CPB control was improved and short-term benefits began to be found only for subgroups at greater risks.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>However, more recent randomized studies that did not find short-term differences disclosed problems with the technique without CPB, where complications occurred related to the patency of anastomoses and with the highest rates of incomplete revascularization.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>Thus, although the criteria for CABG indication are well defined, the choice is based on the clinical profile and the surgeon&#8217;s experience. The current opportunity for the technique without CPB might be related to the increased number of fragile patients referred for CABG,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>based on the concept of applying the correct procedure to the correct patient. Current results for CABG with CPB show a reduction in the incidence of stroke,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>although problems with an increase in bleeding and renal dysfunction persists for high-risk patients.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, the proportion of patients who undergo CABG without CPB is variable, as are the morbimortality results.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>The lack of a national guideline that recommends the handling of CPB through goal directed perfusion, security protocols, and real-time monitoring could be influencing the results; thus, there is a gap in our understanding of the impact of CPB on CABG.</p>
        <p>The goal of this study was to evaluate the current impact of CPB on the morbimortality of patients undergoing CABG recorded in the REPLICCAR, the largest cardiovascular surgery registry in S&#227;o Paulo State.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Samples</title>
          <p>The total number of samples included 5222 patients, of which 2905 underwent CABG at the 11 participating institutions of the REPLICCAR study.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>The patients were consecutively submitted to surgery from November 2013 to December 2016 at the following hospitals:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UNICAMP</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Irmandade da Santa Casa de Piracicaba</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Irmandade da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hospital Paulo Sacramento de Jundia&#237;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hospital Pitangueiras do Grupo SOBAM</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo da UNIFESP</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Irmandade da Santa Casa de Mar&#237;lia</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion Criteria</title>
          <p>All the patients were aged &#8805;18 years old and underwent CABG either electively, urgently, or because of an emergency during the established period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion Criteria</title>
          <p>Patients who underwent associated surgeries (including valve, thoracic aorta, and other surgeries) and alternative procedures to treat coronary insufficiency (laser, stem cell injections, and others) were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Collection, Definition, and Organization</title>
        <p>The analysis was based on the REPLICCAR I database, which is a prospective, multicenter, mandatory registry that includes data collected between November 2013 and December 2016. The data collection was performed by people who had a degree and were trained for this exact purpose in each participating center. The data were incorporated into the website http://bdcardio.incor.usp.br/, through 4 available interfaces, including preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative, and evaluation after 30 days. Patient follow-up was performed through telephone interviews. The completeness and veracity of the data were overseen by the executive records committee. The definitions of variables were adopted from EUROSCORE II and the mortality calculation was performed using http://www.EuroSCORE.org/calc.html.</p>
        <p>The analyzed outcomes were: morbidity (reoperation for bleeding, cardiogenic shock, stroke, surgical site infection, mediastinitis, pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction, and acute kidney injury) and surgical mortality in the period between the surgery and the 30-day evaluation, or otherwise, discharge from the hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using STATA software version 13.1 (StataCorp, Texas, USA). The <italic>Shapiro-Wilk</italic> test was used to evaluate data distribution normality. The variables: BMI (&lt;18.5kg /m<sup>2</sup>low, 18.5-24.9kg /m<sup>2</sup>normal, 25-29.9kg /m<sup>2</sup>overweight and &#8805;30kg / m<sup>2</sup>obesity), NYHA Classification (I and II and III and IV), EuroSCORE II (&lt;5% and &#8805;5%), glycosylated hemoglobin (&#8804;7% and&gt; 7%), ejection fraction (&lt;30%, 30-50%, &#8805;50%), Hematocrit (&lt;30% e; &#8805;30%) and creatinine levels (&#8804;1.4mg / dL and&gt; 1.4mg / dL) were categorized as absolute and relative frequencies, with the binomial confidence interval of 95%. Continuous variables were assessed for the difference using the <italic>Mann-Whitney</italic> test, due to the data distribution. However, the Chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s Exact tests were used for the comparison of categories. Asymmetric continuous variables were described as median and interquartile range. The outcome variables (postoperative complications) were analyzed using univariate logistic regression and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were expressed. P values &lt; 5% were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics and Consent Form</title>
        <p>This study is a subanalysis of the project entitled &#8220;Heart Surgery Programs Innovation Using Surgical Risk Stratification at the S&#227;o Paulo State Public Healthcare System&#8221; registered online under number 9696 at the Ethics Committee for Research Projects Analysis Extended Diagnosis Clusters (CAPPesq) of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 2905 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery were analyzed during the study period. Of these, 542 (18.7%) did not undergo cardiopulmonary bypass during the procedure. There were no significant differences concerning the patients&#8217; age between the groups (p=00.81), as the median age of patients submitted to CPB was 63 years old (56-69), whereas in the group without CPB it was 64 years old (56-71). 72.9% of the patients were males.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the preoperative characteristics of the evaluated groups, where the sample homogeneity was presented. A high prevalence of prior myocardial infarction were observed in both groups (&gt;40%), however, it was significantly higher in the patients selected for the procedure with the use of CPB (p=0.005). There was no significant difference in relation to the median value of the EuroSCORE II (p=0.482) for both groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preoperative characteristics of the patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft with and without CPB. REPLICCAR, S&#227;o Paulo, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">CPB</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Yes (n= 2363)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">No (n= 542)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">95% CI</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p Value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, median, IQR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">63 (56-69) *</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">64(56-71) *</td>
                  <td align="center">62.4 &#8211; 62.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081 &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 &#8211; 0.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.125 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">1737</td>
                  <td align="center">73.5</td>
                  <td align="center">381</td>
                  <td align="center">70.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">625</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5</td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                  <td align="center">29.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 &#8211; 27.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.809 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;18.5</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>18.5&#8211;24.9</td>
                  <td align="center">709</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">173</td>
                  <td align="center">31.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>25&#8211;29.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1057</td>
                  <td align="center">44.7</td>
                  <td align="center">234</td>
                  <td align="center">43.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">583</td>
                  <td align="center">24.7</td>
                  <td align="center">131</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prior myocardial infarction</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1142</td>
                  <td align="center">48.3</td>
                  <td align="center">226</td>
                  <td align="center">41.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45 &#8211; 0.49</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.005 &#8225;</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prior stenting</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">389</td>
                  <td align="center">16.5</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15 &#8211; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.363 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous heart surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 &#8211; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Insulin-dependent diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">382</td>
                  <td align="center">16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15 &#8211; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.381 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>COPD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004 &#8211; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.963 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Functional class IV angina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">442</td>
                  <td align="center">18.7</td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">16.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17 &#8211; 0.20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.32 &#8211; 0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.917 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I &amp; II</td>
                  <td align="center">1562</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1</td>
                  <td align="center">357</td>
                  <td align="center">65.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III &amp; IV</td>
                  <td align="center">801</td>
                  <td align="center">33.9</td>
                  <td align="center">185</td>
                  <td align="center">34.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>EuroSCORE II</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.07 &#8211; 0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.482 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 5%</td>
                  <td align="center">2156</td>
                  <td align="center">91.5</td>
                  <td align="center">501</td>
                  <td align="center">92.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 5%</td>
                  <td align="center">200</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. * Median and interquartile range (IQR), &#8224; Mann Whitney, &#8225; Chi-Square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows that patients with glycosylated hemoglobin &gt;7% underwent surgery with CPB (p=0.008). When the limitation was related to the heart, patients with ejection fraction &lt;50% were chosen to undergo surgery with CPB (p=0.031). The type of intervention was not associated with hematocrit and creatinine levels in the various cutoffs analyzed in this study.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preoperative evaluation of the patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft with and without CPB. REPLICCAR, S&#227;o Paulo, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">CPB</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p Value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Pre-operative exams</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Yes (n=2362)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Yes (n=2362)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Glycosylated hemoglobin</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">6.6 &#8211; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 7%</td>
                  <td align="center">784</td>
                  <td align="center">68.0</td>
                  <td align="center">159</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 7%</td>
                  <td align="center">369</td>
                  <td align="center">32.0</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">23.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Ejection fraction</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">56.5 &#8211; 57.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.031 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 &#8211; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">474</td>
                  <td align="center">20.1</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">16.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">1853</td>
                  <td align="center">78.4</td>
                  <td align="center">451</td>
                  <td align="center">83.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hematocrit</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">39.9 &#8211; 40.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.218 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">2284</td>
                  <td align="center">96.7</td>
                  <td align="center">518</td>
                  <td align="center">95.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinine</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 &#8211; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.651 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 1.4 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">2049</td>
                  <td align="center">86.7</td>
                  <td align="center">466</td>
                  <td align="center">86.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 1.4 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">314</td>
                  <td align="center">13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>&#8225; Chi-Square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The intraoperative factors ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ) verified that when the off-pump technique was chosen, in relation to the on-pump, there was a greater use of radial artery grafting (p&lt;0.001) over the right internal thoracic artery (RITA) (p&lt;0.001); however, the use of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) grafts was not significantly associated (p=0.276) with any of the techniques.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Intraoperative factors of the patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft with and without CPB. REPLICCAR, S&#227;o Paulo, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">CPB</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Intraoperative</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Yes (n=2362)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">No (n=542)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LITA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2221</td>
                  <td align="center">94</td>
                  <td align="center">516</td>
                  <td align="center">95.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93 &#8211; 0.95</td>
                  <td align="center">0.276 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RITA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">282</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09 &#8211; 0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Radial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">134</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">114</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08 &#8211; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>&#8225; Chi-Square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The postoperative events ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ) did not identify a significant association with the occurrence of stroke up to 30 days after surgery, with a similar proportion between patients with and without CPB (p=0.473). The use of CPB was not related to surgical mortality (p=0.761). However, it was associated with reoperation for bleeding (p=0.001), leading to a 6.2-fold increased risk of bleeding (B=1.8, 95% CI, 0.41-3.23).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate logistic regression of the postoperative complications of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft with and without CPB. REPLICCAR, S&#227;o Paulo, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Postoperative events and mortality</th>
                  <th colspan="2">CPB</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>Yes (n=2362)</th>
                  <th>No (n=542)</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>CI 95%</th>
                  <th>p Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Reoperation for Bleeding</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 - 25.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiogenic shock</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">77 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 - 1.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stroke</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32 - 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.784</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Surgical site infection</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">286 (12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (10.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 - 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.203</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mediastinitis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 - 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.303</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pneumonia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">163 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 - 1.89</td>
                  <td align="center">0.251</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Acute myocardial infarction</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37 - 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Acute kidney injury</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">118 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56 - 1.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Death</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">102 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57 - 1.46</td>
                  <td align="center">0.761</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>OR: Odds ratio</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Evidence has shown that the decrease in inflammatory response in off-pump CABG results in a decrease in organic dysfunctions,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>as well as lower rates of vasoplegia and kidney injury.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>This retrospective analysis in large populations confirms a significant decrease in morbimortality when CABG is performed without CPB.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>Furthermore, an analysis of the 4 largest centers in the United States of America (USA) has shown benefits when CABG is performed without CPB, mainly in high-risk patients.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Two studies published regarding the same time period, one in the USA<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>and the other in Brazil,<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>also revealed an increased risk of death in patients undergoing CABG with CPB compared with those without CPB, especially in the high-risk group. Similarly, an analysis of 30 years of CABG without CPB showed a significant decrease in hospital mortality outcomes, such as stroke, severe postoperative complications, hospitalization time, and cost reduction.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nonetheless, randomized high impact trials did not show any difference in favor of CABG without CPB regarding the morbimortality.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> - <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> </sup>In our analysis, with a current sample and multicentric study, the only difference found in favor of CABG without CPB was the lower number of reoperations for bleeding. This was also verified in the analysis of Lamy et al.,<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>that when no significant difference occurred in morbidity and mortality, there was a decrease in the need for reoperation for bleeding. The rate of reoperation for bleeding found in this present study is similar to that found in another study,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>but conversely, the mortality rate was 4.5 times higher in patients who had this complication.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of CABG without CPB in our sample is similar to the values reported in other studies,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>suggesting adherence to the guidelines regarding the choice of technique and the inclusion of all the patients in the registry. The analysis also evidenced that, when the surgical limitation was related to the heart manipulation, such as prior myocardial infarction and/or ventricular dysfunction, the group leaned towards choosing the technique with CPB. However, good results were also found when CABG was performed without CPB.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>Conversely, when limitations were related to patient severity, NYHA IV or an emergency situation, the choice was off-pump surgery. This confirms the studies that showed a preference for CABG without CPB in unstable patients.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>The higher utilization of radial arterial grafts in CABG without CPB can be explained by the shorter time required for graft preparation in relation to the double thoracic artery graft, mainly in acute cases.</p>
        <p>Cantero el al.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>reported a hospital mortality rate of 4.3% and 4.7% in a group without CPB and with CPB, respectively (p=0.92), similar values to those found in this study (p=0.76). However, the difference from this study is that patients submitted to surgery without CPB had fewer complications related to myocardial infarction (p=0.02) and the use of the intra-aortic balloon pump (p=0.01).</p>
        <p>In this study, we did not find any significant correlation with the female gender and a higher index of negative outcomes, as described by S&#225; el al.,<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>which may be related to the sample size of the different studies.</p>
        <p>The risk scores are prediction instruments that help patients and health professionals in their decision making about probable risks of complications or death. In a study conducted at InCor-HCFMUSP, a cutoff was found for the EuroSCORE and the 2000BP that would help in decision making to not use CPB with CABG.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>This study uses EuroSCORE II, the same that underestimated our observed mortality, which would contradict its utilization in decision making regarding the studied sample. This confirms the recommendations of the last European guideline, where the total use of EII for the prediction of mortality after CABG is contraindicated.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The limitations of this study are as follows: (1) The influence of variations in the handling of CPB and non-CPB protocols used in each participating center were not analyzed; (2) There were no important analyses, such as the use of antiplatelet agents and the use of antifibrinolytics in patients who underwent CABG. However, it is known that the use of protocols following current evidence has considerably reduced the increased risk of bleeding.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>In summary, randomized clinical trials did not find a short-term reduction in morbidity and mortality demonstrated in observational studies when CABG was performed without CPB. In the future, the use of a more monitored and real-time CPB, including online gasometry and goal-directed therapy, may highlight the advantages of using CPB. Finally, it is important to reiterate that the current state-of-the-art condition is that multidisciplinary groups define and choose the correct technique for the right patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Patients chosen for CABG with CPB were the most clinically stable, but with worse ventricular function than those without CPB. Reoperation for bleeding was the only outcome associated with the current CPB practice in S&#227;o Paulo State; however, this complication did not influence the increase in the number of deaths.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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  </sub-article>
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