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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wjb45N8JhY6WgYJHrhyZN3P</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100590</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200140</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200140</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo Recorrente: Um Enigma ainda n&#227;o Resolvido</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5966-2488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yalta</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaya</surname>
            <given-names>Caglar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Trakya University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Edime</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trakya University, School of Medicine, Cardiology Department,Edime - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Kenan Yalta</bold> &#8226; Trakya University - Edirne 22030 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>kyalta@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>590</fpage>
      <lpage>591</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo</kwd>
        <kwd>Recidiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo (CTT) ganhou um amplo reconhecimento como uma forma transit&#243;ria de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, geralmente surgindo em resposta a certos fatores desencadeantes de estresse associados &#224; descarga adren&#233;rgica, e foi relatado em estudos anteriores que o mesmo tem taxas de recorr&#234;ncia vari&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em sua revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> recentemente publicada, Campos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sugeriram certos fatores associados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da CTT, incluindo &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) mais baixo, g&#234;nero feminino, gradiente m&#233;dio-ventricular (GMV) j&#225; existente e proximidade temporal com o evento &#237;ndice (inicial) da CTT. Concordamos plenamente com esses fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos neste cen&#225;rio. No entanto, gostar&#237;amos de ter mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sua an&#225;lise e fazer alguns coment&#225;rios no contexto geral de recorr&#234;ncia da CTT. Como descrito abaixo, acreditamos que existam duas categorias b&#225;sicas de pacientes com CTT que s&#227;o mais propensos a ter recorr&#234;ncias futuras na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica:</p>
    <list list-type="simple">
      <list-item>
        <p>- A primeira categoria compreende os casos de CTT associados a um gatilho puramente mec&#226;nico, incluindo o GMV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa forma de evolu&#231;&#227;o da CTT foi encontrada principalmente no contexto de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca hipertensiva, geralmente com uma pequena cavidade ventricular (mesmo sem GMV evidente em repouso), e parece ser desencadeada por aumentos s&#250;bitos e excessivos no GMV, levando a um padr&#227;o de balonismo apical,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> geralmente de forma recorrente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, a reconstru&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do m&#233;dio-ventr&#237;culo pode ser obrigat&#243;ria em certos casos refrat&#225;rios com surtos recorrentes de CTT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim, questionamos a incid&#234;ncia de CMH e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca hipertensiva na an&#225;lise geral. E em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; reconstru&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, se houver, e seu impacto na recorr&#234;ncia da CTT? Digno de nota, o maior risco de recorr&#234;ncia da CTT no sexo feminino<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>pode, at&#233; certo ponto, ser atribu&#237;vel &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de GMV sutil ou evidente, em sua maior parte associada a dimens&#245;es cavit&#225;rias relativamente pequenas e incid&#234;ncia relativamente maior de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica significativa (em resposta &#224; hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, etc.) em mulheres.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>- A segunda categoria constitui a parte principal e pode incluir aqueles com uma descarga adren&#233;rgica grave durante o evento &#237;ndice de CTT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que a descarga adren&#233;rgica grave &#233; bem conhecida por estar significativamente associada a dist&#250;rbios inerentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que levam a mecanismos de resposta fisiol&#243;gica exagerados (ao inv&#233;s do grau do gatilho associado), potencialmente sugerindo sua natureza repetitiva e facilmente induz&#237;vel em um determinado caso de CTT. A proximidade temporal com ao evento &#237;ndice de CTT, sugerido como um fator de risco na an&#225;lise atual,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m pode substanciar o papel da descarga adren&#233;rgica grave em futuras recorr&#234;ncias de CTT. Mais especificamente, a descarga adren&#233;rgica grave, al&#233;m de ser determinada diretamente com os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de catecolaminas, pode potencialmente apresentar uma variedade de sinais espec&#237;ficos, embora indiretos, incluindo gradiente agudo da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) (na imagem card&#237;aca) e padr&#227;o de fluxo coronariano lento (FCL) (na angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva) em pacientes com CTT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Consequentemente, os casos com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de CTT diferiram significativamente em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses sinais espec&#237;ficos durante seus eventos &#237;ndice? Esses sinais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m podem servir como potenciais preditores para recorr&#234;ncias de CTT? E quanto ao impacto das op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas radicais, incluindo o bloqueio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> do g&#226;nglio simp&#225;tico, se houver, nas recorr&#234;ncias de CTT?</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Em suma, os autores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> devem ser parabenizados pela an&#225;lise bem executada. Entretanto, mais estudos ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer completamente os preditores absolutos de recorr&#234;ncias futuras de CTT (possivelmente com a sugest&#227;o de um escore de risco simples), juntamente com estrat&#233;gias de manejo espec&#237;ficas para a preven&#231;&#227;o dessas recorr&#234;ncias.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Carta-resposta</title>
      <p>Primeiramente, agradecemos aos autores os coment&#225;rios a respeito de nosso recente artigo nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia intitulado &#8220;Fatores Associados &#224; Recorr&#234;ncia na S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na carta, os autores fizeram alguns coment&#225;rios adicionais interessantes sobre os mecanismos de recorr&#234;ncia de Takotsubo relacionados a gatilhos mec&#226;nicos associados ao gradiente m&#233;dio-ventricular que podem estar relacionados &#224; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) associada e a um segundo mecanismo relacionado &#224; descarga adren&#233;rgica grave.</p>
      <p>Uma quest&#227;o que eles colocaram estava relacionada &#224;s incid&#234;ncias de CMH e cardiopatia hipertensiva nos dados que analisamos. Na verdade, nos artigos originais que foram revisados, os autores n&#227;o mencionaram as incid&#234;ncias de CMH ou cardiopatia hipertensiva. Alguns pacientes com S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo (ST) podem apresentar movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da v&#225;lvula mitral e obstru&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sendo que &#224;s vezes &#233; dif&#237;cil determinar se essas caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o relacionadas a ST ou CMH associada ou mesmo sua combina&#231;&#227;o e o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e de imagem pode revelar o diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Sobre o impacto da reconstru&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica na recorr&#234;ncia, em uma breve revis&#227;o da literatura encontramos um artigo que descreve um caso de reconstru&#231;&#227;o ventricular em uma mulher que permaneceu com aneurisma apical e eventos emb&#243;licos recorrentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dessa forma, no caso de obstru&#231;&#227;o permanente da via de sa&#237;da ventricular em pacientes com CMH que apresentavam ST pode-se considerar a indica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes da CMH para interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; descarga adren&#233;rgica, concordamos que esta pode ser outra caracter&#237;stica a ser lembrada em estudos futuros para melhor analisar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade e recorr&#234;ncia da ST. Estudos utilizando cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com 123I-MIBG demonstraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de capta&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o com contratilidade ventricular comprometida e a persist&#234;ncia desse comprometimento estaria relacionada a maior chance de recorr&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Sobre o bloqueio ganglionar simp&#225;tico, entendemos que pode ser um campo de pesquisa para pacientes com v&#225;rios casos de recorr&#234;ncia; nenhum estudo foi encontrado em uma busca booleana no Pubmed com os termos bloqueio simp&#225;tico ou bloqueio ganglionar ou bloqueio ganglionar cir&#250;rgico e Takotsubo.</p>
      <p>Novas pesquisas ser&#227;o valiosas para uma melhor compreens&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e das op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento para as s&#237;ndromes de Takotsubo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Recurrent Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Puzzle Yet to be Solved</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5966-2488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yalta</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaya</surname>
            <given-names>Caglar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trakya University, School of Medicine, Cardiology Department, Edime - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Kenan Yalta</bold> &#8226; Trakya University - Edirne 22030 &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: kyalta@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Takotsubo Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Recurrence</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In the past years, takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) has gained widespread recognition as a transient form of myocardial dysfunction, usually arising in response to certain stressful triggers Trakya University, School of Medicine, Cardiology Department,1 Edime - Turkey adrenergic discharge, and has been reported to have variable recurrence rates in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In their recently published systematic review,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Campos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> have suggested certain factors associated with TTC recurrence, including lower body mass index (BMI), female gender, an existing mid-ventricular gradient (MVG) and temporal proximity to the index (initial) TTC event. We fully agree on these particular risk factors in this setting. However, we would like to have further information regarding their analysis and make a few comments in the general context of TTC recurrence. As described below, we hold the opinion that there are two basic categories of TTC patients who are more likely to have future recurrences in clinical practice:</p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p>- First category: comprises TTC cases associated with a purely mechanical trigger including MVG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This form of TTC evolution has been mostly encountered in the setting of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and hypertensive heart disease, usually with a small ventricular cavity (even without an overt MVG at rest), and appears to be triggered by sudden and excessive increases in MVG leading to an apical ballooning pattern,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> generally in a recurrent fashion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, surgical reconstruction of the mid-ventricle might be mandatory in certain refractory cases with recurrent TTC bouts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Accordingly, we wonder about the incidences of HCM and hypertensive heart disease in the overall analysis. What about surgical reconstruction, if any, and its impact on TTC recurrence? Of note, the higher risk of TTC recurrence in female gender<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> might, to some extent, be attributable to the higher incidence of subtle or overt MVG, mostly associated with relatively small cavity dimensions and relatively higher incidence of significant myocardial hypertrophy (in response to systemic hypertension, etc.) in women.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>- Second category constitutes the major portion and might include those with a severe adrenergic discharge during their index TTC event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Importantly, severe adrenergic discharge is well<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> known to be significantly associated with inherent disorders leading to exaggerated physiological response mechanisms (rather than the degree of the associated trigger), potentially suggesting its repetitive and easily inducible nature in a given TTC case. Temporal proximity to the index TTC, suggested as a risk factor in the current analysis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> also substantiates the role of severe adrenergic discharge in future TTC recurrences. More specifically, severe adrenergic discharge, besides being directly determined by plasma catecholamine levels, might potentially present with a variety of specific, yet indirect signs, including acute left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient (on cardiac imaging) and coronary slow flow (CSF) pattern (on invasive coronary angiogram) in patients with TTC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Accordingly, did cases with and without a TTC recurrence significantly differ in terms of these specific signs during their index events? Might these signs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> also serve as potential predictors of TTC recurrences? What about the impact of radical therapeutic options, including sympathetic ganglion blockade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> if any, on TTC recurrences?</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>In summary, the authors1 should be congratulated for their well-performed analysis. However, further studies are still warranted to fully establish absolute predictors of future TTC recurrences (possibly with the suggestion of a simple risk score) along with specific management strategies for the prevention of these recurrences.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Reply</title>
        <p>First, we thank the authors for the comments regarding our recent article in <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> entitled &#8220;Factors Associated with Recurrence in Takotsubo Syndrome: A Systematic Review&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">1</xref></sup> In the letter, the authors made some interesting additional comments regarding the mechanisms of Takotsubo recurrence related to mechanical triggers related to mid-ventricular gradient that may be related to associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and a second mechanism related to severe adrenergic discharge.</p>
        <p>One question they posed was related to the incidence of HCM and hypertensive heart disease in the data we analyzed. Actually, in the original papers that were revised, the authors did not mention HCM or hypertensive heart disease incidence. Some patients with Takotsubo Syndrome (TS) may present with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and ventricular obstruction; it is sometimes difficult to determine whether these features are related to TS or associated to HCM or even their combination and the clinic, electrocardiographic and image follow-up may reveal the diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">3</xref></sup> About the impact of the surgical reconstruction on recurrence, in a brief review of literature we found one article describing a case of ventricular reconstruction in a female who remained with apical aneurism and recurrent embolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">4</xref></sup> Therefore, in the case of permanent ventricular outflow obstruction in HCM who has TS, one may consider the indication of the HCM guidelines for surgical intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the adrenergic discharge, we agree that this may be another characteristic to be kept in mind for future studies to better analyze its association with TS severity and recurrence. Studies using 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy have shown decreased uptake in the ventricular contractility-impaired region and the persistence of this impairment would be related to a higher chance of recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">7</xref></sup> About the sympathetic ganglion blockade, we understand that it may be a field for research in patients with several cases of recurrences; no studies were found in a Boolean search in Pubmed using the terms sympathetic blockade or ganglion blockade or surgical ganglion blockade and takotsubo.</p>
        <p>Further studies will be invaluable for a better understanding of prognosis and treatment options for Takotsubo Syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back/>
  </sub-article>
</article>
