<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Vb8NcSRPdcjRkJccNztDC6L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100587</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190582</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190582</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Portador Heterozigoto Composto de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar Causada por Variantes no LDLR</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7812-7376</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pamplona-Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sincero</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s Cristine Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Back</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela de Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Luiz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edson Luiz da Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Campus Universit&#225;rio Reitor Jo&#227;o David Ferreira Lima. CEP 88040-900, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>edson.silva@ufsc.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cunha HP, Sincero TCM, Back IC, Silva EL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cunha HP, Medeiros MF, Sincero TCM, Back IC, Silva EL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cunha HP, Silva EL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Sincero TCM, Back IC, Silva EL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cunha HP, Sincero TCM, Back IC, Silva EL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>587</fpage>
      <lpage>589</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica causada por um defeito prim&#225;rio no gene que codifica o receptor da LDL. Muta&#231;&#245;es diferentes no mesmo gene caracterizam um heterozigoto composto, mas pouco se sabe sobre o fen&#243;tipo dos portadores. Portanto, neste estudo, descrevemos o rastreamento em cascata de uma fam&#237;lia brasileira com essa caracter&#237;stica. O caso-&#237;ndice &#233; um homem de 36 anos, com colesterol total (CT) de 360 mg/dL (9,3 mmol/L) e concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c de 259 mg/dL (6,7 mmol/L), al&#233;m de xantomas de tend&#227;o de Aquiles, obesidade e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o. A genotipagem identificou as muta&#231;&#245;es 661G&gt;A, 670G&gt;A e 682G&gt;A, no exon 4, e 919G&gt;A, no exon 6. A mesma muta&#231;&#227;o no exon 4 foi observada no filho do caso-&#237;ndice (7 anos), que tamb&#233;m tem hipercolesterolemia e xantomas tendinosos, ao passo que a filha do caso-&#237;ndice (9 anos) apresenta muta&#231;&#227;o no exon 6 e hiperlipidemia, sem xantomas. Em suma, este relato permite uma melhor compreens&#227;o acerca da base molecular da HF no Brasil, um pa&#237;s multirracial, onde &#233; esperada uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II</kwd>
        <kwd>Triagem gen&#233;tica em cascata</kwd>
        <kwd>Genotipagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Heterozigoto Composto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colesterol total (CT) e da lipoprote&#237;na-colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL-c) ocorre em pacientes com formas graves e precoces de hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF), uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica geralmente resultante de muta&#231;&#245;es no gene LDLR, que codifica o receptor LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A detec&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o patog&#234;nica &#233; o padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de HF, e a forma mais eficiente de triagem &#233; o rastreamento dos parentes de um paciente j&#225; diagnosticado (caso-&#237;ndice).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#245;es distintas no mesmo gene caracteriza o indiv&#237;duo como heterozigoto composto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Embora as consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas das muta&#231;&#245;es heterozigotas e homozigotas sejam descritas frequentemente, pouco se sabe sobre os fen&#243;tipos de portadores heterozigotos compostos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> A grande sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de fen&#243;tipos dentro do espectro de portadores de muta&#231;&#227;o relacionadas &#224; HF pode explicar a subnotifica&#231;&#227;o dos heterozigotos compostos e sugere que este diagn&#243;stico &#233; facilmente perdido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o que encontramos apenas um relato de heterozigoto composto para HF no Brasil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> descrevemos neste estudo o rastreamento de uma fam&#237;lia brasileira com essa caracter&#237;stica. Os m&#233;todos aplicados est&#227;o descritos no Arquivo Suplementar 1.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido do protocolo de pesquisa, incluindo os testes gen&#233;ticos, e o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina aprovou o estudo (CAAE: 54585416.1.0000.0121).</p>
      <p>O Arquivo Suplementar 2 mostra a &#225;rvore geneal&#243;gica do caso-&#237;ndice (indiv&#237;duo I) e seus familiares. O indiv&#237;duo I &#233; um homem de 36 anos de idade. Apesar de fazer uso di&#225;rio de 20 mg de Sinvastatina, o caso-&#237;ndice apresentou CT de 360 mg/dL (9,3 mmol/L), um valor de LDL-C de 260 mg/dL (6,7 mmol/L), correspondente a 80,4% da fra&#231;&#227;o pequena e densa da LDL (sd-LDL), medida ap&#243;s a precipita&#231;&#227;o das demais lipoprote&#237;nas apoB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> (Arquivo Suplementar 1). Tamb&#233;m apresentou concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas elevadas de n&#227;o-HDL-c, triglic&#233;rides e ApoB, al&#233;m de n&#237;veis baixos de HDL-c. O paciente &#233; fumante, sedent&#225;rio (Arquivo Suplementar 3), obeso com obesidade abdominal e pr&#233;-hipertenso. O ultrassom Doppler carot&#237;deo n&#227;o mostrou aumento da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, o que n&#227;o exclui aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Infelizmente, neste estudo, a aterosclerose coron&#225;ria subcl&#237;nica n&#227;o foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de angiografia por tomografia computadorizada (TC). Foram identificados xantomas de tend&#227;o de Aquiles, e o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de HF foi definitivo.</p>
      <p>O caso-&#237;ndice e sua esposa (indiv&#237;duo II) relataram hist&#243;rico familiar de parente de primeiro grau com doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana (DAC) precoce e concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de CT, mas nenhum caso de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) precoce.</p>
      <p>O gen&#243;tipo LDLR do caso-&#237;ndice revelou tr&#234;s muta&#231;&#245;es no exon 4 (661G&gt;A, 670G&gt;A, 682G&gt;A) e uma no exon 6 (919G&gt;A).</p>
      <p>O indiv&#237;duo II n&#227;o apresentava sinais ou sintomas de HF e n&#227;o tinha diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. O rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascada permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o 919G&gt;A na filha do caso-&#237;ndice (indiv&#237;duo III; 9 anos), e as muta&#231;&#245;es 661G&gt;A, 670G&gt;A, e 682G&gt;A no filho (indiv&#237;duo IV; 7 anos), tendo sido confirmado, assim, o diagn&#243;stico de HF. Ambos os filhos apresentaram hipercolesterolemia (CT 394 and 332 mg/dL (10,2 e 8,6 mmol/L); LDL-c 329 e 286 mg/dL (8,5 e 7,4 mmol/L), e sd-LDL-c 63,5 e 90,5% para os indiv&#237;duos III e IV, respectivamente), com &#237;ndices elevados de ApoB, indicando um padr&#227;o mais aterog&#234;nico. Al&#233;m disso, o indiv&#237;duo IV apresentava xantomas na m&#227;o direita (interdigitais) e no cotovelo esquerdo (Arquivo Suplementar 3). Nenhum dos filhos estava sob tratamento hipolipemiante, e n&#227;o havia sinais de DAC cl&#237;nica. O ultrassom com Doppler n&#227;o revelou nenhuma obstru&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida nos indiv&#237;duos dessa fam&#237;lia. Embora seja prov&#225;vel que eles n&#227;o tivessem DAC, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar com 100% de certeza devido &#224; falta da angiografia por TC.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, o diagn&#243;stico de FH foi realizado com base nos crit&#233;rios da Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN). Deve-se salientar que esse crit&#233;rio &#233; &#250;til apenas para adultos e o diagn&#243;stico nas crian&#231;as pode ser subestimado. Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o crit&#233;rio, mas n&#227;o o teste gen&#233;tico, os indiv&#237;duos I e IV obtiveram 14 pontos e o diagn&#243;stico foi de HF cl&#237;nica. Por outro lado, o sujeito III obteve apenas oito pontos (diagn&#243;stico prov&#225;vel). Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o das variantes atrav&#233;s do teste gen&#233;tico, todos os tr&#234;s sujeitos tiveram mais que oito pontos e foram considerados portadores de HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O caso-&#237;ndice apresentou quatro muta&#231;&#245;es no gene LDLR, o que caracteriza um heterozigoto composto. O caso-&#237;ndice provavelmente apresentou um fen&#243;tipo leve de HF devido &#224; terapia hipolipemiante. Al&#233;m disso, apresentava comorbidades, tais como obesidade e hipertens&#227;o, o que pode complicar o progn&#243;stico. A aterosclerose coron&#225;ria subcl&#237;nica n&#227;o foi avaliada neste estudo. O rastreamento em cascata permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o de dislipidemia e o diagn&#243;stico da HF nos filhos do caso-&#237;ndice. Curiosamente, todos os indiv&#237;duos estudados apresentaram n&#237;veis elevados de sd-LDL, ao contr&#225;rio de relatos anteriores, que mostraram uma preval&#234;ncia de part&#237;culas grandes e flutuantes de LDL em pacientes com HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer este achado.</p>
      <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o 661G&gt;A substitui o c&#243;don GAC por AAC, modificando o amino&#225;cido aspartato por asparagina, na posi&#231;&#227;o 221 da cadeia proteica. Consequentemente, ocorre a substitui&#231;&#227;o de um amino&#225;cido carregado negativamente por um amino&#225;cido fracamente bipolar, o que afeta a atividade de liga&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na-ligante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o 670G&gt;A corresponde &#224; troca do c&#243;don GAC pelo AAC na posi&#231;&#227;o 224 da cadeia proteica, levando &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o do amino&#225;cido aspartato pela asparagina. A muta&#231;&#227;o gera um receptor r com menos de 2% de sua atividade normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>No caso da muta&#231;&#227;o heterozigota 682G&gt;A, o c&#243;don GAG &#233; substitu&#237;do pelo AAG, levando &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido glut&#226;mico por lisina na posi&#231;&#227;o 228. Essa muta&#231;&#227;o origina a troca de um amino&#225;cido b&#225;sico por um amino&#225;cido &#225;cido, o que prejudica o transporte do receptor da LDL do ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico para a superf&#237;cie celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> resultando em um receptor LDL com menos de 2% de sua atividade normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> As muta&#231;&#245;es na extremidade 3&#8217; do exon 4 do gene LDLR s&#227;o uma causa muito comum de HF, e altera&#231;&#245;es de base &#250;nica id&#234;nticas nessa regi&#227;o curta ocorrem em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, especialmente em dinucleot&#237;deos CG. Assim, &#233; pouco prov&#225;vel que a muta&#231;&#227;o tenha sido herdada de um ancestral comum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o 919G&gt;A modifica o c&#243;don GAT, correspondente ao aspartato, para AAT, correspondente &#224; asparagina, na posi&#231;&#227;o 307 da cadeia proteica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A an&#225;lise <italic>in silico</italic> indicou que essa muta&#231;&#227;o &#233; provavelmente patog&#234;nica. O exon 4 n&#227;o foi genotipado na filha do caso-&#237;ndice e ela pode ter muta&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224;s do pai. Apesar dos n&#237;veis similares de lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos, ao contr&#225;rio do pai e do irm&#227;o, a filha (indiv&#237;duo IV) n&#227;o apresentou xantomas.</p>
      <p>As muta&#231;&#245;es 661G&gt;A, 670G&gt;A e 682G&gt;A foram classificadas como patog&#234;nicas/provavelmente patog&#234;nicas de acordo com o ClinVar. Por outro lado, a muta&#231;&#227;o 919G&gt;A possui interpreta&#231;&#245;es conflitantes de patogenicidade (provavelmente patog&#234;nico/significado incerto). No entanto, deve-se observar que achados <italic>in silico</italic> n&#227;o provam a patogenicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>H&#225; relatos de que muta&#231;&#245;es homozigotas ou heterozigotas compostas no LDLR, al&#233;m de muta&#231;&#245;es duplas no LDLR, est&#227;o associadas a n&#237;veis mais elevados de LDL-c, xantomatose mais extensa e DAC prematura mais grave em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s muta&#231;&#245;es heterozigotas simples.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Entretanto, todos os indiv&#237;duos que participaram deste estudo apresentaram fen&#243;tipos leves. Contudo, o caso-&#237;ndice e seus filhos n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o para a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria subcl&#237;nica. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram encaminhados a um cardiologista para receberem tratamento e acompanhamento apropriados.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o podemos afirmar se um diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico &#8220;duplo&#8221; teria relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica quando os pacientes j&#225; foram diagnosticados e est&#227;o sendo tratados adequadamente com terapia hipolipemiante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> No entanto, &#233; de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica perceber que essa popula&#231;&#227;o deve ser informada sobre a import&#226;ncia da sua heran&#231;a gen&#233;tica, uma vez que a heran&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios monog&#234;nicos combinados &#233; mais grave e est&#225; associada a um maior risco de desenvolvimento de DCV, requerendo, assim, maior cuidado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Os achados relatados neste estudo ajudam a elucidar as bases moleculares da HF no Brasil, uma vez que h&#225; apenas nove estudos dispon&#237;veis sobre o rastreamento molecular da HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> e, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o que este &#233; um pa&#237;s multirracial, &#233; esperada uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea. O objetivo desta pesquisa &#233; contribuir para o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico e o aconselhamento de pacientes com HF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e ao Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farm&#225;cia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina pelo apoio financeiro.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Watts GF, Gidding S, Wierzbicki AS, Toth PP, Alonso R, Brown WV, et al. Integrated guidance on the care of familial hypercholesterolaemia from the International FH Foundation. Int J Cardiol 2014;171:309-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Watts</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wierzbicki</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toth</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>WV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Integrated guidance on the care of familial hypercholesterolaemia from the International FH Foundation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>171</volume>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>325</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Sjouke B, Defesche JC, Hartgers ML, Wiegman A, Roeters van Lennep JE, Kastelein JJ, et al. Double-heterozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia: Clinical characterization of an underreported disease. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10(6):1462-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sjouke</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defesche</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartgers</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roeters van Lennep</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Double-heterozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia: Clinical characterization of an underreported disease</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1462</fpage>
          <lpage>1469</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Al-Allaf FA, Alashwal A, Abduljaleel Z, Taher MM, Bouazzaoui A, Abalkhail H, et al. Compound heterozygous LDLR variant in severely affected familial hypercholesterolemia patient. Acta Biochim Pol. 2017;64(1):75-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Allaf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alashwal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abduljaleel</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taher</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouazzaoui</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abalkhail</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Compound heterozygous LDLR variant in severely affected familial hypercholesterolemia patient</article-title>
          <source>Acta Biochim Pol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>75</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Hartgers ML, Defesche JC, Langslet G, Hopkins PN, Kastelein JJP, Baccara-Dinet MT, et al. Alirocumab efficacy in patients with double heterozygous, compound heterozygous, or homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2018; 12(2):390-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hartgers</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defesche</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langslet</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopkins</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baccara-Dinet</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Alirocumab efficacy in patients with double heterozygous, compound heterozygous, or homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>390</fpage>
          <lpage>396</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Mehta R, Zubir&#225;n R, Martag&#243;n AJ, Vasquez-C&#225;rdenas A, Segura-Kato Y, Tusi&#233;-Luna MT, et al. The panorama of familial hypercholesterolemia in Latin America: A systematic review. J Lipid Res. 2016; 57(12):2115-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zubir&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martag&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasquez-C&#225;rdenas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segura-Kato</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tusi&#233;-Luna</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The panorama of familial hypercholesterolemia in Latin America: A systematic review</article-title>
          <source>J Lipid Res</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2115</fpage>
          <lpage>2129</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Cavalcante LS, Silva EL. Application of a modified precipitation method for the measurement of small dense LDL-cholesterol (sd-LDL-C) in a population in southern Brazil. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012; 50(9):1649-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Application of a modified precipitation method for the measurement of small dense LDL-cholesterol (sd-LDL-C) in a population in southern Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem Lab Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1649</fpage>
          <lpage>1656</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Raal FJ, Pilcher GJ, Waisberg R, Buthelezi EP, Veller MG, Joffe BI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol bulk is the pivotal determinant of atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(9):1330-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raal</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilcher</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waisberg</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buthelezi</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veller</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joffe</surname>
              <given-names>BI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol bulk is the pivotal determinant of atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1330</fpage>
          <lpage>1333</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Ebhardt M, Schmidt H, Doerk T, Tietge U, Haas R, Manns M-P, et al. Mutation analysis in 46 German families with familial hypercholesterolemia: Identification of 8 new mutations. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(3):257.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ebhardt</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doerk</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tietge</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manns</surname>
              <given-names>M-P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mutation analysis in 46 German families with familial hypercholesterolemia: Identification of 8 new mutations</article-title>
          <source>Hum Mutat</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <size units="pages">257</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Hobbs HH, Brown MS, goldstein JL. Molecular genetics of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mutat. 1992;16(6):445-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular genetics of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Hum Mutat</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>445</fpage>
          <lpage>466</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Leitersdorf E, Tobin EJ, Davignon J, Hobbs HH. Common low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations in the French Canadian population. J Clin Invest. 1990;85(4):1014-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leitersdorf</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tobin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davignon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Common low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations in the French Canadian population</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1014</fpage>
          <lpage>1023</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Pimstone SN, Sun XM, Souich C, Frohlich JJ, Hayden MR, Soutar AK. Phenotypic variation in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a comparison of Chinese patients with the same or similar mutations in the LDL receptor gene in China or Canada. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18(2):309-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pimstone</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>XM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souich</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frohlich</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayden</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soutar</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phenotypic variation in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a comparison of Chinese patients with the same or similar mutations in the LDL receptor gene in China or Canada</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>315</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Duskova L, Kopeckova L, Jansova E, Tichya L, Freiberger T, Zapletalova P, et al. An APEX-based genotyping microarray for the screening of 168 mutations associated with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2011;216(1):139-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duskova</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kopeckova</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jansova</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tichya</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freiberger</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zapletalova</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An APEX-based genotyping microarray for the screening of 168 mutations associated with familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>216</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>145</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. ClinVar [website]. (Access November 12 2019). Available from:&lt; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation</ext-link>&gt;</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>U.S. National Library of Medicine</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>National Center for Biotechnology Information</article-title>
          <source>ClinVar</source>
          <comment>website</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">Access November 12 2019</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Heloisa Pamplona Cunha pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2020/11503/2019-0582-material-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq, CAPES. PROAP-CAPS da UFSC e Sanofi/Genzyme.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compound Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia Caused by LDLR Variants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7812-7376</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pamplona-Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sincero</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s Cristine Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Back</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela de Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Luiz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Edson Luiz da Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Campus Universit&#225;rio Reitor Jo&#227;o David Ferreira Lima. Postal Code 88040-900, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: edson.silva@ufsc.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cunha HP, Sincero TCM, Back IC, Silva EL; Data acquisition and Writing of the manuscript: Cunha HP, Medeiros MF, Sincero TCM, Back IC, Silva EL; Statistical analysis: Cunha HP, Silva EL; Obtaining financing: Sincero TCM, Back IC, Silva EL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cunha HP, Sincero TCM, Back IC, Silva EL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease caused by a primary defect in the LDL-receptor gene. Distinct variants in the same gene characterize a compound heterozygote, but little is known about the phenotypes of the carriers. Therefore, herein, we describe the cascade screening of a Brazilian family with this characteristic. The index case, a 36-year-old male, had a total cholesterol level of 360 mg/dL (9.3 mmol/L) and LDL-c value of 259 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L), in addition to Achilles tendon xanthomas, obesity and prehypertension. Genotyping identified the variants 661G&gt;A, 670G&gt;A, 682G&gt;A in exon 4 and 919G&gt;A in exon 6. The same variant in exon 4 was found in the index case&#8217;s son (7-y), who also had hypercholesterolemia and xanthomas, while the index case&#8217;s daughter (9-y) had the variant in exon 6 and hyperlipidemia, without xanthomas. In summary, this report allows for a better insight into the molecular basis of FH in Brazil, a multi-racial country where a heterogeneous population is expected.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Familial hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Cascade Screening</kwd>
        <kwd>Genotyping</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Compound Heterozygous</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Increased plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) occur in patients with severe and early forms of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disease usually due to alterations in the <italic>LDLR</italic> gene, which encodes the LDL receptor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Detection of a pathogenic variant is the gold standard for FH diagnosis and the most efficient form of diagnosis is the screening of relatives of a diagnosed patient (index case).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The presence of distinct variants in the same gene characterizes the individual as a compound heterozygote.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Although the clinical consequences of heterozygous and homozygous variants are often described, little is known about the phenotypes of compound heterozygote carriers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> The large overlap of phenotypes within the spectrum of FH-related variant carriers may explain the underreporting of compound heterozygosity and suggests that this diagnosis is easily missed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Considering that we found only one report of compound heterozygosity for FH in Brazil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> we describe herein the screening of a Brazilian family with this characteristic. The methods applied are available in Supplemental File 1.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>All participants gave written informed consent for the study protocol, including the genetic tests, and the Human Studies Committee of the Federal University of Santa Catarina approved the study (CAAE: 54585416.1.0000.0121).</p>
        <p>Supplemental File 2 shows the pedigree of the index case (subject I) and his family. Subject I is a 36-year-old male. Despite a daily intake of 20 mg Simvastatin, the index case presented a TC of 360 mg/dL (9.3 mmol/L) and LDL-c value of 260 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L), corresponding to 80.4% small dense-LDL-cholesterol (sd-LDL-c), measured after precipitation of the other apoB-lipoproteins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> (Supplemental File 1). He also had high concentrations of non-HDL-c, triglycerides and ApoB, in addition to low HDL-c levels. The patient is a smoker, sedentary (Supplemental File 3), obese, and has abdominal obesity and prehypertension. The carotid Doppler ultrasound did not reveal increased intima-media thickness, which does not exclude subclinical atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, in this study, subclinical coronary atherosclerosis was not evaluated by computed tomography (CT) angiography. Xanthomas were identified in the Achilles tendon and the clinical diagnosis of FH was definitive.</p>
        <p>The index case and his wife (subject II) reported having a family history of a first-degree relative with early coronary artery disease (CAD) and high TC concentrations, but no cases of early cardiovascular disease (CVD).</p>
        <p>The genotype of the index case <italic>LDLR</italic> revealed three variants in the exon 4 (661G&gt;A, 670G&gt;A, 682G&gt;A) and one in the exon 6 (919G&gt;A).</p>
        <p>Subject II had no signs or symptoms of FH and had no clinical diagnosis. Genetic cascade screening allowed for the identification of the variant 919G&gt;A in the index case&#8217;s daughter (subject III; 9-y), and the variants 661G&gt;A, 670G&gt;A, and 682G&gt;A in his son (subject IV; 7-y), thereby confirming the diagnosis of FH. Both children presented hypercholesterolemia (394 and 332 mg/dL (10.2 and 8.6 mmol/L) TC; 329 and 286 mg/dL (8.5 and 7.4 mmol/L) LDL-c, and 63.5 and 90.5% sd-LDL-c for subjects III and IV, respectively), with high levels of ApoB, indicating a more atherogenic pattern. Furthermore, subject IV presented xanthomas in the right hand (interdigital) and left elbow (Supplemental File 3). Both children were not on lipid-lowering therapy and had no signs of clinical CAD. Doppler ultrasound did not reveal any carotid artery obstruction in the subjects of this family. Although it is probable that they do not have CAD, it is not possible to be one hundred percent sure in the absence of CT angiography.</p>
        <p>In this study, the FH diagnosis was performed as defined by the Dutch Lipid Clinical Network (DLCN). It should be noted that this criterion is useful for adults only and the diagnosis in children may be underestimated. Considering the criterion, but not the genetic test, subjects I and IV obtained 14 points and the diagnosis was clinical FH. On the other hand, subject III obtained only eight points (probable diagnosis). After the identification of variants by genetic testing, all three subjects had more than eight points and were considered FH carriers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The index case showed four variants in the <italic>LDLR</italic>, which characterizes a compound heterozygote. The index case probably showed a mild FH phenotype due to the lipid-lowering therapy. Moreover, he presented comorbidities, such as obesity and hypertension, which may complicate his prognosis. Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis was not evaluated in this study. The cascade screening allowed for the identification of dyslipidemia and the diagnosis of FH in the children of the index case. Surprisingly, all subjects studied had high levels of sd-LDL, in contrast to previous reports that showed a prevalence of large buoyant LDL particles in FH patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Further studies are needed to clarify this finding.</p>
        <p>The variant 661G&gt;A replaces the codon GAC with AAC, changing the amino acid aspartate to asparagine at position 221 of the protein chain. Therefore, the substitution of a negatively charged amino acid by a weakly bipolar amino acid occurs, which affects the protein-ligand binding activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The variant 670G&gt;A corresponds to the substitution of codon GAC with AAC at position 224 of the protein chain, leading to the replacement of aspartate with asparagine. The variant generates a receptor with less than 2% of its normal activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In the case of the heterozygous variant 682G&gt;A, the codon GAG is replaced with AAG, leading to the substitution of glutamic acid with lysine at position 228. This variant causes the exchange of a basic amino acid for an acidic amino acid, which impairs the transport of the receptor from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> resulting in an LDL-R with less than 2% normal activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Variants in the 3&#8217; end of exon 4 of the LDLR gene are a very common cause of FH, and identical single base changes in this short region, especially in the CG dinucleotides, occur in different populations. Thus, it is highly unlikely that the variant was inherited from a common ancestor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The variant 919G&gt;A modifies the codon GAT, corresponding to aspartate, to AAT, corresponding to asparagine, at position 307 of the protein chain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><italic>In silico</italic> analysis indicated that this variant is probably pathogenic. Exon 4 was not genotyped in the daughter of the index case and she may have similar variants as her father. In spite of the comparable levels of serum lipids, in contrast to her father and brother, the daughter (subject IV) did not present xanthomas.</p>
        <p>The variants 661G&gt;A, 670G&gt;A and 682G&gt;A have been classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic according to ClinVar. On the other hand, the variant 919G&gt;A has a conflicting interpretation of pathogenicity (likely pathogenic/uncertain significance). However, it should be noted that <italic>in silico</italic> findings do not prove pathogenicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>It has been reported that compound homozygous or heterozygous <italic>LDLR</italic> variants, in addition to double heterozygous <italic>LDLR</italic> variants, are associated with higher levels of LDL-c, more extensive xanthomatosis, and more severe premature CAD than simple heterozygotes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> However, all subjects that participated in this study presented a mild phenotype. Nevertheless, the index case and his children have not been evaluated for subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. All subjects were referred to a cardiologist to receive appropriate treatment and follow-up.</p>
        <p>The question remains whether a &#8220;double&#8221; genetic diagnosis has clinical relevance when patients have already been diagnosed and are being adequately treated with lipid-lowering therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> It is, however, of clinical importance to realize that this population must be advised of the importance regarding their genetic inheritance, since the combined monogenic disorder inheritance is more severe and is associated with a greater risk of developing CVD, thus requiring greater care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The findings reported herein provide an aid to gaining a better insight into the molecular basis of FH in Brazil, since there are only nine studies available on FH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> molecular screening and, considering that this is a multi-racial country, a heterogeneous population is expected. The aim of this research is to contribute to the genetic diagnosis and counseling of FH patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) and the Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy of the Federal University of Santa Catarina for providing financial support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Heloisa Pamplona Cunha, from Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p> Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2020/11503/2019-0582-material-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by CNPq, CAPES. PROAP-CAPS of UFSC and Sanofi/Genzyme.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
