<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TpfPTjdWF5WNCJHbPRVkbgv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100558</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200489</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200489</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adequa&#231;&#227;o das Pr&#225;ticas do Laborat&#243;rio de Cateterismo durante a Pandemia de COVID-19: O Protocolo do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3258-2458</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ribamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Galo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7620-1752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4600-431X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Centemero</surname>
            <given-names>Marinella Patrizia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;urea Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Cl&#225;udia Sousa Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Nancy Toledo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ohe</surname>
            <given-names>Louis Nakayama</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abboud</surname>
            <given-names>Cely</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel Chami&#233;</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Cardiologia Invasiva - Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500, Hemodin&#226;mica, Pr&#233;dio 3, Primeiro andar. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>daniel.chamie@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chami&#233; D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chami&#233; D, Oliveira F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chami&#233; D, Oliveira F, Braga S, Costa JR, Siqueira DAA, Staico R, Costa R, Maldonado G, Tanajura LFL, Centemero MP, Chaves AJ, Abizaid ACSL, Freitas RAP, Coelho NT, Ohe LN, Abboud C, Feres F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>558</fpage>
      <lpage>568</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Restrutura&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Guia de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica, Habilidade para Realiza&#231;&#227;o de Testes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pandemia global da doen&#231;a de coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) causada pelo novo v&#237;rus de s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave coronav&#237;rus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) come&#231;ou em Wuhan, China, em dezembro de 2019 e afetou mais de 4,4 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo, com 302.169 mortes at&#233; o dia 16 de maio de 2020. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora os sintomas respirat&#243;rios sejam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum de COVID-19, o envolvimento card&#237;aco &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica proeminente dessa doen&#231;a, ocorrendo em 20% a 30% dos pacientes hospitalizados e contribuindo para 40% dos &#243;bitos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O envolvimento card&#237;aco relacionado &#224; COVID-19 tem sido documentado por eleva&#231;&#245;es em biomarcadores card&#237;acos e frequentemente apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST-T no eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, motivo pelo qual a equipe do laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo &#233; frequentemente ativada. Al&#233;m disso, as atividades do laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo devem continuar no atendimento a pacientes n&#227;o COVID-19 que apresentam s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) verdadeira, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica est&#225;vel muito sintom&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Devido &#224; escalada no n&#250;mero de casos de COVID-19 na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, epicentro da doen&#231;a no Brasil, reformularam-se a log&#237;stica e as pr&#225;ticas no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, que entraram em vigor em abril de 2020 e continuar&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo da pandemia. Os objetivos s&#227;o fornecer atendimento otimizado &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o que necessita de procedimentos card&#237;acos invasivos durante a pandemia, com a prote&#231;&#227;o adequada aos profissionais de sa&#250;de (PS), pacientes e seus familiares.</p>
      <p>Os protocolos aqui descritos representam os esfor&#231;os multidisciplinares e din&#226;micos do Departamento de Cardiologia Invasiva do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia validados pelo Comit&#234; de Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o da institui&#231;&#227;o. Essas pr&#225;ticas est&#227;o sujeitas a altera&#231;&#245;es em fun&#231;&#227;o do estado epidemiol&#243;gico local, a fase da epidemia e a disponibilidade de equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual (EPI). Estes protocolos podem n&#227;o se aplicar a outras localidades sem casos (ou casos espor&#225;dicos) de COVID-19 ou a servi&#231;os que atendem diferentes perfis populacionais com log&#237;sticas e disponibilidade de EPI diversas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Epidemiologia e Transmiss&#227;o de SARS-CoV-2 e Justificativa para Reestrutura&#231;&#227;o das Pr&#225;ticas</title>
        <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es atuais sugerem que as principais vias de transmiss&#227;o de SARS-CoV-2 s&#227;o por meio de got&#237;culas respirat&#243;rias e contato direto e indireto com superf&#237;cies contaminadas. O tamanho de aerossol exalado depende das caracter&#237;sticas do fluido, da for&#231;a e da press&#227;o no momento da emiss&#227;o e das condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais. Part&#237;culas grandes permanecem suspensas no ar por um per&#237;odo curto e se depositam a menos de 1 metro da fonte. As part&#237;culas menores evaporam rapidamente, enquanto os res&#237;duos secos se assentam lentamente e permanecem suspensos por um per&#237;odo vari&#225;vel de tempo. Os aeross&#243;is respirat&#243;rios infecciosos s&#227;o 1) got&#237;culas (aerossol respirat&#243;rio &gt; 5 &#956;m de di&#226;metro) e 2) n&#250;cleos de got&#237;culas [a parte seca do aerossol (&lt; 5 &#956;m de di&#226;metro)], que resultam da evapora&#231;&#227;o de got&#237;culas tossidas ou espirradas ou de part&#237;culas infecciosas exaladas. A proximidade habitual entre as pessoas &#233; suficiente para que haja transmiss&#227;o de v&#237;rus. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> H&#225; uma probabilidade substancial de que a fala normal cause a transmiss&#227;o do v&#237;rus no ar em ambientes fechados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Tossir e espirrar podem propagar nuvens de aeross&#243;is at&#233; 7 a 8 metros (23 a 26 p&#233;s) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Got&#237;culas tamb&#233;m podem pousar em superf&#237;cies onde o v&#237;rus pode permanecer vi&#225;vel, servindo como fonte de transmiss&#227;o de contato. O SARS-CoV-2 pode permanecer est&#225;vel na forma aerossolizada por at&#233; 3 horas, em materiais de papel&#227;o at&#233; 24 horas e em superf&#237;cies pl&#225;sticas ou met&#225;licas at&#233; 3 dias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de incuba&#231;&#227;o &#233; de 5,2 dias (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 4,1 a 7,0 dias), com o percentil 95 da distribui&#231;&#227;o em 12,5 dias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O R0 (R zero, n&#250;mero b&#225;sico de reprodu&#231;&#227;o) estimado da SARS-CoV-2 est&#225; entre 2 e 3, o que significa que cada pessoa com SARS-CoV-2 infectar&#225; 2 a 3 outras pessoas dentro de uma popula&#231;&#227;o suscet&#237;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A carga viral detectada &#233; semelhante em pacientes com COVID-19 assintom&#225;ticos e sintom&#225;ticos, o que sugere que o v&#237;rus pode ser potencialmente transmitido de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou minimamente sintom&#225;ticos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As estimativas indicam que 86% de todas as infec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram documentadas. &#201; importante que estas foram a fonte de infec&#231;&#227;o de 79% dos casos documentados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PS est&#227;o em maior risco de infec&#231;&#227;o. Um relat&#243;rio recente sobre 138 casos confirmados de COVID-19 revelou que 41,3% foram adquiridos no hospital, 70% dos quais eram PS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os procedimentos geradores de aeross&#243;is acarretam maior risco de transmiss&#227;o a&#233;rea do v&#237;rus aos PS. Entre estes, est&#227;o a intuba&#231;&#227;o traqueal, a ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva, a traqueotomia, a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, a ventila&#231;&#227;o manual antes da intuba&#231;&#227;o, a broncoscopia e os procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos, oftalmol&#243;gicos e otorrinolaringol&#243;gicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os v&#237;rus respirat&#243;rios geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o transmitidos pelo sangue. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Assim, no caso espec&#237;fico de PS no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, o maior risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SARS-CoV-2 est&#225; relacionado &#224; proximidade com os pacientes e ao contato com superf&#237;cies contaminadas, por exemplo, em campos cir&#250;rgicos, aventais e equipamentos.</p>
        <p>Idealmente, todos os pacientes deveriam ser testados para SARS-CoV-2 antes de entrar no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco. Exce&#231;&#245;es a isso s&#227;o, talvez, os pacientes encaminhados para procedimentos de emerg&#234;ncia (e.g. pacientes com IAMCSST), pelos quais n&#227;o h&#225; tempo para aguardar os resultados dos exames; estes devem ser tratados como pacientes com COVID-19 confirmado. Atualmente, no Brasil, os testes n&#227;o est&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis, e os resultados n&#227;o est&#227;o saindo em tempo h&#225;bil. Portanto, &#233; intuitivo que o uso universal de EPI completo seja desej&#225;vel. No entanto a escassez de EPI &#233; uma realidade em todo o mundo e o uso adequado e racional de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio para otimizar a sua disponibilidade.</p>
        <p>Como resultado, v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m sido implementadas para proporcionar prote&#231;&#227;o adequada a todos os PS e aos pacientes sem deixar de garantir um atendimento de qualidade aos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ajustes Log&#237;sticos Adotados antes da Entrada de Pacientes no Laborat&#243;rio de Cateterismo</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Foram realizados ajustes na agenda para minimizar os tempos de espera na &#225;rea de recep&#231;&#227;o do Departamento de Cardiologia Invasiva;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#201; permitido apenas um membro da fam&#237;lia ou acompanhante por paciente para minimizar o n&#250;mero de pessoas circulando no Departamento de Cardiologia Invasiva;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#201; obrigat&#243;rio o uso de m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica por todos os pacientes e seus acompanhantes durante todo o tempo que estiverem dentro do hospital;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A equipe m&#233;dica e de enfermagem deve usar m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica ou respiradores FFP2/N95 (conforme apropriado) durante o contato com os pacientes e realizar a higiene das m&#227;os ap&#243;s cada contato;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os pacientes encaminhados do departamento de emerg&#234;ncia (DE) ou pacientes internados encaminhados de outras institui&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o considerados casos suspeitos de COVID-19 e o EPI completo deve ser usado;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>No momento da chegada, temperatura deve ser medida em todos os pacientes com term&#244;metro infra-vermelho sem contato com os mesmos. Pacientes com temperatura &#8805; 37,0 &#186;C ter&#227;o seus procedimentos adiados e ser&#227;o encaminhados para uma &#225;rea destinada a pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio deve ser obtida em todos os pacientes usando ox&#237;metro de pulso de dedo no momento da chegada. Pacientes com satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio &lt; 94% ter&#227;o seus procedimentos adiados e ser&#227;o encaminhados para &#225;rea destinada a pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19. Deve-se prestar aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de outras condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas associadas &#224; baixa satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (e.g. insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Considerando que o uso universal de EPI n&#227;o &#233; uma realidade neste momento, &#233; necess&#225;rio tentar identificar os pacientes que apresentam maior risco de transmiss&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o. Embora a transmiss&#227;o de SARS-CoV-2 possa ocorrer na fase pr&#233;-sintom&#225;tica, tem sido demonstrado que as cargas virais nos <italic>swabs</italic> de garganta e nas amostras de escarro atingiram o pico em cerca de 5 a 6 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Portanto, um question&#225;rio dedicado est&#225; sendo aplicado a todos os pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu estado sintom&#225;tico e aos seus contatos com pacientes com COVID-19. A COVID-19 causa uma s&#233;rie de sintomas constitucionais n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos, sintomas respirat&#243;rios superiores e inferiores e, menos frequentemente, sintomas gastrointestinais. Os tr&#234;s principais sintomas do COVID-19 s&#227;o a febre, a tosse e a falta de ar. Outros sintomas relatados incluem mialgia, anorexia, mal-estar, dor de garganta, congest&#227;o nasal, cefaleia e nova perda de paladar ou olfato. Os sintomas podem aparecer em apenas 2 dias ou em at&#233; 14 dias ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os pacientes s&#227;o, subsequentemente, estratificados por risco quanto &#224; probabilidade de COVID-19, conforme mostrado na Figura 1.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O EPI completo deve ser usado por todos os PS envolvidos em procedimentos com pacientes categorizados como amarelo (probabilidade moderada de COVID) ou vermelho (probabilidade alta de COVID).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ajustes Log&#237;sticos nas Pr&#225;ticas de Rotina do Laborat&#243;rio de Cateterismo</title>
        <p>Na prepara&#231;&#227;o para cuidar de pacientes com COVID-19, deve-se garantir que os pacientes sem COVID-19 que precisam de cuidados cardiovasculares invasivos continuem recebendo atendimento em um ambiente seguro. Portanto, t&#234;m sido implementados ajustes cont&#237;nuos na pr&#225;tica da nossa unidade de cardiologia invasiva. Adapta&#231;&#245;es no protocolo ser&#227;o determinadas principalmente pela disponibilidade de testes para SARS-CoV-2, suprimento de EPI, e o estado de sa&#250;de da for&#231;a de trabalho. Descrevemos a seguir uma lista das principais mudan&#231;as nas pr&#225;ticas de nosso departamento.</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A unidade de atendimento di&#225;rio do laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco de 20 leitos est&#225; localizada perto e no mesmo andar dos laborat&#243;rios de cateterismo. Esta &#225;rea recebe pacientes provenientes de seus domic&#237;lios, ou encaminhados de outros hospitais, para preparo para realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismos card&#237;acos diagn&#243;sticos, interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas (ICP), procedimentos endovasculares e de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas. Os pacientes s&#227;o atendidos por uma extensa equipe de enfermeiros, cardiologistas e <italic>fellows</italic> de primeiro ano em cardiologia. Cuidados p&#243;s-procedimentos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o oferecidos nessa &#225;rea. Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, a metade desta unidade tem sido dedicada aos pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 (zona amarela) e a outra metade aos pacientes sem COVID-19 ou com baixa probabilidade de COVID-19 (zona verde). Essas duas zonas foram fisicamente separadas. A equipe de sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m foi dividida para trabalhar nas duas &#225;reas de forma independente. Aqueles que cuidam de pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 n&#227;o cuidam do setor negativo de COVID-19 e vice-versa. O EPI adequado est&#225; dispon&#237;vel nos dois setores.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os pacientes ambulatoriais com suspeita de COVID-19 e os pacientes provenientes do DE, da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) ou da &#225;rea de COVID-19 do hospital entram e saem dos laborat&#243;rios de cateterismo card&#237;aco por rotas espec&#237;ficas que s&#227;o diferentes daquelas utilizadas por pacientes n&#227;o COVID.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Do total de seis laborat&#243;rios de cateterismo, dois t&#234;m sido dedicados a pacientes positivos ou suspeitos de COVID-19. No caso de o n&#250;mero de pacientes suspeitos de COVID exceder o n&#250;mero de pacientes n&#227;o COVID, duas salas adicionais podem ser convertidas em laborat&#243;rios de COVID. Estamos estruturados para operar quatro laborat&#243;rios COVID e dois n&#227;o COVID simultaneamente.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As macas usadas para levar pacientes positivos ou suspeitos de COVID-19 ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo s&#227;o mantidas dentro do laborat&#243;rio para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras &#225;reas do Departamento de Interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Com os objetivos de reduzir o n&#250;mero de pessoal circulante e racionar os EPI, o pessoal dos laborat&#243;rios de COVID tem sido limitado ao m&#237;nimo, todos usando EPI completo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As portas dos laborat&#243;rios de COVID devem permanecer fechadas em todos momentos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Nenhum dos nossos laborat&#243;rios de cateterismo est&#225; equipado com sistema de press&#227;o negativa. Por isso, cada laborat&#243;rio de COVID passa por limpeza terminal ap&#243;s cada procedimento</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Equipamentos de Prote&#231;&#227;o para Profissionais de Sa&#250;de</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> mostra os tipos diferentes de m&#225;scaras/respiradores dispon&#237;veis no nosso instituto de acordo com a efic&#225;cia de filtragem de part&#237;culas. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> mostra as modalidades de EPI para prote&#231;&#227;o dos PS nos laborat&#243;rios de cateterismo card&#237;aco durante a pandemia de COVID-19.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Tipos de m&#225;scaras/respiradores de acordo com a efic&#225;cia de filtragem de part&#237;culas. PS: Profissional de sa&#250;de.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modalidades de equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual. EPI: equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O EPI completo deve ser usado para os procedimentos em pacientes que apresentaram resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2 e naqueles classificados como altamente (categoria vermelha) ou moderadamente (categoria amarela) suspeitos de COVID-19. A justificativa para esse EPI &#233; de fornecer prote&#231;&#227;o contra got&#237;culas respirat&#243;rias e garantir a seguran&#231;a adequada na retirada do EPI, minimizando o contato direto ou indireto com superf&#237;cies contaminadas. Esta modalidade de prote&#231;&#227;o consiste nos itens seguintes:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Gorro cir&#250;rgico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#211;culos radiol&#243;gicos ou &#243;culos de prote&#231;&#227;o contra respingos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Escudo facial;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Respirador FFP2 ou N95;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avental de chumbo e protetor da tireoide;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avental cir&#250;rgico interno com manguito nos punhos (n&#227;o precisa ser est&#233;ril);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avental cir&#250;rgico externo, imperme&#225;vel aos fluidos e est&#233;ril, com manguito nos punhos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dois pares de luvas cir&#250;rgicas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O EPI padr&#227;o aplica-se a procedimentos em pacientes com resultado negativo para SARS-CoV-2 ou pacientes sem suspeita de COVID. Esta modalidade de EPI consiste nos itens seguintes:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Gorro cir&#250;rgico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#211;culos radiol&#243;gicos ou &#243;culos de prote&#231;&#227;o contra respingos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>M&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avental de chumbo e protetor da tireoide;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avental cir&#250;rgico externo est&#233;ril, com manguito nos punhos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Um par de luvas cir&#250;rgicas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>
          <bold>Sequ&#234;ncia de Coloca&#231;&#227;o de EPI ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> )</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sequ&#234;ncia de coloca&#231;&#227;o de EPI.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Use a avental cir&#250;rgico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o avental do chumbo, o protetor da tireoide e protetores de sapatos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Lave as m&#227;os com &#225;gua e sab&#227;o ou desinfetante para as m&#227;os &#224; base de &#225;lcool;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o respirador FFP2 ou N95 com a faixa el&#225;stica inferior atr&#225;s do pesco&#231;o e a faixa el&#225;stica superior no topo da cabe&#231;a. Verifique que o mesmo cobre a boca e o nariz e amarre-o firmemente contra a ponte nasal e as bochechas para minimizar o vazamento de ar da parte superior e dos lados da m&#225;scara;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque a gorro cir&#250;rgico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque e ajuste os &#243;culos, certificando-se de que n&#227;o fiquem emba&#231;ados durante a respira&#231;&#227;o;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o escudo facial, ajustando-o firmemente &#224; cabe&#231;a;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize a higiene das m&#227;os com a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica apropriada;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Entre no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo e coloque a avental interno;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o primeiro par de luvas. Nesta fase, deve ser realizada a higiene das m&#227;os com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de uma solu&#231;&#227;o anti-s&#233;ptica cir&#250;rgica no primeiro par de luvas, caso a avental interno n&#227;o esteja est&#233;ril;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque a avental externo, imperme&#225;vel aos fluidos e est&#233;ril;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o segundo par de luvas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>
          <bold>Sequ&#234;ncia de Retirada de EPI ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> )</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sequ&#234;ncia de retirada de EPI.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>No final do procedimento, pelo menos um membro da equipe m&#233;dica deve esperar dentro do laborat&#243;rio at&#233; que o paciente saia da sala;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire a avental externo e o par externo de luvas de dentro para fora. Tenha cuidado para n&#227;o tocar na superf&#237;cie externa do avental e das luvas. Descarte-os no recipiente de lixo apropriado;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize a higiene das m&#227;os com desinfetante para as m&#227;os &#224; base de &#225;lcool;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire o escudo facial, levantando cuidadosamente os lados, evitando tocar no rosto;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize a higiene das m&#227;os com desinfetante para as m&#227;os &#224; base de &#225;lcool;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire o avental interno e o par interno de luvas completamente e descarte-os no recipiente de lixo apropriado;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize a higiene das m&#227;os com desinfetante para as m&#227;os &#224; base de &#225;lcool;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire a gorro cir&#250;rgico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize a higiene das m&#227;os com desinfetante para as m&#227;os &#224; base de &#225;lcool;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire as protetores dos sapatos e saia da sala;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize a higiene das m&#227;os com desinfetante para as m&#227;os &#224; base de &#225;lcool;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire o avental de chumbo e o protetor da tireoide;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize a higiene das m&#227;os com desinfetante para as m&#227;os &#224; base de &#225;lcool;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire os &#243;culos de prote&#231;&#227;o;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize a higiene das m&#227;os com desinfetante para as m&#227;os &#224; base de &#225;lcool;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire o respirador FFP2 ou N95 puxando as faixas el&#225;sticas sem tocar na face da m&#225;scara. Armazene-o em um envelope de papel nomeado e datado para outro uso. O respirador FFP2 ou N95 deve ser descartado se estiver umedecido ou sujo;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Lave as m&#227;os com &#225;gua e sab&#227;o;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Troque a roupa privativa conforme necess&#225;rio.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</title>
        <p>A ICP prim&#225;ria &#233; o padr&#227;o de atendimento para pacientes que apresentam IAMCSST e sintomas isqu&#234;micos com dura&#231;&#227;o inferior a 12 horas, desde que possa ser realizada dentro de 120 minutos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico do infarto. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Devido &#224; indisponibilidade de testes r&#225;pidos para SARS-CoV-2, todos os pacientes com IAMCSST est&#227;o sendo tratados no laborat&#243;rio COVID exclusivo, com a equipe usando EPI completo.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com resultado positivo para COVID-19 ou com alta probabilidade (febre, tosse, dispneia, mialgia, contato recente com paciente com COVID-19 ou tomografia computadorizada tor&#225;cica caracter&#237;stica), devem ser equilibrados os benef&#237;cios de uma abordagem invasiva e os riscos de exposi&#231;&#227;o da equipe. Nesse sentido, a institui&#231;&#227;o de uma abordagem fibrinol&#237;tica pode ser considerada uma op&#231;&#227;o para pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis que apresentam IAMCSST de um territ&#243;rio presumivelmente pequeno. A decis&#227;o de oferecer fibrin&#243;lise como terapia de reperfus&#227;o de primeira linha deve ser ponderada individualmente, em discuss&#227;o conjunta entre o cardiologista do DE e o cardiologista intervencionista. No caso de falha da fibrin&#243;lise, a ICP de resgate &#233; realizada no laborat&#243;rio dedicado para COVID-19.</p>
        <p>A les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica comum da COVID-19, manifestada por eleva&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores card&#237;acos e frequentes anormalidades no ECG e ecocardiograma. Al&#233;m do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio devido &#224; ruptura de placa, a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nestes pacientes tamb&#233;m pode ser causada por tempestade de citocinas, les&#227;o hip&#243;xica, espasmo coronariano, microtrombos, les&#227;o endotelial ou vascular direta e perimiocardite, para os quais a fibrin&#243;lise n&#227;o proporcionaria qualquer benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico, aumentaria o risco de sangramento e desencadearia um cateterismo diagn&#243;stico invasivo desnecess&#225;rio, uma vez que &#233; improv&#225;vel que a eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST seja resolvida. Uma pequena s&#233;rie de 28 pacientes com COVID-19 apresentando supradesnivelamento do segmento ST mostrou que 39,3% n&#227;o apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dessa maneira, est&#225; sendo aceita a flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o nos padr&#245;es de qualidade, como o tempo porta-bal&#227;o, quando os pacientes chegam ao pronto-socorro com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, considerando que pode ser necess&#225;ria avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio verdadeiro e avaliar o estado infeccioso do paciente. Disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, concordante com as altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG, podem ser informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis. Pode ser considerada a angiotomografia das coron&#225;riasnos casos em que os achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o discordantes. Novamente, dever&#225; ocorrer uma discuss&#227;o conjunta entre o cardiologista do DE e o cardiologista intervencionista para casos individuais, antes de ativar o laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> mostra o manejo dos pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxo de manejo para pacientes com IAMCSST. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DE: departamento de emerg&#234;ncia; ECG: eletrocardiograma; EPI: equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TC: tomografia computadorizada; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</title>
        <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores card&#237;acos &#233; comum em pacientes com COVID-19, e est&#225; associada a mau progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dessa maneira, o teste para COVID-19 deveria idealmente ser realizado antes de encaminhar os pacientes ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco. Os pacientes com resultado positivo para COVID-19 ou com alta probabilidade da doen&#231;a, que n&#227;o apresentam sinais de SCA de alto risco, devem ser tratados clinicamente. Nestes pacientes, a angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva deve ser adiada por pelo menos 15 dias, e sua indica&#231;&#227;o reconsiderada ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o. Deve-se realizar exames laboratoriais e de imagem para descartar les&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio devido &#224; COVID-19 n&#227;o relacionadas &#224; ruptura t&#237;pica de placa.</p>
        <p>Para os pacientes com SCA de alto risco, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva deve ser realizada no laborat&#243;rio COVID-19 com a equipe usando EPI completo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxo de manejo para pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; ECG: eletrocardiograma; EPI: equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes Encaminhados de Outras Institui&#231;&#245;es ou Pacientes em Hemodi&#225;lise</title>
        <p>Na aus&#234;ncia de testes r&#225;pidos para COVID-19, esses pacientes ser&#227;o tratados com as mesmas precau&#231;&#245;es adotadas para os pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19. O question&#225;rio de triagem, aferi&#231;&#227;o da temperatura e a oximetria de pulso s&#227;o obtidos na chegada desses pacientes. Os procedimentos em pacientes que t&#234;m um teste positivo conhecido para SARS-CoV-2 ou que s&#227;o classificados como altamente prov&#225;veis para COVID-19 est&#227;o sendo adiados por 15 dias e reavaliados. No caso de um paciente precisar de angiografia coron&#225;ria urgente, a mesma deve ser realizada no laborat&#243;rio COVID-19 com a equipe usando EPI completo.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que n&#227;o s&#227;o classificados como de alta probabilidade para COVID-19 recebem cuidados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento na se&#231;&#227;o amarela da unidade de atendimento di&#225;rio do laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo; os procedimentos s&#227;o realizados no laborat&#243;rio COVID-19 com a equipe usando EPI completo e recebem alta para casa ou para a institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref> mostra o fluxo de manejo para estes pacientes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxo de manejo para pacientes encaminhados de outras institui&#231;&#245;es ou em hemodi&#225;lise. EPI: equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes Eletivos Vindos de Casa</title>
        <p>Desde que o primeiro caso foi relatado no Brasil em 25 de fevereiro, monitoramos a escalada de casos em S&#227;o Paulo, a demanda de casos suspeitos de COVID-19 chegando ao nosso instituto e a disponibilidade de EPI. De acordo com isso, ajustamos o n&#250;mero de procedimentos eletivos durante este per&#237;odo, a fim de continuar prestando assist&#234;ncia cardiovascular aos necessitados, sem perder o controle dos riscos de transmiss&#227;o aos PS e os pacientes ou comprometer o suprimento de EPI.</p>
        <p>No momento da confec&#231;&#227;o deste manuscrito em 15 de maio, j&#225; foram interandos em nosso instituto 136 pacientes com COVID-19 desde o in&#237;cio da epidemia no Brasil. Atualmente, est&#227;o internados 59. Durante as &#250;ltimas duas semanas, a admiss&#227;o de pacientes suspeitos de COVID-19 aumentou de 2 a 3, no in&#237;cio da epidemia, para 5 a 6 pacientes diariamente. Como resultado, reduzimos o n&#250;mero de procedimentos eletivos, restringindo-os a pacientes altamente sintom&#225;ticos e/ou com anatomia de alto risco. S&#227;o tomadas decis&#245;es conjuntas entre cardiologistas e cardiologistas intervencionistas todas as manh&#227;s para discutir a urg&#234;ncia de cada caso eletivo. Os pacientes encaminhados para procedimentos invasivos seguem o processo de triagem descrito anteriormente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 9</xref> mostra o fluxo de manejo para estes casos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxo de manejo para pacientes eletivos vindos de casa. EPI: equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf08.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais</title>
      <p>A atual pandemia de COVID-19 tornou necess&#225;rio que os hospitais ajustassem suas pr&#225;ticas e vias de atendimento existentes, antecipando um aumento do n&#250;mero de pacientes com COVID-19, mantendo um atendimento de qualidade para pacientes n&#227;o COVID que apresentam SCA e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Estes ajustes na pr&#225;tica exigem um comportamento din&#226;mico que deve responder ao padr&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gico de cada regi&#227;o, seus perfis populacionais locais, pr&#225;ticas, log&#237;sticas e espa&#231;os geogr&#225;ficos, bem como a disponibilidade de EPI.</p>
      <p>T&#227;o importante ou talvez at&#233; mais importante do que ter EPI dispon&#237;vel &#233; us&#225;-lo corretamente. Uma abordagem multidisciplinar para o desenvolvimento de protocolos internos &#233; desej&#225;vel, assim como o treinamento frequente e abrangente de toda a equipe, ajustando cada etapa do protocolo conforme necess&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Question&#225;rio de triagem para pacientes encaminhados para procedimentos card&#237;acos invasivos. TC: tomografia computadorizada. * TC tor&#225;cica caracter&#237;stica foi definida como opacidades em vidro fosco com distribui&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e basal predominante.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf09.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. World Health Organization. (WHO) . Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation reports . Geneva : WHO ; 2020 . [ acesso em 16 maio 2020 ]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://covid19.who.int">https://covid19.who.int</ext-link> . Published 2020 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization. (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation reports</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>WHO</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">acesso em 16 maio 2020</date-in-citation>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://covid19.who.int">https://covid19.who.int</ext-link>
          </comment>
          <comment>Published 2020</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Shi S , Qin M , Shen B , Cai Y , Liu T , Yang F , et al . Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China . JAMA Cardiol . 2020 ; 5 ( 7 ): 802 - 10 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>802</fpage>
          <lpage>810</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Ruan Q , Yang K , Wang W , Jiang L , Song J . Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China . Intensive Care Med . 2020 ; 46 ( 5 ): 846 - 8 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruan</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China</article-title>
          <source>Intensive Care Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>846</fpage>
          <lpage>848</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Guo T , Fan Y , Chen M , Wu X , Zhang L , He T , et al . Cardiovascular Implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) . JAMA Cardiol . 2020 ; 5 ( 7 ) 1 - 8 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Tang JW , Nicolle ADG , Pantelic J , Jiang M , Sekhr C , Cheong DKW , et al . Qualitative real-time schlieren and shadowgraph imaging of human exhaled airflows: an aid to aerosol infection control . PLoS One . 2011 ; 6 ( 6 ): e21392 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolle</surname>
              <given-names>ADG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pantelic</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sekhr</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheong</surname>
              <given-names>DKW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Qualitative real-time schlieren and shadowgraph imaging of human exhaled airflows: an aid to aerosol infection control</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e21392</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Valentyn S , Bax CE , Bax A , Anfinrud P . The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2020 ; 117 ( 22 ): 11875 - 7 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valentyn</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anfinrud</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>11875</fpage>
          <lpage>11877</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Bourouiba L . Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions: potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19 . JAMA . 2020 Mar 26 . [ Epub ahead of print ].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bourouiba</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions: potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>03</month>
          <day>26</day>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. van Doremalen N , Bushmaker T , Morris DH , Holbrook MG , Gamble A , Williamson BN , et al . Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1 . N Engl J Med . 2020 ; 382 ( 16 ): 1564 - 7 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Doremalen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bushmaker</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holbrook</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gamble</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williamson</surname>
              <given-names>BN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1564</fpage>
          <lpage>1567</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Chan JFW , Yuan S , Kok KH , To KKW , Chu H , Yang J , et al . A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster . Lancet . 2020 ; 395 ( 10223 ): 514 - 23 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>JFW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kok</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>To</surname>
              <given-names>KKW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>395</volume>
          <issue>10223</issue>
          <fpage>514</fpage>
          <lpage>523</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Li Q , Guan X , Wu P , Wang X , Zhou L , Tong Y , et al . Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia . N Engl J Med . 2020 ; 382 ( 13 ): 1199 - 1207 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guan</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tong</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1199</fpage>
          <lpage>1207</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Flahault A . Has China faced only a herald wave of SARS-CoV-2? Lancet . 2020 ; 395 ( 10228 ): 947 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flahault</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Has China faced only a herald wave of SARS-CoV-2?</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>395</volume>
          <issue>10228</issue>
          <size units="pages">947</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Zou L , Ruan F , Huang M , Liang L , Huang H , Hong Z , et al . SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients . N Engl J Med . 2020 ; 382 ( 12 ): 1177 - 9 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1177</fpage>
          <lpage>1179</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Li R , Pei S , Chen B , Song Y , Zhang T , Yang W , et al . Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) . Science . 2020 ; 368 ( 6490 ): 489 - 93 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pei</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)</article-title>
          <source>Science</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>368</volume>
          <issue>6490</issue>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>493</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Luo M , Cao S , Wei L , Tang R , Hong S , Liu R , et al . Precautions for intubating patients with COVID-19 . Anesthesiology . 2020 ; 132 ( 6 ): 1616 - 18 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wei</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Precautions for intubating patients with COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>Anesthesiology</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1616</fpage>
          <lpage>1618</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Tran K , Cimon K , Severn M , Pessoa-Silva CL , Conly J . Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review . PLoS One . 2012 ; 7 ( 4 ): e35797 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tran</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cimon</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Severn</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pessoa-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conly</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e35797</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. W&#246;lfel R , Corman VM , Guggemos W , Seilmaier M , Zange S , M&#252;ller MA , et al . Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019 . Nature . 2020 ; 581 ( 7809 ): 465 - 9 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>W&#246;lfel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corman</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guggemos</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seilmaier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zange</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;ller</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>581</volume>
          <issue>7809</issue>
          <fpage>465</fpage>
          <lpage>469</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Pan Y , Zhang D , Yang P , Poon LLM , Wang Q . Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples . Lancet. Infect Dis . 2020 ; 20 ( 14 ): 411 - 2 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poon</surname>
              <given-names>LLM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples</article-title>
          <source>Lancet. Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>412</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) . [ acesso em 5 maio 2020 ] Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">acesso em 5 maio 2020</date-in-citation>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Ibanez B , James S , Agewall S , Antunes MJ , Bucciarelli-Ducci C , Bueno H , et al . 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation . Eur Heart J . 2018 ; 39 ( 2 ): 119 - 77 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ibanez</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agewall</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bucciarelli-Ducci</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>177</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Stefanini GG , Montorfano M , Trabattoni D , Andreini D , Ferrante G , Ancona M , et al . ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with COVID-19: clinical and angiographic outcomes . Circulation . 2020 ; 141 ( 25 ): 2113 - 6 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanini</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montorfano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trabattoni</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreini</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrante</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ancona</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with COVID-19: clinical and angiographic outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2113</fpage>
          <lpage>2116</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adapted Catheterization Laboratory Practices during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia Protocol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3258-2458</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ribamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Galo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7620-1752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4600-431X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Centemero</surname>
            <given-names>Marinella Patrizia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;urea Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Cl&#225;udia Sousa Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Nancy Toledo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ohe</surname>
            <given-names>Louis Nakayama</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abboud</surname>
            <given-names>Cely</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniel Chami&#233;</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Cardiologia Invasiva - Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500, Hemodin&#226;mica, Pr&#233;dio 3, Primeiro andar. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: daniel.chamie@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Chami&#233; D; Acquisition of data: Chami&#233; D, Oliveira F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chami&#233; D, Oliveira F, Braga S, Costa JR, Siqueira DAA, Staico R, Costa R, Maldonado G, Tanajura LFL, Centemero MP, Chaves AJ, Abizaid ACSL, Freitas RAP, Coelho NT, Ohe LN, Abboud C, Feres F.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus Infections/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Practice Guidelines</kwd>
        <kwd>Test Taking Stills</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and it has affected over 4.4 million people worldwide, with 302,169 deaths as of May 16, 2020. <sup>1</sup></p>
        <p>Though respiratory symptoms are the most common presentation of COVID-19, cardiac involvement is a prominent feature of this disease, occurring in 20% to 30% of hospitalized patients and contributing to 40% of deaths. <sup>2-4</sup> COVID-19-related cardiac involvement has been documented by elevations in cardiac biomarkers, and it often presents with changes in the ST-T segment in the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), for which the catheterization laboratory team is often activated. Furthermore, catheterization laboratory activities must continue for care of non-COVID-19 patients who present with genuine acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and highly symptomatic stable ischemic heart disease.</p>
        <p>Due to the escalation in the number of COVID-19 cases in the city of Sao Paulo, the epicenter of the disease in Brazil, we have reshaped the logistics and practices in the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia cardiac catheterization laboratory, which went into effect at the beginning of April 2020 and will continue for the duration of the pandemic. The goals are to provide optimized care to the population in need of invasive cardiac procedures during the pandemic, with the proper protection to health care professionals (HCP), patients, and their families.</p>
        <p>The protocols herein reported represent multidisciplinary and dynamic efforts of the Invasive Cardiology Department at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, and they have been validated by the institution&#8217;s Infection Control Committee. These practices are subject to change following local epidemiologic status, phase of the epidemic, and availability of personal protective equipment (PPE). These protocols may not apply to other locations with no (or sporadic) COVID-19 cases or to services that treat different population profiles with different logistics and availability of PPE.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Epidemiology and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and Rationale for Reshaping Practices</title>
          <p>Current information suggests that the main routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are via respiratory droplets and direct and indirect fomite contact. Exhaled aerosol size depends on the characteristics of the fluid, the force and pressure at the moment of emission, and environmental conditions. Large size particles remain suspended in the air for a short period and settle within 1 meter from the source. Smaller particles evaporate rapidly, while dry residues slowly settle and remain suspended for a variable amount of time. Infectious respiratory aerosols are 1) droplets (respiratory aerosol &gt; 5 &#956;m diameter) and 2) droplet nuclei [dry part of the aerosol (&lt; 5 &#956;m diameter)], which results from the evaporation of coughed or sneezed droplets or from exhaled infectious particles. Usual proximity between people is enough for virus transmission. <sup>5</sup> There is a substantial probability that normal speaking causes airborne virus transmission in confined environments. <sup>6</sup> Coughing and sneezing can propagate aerosol clouds as far as 7 to 8 meters (23 to 26 feet). <sup>7</sup> Droplets may also land on surfaces where the virus can remain viable, serving as a source of contact transmission. SARS-CoV-2 can remain stable in aerosolized form for up to 3 hours, on cardboard materials for 24 hours, and on plastic or metallic surfaces for 3 days. <sup>8</sup></p>
          <p>The mean incubation period is 5.2 days (95% confidence interval: 4.1 to 7.0 days), with the 95 <sup>th</sup> percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days. <sup>9,10</sup> The estimated R0 (R naught, basic reproduction number) of SARS-CoV-2 is between 2 and 3, meaning that each person with SARS-CoV-2 is expected to infect 2 to 3 other people in a susceptible population. <sup>10,11</sup> The detected viral load is similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with COVID-19, which suggests that the virus can potentially be transmitted from asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients. <sup>12</sup> Estimates indicate that 86% of all infections were undocumented. Importantly, these were the infection source for 79% of documented cases. <sup>13</sup></p>
          <p>HCP are at increased risk of infection. A recent report on 138 confirmed COVID-19 cases revealed that 41.3% were acquired in-hospital, 70% of whom were HCP. <sup>14</sup> Aerosol generating medical procedures carry greater risk for airborne transmission of the virus to HCP. Among these are tracheal intubation, non-invasive ventilation, tracheotomy, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, manual ventilation before intubation, bronchoscopy, and dental, ophthalmological, and otorhinolaryngological procedures. <sup>15</sup></p>
          <p>Respiratory viruses are not usually transmitted by blood. <sup>16</sup> Thus, for the particular case of HCP in the catheterization laboratory, the higher risk of exposition to SARS-CoV-2 is related to proximity to patients and contact with contaminated fomites, for instance, in surgical drapes, gowns, and equipment.</p>
          <p>Ideally, all patients should be tested for SARS-CoV-2 before entering the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Exceptions to this are, perhaps, patients referred for emergency procedures (e.g. STEMI patients), for whom there is no time to wait for test results; these should be treated like patients with confirmed COVID-19. At the moment, tests are not widely available in Brazil, nor are results coming out in a timely manner. Thus, it is intuitive to assume that universal use of full PPE would be desirable. However, PPE shortage is a reality worldwide, and appropriate and rational use of protective equipment is necessary to optimize its availability.</p>
          <p>As a result, several strategies have been implemented to provide adequate protection to all HCP and patients without withholding quality patient care.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Logistic Adjustments Adopted Before Patients Enter the Catheterization Laboratory</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Adjustments in the agenda have been made to minimize waiting times in the reception area of the Invasive Cardiology Department;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Only one family member or companion per patient is allowed to minimize the number of people circulating in the Invasive Cardiology Department;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Surgical masks are to be used by all patients and their companions during all times while inside the hospital;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Medical and nursing staff must use a surgical mask or FFP2/N95 respirators (as appropriate) during contact with patients and hand hygiene after each contact;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients referred from the emergency department (ED) or inpatients referred from other institutions are considered as suspected cases for COVID-19, and full PPE should be used;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Forehead temperature is to be taken from all patients with non-contact infra-red thermometers upon arrival. Patients with temperatures &#8805; 37.0 <sup>o</sup> C will have their procedures postponed and will be referred to a suspected COVID-19 area;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Oxygen saturation is to be taken from all patients with fingertip pulse oximeters upon arrival. Patients with oxygen saturation &lt; 94% will have their procedures postponed and will be referred to a suspected COVID-19 area. Attention must be paid to identification of other medical conditions associated with low oxygen saturation (e.g. decompensated heart failure, chronic lung disease).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As universal PPE use is not a reality at the moment, we are trying to identify patients who pose a higher risk of infection transmission. Although SARS-CoV-2 transmission can occur in the pre-symptomatic phase, it has been demonstrated that the viral loads in throat swab and sputum samples peaked at around 5 to 6 days after symptom onset. <sup>17</sup> Thus, a dedicated questionnaire is being applied to all patients about their symptomatic status and contact with COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 causes a series of constitutional, non-specific symptoms, upper and lower respiratory symptoms, and, less commonly, gastrointestinal symptoms. The three primary symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Other reported symptoms are myalgia, anorexia, malaise, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, and new loss of taste or smell. Symptoms may appear in as few as 2 days or as long as 14 days after exposure. <sup>18</sup> Patients are then risk-stratified for the probability of COVID-19 as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f01001">
                  <label>Figure 1</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>&#8211; Triage questionnaire for patients referred for invasive cardiac procedures. CT: computed tomography. * Characteristic chest CT has been defined as patchy ground-glass opacities with predominant peripheral and basal distribution.</title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Full PPE is to be used by all HCP involved in procedures with patients categorized as yellow (moderate COVID probability) or red (high COVID probability).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Logistic Adjustments in the Routine Practices of the Catheterization Laboratory</title>
          <p>As we prepare to care for COVID-19 patients we must ensure that patients without COVID-19 who need invasive cardiovascular care continue to receive care in a safe environment. Therefore, continuous adjustments in the practice of our invasive cardiology facility have been implemented. Key points that drive dynamic changes include the availability of tests for SARS-CoV-2, PPE supply, and health status of the workforce. We provide below a list of the major changes in the practices of our department.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The 20-bay cardiac catheterization laboratory day care unit is located close to and on the same floor as the catheterization laboratories. This area receives patients coming from home or referred from other hospitals, who are prepared for cardiac catheterizations, percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), and endovascular and congenital heart disease procedures. It is served by an extensive team of nurses, cardiologists, and first-year cardiology fellows. Post-procedure care is also given in this area. During the COVID-19 pandemic, half of this facility has been dedicated to suspect COVID-19 patients (yellow zone) and the other half to patients without COVID-19 or with a low probability of COVID-19 (green zone). These two zones have been physically separated. The health care team has also been split to cover the two areas independently. Those who care for suspected COVID-19 patients do not look after the COVID negative sector, and vice-versa. Appropriate PPE is available in both sectors.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Outpatients with suspected COVID-19 and patients coming from the ED, the intensive care unit (ICU), or the COVID area in the hospital enter and exit the cardiac catheterization laboratories via dedicated routes that are different from the ones used by non-COVID patients.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Of the total six catheterization laboratories, two have been dedicated to COVID-19 positive or suspected patients. In case the number of suspect COVID patients exceeds the number of non-COVID patients, two additional rooms can be converted into COVID labs. We are structured to run four COVID and two non-COVID labs simultaneously.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The gurneys used to bring suspected or positive COVID patients to the catheterization lab are kept inside the lab to minimize exposure to other areas of the Interventional Department.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>With the aim of reducing the number of circulating personnel and rationing PPE, staffing of COVID labs has been restricted to a minimum, all wearing full PPE.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The doors of the COVID labs must remain closed during all times.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>None of our catheterization laboratories are equipped with negative pressure systems. Thus, each COVID lab undergoes terminal cleaning following each procedure.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protective Equipment for Health Care Professionals</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows the different types of masks/respirators available in our institute according to efficacy of particle filtration. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows the modalities of PPE for protection of HCP in the cardiac catheterization laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Types of masks/respirators according to their particle filtration efficiency. HCP: Health care professional.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Personal protection equipment modalities. PPE: Personal protection equipment.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Full PPE is to be used for procedures in patients who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and those categorized as highly (red category) or moderately (yellow category) suspect for COVID-19. The rationale for this PPE is to provide protection against respiratory droplets and to ensure adequate safety for PPE doffing, minimizing direct or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces. This modality of protection consists of the following:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Surgical cap;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Standard radiological goggles or splash goggles;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Face shield;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>FFP2 or N95 respirator;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Lead apron and thyroid shield;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Internal gown with cuff (does not need to be sterile);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>External, fluid-impermeable and sterile gown with cuff;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Two pairs of surgical gloves.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Standard PPE applies for procedures in patients who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 or who have no suspecion of COVID. This modality of PPE consists of the following:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Surgical cap;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Standard radiological goggles or splash goggles;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Surgical mask;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Lead apron and thyroid shield;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>External sterile gown with cuff;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>One pair of surgical gloves.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <sec>
            <title>PPE Donning Sequence ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> )</title>
            <p>
              <fig id="f04001">
                <label>Figure 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; PPE donning sequence.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Wear surgical scrubs;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Put on the lead apron, thyroid shield, and shoe covers;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Wash hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Put on the FFP2 or N95 respirator with the lower elastic band behind the neck and the superior elastic band on top of the head. Make sure it covers the mouth and nose, and tie it securely against the nose bridge and cheeks to minimize air leakage through the top and sides of the mask;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Put on the surgical cap;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Put on and adjust goggles, making sure they do not get fogged up during respiration;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Put on the face shield adjusting it firmly to the head;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Perform hand hygiene with appropriate surgical technique;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Enter the catheterization lab and put on the internal gown;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Put on the first pair of gloves. Hand hygiene with the application of a surgical antiseptic solution on the first pair of gloves must be performed at this stage in case the internal gown is not sterile.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Put on the external fluid-impermeable sterile gown.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Put on the second pair of gloves.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>PPE Doffing Sequence ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ) </title>
            <p>
              <fig id="f05001">
                <label>Figure 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; PPE doffing sequence.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>At the end of the procedure, at least one member of the medical staff must wait inside the lab until the patient leaves the room;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remove the external gown and the external pair of gloves altogether from inside out. Be careful to not touch the external surface of the gown and gloves. Discard them in the appropriate trash container;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Sterilize the internal pair of gloves with alcohol-based hand sanitizer;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remove the face shield by lifting its sides carefully, avoiding touching your face;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Sterilize the internal pair of gloves with alcohol-based hand sanitizer;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remove the internal gown and internal pair of gloves altogether and discard them in the appropriate trash container;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand sanitizer with alcohol-based hand sanitizer;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remove surgical cap;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand sanitizer with alcohol-based hand sanitizer;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remove the shoe covers and exit the room;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand sanitizer with alcohol-based hand sanitizer;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remove the lead apron and thyroid shield;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand sanitizer with alcohol-based hand sanitizer;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remove protection goggles;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand sanitizer with alcohol-based hand sanitizer;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Remove the FFP2 or N95 respirator by pulling the elastic bands without touching the face of the mask. Store it in a named and dated paper envelope for another use. The FFP2 or N95 respirator should be discarded if dampened or soiled;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Wash hands with soap and water;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Change surgical scrubs as necessary.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical Presentations</title>
        <sec>
          <title>ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction </title>
          <p>Primary PCI is the standard of care for patients presenting with STEMI and ischemic symptoms of less than 12 hours&#8217; duration, provided it can be performed within 120 minutes of STEMI diagnosis. <sup>19</sup></p>
          <p>Due to the unavailability of quick tests for SARS-CoV-2, all patients with STEMI are being managed in the dedicated COVID lab with staff donning full PPE.</p>
          <p>In patients who have tested positive for COVID-19 or who present with a high likelihood (fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, recent contact with a COVID-19 patient, or characteristic chest computer tomography scan) the benefits of an invasive approach and the risks of staff exposition must be balanced. On this note, the institution of a fibrinolytic approach can be considered an option for clinically stable patients who present with STEMI of a presumably small territory. The decision to offer fibrinolysis as first-line reperfusion therapy must be weighed on an individual case basis in joint discussion between the ED cardiologist and the interventional cardiologist. In the case of failed fibrinolysis, rescue PCI is performed in the dedicated COVID-19 lab.</p>
          <p>Myocardial injury is a common feature of COVID-19, manifested by elevations of cardiac biomarkers, and frequent ECG and echocardiographic abnormalities. Apart from myocardial infarction due to plaque rupture, myocardial injury in these patients can also be due to cytokine storm, hypoxic injury, coronary spasm, microthrombi, direct endothelial or vascular injury, and perimyocarditis, for which fibrinolysis would provide no clinical benefit, increase the bleeding risk, and trigger unnecessary invasive diagnostic catheterization given that the ST-segment elevation is unlikely to resolve. A small series of 28 COVID-19 patients presenting with ST-elevation showed that 39.3% did not have obstructive coronary artery disease. <sup>20</sup></p>
          <p>Thus, flexibility in quality standards such as the door-to-balloon time is being accepted when patients arrive at the ED with ST-segment elevation, as additional workup may be necessary to establish the diagnosis of genuine acute myocardial infarction and to assess the infectious status of the patient. Regional wall motion abnormality on transthoracic echocardiogram concordant with ECG changes can be useful information. Computed tomography angiography can be considered in cases where the clinical, ECG, and echocardiographic findings are discordant. Again, joint discussion between the ED cardiologist and the interventional cardiologist should take place for individual cases before activating the cardiac catheterization laboratory. The management of STEMI patients is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Management flow for STEMI patients. MI: myocardial infarction; ECG: electrocardiogram; CT: computed tomography; CAD: coronary artery disease; PPE: personal protection equipment; ED: emergency department; ICU: intensive care unit; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction </title>
          <p>Elevation of cardiac biomarkers is frequent in patients with COVID-19, and it is associated with poor prognosis. <sup>2-4</sup> Thus, testing for COVID-19 should ideally be performed before referring patients to the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Patients who test positive for COVID-19 or patients with high probability of the disease, who do not show signs of high-risk ACS, should be managed clinically. In these patients, invasive coronary angiography should be delayed for at least 15 days, and its indication reconsidered after resolution of the infection. Laboratory and imaging workup should be pursued to discard myocardial injury due to COVID-19 not related to typical ACS plaque rupture.</p>
          <p>For patients with high-risk ACS, invasive stratification is to be performed in the dedicated COVID-19 lab with the staff in full PPE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Management flow for NSTEMI patients. ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ECG: electrocardiogram; PPE: personal protection equipment.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients Referred from Other Institutions or Patients on Hemodialysis </title>
          <p>In the absence of rapid testing for COVID-19, these patients will be managed with the same precautions adopted for suspected COVID-19 patients. The triage questionnaire, forehead temperature, and pulse oximetry are taken from these patients upon arrival. Procedures in patients who have a known positive test for SARS-CoV-2 or who are classified as highly probable for COVID-19 are being postponed for 15 days and reevaluated. In case a patient needs urgent coronary angiography, this is to be performed in the COVID-19 lab with staff using full PPE.</p>
          <p>Patients not classified as high probability for COVID-19 receive pre- and post-procedure care at the yellow section of the catheterization laboratory day care; procedures are performed in the COVID-19 lab with staff using full PPE, and they are discharged home or to the referring Institution as soon as possible. Management flow of these patients is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Management flow for patients referred from other institutions or on hemodialysis. PPE: personal protection equipment.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Elective Patients Coming from Home </title>
          <p>Since the first case was reported in Brazil on February 25, we have been monitoring the escalation of cases in Sao Paulo, the demand of suspected COVID-19 cases arriving at our institute, and the availability of PPE. We have adjusted the number of elective procedures accordingly over this period in order to keep providing cardiovascular care to those in need without losing track of transmission risks to HCP and patients or compromising the supply of PPE.</p>
          <p>As of May 15 <sup>th</sup> , a total of 136 patients with COVID-19 had been admitted to our hospital since the start of the epidemic in Brazil. Fifty-nine are currently inpatients. Over the past two weeks, admission of suspected COVID-19 patients rose from 2 to 3 at the start of the epidemic to 5 to 6 patients daily. As a result, we have reduced the number of elective procedures, restricting them to highly symptomatic patients and/or those with high-risk anatomies. Joint decisions between cardiologists and interventional cardiologists are undertaken every morning to discuss the urgency of each elective case. Those referred for invasive procedures follow the triage process previously described. Management flow of these cases is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 9</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09001">
              <label>Figure 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Management flow for elective patients coming from home. PPE: personal protection equipment.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0558-00489-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Final Considerations</title>
        <p>The current COVID-19 pandemic has made it necessary for hospitals to adjust their practices and existing pathways of care in anticipation of an increase in the number of COVID-19 patients, while maintaining quality care for non-COVID patients presenting with ACS and stable ischemic heart disease.</p>
        <p>These adjustments in practice require dynamic behavior that should follow the epidemiologic pattern of each region, their local population profiles, practices, logistics, and geographic space, as well as the availability of PPE.</p>
        <p>As important or perhaps even more important than having PPE available is making correct use of it. A multidisciplinary approach to developing internal protocols is desired, as is frequent and comprehensive training of all staff, fine-tuning each step of the protocol as needed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
