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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RX4t4xnhf5GCgPY8VvCJqGj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100545</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200633</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200633</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estenose do Enxerto de Veia Safena</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9543-7832</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murad</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Academia Nacional de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Academia Nacional de Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Murad &#8226; Av. Alexandre Ferreira, 300 Apt. 402. CEP 22470-220, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>henrique.murad@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>545</fpage>
      <lpage>546</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o do Enxerto Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiagregantes de Plaquetas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose//preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A estenose ou oclus&#227;o do enxerto de veia safena (EVS) &#233; o calcanhar de Aquiles para um uso mais liberal desse tipo de enxerto na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM).</p>
    <p>Durante o primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s a CRM, cerca de 10% dos EVS pode estar oclu&#237;da devido a falha da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica ou trombose. No final do primeiro ano, 15% dos EVS podem estar oclu&#237;dos devido &#224; hiperplasia intimal. Uma t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica perfeita, o manuseio cuidadoso da veia safena evitando a hiperdistens&#227;o do enxerto e o uso de aspirina por toda a vida (ou outro agente antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio) s&#227;o pontos importantes para a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma veia patente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o primeiro ano, a etiologia mais importante para estenose ou oclus&#227;o do EVS &#233; a aterosclerose, e ap&#243;s 10 anos apenas cerca de 60% dos enxertos de EVS s&#227;o patentes. A estenose ateroscler&#243;tica do EVS &#233; a indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum para repetir a CRM. Os fatores de risco para aterosclerose e estenose do EVS s&#227;o semelhantes aos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose do EVS, utiliza-se a mesma estrat&#233;gia usada para a aterosclerose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nativa, a saber, modifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco e medica&#231;&#227;o redutora de lip&#237;dios.</p>
    <p>O artigo &#8220;Impacto dos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos na estenose do enxerto de veia safena&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> estudou 534 pacientes atrav&#233;s de cineangiocoronariografia realizada pelo menos um ano ap&#243;s a CRM (mediana de 5,3 anos). Eles dividiram os pacientes em dois grupos: 1- EVS(+), com pelo menos um EVS com mais de 50% de estenose, com 259 pacientes; e 2-EVS (-) sem qualquer estenose do EVS, com 275 pacientes. Os autores estudaram os componentes lip&#237;dicos do plasma em ambos os grupos: colesterol total (CT), triglic&#233;rides (TG), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-C), lipoprote&#237;na de n&#227;o-alta densidade-colesterol (n&#227;o-HDL-C) e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-C). A partir desses dados, eles calcularam o &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico (IAP) e o coeficiente aterog&#234;nico (CA). O IAP &#233; calculado como o logaritmo da rela&#231;&#227;o TG/HDL-C. O CA &#233; calculado pela f&#243;rmula simples (CT-HDL-C)/HDL-C.</p>
    <p>Nos resultados, eles mostraram que diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e n&#250;mero de enxertos eram par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos independentes para estenose do EVS. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros laboratoriais LDL-C, n&#227;o -HDL-C, HDL-C, IAP e CA foram fatores independentes para estenose do EVS. Utilizando compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas de an&#225;lise da curva ROC, eles n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre IAP e CA, mas ambos foram melhores para prever estenose do EVS do que o HDL-C, LDL-C e n&#227;o-HDL-C.</p>
    <p>Tenho algumas observa&#231;&#245;es e coment&#225;rios sobre este artigo interessante, alguns deles j&#225; apresentados nas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo:</p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>N&#227;o houve <italic>endpoint</italic> cl&#237;nico.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>O uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes foi baixo nos dois grupos, sendo 59,8% no grupo EVS(+) e 64,7% no EVS(-). Eles descobriram que o LDL-C m&#233;dio dos pacientes estava acima do n&#237;vel recomendado para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Hata et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> demonstraram que um tratamento agressivo com estatinas para atingir um n&#237;vel de LDL&lt;100 mg/dL diminui o n&#250;mero de enxertos afetados e a necessidade de repetir a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de enxertos foi um fator independente para estenose de EVS e o grupo EVS(+) teve mais enxertos implantados que o EVS(-). Como os autores consideram que o principal crit&#233;rio para ser inclu&#237;do no grupo EVS(+) era ter pelo menos um enxerto com mais de 50% de estenose, questiono se estudar pacientes com o mesmo n&#250;mero de EVS n&#227;o seria uma maneira mais precisa de compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, j&#225; que se um n&#250;mero maior de enxertos for implantado, h&#225; maior probabilidade de pelo menos um deles ser esten&#243;tico.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Na t&#233;cnica <italic>no-touch</italic> para a coleta de veias safenas, a veia &#233; removida do leito com tecido circundante, sendo relatada pat&#234;ncia de 90% em 8,5 anos;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> al&#233;m disso, esse tipo de coleta de veias foi recomendado na Diretriz Europeia de 2018 para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Seria interessante conhecer o comportamento do IAP e CA nos resultados de m&#233;dio prazo desses enxertos.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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        <mixed-citation>4. Souza DS, Johansson B, Bojo L, Karlson R, Geijer H, Filbery D, et al. Harvesting the saphenous vein with surrounding tissue for CABG provides long-term graft patency comparable to the left internal thoracic artery: results of a longitudinal randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;132(2):373-8.</mixed-citation>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Impacto dos &#205;ndices Aterog&#234;nicos em Estenose do Enxerto de Veia Safena</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Saphenous Vein Graft Stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9543-7832</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murad</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Academia Nacional de Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Henrique Murad &#8226; Av. Alexandre Ferreira, 300 Apt. 402. Postal Code 22470-220, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: henrique.murad@terra.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Graft Occlusion Vascular/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerposis/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Saphenous vein graft (SVG) stenosis or occlusion is the Achilles heel for a more liberal use of this type of graft in coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) for myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>During the first month after CABG, around 10% of SVG can be occluded due to surgical technique failure or thrombosis. At the end of the first year 15% of SVG can be occluded due to intimal hyperplasia. Perfect surgical technique, careful handling of the saphenous vein avoiding graft overdistension and aspirin use for life (or other antiplatelet agent) are important points for achieving a patent vein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>After the first year, the most important etiology for SVG stenosis or occlusion is atherosclerosis, and after 10 years only about 60% of SVG are patent. Atherosclerotic SVG stenosis is the most common indication for CABG reoperation. The risk factors for SVG atherosclerosis and stenosis are similar to the ones in the native coronary artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For SVG atherosclerosis prevention, the same strategy is used as that for native coronary artery atherosclerosis, namely risk factors modification and lipid-lowering medication.</p>
      <p>The article &#8220;Impact of atherogenic indexes in saphenous vein graft stenosis&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>studied 534 patients through cineangiocoronariography performed at least one year after CABG (median 5.3 years). They divided the patients into two groups: 1- SVG(+), with at least one SVG with more than 50% stenosis with 259 patients; and 2- SVG(-), without any SVG stenosis with 275 patients. The authors studied lipid components of the plasma in both groups: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Based on those data they calculated the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the atherogenic coefficient (AC). The AIP is calculated as the logarithm of the TG/HDL-C ratio. The AC is calculated by the simple formula (TC-HDL-C)/ HDL-C.</p>
      <p>In the results section, they showed that diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, stroke, heart failure and the number of grafts were independent clinical parameters for SVG stenosis. Regarding the laboratory parameters, LDL-C, non HDL-C, HDL-C, AIP and AC were independent factors for SVG stenosis. Using paired comparisons of the ROC curve analysis, they have found no significant differences between AIP and AC, but both of them were better to predict SVG stenosis than HDL-C, LDL-C and non-HDL-C.</p>
      <p>I have a few remarks and comments on this interesting paper, some of them already disclosed in the study limitations:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>There was no clinical endpoint.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The use of lipid-lowering medication was low in both groups, being 59.8% in SVG(+) and 64.7% SVG(-). They found that the patients&#8217; mean LDL-C levels were above the recommended ones for secondary prevention. Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> have demonstrated that an aggressive treatment with statins to achieve an LDL&lt;100 mg/dL decreases the number of affected grafts and the need for repeat revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The number of grafts was an independent factor for SVG stenosis and the SVG (+)group had more implanted grafts than the SVG (-) group. As the authors consider that the main criterion to be included in the SVG(+) group was having at least one graft with more than 50% stenosis, I question whether studying patients with the same number of SVG would not be a more precise way of comparing the groups, as if a higher number of grafts are implanted, there is a higher probability of having at least one stenotic graft.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Regarding the no-touch technique for saphenous vein harvesting, the vein is removed from its bed with surrounding tissue, with a patency of 90% at 8.5 years being reported;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>moreover, this type of vein harvesting was recommended in the 2018 European guideline for myocardial revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>It would be interesting to know the behavior of AIP and AC in the medium-term results of those grafts.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Impact of Atherogenic Indexes in Saphenous Vein Graft Stenosis</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
