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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xv85S4MycHmDHnJxY3dT9mq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100536</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200658</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200658</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Come&#231;a a Temporada de Frio nos Tr&#243;picos. A Crioabla&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Nilson Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR),Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Nilson Ara&#250;jo de Oliveira Junior &#8226; Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR) - Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30. CEP 22281-100, Botafogo, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>nilsonao@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>536</fpage>
      <lpage>537</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Veias Pulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>Crioabla&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Congelamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateteres Card&#237;acos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O isolamento das veias pulmonares &#233; a pedra angular da abla&#231;&#227;o para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. O in&#237;cio dos epis&#243;dios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o pelo disparo r&#225;pido de taquicardias atriais que se originam dessas estruturas est&#225; bem documentado. A elimina&#231;&#227;o desses gatilhos pelo isolamento el&#233;trico do antro da veia pulmonar est&#225; associada a um melhor controle da arritmia e menos eventos adversos, tanto nas formas parox&#237;stica e persistente de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Entretanto, este n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico mecanismo envolvido, especialmente nas formas mais avan&#231;adas. Um n&#250;mero enorme de diferentes t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o foi descrito para abordar esses outros mecanismos. Apesar dos resultados promissores iniciais, nenhuma outra abordagem mostrou efic&#225;cia em grandes estudos randomizados multic&#234;ntricos at&#233; agora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A obten&#231;&#227;o de um isolamento duradouro das veias pulmonares n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa simples. Os cateteres de abla&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o foram projetados para eliminar uma pequena &#225;rea circunscrita do tecido card&#237;aco, o que &#233; desej&#225;vel para circuitos de arritmia como o Wolff-Parkinson White, mas quando se deseja abordar grandes &#225;reas de tecido em estruturas tridimensionalmente complexas, como &#233; o antro das veias pulmonares, esta tarefa se torna um desafio. O desenvolvimento da navega&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-fluorosc&#243;pica, pontas irrigadas e a medida em tempo real da for&#231;a de contato, entre outras melhoras not&#225;veis dos cateteres, foram cruciais para a ado&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial como procedimento de rotina na eletrofisiologia cl&#237;nica. Entretanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o com esses cateteres ainda &#233; realizada por forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es pontuais cont&#237;guas..</p>
    <p>A crioabla&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma t&#233;cnica antiga para tratamento de tumores, entre outras doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As sondas cir&#250;rgicas evolu&#237;ram para criocateteres para tratamento invasivo de arritmias card&#237;acas h&#225; muitos anos. Embora a radiofrequ&#234;ncia tenha se tornado o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o para abla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o apresenta algumas vantagens, como a possibilidade de utilizar grandes &#225;reas para a cria&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es teciduais. Bal&#245;es que congelam todo o tecido card&#237;aco do antro da veia pulmonar foram desenvolvidos e o isolamento da veia pulmonar com um &#250;nica a&#231;&#227;o tornou-se realidade. A desvantagem desses dispositivos &#233; a incapacidade de tratar les&#245;es fora desta regi&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es entre radiofrequ&#234;ncia e crioabla&#231;&#227;o para tratamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em ensaios randomizados multic&#234;ntricos e essas t&#233;cnicas parecem iguais em termos de taxa de sucesso e seguran&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esses ensaios s&#227;o realizados geralmente em centros com bastante experi&#234;ncia, com um alto n&#250;mero de procedimentos complexos de abla&#231;&#227;o. Extrapolar os resultados de qualquer ensaio para centros com baixo volume de procedimentos &#233; preocupante. &#201; sabido que as taxas de sucesso e complica&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o por fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial t&#234;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com o n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados por ano em um centro de abla&#231;&#227;o. A crioabla&#231;&#227;o parece necessitar de um n&#250;mero menor de procedimentos para obter bons resultados e seguran&#231;a quando comparada &#224; radiofrequ&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O Brasil &#233; um pa&#237;s grande, com muitas diferen&#231;as regionais. A maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o depende do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de (SUS) para ter acesso a tratamentos m&#233;dicos. A an&#225;lise cuidadosa de novas modalidades de tratamento justifica-se para comprovar seus reais benef&#237;cios na realidade do sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro. Uma publica&#231;&#227;o recente demonstrou redu&#231;&#245;es marcantes de custo para o sistema de sa&#250;de em pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o que parece refor&#231;ar a import&#226;ncia da abla&#231;&#227;o no manejo de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em nosso pa&#237;s. Outro estudo demonstra de maneira muito elegante o custo-benef&#237;cio da crioabla&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste artigo, Boghossian et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> descreveram resultados iniciais not&#225;veis com crioabla&#231;&#227;o em um centro brasileiro, com baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es quando comparado a um registro nacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os tempos de fluoroscopia foram compar&#225;veis aos de outras publica&#231;&#245;es, mas apresentam uma clara desvantagem quando tempos de fluoroscopia extremamente baixos ou mesmo nulos s&#227;o obtidos hoje em dia com o mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico. Embora n&#227;o mencionadas pelos autores, as belas imagens geradas pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico do bal&#227;o criog&#234;nico anexado ao antro pulmonar neste trabalho sugerem a possibilidade de uma redu&#231;&#227;o adicional da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fluoroscopia &#224; medida que a experi&#234;ncia com o m&#233;todo se desenvolva. A ocorr&#234;ncia de paralisia do nervo fr&#234;nico, uma temida complica&#231;&#227;o da crioabla&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m foi compar&#225;vel &#224; da literatura e a maioria dos casos foi autolimitada. Outro achado interessante s&#227;o os bons resultados obtidos nos est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, sugerindo que uma abordagem mais conservadora possa ser considerada no tratamento inicial desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>No futuro, os dispositivos de abla&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica desempenhar&#227;o um papel crescente no tratamento de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Esperamos que esses avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos levem &#224; possibilidade de tratar cada vez mais pacientes com melhores resultados, seguran&#231;a e custo-efetividade.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Experi&#234;ncia de um Centro Brasileiro com Crioabla&#231;&#227;o para Isolamento El&#233;trico das Veias Pulmonares na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica e Persistente &#8211; Resultados Preliminares no Brasil</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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    <front-stub>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Cold Season Begins in the Tropics. Cryoablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Nilson Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Nilson Ara&#250;jo de Oliveira Junior &#8226; Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR) - Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30. Postal Code 22281-100, Botafogo, RJ - Brazil E-mail: nilsonao@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Veins</kwd>
        <kwd>Cryoablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Freezing</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheters</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Pulmonary vein isolation is the cornerstone for atrial fibrillation ablation. The onset of fibrillation episodes by rapid firing of atrial tachycardias originating from these structures is well documented. The elimination of these triggers by electrical isolation of the pulmonary vein antrum is associated with better arrhythmia control and fewer adverse events, in both the paroxysmal and persistent forms of atrial fibrillation. However, this is not the only mechanism involved, especially in more advanced forms of this arrhythmia. An enormous amount of different ablation techniques has been described to address these other mechanisms. Despite the initial promising results, no other approach has shown effectiveness in large multicenter randomized trials until now.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Obtaining durable pulmonary vein isolation is not a simple task. The standard ablation catheters were designed to ablate a small circumscribed area of cardiac tissue, which is desirable for arrhythmia circuits like Wolff-Parkinson White, but it is a challenge when it is necessary to ablate large areas of complex tridimensional structures, such as the pulmonary vein antrum. The development of non-fluoroscopic navigation, irrigated tips and contact force real-time measurement, among other catheter remarkable improvements, were crucial for the adoption of atrial fibrillation ablation as a routine procedure in clinical electrophysiology. However, ablation with these catheters are still performed by point-by-point lesion deployment.</p>
      <p>Cryoablation is an old technique for the treatment of tumors, among other diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Surgical cryoprobes evolved to cryocatheters for the invasive treatment of cardiac arrhythmias many years ago. Although radiofrequency ended up becoming the standard method for cardiac ablation, cryoablation has some advantages, such as the possibility of using large surface areas for the ablation probe. Balloons that freeze the entire pulmonary vein antrum cardiac tissue were developed and the &#8220;single-shot&#8221; pulmonary vein isolation became a reality. The disadvantage of these devices is the inability to treat lesions outside the pulmonary vein antrum.</p>
      <p>Comparison of radiofrequency and cryoablation for atrial fibrillation treatment in multicenter randomized trials were performed and these techniques seem equal in terms of success and safety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These trials are typically performed in well-experienced centers, with a high number of complex ablation procedures. Extrapolating the outcomes of any complex ablation trial to low-volume centers is a matter of concern. It is well known that the success and complication rates of atrial fibrillation ablation have an inverse correlation to the number of procedures performed by year in an ablation center. Cryoablation seems to require a lower number of procedures to perform them with good results and safety when compared to radiofrequency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Brazil is a large country, with many regional differences. The majority of the population depends on the universal public health system (SUS, <italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>) to have access to medical treatments. A careful analysis of new treatment modalities is justified to demonstrate their real benefits within the reality of the Brazilian health system. A recent publication, demonstrated marked cost reductions for the healthcare system in patients submitted to atrial fibrillation ablation in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> which seems to reinforce the importance of ablation for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation in our country. Another study very elegantly demonstrated the cost benefits of cryoablation when compared to radiofrequency ablation in the Brazilian public health system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this paper, Boghossian et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> described remarkable initial results with cryoablation in a Brazilian center, with a low complication index when compared to a national registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The fluoroscopy times were comparable to other publications but are a clear disadvantage when extremely low or even zero fluoroscopy times are obtained nowadays with electroanatomical mapping. Although not mentioned by the authors, the beautiful images generated by transesophageal echocardiography of the cryoballoon attached to the pulmonary antrum in this paper suggest the possibility of further reduction in fluoroscopy exposure as the experience with the method develops. The occurrence of phrenic nerve palsy, a feared complication of cryoablation, was also comparable to that in the literature and most of cases were self-limited. Another interesting finding is the good results obtained at more advanced stages of the disease, suggesting that a more conservative approach may be considered for the initial treatment of these patients.</p>
      <p>In the future, &#8220;single-shot&#8221; ablation devices will play an increasing role in the management of atrial fibrillation patients. We expect that these technological advances will lead to the possibility of treating an increasing number of patients with better results, safety and cost-effectiveness.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial relatec to the article: Experience in a Brazilian Center with Crioablation for Electric Isolation of the Pulmonary Veins in Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation &#8211; Preliminary Results in Brazil</italic>
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