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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QxrQF7xJTsK4tmBN53VF4Wq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100528</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200320</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190307</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Experi&#234;ncia de um Centro Brasileiro com Crioabla&#231;&#227;o para Isolamento El&#233;trico das Veias Pulmonares na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica e Persistente &#8211; Resultados Preliminares no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6063-2905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boghossian</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Helena Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boghossian</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rangel</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4782-822X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benchimol-Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alcantara</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Alex</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Vit&#243;ria</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Vit&#243;ria e Hospital Samaritano Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Barra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvia Helena Cardoso Boghossian &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Blv. 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sbogho@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Boghossian SHC, Barbosa E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Boghossian SHC, Barbosa E, Boghossian E, Rangel L, Alcantara ML, Fagundes M, F&#233;lix A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Boghossian SHC, Barbosa E, Benchimol-Barbosa PR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Benchimol-Barbosa PR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Boghossian SHC, Barbosa E, Boghossian E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mourilhe-Rocha R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>528</fpage>
      <lpage>535</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares &#233; reconhecidamente base fundamental para o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e, portanto, tem sido recomendado como passo inicial na abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em todas as diretrizes. A t&#233;cnica com bal&#227;o de crioenergia, embora amplamente utilizada na Am&#233;rica do Norte e Europa, ainda se encontra em fase inicial em muitos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o sucesso e a seguran&#231;a da t&#233;cnica de crioabla&#231;&#227;o em nosso servi&#231;o, em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e persistente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Cento e oito pacientes consecutivos com FA sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foram submetidos &#224; crioabla&#231;&#227;o para isolamento das veias pulmonares. Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o convencional da FA parox&#237;stica (dura&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; sete dias) e persistente (FA por mais de sete dias). Dados de recorr&#234;ncia e seguran&#231;a do procedimento foram analisados respectivamente como desfechos prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Cento e oito pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 58&#177;13 anos, 84 do sexo masculino (77,8%), foram submetidos ao procedimento de crioabla&#231;&#227;o de FA. Sessenta e cinco pacientes apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica (60,2%) e 43, FA persistente (39,2%). O tempo m&#233;dio do procedimento foi de 96,5&#177;29,3 minutos e o tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia foi de 29,6&#177;11,1 minutos. Foram observadas cinco (4,6%) complica&#231;&#245;es, nenhuma fatal. Considerando a evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s os 3 meses iniciais, foram observadas 21 recorr&#234;ncias (19,4%) em per&#237;odo de um ano de seguimento. As taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de recorr&#234;ncia nos grupos parox&#237;stico e persistente foram de 89,2% e 67,4%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A crioabla&#231;&#227;o para isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares &#233; um m&#233;todo seguro e eficaz para tratamento da FA. Nossos resultados est&#227;o consoantes com demais estudos, que sugerem que a tecnologia pode ser utilizada como abordagem inicial, mesmo nos casos de FA persistente. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Crioabla&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Congelamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Veias Pulmonares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares (IEVP) &#233; considerado fundamento b&#225;sico para o tratamento ablativo da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). Estudos relatam uma taxa de sucesso ao redor de 80%, em seguimento de longo prazo, de pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica submetidos a esse procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nas atuais diretrizes de conduta, brasileiras e internacionais, o IEVP &#233; a estrat&#233;gia recomendada para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA parox&#237;stica sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria a tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Inicialmente, essa estrat&#233;gia era utilizada apenas nos casos de FA parox&#237;stica. Por&#233;m, estudos recentes envolvendo pacientes portadores de FA persistente compararam o IEVP isoladamente ao IEVP associado a t&#233;cnicas mais complexas e demonstraram efic&#225;cia semelhante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Assim, o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares tem sido considerado, atualmente, o passo inicial da abla&#231;&#227;o mesmo nos casos de FA de mais longa dura&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, estudos que avaliaram a t&#233;cnica de isolamento por meio da crioabla&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o tiveram resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com o uso da energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Pela sua efic&#225;cia, seguran&#231;a, al&#233;m de superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de reinterven&#231;&#245;es e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, a crioenergia tem sido bastante utilizada na atualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tondo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> num estudo multic&#234;ntrico, de mundo real, sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o de crioenergia em pacientes com FA persistente e persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, conclu&#237;ram que a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do m&#233;todo s&#227;o semelhantes ao IEVP por meio da radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da t&#233;cnica de crioabla&#231;&#227;o para tratamento da FA na experi&#234;ncia inicial de um centro brasileiro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram realizados 108 procedimentos consecutivos no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2015 a abril de 2018. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado. Em todos os pacientes, o procedimento foi realizado com a segunda gera&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o de crioenergia (Arctic Front Advance, Cardiac Cryoablation Catheter System; Medtronic, Inc Minneapolis, MN).</p>
      <p>A FA foi classificada como parox&#237;stica se sua dura&#231;&#227;o fosse menor que 7 dias, independentemente de revers&#227;o espont&#226;nea, qu&#237;mica ou el&#233;trica, e persistente se a arritmia permanecesse por mais de 7 dias. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o contemplaram pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, valvopatia) e &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) maior que 5,5 cm.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes em uso de anticoagulante oral de a&#231;&#227;o direta foram orientados a suspender uma dose da medica&#231;&#227;o previamente ao procedimento.</p>
      <p>A crioabla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada sob anestesia geral e ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de bolus de 5000 UI de Heparina. A pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal para acesso ao &#225;trio esquerdo foi guiada pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Mais 5000 UI de heparina foram infundidas ap&#243;s o acesso ao mesmo. Os pacientes que chegaram &#224; sala de eletrofisiologia em vig&#234;ncia de FA foram submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica antes do procedimento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal guiada pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico 3D.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O bal&#227;o de crioabla&#231;&#227;o de 28 mm e o cateter guia de mapeamento circular (Achieve) foram introduzidos no AE atrav&#233;s da bainha flex&#237;vel espec&#237;fica para o sistema (FlexCath, Medtronic, Inc.). O posicionamento do bal&#227;o e a oclus&#227;o das VP foram confirmados por fluoroscopia e pelo ecocardiograma 3D ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). O n&#250;mero de aplica&#231;&#245;es de crioenergia e a dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento variaram em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo para atingir o isolamento el&#233;trico em cada veia; se o isolamento fosse observado em at&#233; 60 segundos, era feita apenas uma aplica&#231;&#227;o de 180 segundos. Se o isolamento fosse observado entre 60 e 90 segundos, era realizada uma segunda aplica&#231;&#227;o de 120 segundos. Quando o tempo de isolamento n&#227;o podia ser mensurado devido &#224; necessidade de se avan&#231;ar o cateter para melhor posicionamento e oclus&#227;o do bal&#227;o, eram liberadas duas aplica&#231;&#245;es de 180 segundos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). A temperatura m&#237;nima admitida para as veias esquerdas foi de -60 <sup>o</sup>C e, para as veias direitas, de -55 <sup>o</sup>C. Se esses valores fossem ultrapassados, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de crioenergia era interrompida. Ap&#243;s o congelamento, a efic&#225;cia do isolamento el&#233;trico das veias foi confirmada pelo bloqueio bidirecional nas mesmas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Posicionamento do bal&#227;o guiado pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico 3D. &#192; esquerda: oclus&#227;o insatisfat&#243;ria. Observa-se o vazamento do contraste em torno do bal&#227;o. &#192; direita: oclus&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria. N&#227;o se observa vazamento do contraste.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Protocolo de libera&#231;&#227;o da crioenergia. TTI: tempo total para isolamento el&#233;trico da veia.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O seguimento dos pacientes foi realizado por meio de visitas m&#233;dicas e Holter de 24 horas ap&#243;s 30, 60 e 90 dias, seis, nove e 12 meses. Em caso de relato de sintomas, foi indicado Holter prolongado ou monitor de eventos externo.</p>
      <p>Nos primeiros 3 meses de seguimento ( <italic>blanking period</italic> ), as drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (DAA) foram mantidas em todos os pacientes. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, foram suspensas nos portadores de FA parox&#237;stica. Nos pacientes com FA persistente pr&#233;via ao procedimento, a decis&#227;o sobre suspens&#227;o ou n&#227;o das drogas foi individualizada e variava em fun&#231;&#227;o de diversos fatores, como o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da FA, o tamanho do AE e a presen&#231;a de comorbidades.</p>
      <p>Definiu-se recidiva como o registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de FA com mais de 30 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o, independentemente do uso de DAA.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas pela m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e analisadas peto teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado ap&#243;s constata&#231;&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagem e analisadas pelo teste X<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . Taxas livres de eventos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram calculadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e analisadas utilizando-se o modelo preditivo de risco proporcional de Cox. Foram utilizados os aplicativos MedCalc vers&#227;o 10.3.2 (MedCalc software bvba, Ostend, Belgium; https://www.medcalc.org; 2016) e MS-Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em 5%.O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 108 pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de crioabla&#231;&#227;o, 65 (60,2%) eram portadores de FA parox&#237;stica e 43 (39,2%), de FA persistente. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 58&#177;13 anos (entre 28 e 84 anos) e 84 pacientes eram do sexo masculino (77,8%). O tempo m&#233;dio do procedimento, medido a partir da pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal (tempo de AE) at&#233; o isolamento das quatro veias pulmonares foi de 96,5&#177;29,3 minutos, e o tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia, de 29,5&#177;11,1 minutos. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 367&#177;20 dias.</p>
      <p>Finalizados os tr&#234;s primeiros meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o ( <italic>blanking period</italic> ), 21 (19,4%) pacientes apresentaram recidiva da FA. O grupo de pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica apresentou menor taxa de recorr&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com FA persistente, respectivamente sete (10,8%) e 14 (32,5%) pacientes: p=0,007, HR: 3,48 (1,41 a 8,59). ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Sobrevida livre de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em um ano pela curva de Kaplan Meyer.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O grupo com FA persistente tinha idade mais avan&#231;ada, maior n&#250;mero pacientes com &#225;trio esquerdo dilatado e escore de CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc&#8805;3 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Contudo, essas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foram preditivas do desfecho prim&#225;rio na an&#225;lise univariada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>FA parox&#237;stica</th>
                <th>FA persistente</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">55,1&#177;13,1</td>
                <td align="center">62,8&#177;10,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">80,0%</td>
                <td align="center">74,4%</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">69,7%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc&#8805;3</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">37,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis e respectivas raz&#245;es de risco para recorr&#234;ncia de FA em at&#233; 1 ano (Modelo proporcional de Cox Univariado)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">[0,99&#8211;1,06]</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">[0,35&#8211;3,06]</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">1,94</td>
                <td align="center">[0,84&#8211;4,48]</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc&#8805;3</td>
                <td align="center">1,80</td>
                <td align="center">[0,77&#8211;4,19]</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo de FA</td>
                <td align="center">3,48</td>
                <td align="center">[1,41&#8211;8,59]</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recorr&#234;ncia BP</td>
                <td align="center">3,37</td>
                <td align="center">[1,41&#8211;8,12]</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; BP: blanking period.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A recorr&#234;ncia no <italic>blanking period</italic> foi observada em 18 pacientes (16,7%) e foi fator preditivo de recorr&#234;ncia tardia no grupo de pacientes com FA persistente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Sobrevida livre de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial comparando pacientes com ou sem recorr&#234;ncia no blanking period pela curva de Kaplan Meyer. Parox: FA parox&#237;stica. Pers: FA persistente. RBP: recorr&#234;ncia no blanking period.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os oito casos com recorr&#234;ncia precoce no grupo com FA parox&#237;stica, nenhum apresentou recorr&#234;ncia durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico tardio, enquanto nos 10 casos do grupo com FA persistente, oito apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia tardia.</p>
      <p>Foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es menores em cinco (4,6%) pacientes: um caso de derrame peric&#225;rdico com resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea; 2 casos de paralisia autolimitada do nervo fr&#234;nico (PNF), recuperada espontaneamente em 15 minutos, um caso de PNF persistente ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar e um caso de pseudoaneurisma de art&#233;ria femoral, tratado e resolvido clinicamente. N&#227;o foram observados sangramentos maiores, acidentes encef&#225;licos ou morte durante ou ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A FA &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e, independentemente do tipo de energia ou da t&#233;cnica utilizada, o isolamento completo das veias pulmonares &#233; a estrat&#233;gia mais eficaz, tendo se tornado o principal objetivo do tratamento ablativo da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Inicialmente, essa t&#233;cnica era indicada apenas na FA parox&#237;stica, at&#233; que estudos subsequentes demonstraram sua n&#227;o inferioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros procedimentos mais complexos e abrangentes, especialmente em pacientes com FA persistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Estudo Fire and Ice foi o primeiro grande estudo multic&#234;ntrico randomizado que comparou os resultados do uso do criobal&#227;o e da energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia na abla&#231;&#227;o da FA parox&#237;stica e demonstrou sua n&#227;o inferioridade, tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efic&#225;cia quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise dos objetivos secund&#225;rios do estudo demonstrou benef&#237;cios do bal&#227;o quando consideradas as taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, necessidade de cardiovers&#227;o e reinterven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esses benef&#237;cios foram confirmados por M&#246;rtsell et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que publicaram recentemente os resultados de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do procedimento baseado nos registros de abla&#231;&#227;o do ESC-EHRA e no registro sueco.</p>
      <p>A FA persistente apresenta um substrato mais complexo e o &#237;ndice de sucesso com o IEVP &#233; mais limitado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Com o objetivo de reduzir o &#237;ndice de recorr&#234;ncia, estrat&#233;gias mais abrangentes foram adotadas, como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de linhas de bloqueio adicionais e a abla&#231;&#227;o de eletrogramas atriais fracionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, o benef&#237;cio adicional dessas abla&#231;&#245;es mais extensas, de acordo com estudos comparativos recentes, permanece controverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Assim sendo, de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais, o IEVP ainda &#233; o alvo final do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA e t&#233;cnicas que abrangem &#225;reas de abla&#231;&#227;o mais extensas n&#227;o t&#234;m sido recomendadas numa primeira interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia seja considerada o padr&#227;o ouro para a FA persistente, estudos com o bal&#227;o de crioenergia t&#234;m demonstrado resultados cl&#237;nicos satisfat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo CRYO4PERSISTENT, publicado recentemente, avaliou n&#227;o apenas a recorr&#234;ncia de FA, mas, tamb&#233;m que a presen&#231;a de sintomas p&#243;s IEVP com o bal&#227;o de crioenergia demonstrou melhora significativa da qualidade de vida dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esses achados tamb&#233;m foram confirmados no estudo de M&#246;rtsell et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que relatou menor recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas e menor uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas no grupo que realizou a abla&#231;&#227;o com o bal&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, descrevemos a primeira experi&#234;ncia de um centro brasileiro que realizou o IEVP utilizando o bal&#227;o de crioenergia como abordagem inicial para o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em um n&#250;mero grande de pacientes. No seguimento de um ano, a taxa livre de eventos foi de 89,2% para o grupo com FA parox&#237;stica e de 67,4% naquele com FA persistente. No CIRCA-DOSE trial, recentemente apresentado, no qual a avalia&#231;&#227;o da recidiva foi feita por meio de monitor de eventos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos implant&#225;vel, a taxa livre de recorr&#234;ncia foi em torno de 64%. No entanto, a taxa livre de FA sintom&#225;tica foi pr&#243;xima a 80%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, o tempo m&#233;dio de procedimento no AE foi de 96,5&#177;29,3 minutos e o tempo de fluoroscopia, de 29,5&#177;11,1 minutos, dura&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima &#224;s reportadas nos diversos estudos realizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a, observamos um &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es de 4,6%, o que &#233; considerado bastante satisfat&#243;rio e similar aos relatados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequentemente observada foi a paralisia de nervo fr&#234;nico, que ocorreu em 3 pacientes. Em dois casos, a paralisia foi transit&#243;ria, e reverteu-se ainda na sala de eletrofisiologia. Em uma paciente, a paralisia foi persistente, e a paciente foi encaminhada para fisioterapia. Houve apenas um caso de complica&#231;&#227;o vascular. Consideramos que o baixo &#237;ndice dessa complica&#231;&#227;o se deva ao fato de todas as pun&#231;&#245;es terem sido guiadas por ultrassom.</p>
      <p>Um fato importante a ser discutido &#233; que o principal mecanismo destrutivo da crioabla&#231;&#227;o &#233; a lise celular causada pela forma&#231;&#227;o de gelo no meio intra e extra celular, causando um desequil&#237;brio osm&#243;tico. Esse desequil&#237;brio provoca rotura da membrana celular e danos nas estruturas celulares, acarretando morte celular por necrose e por apoptose. Assim, observou-se menor resposta inflamat&#243;ria na abla&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, menor edema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um dos fatores apontados como respons&#225;veis pela reconex&#227;o das veias. Outro fato importante a ser mencionado na abla&#231;&#227;o por criotermia &#233; que esta n&#227;o promove desnatura&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas, preservando o col&#225;geno e a elastina do tecido conjuntivo e, consequentemente, preservando a matriz extracelular. Assim, h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, de estenose das veias e de les&#227;o no es&#244;fago.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em nossa casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o houve nenhum caso de f&#237;stula esof&#225;gica, evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ou laboratorial de estenose de veias pulmonares ou morte.</p>
      <p>Nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial &#233; semelhante &#224; dos demais estudos publicados na literatura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e confirma que os resultados obtidos com a crioabla&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o reprodut&#237;veis e menos operador-dependentes do que aqueles das abla&#231;&#245;es por radiofrequ&#234;ncia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> necessitando, portanto, de uma curva de aprendizado menos prolongada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho &#233; se tratar de um estudo observacional realizado em centro &#250;nico, sem grupo controle e, portanto, pode ter ocorrido um vi&#233;s na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, com menos comorbidades, j&#225; que foram encaminhados por m&#233;dicos atuantes em cl&#237;nicas privadas.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, &#233; um seguimento de curto prazo de uma tecnologia que est&#225; sendo introduzida em nosso pa&#237;s e, portanto, n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para uso em grande escala, o que dificultou a inclus&#227;o de maior n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Estudos randomizados de outros centros especializados contendo maior n&#250;mero pacientes e com seguimento cl&#237;nico mais prolongado devem ser realizados para confirmar nossos resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A crioabla&#231;&#227;o para isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares revelou-se um m&#233;todo seguro e eficaz, com baixos n&#237;veis de complica&#231;&#227;o e resultados bastante satisfat&#243;rios. Nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os demais estudos da literatura, que sugerem que essa tecnologia pode ser utilizada como abordagem inicial n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para o tratamento da FA, mesmo nos casos de FA persistente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Silvia Helena Cardoso Boghossian pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 48099315.7.0000.5259. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos neste estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013, e a resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS no 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Errata</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Experience in a Brazilian Center with Crioablation for Electric Isolation of the Pulmonary Veins in Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation &#8211; Preliminary Results in Brazil&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: : https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200320, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, corrigir, no t&#237;tulo em ingl&#234;s, a palavra Crioablation para Cryoablation, corrigir o nome do autor Eduardo Barbosa para Eduardo C. Barbosa e alterar o n&#250;mero de DOI para DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190307.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Experience in a Brazilian Center with Cryoablation for Electric Isolation of the Pulmonary Veins in Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation &#8211; Preliminary Results in Brazil</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6063-2905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boghossian</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Helena Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo C.</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4782-822X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benchimol-Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alcantara</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Alex</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
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      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Vit&#243;ria e Hospital Samaritano Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Silvia Helena Cardoso Boghossian &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Blv. 28 de Setembro, 77. Postal Code 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sbogho@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Boghossian SHC, Barbosa E; Acquisition of data: Boghossian SHC, Barbosa E, Boghossian E, Rangel L, Alcantara ML, Fagundes M, F&#233;lix A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Boghossian SHC, Barbosa E, Benchimol-Barbosa PR; Statistical analysis: Benchimol-Barbosa PR; Writing of the manuscript: Boghossian SHC, Barbosa E, Boghossian E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mourilhe-Rocha R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins is recognized as the cornerstone of non-pharmacological treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (AF), and therefore, has been recommended as the first step in AF ablation according to all guidelines. Even though the cryoballoon technology is widely used in North America and Europe, this experience is still incipient in many developing countries such as Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate initial results regarding success and safety of the new technology in patients with persistent and paroxysmal AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>One hundred and eight consecutive patients with symptomatic AF refractory to pharmacological treatment were submitted to cryoablation for isolation of the pulmonary veins. Patients were separated into two groups according to AF classification: persistent (AF for over one week); or paroxysmal (shorter episodes). Recurrence and procedural safety data were analyzed respectively as primary and secondary outcomes. The level of significance was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>One hundred and eight patients, with mean age 58&#177;13 years, 84 males (77.8%), underwent cryoablation. Sixty-five patients had paroxysmal AF (60.2%) and 43 had persistent AF (39.2%). The mean time of the procedure was 96.5&#177;29.3 minutes and the mean fluoroscopy time was 29.6&#177;11.1 minutes. Five (4.6%) complications were observed, none fatal. Considering a blanking period of 3 months, 21 recurrences (19.4%) were observed in a one-year follow-up period. The recurrence-free survival rates of AF in the paroxysmal and persistent groups were 89.2% and 67.4%, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Cryoablation for electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins is a safe and effective method for the treatment of AF. Our results are consistent with other studies suggesting that this technology can be used as an initial technique even in cases of persistent AF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cryoablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Freezing</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Veins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins (EIPV) is considered the cornerstone of the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Studies report more than 80% success in long-term follow-up in patients with paroxysmal AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the current guidelines, EIPV is the recommended strategy for non-pharmacological treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with paroxysmal AF, symptomatic and refractory to pharmacological treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This strategy was initially used only in cases of paroxysmal AF, but consistent results in several studies demonstrated that it presented results similar to other more complex approaches in cases of persistent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> EIPV is currently the index procedure in cases of persistent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies using balloon cryoablation with EIPV have shown similar results to radiofrequency energy use in relation to efficacy and safety and some superiority regarding the number of re-interventions and hospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Tondo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> have recently published a multicenter study with real-world results on the use of the cryoenergy balloon in patients with persistent and long-standing persistent AF and concluded that safety and efficacy of the method are similar to those of EIPV through radiofrequency.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>The main objective of our study was to evaluate the initial results of the use of cryoablation for initial treatment of AF in our setting regarding the efficacy and safety of the procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>One hundred and eight procedures were performed, from December 2015 to April 2018. All patients signed a written informed consent form. In all patients, the procedure was performed with the second-generation cryoenergy balloon (Arctic Front Advance Cardiac Cryoablation Catheter System, Medtronic, Inc Minneapolis, MN).</p>
        <p>AF was classified as paroxysmal if the duration of the episodes was shorter than 7 days, even if chemically or electrically cardioverted; and persistent if there were any episodes lasting longer than 7 days. Patients with significant structural heart disease (congestive heart failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease) or left atrium (AE) greater than 5.5 cm were excluded from this study.</p>
        <p>Patients on direct-acting oral anticoagulant were instructed to suspend one dose of the medication prior to the procedure.</p>
        <p>Cryoablation was performed under general anesthesia. Heparin bolus 5000 IU was administered prior to transesophageal echocardiogram-guided transseptal needle puncture for access to the left atrium ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ), followed by an additional 5000 IU heparin after transseptal puncture. Patients who arrived at the electrophysiology room in AF were submitted to electrical cardioversion before the procedure.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Transseptal puncture guided by 3D transesophageal echocardiography.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The 28 mm cryoablation balloon and the circular mapping catheter (Achieve) were introduced into the LA through system-specific flexible cuff (FlexCath, Medtronic, Inc.). The ideal balloon positioning and PV occlusion were confirmed by fluoroscopy and by 3D echocardiogram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). The number and time of cryoenergy applications in each vein varied as a function of the time necessary to achieve electrical isolation of the vein: if insulation was observed within 60 seconds, only one application of 180 seconds was made; if insulation was observed between 60 and 90 seconds, a second 120-second freezing cycle was applied; when the insulation time could not be measured due to the need to advance the catheter for better balloon positioning and PV occlusion, two applications of 180 seconds were used ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The minimum allowed temperature for the left veins was -60 &#176;C and, for the right veins, -55 &#176;C; if these temperatures were exceeded, energy supply would be immediately interrupted. After freezing, the effectiveness of the electrical insulation of the veins was confirmed by bidirectional blocking of electrical stimuli through them.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Balloon positioning guided by 3D transesophageal echocardiography. Left: unsatisfactory occlusion. Contrast leakage around the balloon. Right: satisfactory occlusion. No contrast leakage.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Freezing Protocol. TTI: time to isolation.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Patient follow-up was performed with medical visits and 24-hour Holter at 30, 60 and 90 days, 6, 9, 12 months. If any symptoms were reported between the visits, graphic documentation of potential arrhythmias was instituted with prolonged Holter or event monitor. In the first 3 months of follow-up (blanking period) antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) were maintained on all patients. After this period, it was discontinued for all paroxysmal AF patients. In persistent AF patients, the decision to suspend the drugs was individualized and varied due to several factors such as the time of AF evolution, LA size and the presence of comorbidities. Recurrence was defined as graphic documentation of AF lasting over 30 seconds, regardless of the use of AADs.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and analyzed by unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test after finding a normal distribution by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentage and analyzed by X<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . Atrial fibrillation events were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed using the Cox proportional risk predictive model. MedCalc version 10.3.2 (MedCalc software bvba, Ostend, Belgium; https://www.medcalc.org; 2016) and MS-Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation) applications were used. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Among 108 patients with atrial fibrillation submitted to cryoablation for electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins, 65 (60.2%) had paroxysmal AF and 43 (39.2%) had persistent AF. Mean age was 58&#177;13 years (28-84) and 84 patients were males (77.8%). The mean time of the procedure, measured from the transseptal puncture, (LA time) was 96.5&#177;29.3 minutes and the mean time of fluoroscopy was 29.5&#177;11.1 minutes. The mean follow-up time was 367&#177;20 days.</p>
        <p>After the blanking period (3 months after the procedure), 21 patients had relapsed AF (19.4%). The paroxysmal group had a lower recurrence rate of AF than the persistent one: 7 (10.8%) for the paroxysmal group and 14 (32.5%) for the persistent group: p=0.007, HR: 3.48 (1.41 to 8.59) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>One year atrial fibrillation-free survival by Kaplan-Meyer curve.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The persistent AF group presented, compared to the paroxysmal, higher age and higher number of cases with left atrial enlargement and CHA2DS2VASc&#8805;3 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). However, these variables were not univariate predictors of primary outcome ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). Recurrence in the blanking period occurred in 18 patients (16.7%) and was predictive of late recurrence only in the persistent AF group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Paroxysmal AF</th>
                  <th>Persistent AF</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.1&#177;13.1</td>
                  <td align="center">62.8&#177;10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">74.4%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enlarged LA</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">69.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc&#8805;3</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">37.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; LA: Left atrium.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Variables and respective risk ratios for AF recurrence within 1 year (Univariate Cox proportional model)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">[0.99&#8211;1.06]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">[0.35&#8211;3.06]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enlarged LA</td>
                  <td align="center">1.94</td>
                  <td align="center">[0.84&#8211;4.48]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc&#8805;3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.80</td>
                  <td align="center">[0.77&#8211;4.19]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tipo de FA</td>
                  <td align="center">3.48</td>
                  <td align="center">[1.41&#8211;8.59]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Recorr&#234;ncia BP</td>
                  <td align="center">3.37</td>
                  <td align="center">[1.41&#8211;8.12]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; LA: left atrium; BP: blanking period.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Atrial fibrillation-free survival comparing patients with or without recurrence in the blanking period by the Kaplan-Meyer curve. Parox: paroxysmal AF. Pers: persistent AF. RBP: recurrence in the blanking period.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0528-90307-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Among the eight cases of early recurrence in the paroxysmal group, none presented late recurrence, whereas in the 10 cases of the persistent group, eight presented late recurrence.</p>
        <p>Minor complications were observed in five patients (4.6%). One case of pericardial effusion, two cases of transient phrenic nerve palsy, with recovery in less than 15 minutes, one case of persistent phrenic nerve palsy (PNP) after hospital discharge and one case of conservatively treated femoral artery pseudoaneurysm. No major bleeding, stroke or death were observed during or after the procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>AF is the most frequent sustained arrhythmia in the general population, and regardless of the type of energy or technique used, complete isolation of the pulmonary veins is the main target for AF ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Initially, this strategy was indicated only in paroxysmal AF. However, subsequent studies demonstrated that this strategy was not inferior to more complex strategies in persistent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Fire and Ice Study was the first large multicenter randomized trial comparing the results of cryoballoon and radiofrequency energy for ablation of paroxysmal AF and demonstrated its non-inferiority, both regarding efficacy and safety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Analysis of the secondary objectives of the study demonstrated benefits of the balloon considering hospitalization rates, need for cardioversion and reintervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These benefits were confirmed by M&#246;rtsell et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> who recently published the efficacy and safety results of the procedure based on the ESC-EHRA and Swedish registries.</p>
        <p>Persistent AF has a more complex substrate and the success rate with PVI is more limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In order to reduce the rate of recurrence, more extensive strategies were adopted, such as additional lines and ablation of fractioned atrial electrograms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the additional benefit of these extensive ablations, according to recent comparative studies, remains controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Thus, according to international guidelines, PVI is still the final target of AF ablation and techniques that cover more extensive areas of ablation have not been recommended in a first intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although radiofrequency ablation is considered the gold standard for persistent AF, studies with cryoenergy balloon have shown satisfactory clinical results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The recently published CRYO4PERSISTENT study evaluated not only the recurrence of AF, but also the presence of symptoms after PVI with cryoballoon; it demonstrated significant improvement in post-ablation quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> These findings were also confirmed in M&#246;rtsell&#8217;s study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> which reported less symptoms and antiarrhythmic drugs in the group that underwent cryoballoon ablation.</p>
        <p>In our study, we reported the first experience of a Brazilian center that performed PVI using cryoballoon as the initial approach for non-pharmacological treatment of atrial fibrillation in a large number of patients. After one year, the event-free rate was 89.2% for the paroxysmal AF group and 67.4% for the persistent AF group. In the recently presented CIRCA-DOSE trial, which had its recurrence evaluated by implantable monitors, the recurrence rate was around 64%. However, symptom-free rate was close to 80%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, the mean time to EC was 96.5&#177;29.3 minutes and the fluoroscopy time, 29.5&#177;11.1 minutes, which is close to the durations reported in various studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the safety profile, we present a complication index of 4.6%, which is considered quite satisfactory, at levels similar to those reported in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The most frequent complication was phrenic nerve palsy, which occurred in 3 of our patients. In two cases, paralysis was transient, reverted still in the procedure room. In one patient, paralysis was persistent, and the patient was referred to physical therapy. We present only one case of vascular complication, and we believe that the low rate of this complication is due to the fact that all punctures have been guided by ultrasound.</p>
        <p>An important fact to be discussed is that the main destructive mechanism of cryoablation is cell lysis by intra and extracellular ice formation, causing an osmotic imbalance, leading to cell membrane rupture and damage to cell structures and, ultimately, to cell death due to coagulation necrosis and apoptosis. This leads to a weaker inflammatory response than radiofrequency (RF) ablation and, consequently, less edema,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which is one of the factors identified as responsible for vein reconnection. Another important fact to be mentioned regarding procedure safety is that cryotherapy does not denature proteins and thus preserve collagen and elastin in the connective tissue and consequently preserves the extracellular matrix, which reduces the risk of thrombus formation, vein stenosis and esophagus lesion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In our group, there were no cases of esophageal fistula, clinical or laboratory evidence of pulmonary vein stenosis or death.</p>
        <p>Our initial experience is similar to other published studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and confirms that results obtained with cryoablation are reproducible and less operator-dependent than those of radiofrequency ablation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> therefore requiring a shorter learning time.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitation of this study is that it is an observational study performed in a single center, without a control group and, therefore, there may be patient selection bias. In addition, it is an initial follow-up of a technology that is still being introduced in our country and, therefore, is not available for large-scale use, which made it difficult to include more patients.</p>
        <p>Future randomized longer-follow-up longer-term studies should be performed to confirm our results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Cryoablation for electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins proved to be a safe effective method with an acceptable complication index and very satisfactory results. Our results are consistent with other studies that suggest that the technology can be used as the initial technique even in cases of persistent AF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Silvia Helena Cardoso Boghossian, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) under protocol number 48099315.7.0000.5259. All procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, updated in 2013, and CNS Resolution No. 466, of December 12, 2012.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Erratum</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the Original Article &#8220;Experience in a Brazilian Center with Crioablation for Electric Isolation of the Pulmonary Veins in Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation &#8211; Preliminary Results in Brazil&#8221; with DOI number: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200320, published in the periodical Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, correct the word in the English title Crioablation para Cryoablation. Correct the name of the author Eduardo Barbosa for Eduardo C. Barbosa. Change the DOI number to DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190307.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
