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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tkgBMSgGYtbZKbxpyRtqQLm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100525</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200575</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200575</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#8220;Valve-In-Valve&#8221; Mitral por Via Transeptal: Um Papel de Destaque no Tratamento da Disfun&#231;&#227;o de Biopr&#243;teses no Brasil?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Cardiologia Invasiva,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Valvopatias,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de Siqueira &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Cardiologia Invasiva - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 01530-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>dimytrisiqueira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>525</fpage>
      <lpage>527</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Valva Mitral/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Biopr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O tratamento percut&#226;neo das valvopatias constitui t&#243;pico atual e de grande interesse na Cardiologia. A tecnologia inovadora e excelentes resultados cl&#237;nicos obtidos com o TAVI revolucionaram a abordagem terap&#234;utica da estenose a&#243;rtica do idoso e pavimentam o caminho para o tratamento transcateter das doen&#231;as da valva mitral e tric&#250;spide. Sob esta perspectiva, o implante transcateter designado &#8220;<italic>valve-in-valve</italic>&#8221; tem sido empregado como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para pacientes de alto risco com disfun&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Nicz et al. relatam uma s&#233;rie de casos com 17 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos &#8220;valve-in-valve&#8221; em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, utilizando o acesso transeptal (TViVm) e empregando os dispositivos SAPIEN XT<sup>&#174;</sup> ou SAPIEN 3<sup>&#174;</sup> (Edwards Lifesciences)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> - originalmente criados e aplicados para o tratamento transcateter da estenose a&#243;rtica, mas recentemente aprovados para o tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral bioprot&#233;tica no Brasil. Os pacientes foram considerados de alto risco para reopera&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia de idade de 77 anos, m&#233;dia da Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos STS 8,7%) e eram bastante sintom&#225;ticos - todos com classe NYHA &gt; III. A mortalidade em trinta dias foi de 5,9%, e o procedimento resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o no gradiente transvalvar m&#233;dio (12 &#177; 3,8 para 5,3 &#177; 2,6 mmHg, p&lt;0,001), ganho na &#225;rea da pr&#243;tese (1,1 &#177; 0,6 para 2,2 &#177; 0,4 cm2, p&lt;0,001), sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar ou central significativa. Ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#233;dio de 161 dias, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou uma melhora nos sintomas (87,5% na classe NYHA &lt; II), com uma mortalidade geral de 11,8%. Os autores forneceram uma excelente descri&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica necess&#225;ria para um procedimento bem-sucedido e devem ser parabenizados pelos resultados obtidos, consistentes com os resultados cl&#237;nicos de relatos anteriores que descrevem experi&#234;ncias iniciais. Neste cen&#225;rio - no qual a Cardiologia assiste e aclama a r&#225;pida e bem-vinda evolu&#231;&#227;o no tratamento percut&#226;neo da doen&#231;a valvar -, j&#225; seria o momento do TViVm lan&#231;ar-se como protagonista no tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;tese mitral?</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Deteriora&#231;&#227;o Estrutural, Fal&#234;ncia de Biopr&#243;teses e Cirurgia de Retroca Valvar</title>
      <p>As biopr&#243;teses s&#227;o os dispositivos de escolha em pacientes idosos que necessitam de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar, sendo cada vez mais utilizadas tamb&#233;m em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 65 anos e submetidos &#224; cirurgia de troca valvar a&#243;rtica ou mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora estudos observacionais demonstrem uma excelente sobrevida-livre de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224;s biopr&#243;teses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise todas as pr&#243;teses valvares biol&#243;gicas est&#227;o propensas &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o, podendo tornar-se disfuncionantes. O termo deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural valvar (SVD, do ingl&#234;s <italic>structural valve deterioration</italic>) inclui altera&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas permanentes e irrevers&#237;veis da v&#225;lvula (por ex., lacera&#231;&#227;o no folheto, calcifica&#231;&#227;o, forma&#231;&#227;o de <italic>pannus</italic> ou fibrose); outras causas patol&#243;gicas da disfun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula bioprot&#233;tica (por ex., trombose, endocardite) s&#227;o potencialmente revers&#237;veis. Quando ocorre comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico significativo (regurgita&#231;&#227;o grave ou estenose) e/ou h&#225; um evento cl&#237;nico relacionado &#224; SVD (reinterven&#231;&#227;o, morte), o termo insufici&#234;ncia valvar bioprot&#233;tica (BVF, <italic>bioprosthetic valve failure</italic>) &#233; atualmente sugerido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em todo o mundo, a cirurgia de retroca valvar &#233; indicada para a maioria dos pacientes com SVD. Contudo, o risco de uma reopera&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral (rTVM) permanece maior do que o risco de uma primeira cirurgia. Idade avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino, classe NYHA pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e n&#250;mero de cirurgias anteriores foram todos identificados como preditores de mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, as ader&#234;ncias de cirurgias anteriores aumentam substancialmente as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Em um estudo com 260 pacientes inscritos no <italic>European Redo Cardiac Operation Database</italic> (RECORD), a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 9,2% ap&#243;s a rTVM. Neste registro, foi relatada uma alta incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, como s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (17,3%), necessidade de suporte circulat&#243;rio (9,2%), insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (16,5%) e necessidade de transfus&#227;o (25%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, em registro contempor&#226;neo da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgery</italic> (STS) com 11.973 pacientes revelou que a rrTVM (n = 1096) esteve associada a uma maior mortalidade (11,1%) quando comparada &#224; primeira cirurgia de troca ou plastia (6,5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar da escassez de dados sobre rTVM no Brasil, sabemos que a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica com envolvimento valvar constitui frequente indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia em pacientes jovens. Como a ocorr&#234;ncia de BVF &#233; influenciada pela idade &#8211; em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 40 anos, por exemplo, a taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 15 anos pode ser de 64%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> &#8211;, muitos de nossos pacientes necessitam m&#250;ltiplas cirurgias com riscos crescentes, impacto substancial na qualidade de vida e custos para o sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Resultados Cl&#237;nicos e Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Ap&#243;s TVIVm e Benef&#237;cios Potenciais do Acesso Transeptal</title>
      <p>O <italic>valve-in-valve</italic> mitral tem sido adotado como uma alternativa menos invasiva de tratamento para a SVD em indiv&#237;duos idosos e/ou alto risco cir&#250;rgico. O procedimento pode ser realizado atrav&#233;s de abordagens cir&#250;rgicas ou percut&#226;neas. A abordagem cir&#250;rgica transcateter inclui o acesso transapical ou atrial esquerdo direto (por toracotomia). Como destacado por Nicz et al., uma abordagem totalmente percut&#226;nea pode ser alcan&#231;ada com seguran&#231;a atrav&#233;s da veia femoral (ou jugular) com pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal. Apesar da falta de dados conclusivos, o acesso transeptal tem sido associado a vantagens cl&#237;nicas em alguns estudos. No registro VIVID, os pacientes que tinham FEVE basal reduzida e foram tratados via acesso transeptal apresentaram melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda do que os pacientes submetidos ao TViVm por acesso transapical &#8211; possivelmente relacionado a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica decorrente deste tipo de abordagem cir&#250;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recentemente apresentada por Guerrero et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> uma an&#225;lise do registro STS/ACC TVT (n = 1.576) mostrou que, nos EUA, a maioria dos procedimentos (84,1%) efoi realizada por acesso transeptal: embora a a taxa de sucesso t&#233;cnico n&#227;o tenha sido diferente entre os grupos (transeptal 97,1%, transapical 94,6%), a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da via transeptal esteve associada a uma menor mortalidade cardiovascular em 30 dias (1,8% vs. 4,4%; p = 0,03), com redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (2 vs. 6 dias; p &lt;0,001). A mortalidade por todas as causas em 1 ano tamb&#233;m foi menor no grupo transeptal (15,8% <italic>vs</italic>. 21,7%; HR 0,67; IC 95% 0,47-0,97).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, guiada pela ecocardiografia, constitui a etapa fundamental da t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea e requer expertise. No registro STS/ACC TVT (n = 680),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> as complica&#231;&#245;es potenciais maiores relacionadas ao procedimento inclu&#237;ram perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (1,9%), tamponamento e convers&#227;o para cirurgia card&#237;aca (1,3%). A necessidade de fechamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial residual foi baixa (5,4%) e acidente vascular cerebral ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ocorreu em 1,6%. A obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o aguda temida da TViVm, e a alta incid&#234;ncia (11,7%) descrita por Nicz e cols. pode ser justificada pelo pequeno tamanho da amostra e/ou &#224; curva de aprendizado na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. Com efeito, a tomografia computadorizada (TC) multi-slice &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para se detectar caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco para obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE; em pacientes adequadamente selecionados para TViVm, a incid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE &#233; menor (0,7%) do que a observada em implantes ap&#243;s anuloplastia, denominados &#8220;valve-in-ring&#8221; (4,9%) ou em situa&#231;&#245;es de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel com &#8220;valve-in-MAC&#8221; (10%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A alcooliza&#231;&#227;o septal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> pr&#233;-procedimento ou a t&#233;cnica modificada de lacera&#231;&#227;o transcateter do folheto da biopr&#243;tese (LAMPOON) podem ser indicadas para pacientes com risco de obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE durante o TMViV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao &#8220;<italic>valve-in-valve</italic>&#8221; a&#243;rtico, a ocorr&#234;ncia de gradientes residuais mais elevados ap&#243;s o TViVm &#233; incomum, pois geralmente as biopr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral s&#227;o de maiores dimens&#245;es (acima de 29 mm). Na presente coorte, todas as pr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas que apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o eram &gt; 27 mm, e os baixos gradientes transprot&#233;ticos p&#243;s-procedimento persistiram no seguimento de 30 dias. Assim, a indica&#231;&#227;o de TViVm deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada em pacientes com biopr&#243;teses menores (especialmente aqueles com estenose): novas t&#233;cnicas, como a fratura da v&#225;lvula cir&#250;rgica bioprot&#233;tica com bal&#245;es n&#227;o complacentes durante o TMViV, podem ser &#250;teis nesse cen&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>As Quest&#245;es n&#227;o Respondidas</title>
      <p>Embora seja um procedimento menos invasivo, seguro e com efic&#225;cia demonstrada, diversas incertezas associadas ao TViVm devem ser enfatizadas.</p>
      <p>A consolidada experi&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica revela que a trombose valvar &#233; mais frequente na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral (<italic>vs.</italic> a&#243;rtica), e isso tamb&#233;m pode ser semelhante ao se utilizar v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas transcateter. No presente estudo, n&#227;o foram detectados casos de trombose valvar, mas o seguimento cl&#237;nico m&#233;dio foi muito curto (menos de 6 meses) e a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi limitada a 30 dias. Os autores n&#227;o relatam o tipo de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria ou anticoagulante empregada ap&#243;s o TViVm, e na atualidade n&#227;o h&#225; padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos regimes antitromb&#243;ticos prescritos ap&#243;s o procedimento. Em um registro multic&#234;ntrico, ocorreu trombose da v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter (THV, do ingl&#234;s <italic>transcatheter heart valve</italic>) em 10 casos (9 TMViV e 1 <italic>valve-in-ring</italic>), e a taxa acumulada de 1 ano de trombose da THV foi significativamente maior nos pacientes sem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles anticoagulados (6,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 1,6%; p = 0,019).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Assim, preconiza-se que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica deva ser realizadas periodicamente e - caso observado eleva&#231;&#227;o nos gradientes transprot&#233;ticos - , a presen&#231;a de trombose deve ser exclu&#237;da idealmente com tomografia computadorizada de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide funcional constitui fator de mau progn&#243;stico e est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o de sintomas e reinterna&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar mitral. De fato, diretrizes preconizam o reparo cir&#250;rgico da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide concomitante &#224; cirurgia de troca valver mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Uma vez que a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, dilata&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) geralmente est&#227;o presentes em pacientes com BVF mitral, os efeitos do TViVm sobre a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e a hemodin&#226;mica do VD tamb&#233;m devem ser investigados. A redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pulmonar, descrita por Nicz et al., &#233; encorajadora, mas nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o sobre regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide foi fornecida: praticamente, 25% dos pacientes nessa coorte foram re-hospitalizados e 1 paciente morreu de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Tais aspectos relacionados &#224;s c&#226;maras direitas devem ser considerados para a tomada de decis&#227;o em pacientes adequados tanto para rTVM como para TViVm.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, embora a durabilidade de uma pr&#243;tese transcateter em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral possa n&#227;o ser uma quest&#227;o t&#227;o relevante em indiv&#237;duos idosos e/ou inoper&#225;veis, o conhecimento a respeito de qu&#227;o dur&#225;vel &#233; o procedimento torna-se essencial para justificar e orientar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para pacientes mais jovens com BVF &#8211; como, por exemplo, aqueles portadores de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica. Sob esta perspectiva, o estudo nacional, prospectivo e randomizado SURViV (NCT04402931) tem como objetivo avaliar os resultados cl&#237;nicos a curto e longo prazos da TViVm, comparativamente &#224; rTVM. Em futuro pr&#243;ximo, seus resultados podem trazer contribui&#231;&#245;es para se definir o papel do valve-in-valve mitral em nosso meio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Nicz PFG, Melo PHMC, Brito PHF, Lima EN, Silva RC, Prudente ML, et al. Percutaneous transseptal bioprosthetic implantation in failed prosthetic surgical mitral valve &#8211; Brazilian Multicenter Experience. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):515-524.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicz</surname>
              <given-names>PFG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>PHMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>PHF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prudente</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous transseptal bioprosthetic implantation in failed prosthetic surgical mitral valve &#8211; Brazilian Multicenter Experience</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>515</fpage>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transseptal, Transcatheter Mitral Valve-In-Valve Replacement: Ready for Prime Time Treatment of Bioprosthetic Valve Failure in Brazil?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Cardiologia Invasiva, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Valvopatias, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de Siqueira &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Cardiologia Invasiva - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 01530-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: dimytrisiqueira@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Replacement/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Less-invasive, transcatheter-based treatment of valvular heart disease is a topic of major interest in cardiology nowadays. The breakthrough technology and unprecedented clinical results of transcatheter aortic valve replacement revolutionized the therapeutic approach for aortic stenosis and paved the way for percutaneous treatment of mitral and tricuspid disease. In this regard, transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve implantation (TMViV) has emerged as a feasible option for patients with surgical bioprosthetic valve dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Nicz et al. report a case series of 17 patients who underwent transseptal TMViV using SAPIEN XT<sup><bold>&#174;</bold></sup> or SAPIEN 3<sup><bold>&#174;</bold></sup> (Edwards Lifesciences) devices<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> - originally created and applied for transcatheter treatment of aortic stenosis but recently approved for the treatment of mitral bioprosthetic dysfunction in Brazil. Patients were considered high-risk for reoperation (mean age 77 years, mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons STS 8.7%) and were very symptomatic - all in NYHA class &gt; III. Thirty-day mortality was 5.9%, and a reduction in the mean transvalvular gradient (12 &#177; 3.8 to 5.3 &#177; 2.6 mmHg, p&lt;0.001) with an increase in the bioprosthetic area (1.1 &#177; 0.6 to 2.2 &#177; 0.4 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, p&lt;0.001) were observed, without significant paravalvular or central regurgitation. After a mean follow-up of 161 days, the majority of patients experienced an improvement in symptoms (87.5% in NYHA class &lt; II) with an overall mortality of 11.8%. The authors provided an excellent description of the technique required for a successful procedure and should be congratulated for the results obtained, consistent with the clinical outcomes from previous reports that described initial experiences. As cardiology beholds the fast-evolving field of percutaneous treatment of valvular heart disease, is it time for TMViV to be adopted as an alternative therapy for patients with mitral bioprosthetic valve dysfunction?</p>
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        <title>Structural Bioprosthetic Valve Deterioration, Failure and Redo Valve Surgery</title>
        <p>Bioprosthetic valves are the device of choice for older patients who require left heart valve replacement, and recent data indicate that bioprostheses are also increasingly used in patients less than 65 years of age who undergo aortic or mitral valve surgeries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although numerous observational studies have shown excellent survival and freedom from valve-related complications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ultimately all bioprosthetic heart valves are prone to fail. The term structural valve deterioration (SVD) includes permanent, irreversible intrinsic changes of the valve (i.e. leaflet tears, calcification, pannus formation or fibrosis); other pathological causes of bioprosthetic valve dysfunction (i.e. thrombosis, endocarditis) are potentially reversible. When significant hemodynamic compromise (severe regurgitation or stenosis) ensues and/or there is a clinical event related to SVD (reintervention, death), the term bioprosthetic valve failure (BVF) is now suggested.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Redo surgical valve replacement is currently indicated for the majority of patients with bioprosthetic SVD. The risk of redo mitral surgery remains much higher than the risk of first mitral valve replacement (MVR). Advanced age, female gender, preoperative NYHA class, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), pulmonary hypertension and the number of prior operations have all been identified as predictors of mortality. Moreover, adhesions from previous surgery substantially increases bleeding complications. In a study with 260 patients enrolled in the European Redo Cardiac Operation Database (RECORD), in-hospital mortality was 9.2% after redo MVR. A high incidence of postoperative complications, such as low cardiac output syndrome (17.3%), need for circulatory support (9.2%), acute renal failure (16.5%) and need for transfusion (25%) was reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Similarly, a contemporary study from the Society of Thoracic Surgery (STS) with 11,973 patients revealed that mitral reoperation (n=1096) was associated with higher operative mortality (11.1%) in comparison with the first MVR or repair (6.5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Despite the paucity of data about redo MVR in Brazil, it is well-known that rheumatic heart disease with valvular involvement is the most frequent indication for cardiac valve surgery in young patients. Since BVF is influenced by age &#8211; in patients less than 40 years of age, for example, 15-year freedom from reoperation can be as low as 36%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>-, patients in our country require multiple reinterventions with increasing risks, substantial impact on their quality of life and costs to the healthcare system.</p>
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        <title>Clinical and Echocardiographic Outcomes After TMViV And Potential Benefits of a Less Invasive, Transseptal Approach</title>
        <p>TMViV has been adopted in many centers worldwide as a less invasive alternative to redo MVR in older individuals at high surgical risk. The procedure can be performed through surgical or percutaneous approaches. The surgical transcatheter approach includes the transapical or direct left atrial (by thoracotomy) access. As highlighted by Nicz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a fully percutaneous approach can be safely achieved through the femoral (or jugular) vein with transseptal puncture. Although conclusive data are lacking, the transseptal access has been associated with clinical advantages in some studies. In the VIVID registry, patients who had reduced LVEF at baseline and were treated via transseptal access had better recovery of left ventricular function than patients who underwent TMViV by transapical access &#8211; possibly related to myocardial injury associated with the surgical approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recently presented by Guerrero et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> an analysis from the STS/ACC TVT Registry (n=1576) showed that in the US, most procedures (84.1%) were now performed using transseptal access: although technical success was not statistically different between the groups (transseptal 97.1%, transapical 94.6%), transseptal access was associated with a lower rate of cardiovascular death at 30 days (1.8% vs 4.4%; p = 0.03), with a reduced median hospital length of stay (2 vs. 6 days; p &lt; 0.001). All-cause mortality at 1 year was also lower in the transseptal group (15.8% vs 21.7%; HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.47-0.97).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Echocardiographic-guided, transseptal puncture is the fundamental step of percutaneous TMViV, and requires expertise. In the STS/ ACC TVT registry (n=680),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> potential major procedural complications included cardiac perforation (1.9%), tamponade and conversion to open-heart surgery (1.3%). Need for closure of the residual atrial septal defect was low (5.4%) and stroke or transient ischemic attack occurred in 1.6%. Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is a feared acute complication of transcatheter MVR, and the high incidence (11.7%) described in the present cohort may be due to the small sample size and selection bias. Pre-procedural planning using multi-slice computed tomography (CT) is of paramount importance to detect high-risk features for LVOT obstruction and, in properly selected TMViV patients, the incidence of LVOT obstruction in larger studies is lower (0.7%) than in transcatheter mitral valve-in-ring (4.9%) or valve-in-mitral annular calcification (10%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Pre-procedure alcohol septal ablation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> or the modified technique of transcatheter laceration of the bioprosthetic leaflet (LAMPOON) may be indicated in patients at risk for LVOT obstruction during TMViV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As compared to transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve procedures, the occurrence of high residual gradients after TMViV is uncommon, since larger surgical bioprostheses are usually implanted in the mitral position. In the present cohort, all labeled surgical valves were &gt; 27 mm, and post-procedure mean transvalvular gradients were low and sustained at 30 days. Indeed, TMViV should be carefully considered in patients with smaller bioprosthetic valves (especially those with stenosis): new techniques such as bioprosthetic surgical valve fracture with non-compliant balloons during TMViV may be helpful in this scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
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        <title>The Unresolved Issues</title>
        <p>Although it is a less invasive procedure with good safety and efficacy results, several unresolved issues and uncertainties associated with TMViV should be emphasized.</p>
        <p>Experience from conventional valve surgery suggests that valve thrombosis is more frequent in the mitral (vs. aortic) position, and this could be also true for transcatheter heart valves. In the present study, no cases of valve thrombosis were detected but mean clinical follow-up was too short (less than 6 months) and echocardiographic assessment was limited to 30 days. Antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy after TMViV was not mentioned by the authors, and in reality there is a lack of standardization of antithrombotic regimens prescribed after transcatheter valve therapies. In a multicenter registry, THV thrombosis occurred in 10 cases (9 TMViV and 1 valve-in-ring), and the cumulative 1-year rate of THV thrombosis was significantly higher in patients without anticoagulation, as compared to those with anticoagulation (6.6% vs. 1.6%; p = 0.019).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Accordingly, systematic echocardiographic evaluations should be performed periodically, and if an increase in transmitral gradients is observed, the presence of thrombosis has to be excluded, ideally with high-resolution CT imaging.</p>
        <p>Functional, tricuspid regurgitation has a negative prognostic effect on survival and is closely related to symptoms and re-hospitalizations in patients with mitral disease. Accordingly, concomitant surgical tricuspid repair is currently recommended at the time of left-heart valve surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> As tricuspid insufficiency, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular (RV) dilation and failure are usually present in patients with mitral BVF, the effects of TMViV on tricuspid and RV hemodynamics should be also investigated. The reduction in pulmonary systolic arterial pressure described by Nicz et al. is encouraging, but no information regarding tricuspid regurgitation was provided: indeed, 25% of patients in their cohort were re-hospitalized, and 1 patient died of congestive heart failure. Those aspects should be considered for clinical decision making in suitable patients for both redo MVR and TMViV.</p>
        <p>Finally, learning about transcatheter mitral valve durability may not be a relevant issue in older, inoperable patients but it is essential to justify and guide clinical recommendations for younger surgical candidates with BVF &#8211; like those with rheumatic heart disease. Answers to all these questions are difficult to obtain from non-randomized, non-controlled trials. In this regard, the SURViV trial (NCT04402931) - a randomized trial comparing TMViV and redo MVR - is currently enrolling patients in our country and will shed more light on this new procedure.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Percutaneous Transseptal Bioprosthetic Implantation in Failed Prosthetic Surgical Mitral Valve &#8211; Brazilian Multicenter Experience</p>
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