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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vWL8YR87N7r7jc5Bwzs93JM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180283</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180283</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do Fluxo Sangu&#237;neo Coron&#225;rio em Angiogramas Coron&#225;rios Convencionais por um Novo M&#233;todo Baseado na Detec&#231;&#227;o da Densidade de Contraste. Uma Vis&#227;o Fisiol&#243;gica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3242-2967</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez-Hidalgo</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eblen-Zajjur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Carabobo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Valencia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia - Venezuela</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ingieneria Biologica y Medica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CL">Chile</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile - Instituto de Ingieneria Biologica y Medica, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Miguel Lopez-Hidalgo &#8226; Universidad de Carabobo. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Area de Postgrado Valencia 2001, Venezuela E-mail: <email>lopezh900@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lopez-Hidalgo M, Eblen-Zajjur A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lopez-Hidalgo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>503</fpage>
      <lpage>512</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O grau de fluxo TIMI e a contagem quadro a quadro TIMI corrigida (CTFC) s&#227;o m&#233;todos amplamente utilizados para avaliar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano angiogr&#225;fico. A medi&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano (FSC) na coronariografia (CAG) padr&#227;o despertou grande interesse recentemente, tentando combinar o conceito de CTFC com novos m&#233;todos para p&#243;s-angioplastia e avalia&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X. Al&#233;m disso, o fluxo coronariano lento &#233; considerado um crit&#233;rio importante para a angina microvascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Explorar uma nova abordagem de medi&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica quantitativa do FSC com base na detec&#231;&#227;o densitom&#233;trica de contraste na CAG offline, usando um software acess&#237;vel para obter uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa e confi&#225;vel do FSC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trinta pacientes foram estudados e divididos em 2 grupos: fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano normal (FN) e fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano lento (FL), de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o da CTFC. O MD foi aplicado &#224; amostra do estudo para diferenciar entre FN e FL. A estat&#237;stica n&#227;o param&#233;trica foi usada para avaliar diferen&#231;as entre os grupos com p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O valor de refer&#234;ncia normal do MD obtido para o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano foi de 9 [5&#8211;10] quadros. Os grupos FN vs. FL foi comparado e expresso como mediana [intervalo interquartil], para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda: 10 [7&#8211;11] vs. 21 [8&#8211;33]; p=0,016; art&#233;ria circunflexa: 9 [4&#8211;13] vs. 14 [11&#8211;30]; p=0,012 e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita: 5 [3&#8211;11] vs. 13 [8&#8211;26]; p=0,009.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O MD mostrou a viabilidade de medir o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano com precis&#227;o, consist&#234;ncia e reprodutibilidade em um angiograma coronariano padr&#227;o, mostrando a capacidade adicional de diferenciar FN de FL em pacientes com dor precordial e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):503-512)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Card&#237;aca X</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina est&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Microvascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atualmente, o m&#233;todo mais amplamente utilizado para avaliar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano angiogr&#225;fico na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; o sistema de gradua&#231;&#227;o de fluxo TIMI &#8211; tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. As limita&#231;&#245;es de precis&#227;o e subjetividade da escala de fluxo TIMI resultaram em um m&#233;todo quantitativo mais preciso para avaliar objetivamente um &#237;ndice de fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano: contagem quadro a quadro TIMI corrigida (CTFC). A CTFC se mostrou um m&#233;todo mais reprodut&#237;vel do que a gradua&#231;&#227;o do fluxo TIMI coronariano e facilita as compara&#231;&#245;es dos desfechos angiogr&#225;ficos entre os ensaios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento de um m&#233;todo r&#225;pido, simples e econ&#244;mico para medir o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano seria de grande interesse, principalmente em pacientes com dor precordial e angiograma coronariano normal, e angina microvascular, um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico com preval&#234;ncia crescente, em que o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano lento &#233; o principal crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>T&#233;cnicas densitom&#233;tricas para mensura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano j&#225; haviam sido aplicadas anteriormente, mas n&#227;o foram bem-sucedidas devido a fatores t&#233;cnicos, tornando sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o muito limitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recentemente, m&#233;todos angiogr&#225;ficos de medi&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano em angiograma coronariano que n&#227;o o sistema CTFC foram desenvolvidos com base em uma combina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos com an&#225;lise coronariana quantitativa (QCA) tridimensional e din&#226;mica de fluidos computacional (CFD) com software dedicado que estima a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional coronariana segmentar, atualmente validada com o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) invasiva, entre elas: a FFR virtual (vFFR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a taxa de fluxo quantitativa (QFR), tamb&#233;m conhecida como FFR<sub>QCA,</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e a FFRangio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por outro lado, surgiram novas tecnologias n&#227;o invasivas, como a tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores e a angiografia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (angio-RM), com algoritmos matem&#225;ticos complexos que detectam o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano e a reserva coronariana ainda em processo de refinamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Tecnologias invasivas para a medi&#231;&#227;o direta de press&#245;es, fluxo e FFR coronarianos foram desenvolvidas e seu uso est&#225; em expans&#227;o, mas seu custo, maior invasividade e consumo de tempo do procedimento restringiram o n&#250;mero de servi&#231;os de hemodin&#226;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar uma abordagem diferente para a medi&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica quantitativa do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano em um angiograma coronariano padr&#227;o (AGC), com base na detec&#231;&#227;o v&#237;deo-densitom&#233;trica do fluxo angiogr&#225;fico de contraste como substituto do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano, usando um software gen&#233;rico. No presente estudo, comparamos essa abordagem com o sistema de gradua&#231;&#227;o CTFC em pacientes com dor precordial e AGC normal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>&#201;tica</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de bio&#233;tica institucional e utilizou a base de dados do servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica da institui&#231;&#227;o e os dados cl&#237;nicos foram obtidos a partir do reposit&#243;rio do Hospital Metropolitano del Norte.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>Sessenta e quatro indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de dor precordial submetidos a angiografia coronariana n&#227;o apresentando les&#245;es coronarianas foram selecionados inicialmente para o estudo de janeiro de 2016 a novembro de 2017, restando apenas 30 pacientes para an&#225;lise final devido a crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, principalmente dificuldades t&#233;cnicas. A amostra do estudo foi dividida usando a defini&#231;&#227;o de CTFC para fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano normal, em fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal (FN) e fluxo lento (FL).</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: Pacientes &gt;18 anos de idade, de qualquer sexo, que apresentavam dor precordial ou necessidade de angiografia urgente, que apresentavam AGC para fins diagn&#243;sticos sem les&#245;es coronarianas, sejam esten&#243;ticas &gt;30% ou les&#245;es dilatadas &gt;1,5 vezes o di&#226;metro normal do vaso, focal ou difuso.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: pacientes com hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou endovascular. Pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 50% por ecocardiografia 2D, cardiopatia valvular, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e doen&#231;a ou anomalias coronarianas n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticas, hipertens&#227;o resistente, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a renal, infec&#231;&#245;es, doen&#231;a autoimune, doen&#231;as malignas e dificuldades t&#233;cnicas, como AGC com grava&#231;&#227;o incompleta de imagens da fase de <italic>washout</italic>, ramos sobrepostos e movimentos do paciente ou da mesa que limitariam as medi&#231;&#245;es densitom&#233;tricas para an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos e Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi explorar a viabilidade de medir quantitativamente o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano em um AGC pelo m&#233;todo densitom&#233;trico (DM) baseado na detec&#231;&#227;o densitom&#233;trica do fluxo angiogr&#225;fico de contraste nas art&#233;rias coronarianas epic&#225;rdicas como substituto do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano, utilizando, pela primeira vez para esse fim, o ImageJ, um software gen&#233;rico do North American National Institute of Health (NIH) para an&#225;lise de imagens cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi avaliar a capacidade do MD de discriminar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano normal do fluxo lento.</title>
        <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores normais do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano pelo m&#233;todo densitom&#233;trico foi realizada em pacientes est&#225;veis, utilizando AGC do o grupo de FN, tendo a CTFC como refer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De acordo com a CTFC, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo arterial coron&#225;rio normal foi definido como uma m&#233;dia de 21 &#177; 3 quadros. O fluxo coron&#225;rio lento foi definido como um fluxo m&#233;dio de CTFC &gt; 2 DP limite superior a partir do fluxo normal definido ou &#8805; 27 quadros. Todas as principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram avaliadas em cada paciente. O crit&#233;rio para inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no grupo FL foi a presen&#231;a de pelo menos um vaso importante com fluxo lento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o da faixa normal do MD, ambos os m&#233;todos, tanto o MD quanto a CTFC, foram aplicados ao AGC de toda a amostra para avaliar a capacidade de discriminar os pacientes com FN e FL predefinidos pela CTFC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronariografia</title>
        <p>Realizada pela t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins com administra&#231;&#227;o usual de trinitrato de gliceril na dose de 75 a 100 &#181;g.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Duas proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais ideais sem ramos sobrepostos e boa opacifica&#231;&#227;o dos vasos e contraste da imagem foram selecionadas e o volume m&#233;dio injetado por caso foi de 53 [42&#8211;61] ml. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados via acesso femoral, utilizando cateteres 6F. A taxa de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem foi de 30 quadros por segundo, resultando em uma resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 33,3 ms. As imagens foram salvas no formato DICOM bruto e transferidas para DVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Processamento das Imagens</title>
        <p>Os angiogramas coron&#225;rios foram processados offline para an&#225;lise densitom&#233;trica do contraste coron&#225;rio em um laptop i5 executando o software ImageJ de acesso livre do NIH, v1.50i.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O procedimento de medi&#231;&#227;o foi realizado com a sonda digital ImageJ, que detectou densidades de fundo e contraste em uma &#225;rea de 2x2 pixels quadrados, posicionada no l&#250;men no ponto m&#233;dio entre as bordas dos vasos e nos segmentos proximal e m&#233;dio de cada art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal, come&#231;ando a medi&#231;&#227;o e o registro das densidades antes do aparecimento do contraste angiogr&#225;fico (de fundo) e conforme sua passagem pela coron&#225;ria desde a fase inicial de enchimento, passando pelo pico e ap&#243;s o final da fase de <italic>washout</italic>, quando n&#227;o h&#225; mais detec&#231;&#227;o de contraste. Os valores densitom&#233;tricos medianos (2x2 pixels) foram medidos para cada quadro angiogr&#225;fico em unidades densitom&#233;tricas arbitr&#225;rias (UDA) e expressos em uma escala de 256 n&#237;veis de cinza (preto=0 a branco=255).</p>
        <p>Convencionalmente, os pesquisadores usaram a fase de enchimento de contraste para determinar o fluxo coronariano, como ocorre com o grau de fluxo TIMI e o sistema de CTFC. No entanto, no presente estudo, decidimos usar a fase de <italic>washout</italic> para melhorar a precis&#227;o e a confiabilidade do MD, com base em fatores fisiol&#243;gicos que podem alterar e influenciar a real avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano durante a fase de enchimento, como a variabilidade do operador em rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume, press&#227;o e taxa de inje&#231;&#227;o manual de contraste. Considerou-se que a fase de <italic>washout</italic> era mais representativa e confi&#225;vel do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano, porque depende absolutamente da elimina&#231;&#227;o do contraste pelo fluxo sangu&#237;neo, o que &#233; independente da interven&#231;&#227;o do operador. Parte dessa abordagem explorat&#243;ria &#233; avaliar o comportamento da fase de washout para medir o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano. Embora n&#227;o seja validado por outros estudos, esse par&#226;metro est&#225; metodologicamente relacionado &#224; fase de preenchimento e fisiologicamente mais representativo como substituto do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, conforme afirmado no artigo original sobre a CTFC, por Gibson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para determinar os valores de refer&#234;ncia do fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal, foram utilizados os pacientes est&#225;veis e o AGC do grupo de fluxo normal. O valor de refer&#234;ncia do MD para o fluxo coronariano normal foi calculado a partir do intervalo de tempo mediano composto dos valores densitom&#233;tricos medianos da fase de <italic>washout</italic> de cada vaso coronariano do grupo FN, pr&#233;-especificado pela CTFC. Aplicando o fator de corre&#231;&#227;o de 1,7 para a DAE, como no sistema CTFC original.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Etapas de obten&#231;&#227;o dos valores de refer&#234;ncia do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano com o m&#233;todo densitom&#233;trico</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Sele&#231;&#227;o do AGC ideal de pacientes est&#225;veis para avalia&#231;&#227;o densitom&#233;trica.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de AGC em FN e FL usando o sistema CTFC e selecionando o AGC do grupo de FN.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Execu&#231;&#227;o do software ImageJ, carregamento do AGC e coloca&#231;&#227;o da sonda de medi&#231;&#227;o no segmento proximal do l&#250;men de cada art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Detec&#231;&#227;o da densidade de contraste, quadro a quadro, nos locais de medi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dados densitom&#233;tricos salvos no formato .txt para Excel ou qualquer software estat&#237;stico (Past).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Tra&#231;ar a curva din&#226;mica mediana do fluido de contraste global [25&#8211;75p] para o grupo FN de cada vaso principal.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A partir das curvas da etapa 6, sele&#231;&#227;o da fase de <italic>washout</italic> de cada vaso principal, filtragem da parte final da curva quanto ao ru&#237;do de fundo e c&#225;lculo da curva mediana da fase de <italic>washout</italic>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>C&#225;lculo das contagens medianas compostas de quadros da fase de <italic>washout</italic> dos 3 principais vasos</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Na etapa 8, o valor de refer&#234;ncia normal do MD &#233; obtido como um intervalo mediano e interquartil nas contagens de quadros (resolu&#231;&#227;o: 33.3 ms).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Etapas na aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo densitom&#233;trico a um paciente espec&#237;fico:</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Sele&#231;&#227;o do AGC ideal para avalia&#231;&#227;o densitom&#233;trica.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Execu&#231;&#227;o do software ImageJ, carregamento do AGC e coloca&#231;&#227;o da sonda de medi&#231;&#227;o de forma intraluminal no segmento proximal de cada art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica principal.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Detec&#231;&#227;o da densidade de contraste, quadro a quadro, nos locais de medi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dados densitom&#233;tricos salvos no formato .txt para Excel ou qualquer software estat&#237;stico (Past).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Tra&#231;ar as curvas de contraste medianas da fase de <italic>washout</italic>, unidades densitom&#233;tricas arbitr&#225;rias (UDA) versus tempo (quadros), para cada vaso principal, filtragem da parte final da curva para minimizar o ru&#237;do de fundo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>C&#225;lculo da contagem m&#233;dia de quadros da fase de <italic>washout</italic> para cada vaso principal, aplicando o fator de corre&#231;&#227;o para a DAE.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores obtidos na etapa 6 para cada vaso principal com os valores de refer&#234;ncia do MD.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do AGC como FN ou FL, de acordo com os valores de refer&#234;ncia estabelecidos pelo MD.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como contagens e porcentagens. Para detectar diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizou-se o teste do qui quadrado. Os valores n&#227;o param&#233;tricos livres de distribui&#231;&#227;o da mediana e seus percentis 25&#8211;75 foram estimados para os valores densitom&#233;tricos. O teste U de Mann Whitney foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as entre os grupos nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Considerou-se um valor de p unicaudal &lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo devido ao nosso interesse em detectar valores de fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento localizado em um lado da distribui&#231;&#227;o. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Spearman (<italic>R</italic>) e o &#237;ndice de determina&#231;&#227;o (<italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup>) entre os valores do MD e as contagens de quadros foram calculados. Al&#233;m disso, realizou-se regress&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica com uma otimiza&#231;&#227;o inicial de Levenberg-Marquardt, seguida pela regress&#227;o de Kriging e estima&#231;&#227;o da curva pelo modo de suaviza&#231;&#227;o por meio de <italic>splines.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os valores de refer&#234;ncia da faixa temporal ou os crit&#233;rios de corte para definir o fluxo normal com o novo MD foram feitos de forma semelhante ao m&#233;todo CTFC, que utilizou erro m&#233;dio e padr&#227;o da contagem de quadros para cada vaso. Em vez disso, decidimos usar a faixa mediana e interquartil da curva da fase de <italic>washout</italic> do grupo FN pelos crit&#233;rios do CTFC, excluindo os pacientes inst&#225;veis e, em seguida, calculamos a contagem de quadros densitom&#233;tricos medianos e do intervalo interquartil composto das tr&#234;s principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias como um limiar para estabelecer o valor de refer&#234;ncia para o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano normal para o MD. Foram utilizados testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos, pois a distribui&#231;&#227;o da fase de <italic>washout</italic> n&#227;o &#233; normal, sendo esta a principal vari&#225;vel do estudo. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software Past v3.16.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De um total de 64 pacientes selecionados inicialmente, sobraram 30 pacientes para o estudo, 10 no grupo FN e 20 no grupo FL. Os outros 34 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos, 29 devido a dificuldades t&#233;cnicas durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens, 2 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, 2 com cardiopatias valvulares e 1 com doen&#231;a autoimune (l&#250;pus). Apenas um paciente teve aumento de troponina. Os demais n&#227;o apresentavam enzimas card&#237;acas elevadas e seus angiogramas n&#227;o apresentavam les&#245;es obstrutivas, nem irregularidades, nem les&#245;es de apar&#234;ncia difusa ou apar&#234;ncia de vasos finos m&#233;dios e distais.</p>
      <p>A idade mediana foi de 65 [53&#8211;67] anos. Houve maior preval&#234;ncia de pacientes do sexo feminino, hipertensos e est&#225;veis. O grupo FL apresentou maior propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes. Setenta e tr&#234;s por cento dos pacientes eram clinicamente est&#225;veis, e o procedimento foi realizado de forma eletiva. Oito pacientes foram diagnosticados com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST: 7 pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel e um com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST sendo do grupo FL. Nenhum apresentava infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Dos 22 pacientes est&#225;veis, 13 foram submetidos ao teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira, 7 apresentaram isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, dois sendo do grupo FL.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra e dos grupos pr&#233;-especificados de acordo com escala da contagem quadro a quadro TIMI corrigida do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano normal.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total n=30</th>
                <th>FN: n=10 (33%)</th>
                <th>FL n=20 (67%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos*</td>
                <td align="center">65 [53&#8211;67]</td>
                <td align="center">54 [41&#8211;67]</td>
                <td align="center">61[48&#8211;67]</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo: S</td>
                <td align="center">18 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suspeita de DAC&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">22 (73%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AI/IAMSSST&#8225;</td>
                <td align="center">8 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">19 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">11 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">10 (32 %)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (09%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de IM</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Fonte: Registro do laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica. *Mediana [percentil 25 e 75], &#8224; DAC: Coronariopatia. AI/IAMSSST: &#8225;Angina inst&#225;vel/Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. FN: Grupo de fluxo coronariano normal; FL: Grupo de fluxo coronariano lento.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A curva din&#226;mica do fluido densitom&#233;trico obtida com este MD mostra uma inclina&#231;&#227;o descendente para a fase de enchimento de contraste e uma inclina&#231;&#227;o ascendente para a fase de <italic>washout.</italic> Seu sistema de escala densitom&#233;trica se baseia em uma escala de 256 n&#237;veis de cinza, onde o maior valor de densidade &#233; 0 (preto=0 a branco=255).</p>
      <p>A din&#226;mica dos fluidos densitom&#233;tricos do contraste angiogr&#225;fico que passa pelas coron&#225;rias est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda, mostrando as fases de enchimento e <italic>washout</italic>; a an&#225;lise dos valores medianos da fase de enchimento dos tr&#234;s vasos principais mostrou maior variabilidade e inconsist&#234;ncia, particularmente ao comparar o comportamento matem&#225;tico entre os grupos FN e FL definido pelos crit&#233;rios da CTFC, mostrando cruzamentos frequentes entre os dois grupos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos valores medianos para a fase de <italic>washout</italic> dos grupos FN e FL foi mais consistente. N&#227;o houve cruzamento entre os grupos, fornecendo dados mais precisos, o que confirma nossa suposi&#231;&#227;o inicial. Portanto, decidimos usar a fase de <italic>washout</italic> para a an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva da din&#226;mica dos fluidos de contraste densitom&#233;trico registrada para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda obtida a partir do grupo de fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal (n=10), expressa como mediana e seus percentis 25 e 75, mostrando a curva global com uma fase de enchimento descendente e uma fase de washout ascendente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0503-80283-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A fase mediana de <italic>washout</italic> mostrada como inclina&#231;&#245;es ascendentes para os grupos FN e FL &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> para cada um dos tr&#234;s principais vasos, mostrando atraso estatisticamente significativo no grupo FL com a inclina&#231;&#227;o deslocada para baixo e para a direita em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo FN. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva altamente significativa entre os valores de tempo e densidade de contraste em todas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais para os grupos FN e FL. As equa&#231;&#245;es correspondentes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> para cada art&#233;ria, tanto para o grupo FN quanto para o grupo FL. Para a an&#225;lise, a parte final de cada curva foi filtrada para minimizar o ru&#237;do de fundo, obtendo dados mais precisos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores medianos e de dispers&#227;o das curvas densitom&#233;tricas da fase de washout do contraste da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE), art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa (CX) e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) para o grupo de fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal (FN) e o grupo de fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento (FL) ap&#243;s os crit&#233;rios do m&#233;todo CTFC. P&lt;0,0001; UDA: Unidades Densitom&#233;tricas Arbitr&#225;rias. Para as equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o, ver Tabela 3.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0503-80283-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores densitom&#233;tricos da fase de washout dos tr&#234;s principais vasos coron&#225;rios para o grupo de fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal (FN) e grupo de fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento (FL), de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo CTFC, apresentados como unidades densitom&#233;tricas arbitr&#225;rias (UDA) em medianas (Md) e sua faixa de percentil 25&#8211;75</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Vaso</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>FN</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>FL</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>p</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>DAE</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>UDA Md [p25&#8211;p75]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Pacientes (n)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Medi&#231;&#245;es de quadros (n)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>116 [99&#8211;122]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>17</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>39</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>90 [79&#8211;90]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>13</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>39</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,00001</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>CX</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>UDA Md [p25&#8211;p75]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Pacientes (n)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Medi&#231;&#245;es de quadros (n)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>95 [86&#8211;99]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>15</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>28</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>86 [74&#8211;90]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>15</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>28</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,00025</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>ACD</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>UDA Md [p25&#8211;p75]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Pacientes (n)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Medi&#231;&#245;es de quadros (n)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>104 [98&#8211;107]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>16 ,</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>30</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>86 [78&#8211;91]</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>14</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>30</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,00001</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DAE: Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; CX: Art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; Valor de p (teste U de Mann-Whitney).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica para as art&#233;rias descendente anterior esquerda, circunflexa e coron&#225;ria direita dos grupos de pacientes com fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal (NF) ou fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento (FL) classificados segundo os crit&#233;rios do m&#233;todo CTFC. (UDA: Unidades Densitom&#233;tricas Arbitr&#225;rias). Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (R), coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o (R2) e n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia (*p&lt;0,0001)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda:</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>FN:</bold> UDA = 109,0 exp (-((Quadros-35.5)2) / (2x12129)) R=0,85; R2 = 0,73 * </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>FL:</bold> UDA = 149.8 exp (-((Quadros-118.3)2) / (2x10973)) R=0,84; R2 = 0,70 * </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>FN:</bold> UDA = 30.6 exp (-((Quadros-120,4)2) / (2x4939,8)) R=0,80; R2= 0,64 * </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>FL:</bold> UDA = 91,4 exp (-((Quadros-22,8)2) / (2x617,38)) R=0,88; R2= 0,77 * </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>FN:</bold> UDA = 86,9 exp (-((Quadros-30,4)2) / (2x815,9)) R=0,97; R2=0,94 * </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>FL:</bold> UDA = 85,7 exp (-((Quadros-60,0)2) / (2x3986,9)) R=0,97; R2=0,94 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Comparamos os grupos FN e FL com o modelo CTFC, definido pelos crit&#233;rios da CTFC para fluxo lento e, como esperado, mostrou-se que suas diferen&#231;as foram estatisticamente significantes nos dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Contagem quadro a quadro TIMI corrigida nos grupos FN e FL para cada vaso coron&#225;rio principal, expressa em mediana e intervalo interquartil [ ], de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo CTFC de fluxo normal e lento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Vaso</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>FN n=10</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>FL n=20</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>p</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>CTFC:</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Quadros</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Quadros</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p> </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>DAE</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>23 [18&#8211;26]</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>n=17</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>44 [36&#8211;50]</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>n=13</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,00001</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>CX</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>21 [18&#8211;28]</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>n=15</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>41 [35&#8211;51]</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>n=15</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,00001</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>ACD</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>23 [18&#8211;28]</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>n=16</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>41 [33&#8211;51]</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>n=14</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,00001</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>NF: Grupo de fluxo normal; FL: Grupo de fluxo lento; DAE: Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; CX: Art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita: CTFC: Crit&#233;rio da contagem quadro a quadro TIMI corrigida para pacientes com fluxo coronariano lento: pelo menos um vaso principal com fluxo lento; Valor de p (teste U de Mann-Whitney).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O valor de refer&#234;ncia do MD para o intervalo de tempo de fluxo coronariano normal foi de 9 [5&#8211;10] quadros (33 ms cada). Aplicando o fator de corre&#231;&#227;o de 1,7 para a DAE, ou seja, dividindo o MD mediano da DAE: 16,9 por 1,7 = 10. Utilizando esse crit&#233;rio, a amostra de pacientes foi segregada, como FN ou FL para DAE, CX ou ACD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>), esses grupos diagn&#243;sticos foram estatisticamente diferentes para os tr&#234;s vasos coronarianos, mostrando maiores valores de dispers&#227;o para FL do que os pacientes com FN (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores normais de refer&#234;ncia do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano para os tr&#234;s principais vasos coron&#225;rios pelo m&#233;todo densitom&#233;trico no grupo FN vs. FL, expresso em mediana [percentis 25&#8211;75], de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo CTFC para fluxo normal. A DAE &#233; suavizada por 3 pontos e corrigida pelo fator 1.7</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Vaso</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>FN</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>FL</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>p</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>DAE, n</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Quadros-MD</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>16</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>10 [7&#8211;11]</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>13</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>21 [08&#8211;33]</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,016</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>CX, n</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Quadros-MD</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>14</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>9 [4&#8211;13]</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>15</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>14 [11&#8211;30]</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,012</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>ACD, n</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Quadros-MD</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>15</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>5 [3&#8211;11]</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>14</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>13 [8&#8211;26]</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>0,009</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>NF: Grupo de fluxo coronariano normal; FL: Grupo de fluxo coron&#225;rio lento; DAE: Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; CX: Art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; MD: M&#233;todo Densitom&#233;trico; Valor de p (teste U de Mann-Whitney).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Intervalos densitom&#233;tricos medianos e intervalos interquartil para o tempo em contagens de quadros, obtidos a partir das medi&#231;&#245;es densitom&#233;tricas medianas da fase mediana de washout do grupo FN. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos FN e FL, pr&#233;-especificados pelo m&#233;todo CTFC. As diferen&#231;as s&#227;o estatisticamente significantes na DAE: Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; CX: Art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; FN: Grupo de fluxo coronariano normal; FL: Grupo de fluxo coronariano lento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0503-80283-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Quando pacientes com suspeita de DAC cujo AGC n&#227;o mostra art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias obstrutivas e aparentemente apresentam fluxo sangu&#237;neo coron&#225;rio lento, a escala de fluxo TIMI &#233; usada para diagnosticar os fen&#244;menos de fluxo lento, mas sendo uma medida semiquantitativa, sua precis&#227;o &#233; baixa, principalmente para casos lim&#237;trofes. Portanto, a CTFC foi desenvolvida para uma quantifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano. No entanto, uma desvantagem importante &#233; a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre o fluxo TIMI de grau 2 e 3, particularmente na reperfus&#227;o pos-infarto, na s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e coronariopatia n&#227;o-obstrutiva (INOCA), angina microvascular e nos fen&#244;menos de fluxo lento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento de novos m&#233;todos simples e pr&#225;ticos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano na coronariografia de rotina &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, particularmente para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X e da disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, que atualmente &#233; um tema importante de pesquisa devido &#224; sua signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano em imagens angiogr&#225;ficas despertou grande interesse nos &#250;ltimos anos, tentando combinar o conceito de CTFC com os novos m&#233;todos de estima&#231;&#227;o da FFR a partir da coronariografia de rotina, usando uma combina&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lise coronariana quantitativa tridimensional (3D-QCA) e din&#226;mica computacional dos fluidos complexa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O uso da CTFC isoladamente n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o pr&#225;tico como era no passado e a &#225;rea passou a incorporar a 3D-QCA com medi&#231;&#245;es de fluxo, denominada taxa quantitativa de fluxo coronariano (QFR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> FFRangio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> estando pronta para competir com t&#233;cnicas como a reserva de fluxo fracionada por tomografia computadorizada (CTFFR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O software ImageJ havia sido utilizado em diversas modalidades de imagem. No entanto, n&#227;o havia sido utilizado anteriormente para medi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. O presente estudo compara uma aplica&#231;&#227;o simples desse software validado pelo NIH com o sistema angiogr&#225;fico coron&#225;rio CTFC, amplamente utilizado.</p>
      <p>Avaliamos o AGC padr&#227;o de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X (INOCA) usando um novo m&#233;todo densitom&#233;trico digital, o software ImageJ, capaz de medir o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano com base na din&#226;mica dos fluidos de contraste que passam pelas principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas. Esse m&#233;todo detectou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas nos intervalos de tempo do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano entre os grupos FN e FL, conforme definido pelo sistema CTFC.</p>
      <p>A amostra do estudo apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de pacientes do sexo feminino, como visto na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> De acordo com alguns estudos, pacientes com fen&#244;meno de fluxo lento coronariano apresentam caracter&#237;sticas distintas de pacientes sem les&#245;es obstrutivas angiogr&#225;ficas e com fluxo normal, s&#227;o predominantemente do sexo masculino, fumantes e com DAC inst&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No nosso estudo, observou-se maior tend&#234;ncia para fumantes no grupo FL, mas os outros aspectos, como sexo e apresenta&#231;&#227;o inst&#225;vel, n&#227;o diferiram do grupo FN, provavelmente devido ao tamanho da amostra e ao processo de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>As t&#233;cnicas densitom&#233;tricas para mensura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano j&#225; haviam sido tentadas sem sucesso com a aplica&#231;&#227;o da densitometria, restrita &#224;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias proximais e n&#227;o ramificadas, com tra&#231;os perpendiculares ao feixe de raios X, resultando em t&#233;cnicas pouco pr&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O MD n&#227;o se baseia em refer&#234;ncias anat&#244;micas distais como na CTFC, tornando-o mais pr&#225;tico e preciso, porque essa poss&#237;vel variabilidade intraobservador e interobservador &#233; eliminada da an&#225;lise. Uma dificuldade frequente na CTFC &#233; determinar o primeiro quadro inicial para a contagem, gerando um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s, pois depende de tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios subjetivos de alguma forma: 1. Uma coluna de corante quase cheia ou totalmente concentrada deve se estender por toda a largura da origem da art&#233;ria; 2) O corante deve tocar as duas bordas da art&#233;ria e 3. O corante deve ter movimento anter&#243;grado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa dificuldade n&#227;o &#233; contabilizada no MD. Uma vantagem importante do MD &#233; que ele pode fornecer uma representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica, o que &#233; muito f&#225;cil de interpretar. Usando a fase de washout do contraste angiogr&#225;fico em vez da fase de enchimento, nosso estudo mostra que essa poderia ser uma abordagem v&#225;lida e mais confi&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>A densidade de contraste depende de v&#225;rios fatores. A metodologia aplicada no presente estudo tenta reduzir a influ&#234;ncia desses fatores na principal causa de altera&#231;&#245;es de contraste, que &#233; o fluxo sangu&#237;neo. As descri&#231;&#245;es originais do m&#233;todo CTFC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> minimizam a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores propostos para as medi&#231;&#245;es finais dos resultados, mas centralizam a discuss&#227;o na correla&#231;&#227;o entre obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano e imagens de contraste em movimento. De fato, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a CTFC de 90 minutos e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, press&#227;o atrial direita, diferen&#231;a entre press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e press&#227;o atrial direita, press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria infartada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Outros fatores como pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica, presen&#231;a de f&#237;stulas, geometria anormal dos vasos ou press&#227;o venosa central patol&#243;gica foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Fatores relevantes, como microvasculatura, e massa perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, s&#227;o objetivos indiretos de nossas medi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Utilizamos o sistema de contagem quadro a quadro TIMI corrigida com base na fase de enchimento de corante de contraste das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias como um fator de compara&#231;&#227;o, por ser a escala validada mais pr&#243;xima dispon&#237;vel para compara&#231;&#227;o com o CTFC. No entanto, uma observa&#231;&#227;o clara deve ser feita sobre as diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas entre a contagem quadro a quadro TIMI convencional e nossas medidas pelo MD. Escolhemos a fase de <italic>washout</italic> da din&#226;mica dos fluidos de contraste e encontramos resultados mais est&#225;veis e constantes para a coronariografia cl&#237;nica de rotina do que a fase de enchimento. Esse par&#226;metro est&#225; metodologicamente relacionado &#224; fase de enchimento e, fisiologicamente, &#233; mais representativo como substituto do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, conforme descrito no estudo original do m&#233;todo CTFC, em que a elimina&#231;&#227;o do corante pode ser mais independente da taxa de inje&#231;&#227;o e merece uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nosso estudo mostra que essa poderia ser uma abordagem v&#225;lida e mais confi&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo explorat&#243;rio, os valores de refer&#234;ncia do fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal para o MD foram calculados usando apenas os AGCs normais do fluxo sangu&#237;neo pelo m&#233;todo CTFC e em pacientes est&#225;veis. O estudo original do m&#233;todo CTFC relatou valores normais de fluxo sangu&#237;neo em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo com fluxo sangu&#237;neo de apar&#234;ncia normal, sem especificar o diagn&#243;stico ou a condi&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, com exce&#231;&#227;o do fato de que eles n&#227;o apresentavam infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre FN e FL, usamos toda a amostra, excluindo apenas o paciente com IAMSSST, assim como feito no estudo sobre o m&#233;todo CTFC e em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es: com o MD, todas as imagens do angiograma tiveram que ser adquiridas at&#233; a fase final de <italic>washout,</italic> de acordo com o que deveria ser a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o para a coronariografia; caso contr&#225;rio, os dados coletados ser&#227;o insuficientes para aplicar a an&#225;lise densitom&#233;trica. Infelizmente, alguns operadores n&#227;o realizam o procedimento de acordo com os padr&#245;es de uma t&#233;cnica angiogr&#225;fica adequada. &#201; por isso que 45% da popula&#231;&#227;o inicial pretendida foi exclu&#237;da. Este foi um estudo retrospectivo com pacientes n&#227;o consecutivos e muitos pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o atenderem aos crit&#233;rios t&#233;cnicos para an&#225;lise do AGC. Outras limita&#231;&#245;es resultam do uso de um software gen&#233;rico n&#227;o dedicado que n&#227;o permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de contorno e as restri&#231;&#245;es impostas &#224;s imagens bidimensionais. No entanto, essas limita&#231;&#245;es, tamb&#233;m presentes no m&#233;todo CTFC convencional, n&#227;o minimizaram a aplica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica do MD descrita aqui, que foi capaz de detectar um fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano confi&#225;vel e lento.</p>
      <p>O MD proposto leva cerca de 4 a 8 minutos por paciente usando um algoritmo semiautomatizado. Esse tempo pode ser drasticamente reduzido com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um algoritmo totalmente automatizado. Estamos desenvolvendo um script ImageJ, tornando esse m&#233;todo mais r&#225;pido, mais pr&#225;tico e mais amig&#225;vel. Esse novo m&#233;todo proposto pode ser &#250;til se validado com uma amostra maior em um estudo prospectivo em pacientes est&#225;veis e em outros cen&#225;rios.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Essa nova abordagem com o MD mostrou a viabilidade de medir o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coron&#225;rio com precis&#227;o, consist&#234;ncia e reprodutibilidade em um angiograma coron&#225;rio padr&#227;o, mostrando a capacidade adicional de diferenciar FN e FL em pacientes com dor precordial sem obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Miguel Lopez-Hidalgo pela Universidad de Carabobo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Blood Flow Measurement in Conventional Coronary Angiograms by a New Method Based on Contrast Density Detection. A Physiological Insight</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3242-2967</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez-Hidalgo</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eblen-Zajjur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia - Venezuela</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CL">Chile</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile - Instituto de Ingieneria Biologica y Medica, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Miguel Lopez-Hidalgo</bold> &#8226; Universidad de Carabobo. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Area de Postgrado Valencia 2001, Venezuela E-mail: lopezh900@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lopez-Hidalgo M, Eblen-Zajjur A; Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Lopez-Hidalgo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> TIMI flow grade and corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) are widely used methods to evaluate angiographic coronary blood flow. Measurement of coronary blood flow (CBF) on standard coronary angiography (CAG) has aroused great interest recently, trying to combine the CTFC concept with new methods for post-angioplasty and for cardiac syndrome X assessment. Additionally, coronary slow flow it is now considered a major criterion for microvascular angina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> Explore a new approach of quantitative angiographic measurement of CBF based on densitometric contrast detection in CAG off-line, using an accessible software to obtain a more precise and reliable CBF assessment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Thirty patients were studied and divided in 2 groups, normal coronary blood flow (NF) and slow coronary blood flow (SF), according to CTFC definition. The DM was applied to the study sample to differentiate between NF and SF. Non-parametric statistics was used to assess differences between groups at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The DM normal reference value obtained for coronary blood flow was 9 [5&#8211;10] frames. NF vs SF group were compared and expressed as median [interquartile range], for the left anterior descending: 10 [7-11] vs 21 [8-33];p= 0.016; circumflex: 9 [4-13] vs 14 [11-30]; p= 0.012 and right coronary artery: 5 [3-11] vs 13 [8-26]; p=0.009.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The DM showed the feasibility of measuring coronary blood flow with precision, consistency and reproducible in a standard coronary angiogram, showing the additional capability to differentiate between NF and SF in chest pain patients with normal coronary arteries. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):503-512)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac syndrome X</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Circulation/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Stable angina</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary angiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Microvascular angina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Currently, the most widely use method to assess angiographic coronary blood flow in clinical practice is the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade scale. Precision and subjectivity limitations of the TIMI flow grade scale derived to a more precise quantitative method to objectively assess an index of coronary blood flow; this was the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC).The CTFC showed a more reproducible method than the coronary TIMI flow grade and facilitates comparisons of angiographic end points between trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The development of a fast, simple and cost-effective method to measure coronary blood flow would be of great interest, especially in patients with chest pain with normal coronary angiogram and patients with microvascular angina a clinical scenario with an increasing prevalence where coronary slow blood flow is a major diagnostic criterion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Densitometric techniques for coronary blood flow measurements had been applied before but were unsuccessful due to technical factors, making them very limited for their use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recently angiographic methods of quantitative measurement of coronary blood flow on coronary angiogram other than the CTFC system had been developed based on a combination of anatomic parameters with three dimensional quantitative coronary analysis (QCA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with dedicated software that estimates a segmental coronary functional assessment currently validated with the reference standard invasive coronary fractional flow reserve (FFR), among these are: the virtual FFR (vFFR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the quantitative flow ratio (QFR) also known as FFR<sub>QCA</sub>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and the FFRangio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> On the other hand, new non-invasive technologies have emerged such as the multidetector computerized tomography and angiographic magnetic resonance imaging (angio-MRI) with complex mathematical algorithms that detects coronary blood flow and coronary reserve which are still under refinement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Invasive technologies for the direct measurement of coronary pressures, flow and FFR had been developed successfully and its use is expanding, but their cost, further invasiveness and time consumption of the procedure have been restricted to fewer catheterization facilities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to explore a different approach for quantitative angiographic measurement of coronary blood flow in a standard coronary angiogram (CAG), based on video-densitometric detection of angiographic contrast flow as a surrogate of coronary blood flow, using a generic software. In the present report we compare this approach with the CTFC grading system in patients with chest pain and normal CAG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics</title>
          <p>The present study was approved by the institutional bioethics committee and used the institution catheterization laboratory database and clinical data obtained from the repository of the Hospital Metropolitano del Norte.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design</title>
          <p>Sixty-four subjects with history of chest pain who underwent coronary angiography and showed no coronary lesions were initially selected for the study from January 2016 to November 2017, only 30 patients remained for final analysis due to exclusion criteria mainly technical pitfalls. Patient sample was divided using the CTFC definition for normal coronary blood flow, into a normal blood flow (NF) and a slow flow group (SF).</p>
          <p>Inclusion criteria: patients &gt; 18 years old of any gender who had chest pain or the need for urgent angiography, who had CAG for diagnostic purposes without coronary lesions, either stenotic &gt; 30% or dilated lesions &gt; 1.5 times normal vessel diameter, focal or diffuse.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria: Patients with previous myocardial infarction, revascularization either surgical or endovascular. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction of less than 50 % by 2D-echocardiography, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease and non-atherosclerotic coronary disease or anomalies, resistant hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, previous stroke, peripheral arterial disease, kidney disease, infections, autoimmune disease, malignancy and technical pitfalls such as CAG with incomplete image saving of the washout phase, overlapping branches and patient or table motion that would limit densitometric measurements for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>End Points and Definitions</title>
          <p>The primary end point was to explore the feasibility of measuring coronary blood flow quantitatively in a CAG, with a densitometric method (DM) based on densitometric detection of angiographic contrast flow in epicardial coronary arteries as a surrogate of coronary blood flow, using for the first time for this purpose the ImageJ software, from the North American National Institute of Health (NIH) for medical image analysis.</p>
          <p>A secondary endpoint was to assess the capability of the DM to discriminate between normal coronary blood flow and slow flow.</p>
          <p>Determination of normal coronary blood flow values for the densitometric method was done with stable patients using the NF group CAG taking the CTFC as a reference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> According to the CTFC, normal coronary artery blood flow was defined as a mean of 21 &#177; 3 frames. Coronary slow flow was defined as a CTFC mean flow &gt; 2 SD upper limit from the defined normal flow or &#8805; 27 frames. All major coronary arteries were assessed in each patient. The criterion for patients inclusion in the SF group was that they had at least one major vessel with slow flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> After obtaining the DM normal range, both methods to asses the capability to discriminate between DM and the CTFC were applied to CAG of the whole sample NF and SF patients pre-defined by CTFC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary Angiography</title>
          <p>Performed by the standard Judkins technique with routine administration of glyceryl trinitrate at a dose of 75 to 100 &#181;g.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Two optimal orthogonal projections with no overlapping branches, good vessel opacification and image contrast were selected and the injected median volume per case was 53 [42&#8211;61] ml. All the procedures were performed via femoral access, using 6F catheters. Image acquisition rate was 30 frames per seconds, resulting in a 33.3 ms temporal resolution. The images were saved in raw DICOM format and transferred to DVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Image Processing</title>
          <p>Coronary angiograms were processed off-line for coronary contrast densitometric analysis in a i5 laptop running the open access ImageJ software from NIH, v1.50i.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The measurement procedure was performed using the ImageJ digital probe that detected background and contrast densities in an area of 2x2 square pixels, placed in the lumen in a midpoint between the vessel borders and at the proximal and middle segments of each major coronary artery, starting to measure and record densities before the appearance of the angiographic contrast (background) and as it passes through the coronary from the initial filling phase, the peak and after the end of the washout phase when there was no more contrast detected. Median (2x2 pixels) densitometric values were measured for every angiographic frame in densitometric arbitrary units (DAU) and expressed in a 256 gray level scale (black=0 to white=255).</p>
          <p>Conventionally, investigators have used the contrast filling phase to determine the coronary flow, as is with the TIMI flow grade and the CTFC system. However, in the present study we decided to use the washout phase to improve the DM precision and reliability, based on physiologic factors that can alter and bias the true coronary blood flow assessment during the filling phase, such as operator&#8217;s variability related to volume, pressure and rate of manual injection of contrast. It was considered that the washout phase was more representative and reliable of coronary blood flow because it depends absolutely on the frontline of blood washing the contrast, which is independent of operator intervention. Part of this exploratory approach is to assess the behavior of the washout phase to measure the coronary blood flow. Although not validated by other studies, this parameter is methodologically closely related to the filling phase and physiologically more representative as a surrogate of blood flow, as stated in the original CTFC paper by Gibson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To determine the normal blood flow reference values, we used the stable patients and the normal flow group CAG. The DM reference value for normal coronary flow was calculated from the compounded median time range of the median densitometric values of washout phase of each coronary vessels from NF group, pre-specified by the CTFC. Applying the correction factor of 1.7 for the LAD, as with the original CTFC system.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Steps to obtain coronary blood flow reference values with the densitometric method:</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Selection of optimal CAG of stable patients for densitometric assessment.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Classifying CAG for NF and SF using CTFC system, and selecting NF group CAG.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Running ImageJ, load the CAG and place the measurement probe at the proximal segment of the lumen of each major coronary artery.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Contrast density detection frame by frame at measurement sites.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Densitometric data saved in .txt format for excel or any statistical software (Past).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Plot median [25-75p] global contrast fluid dynamic curve for NF group for each major vessel.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>From the curves in step 6, select the washout phase (WOP) of each major vessel, filter out the final portion of the curve for background noise and calculate the median WOP curve.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Calculate the compounded median frame counts of the WOP of the 3 major vessels.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>From step 8, the normal DM reference value is obtained as a median and interquartile range in frame counts (resolution: 33,3 ms).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Steps in the application of the densitometric method to a specific patient</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Selection of optimal CAG for densitometric assessment.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Running ImageJ, load the CAG and place the measurement probe intra-luminally in the proximal segment of each major epicardial coronary artery.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Contrast density detection frame by frame at measurement sites.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Densitometric data saved in .txt format for excel or any statistical software (Past).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Plot of the median contrast curves of the WOP, density (DAU) versus time (frames), for each major vessel, filter out the final portion of the curve to minimize background noise.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Calculate the median frame count of the WOP for each major vessel, applying the correction factor for the LAD.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Compare the obtained values in step 6 for each major vessel with the DM reference values.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Classification of CAG as NF or SF, according to the DM established reference values.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistics</title>
        <p>Categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages. To detect differences in categorical variables, Chi square test was used. Distribution free, non-parametrical values of median and its 25-75 percentiles were estimated for densitometric values. The Mann Whitney U test was used for the analysis of differences between groups in continuous variables. A one tailed p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant due to our interest to detect slow blood flow values that is located on one side of the distribution. Non-parametric Spearman correlation coefficient (R) and the determination index (R<sup>2</sup>) between DM values and time frame counts were calculated. Additionally, a non-parametric regression was performed with an initial Levenberg-Marquardt optimization followed by the Kriging regression and curve estimation by its smoothing splines mode.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Temporal range reference values or cut-off criteria to define normal flow with the new DM was done similarly to CTFC method which used mean and standard error of the frame count for each vessel, instead we decided to use the median and interquartile range of the washout phase curve of the NF group by the CTFC criteria excluding the unstable patients and then calculated the compounded median and interquartile range densitometric frame count of the three major coronary arteries as a threshold to establish the reference value for normal coronary blood flow for the DM. Non-parametric tests were used since the washout phase distribution is not normal, which is the main variable of the study. Statistical analysis was done with Past software v3.16.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From a total of 64 patients initially selected, 30 patients were left for the study, 10 were in the NF and 20 in the SF group. The other thirty-four patients were excluded, 29 patients due to technical pitfalls during the acquisition of images, 2 patients had dilated cardiomyopathy, 2 valvular heart disease and 1 had autoimmune disease (lupus). Only one patient had increased troponin. The others did not have elevated cardiac enzymes and their angiograms had no obstructive lesions or irregularities, and had no diffuse appearing lesions or mid and distal fine vessel appearance.</p>
        <p>The median age was 65 [53&#8211;67] years. There was a greater prevalence of female, hypertensives and stable patients. The SF group had a higher proportion of smokers. Seventy-three percent of the patients were clinically stable, and the procedure was performed electively and 8 were diagnosed as non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: 7 patients with unstable angina and one with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction being from the SF group, none had ST elevation MI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). From the 22 stable patients, 13 were submitted to treadmill stress test, 7 were positive for myocardial ischemia, two were from the SF group.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical Characteristics of the patient sample and the pre-specified groups according to the corrected TIMI frame count scale definition of coronary normal blood flow.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total n=30</th>
                  <th>NF n=10 (33%)</th>
                  <th>SF n=20 67%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years *</td>
                  <td align="center">65 [53&#8211;67]</td>
                  <td align="center">54 [41&#8211;67]</td>
                  <td align="center">61[48&#8211;67]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex: F</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stable CAD &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (73%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UA/NSTEMI &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (37%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (32 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (09%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD Family History Previous MI</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21%) 0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%) -</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%) -</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 -</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Source: Cath Lab Registry. * Median [25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentile], &#8224; CAD: Coronary artery disease. UA/NSTEMI&#8225;: Unstable Angina/Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. NF: Normal coronary flow group; SF: Slow coronary flow group.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The densiometric fluid dynamic curve obtained with this DM shows a downward slope for the contrast filling phase and an upward slope for the washout phase, its densitometric scale system is based in a 256 gray level scale were the higher density value is 0, (black=0 to white=255).</p>
        <p>The densitometric fluid dynamics of the angiographic contrast passing through the coronaries is represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1</xref> for the left anterior descending showing the filling and washout phases, analysis of the median values for the filling phase for the 3 major vessels showed greater variability and inconsistency, particularly when comparing the mathematical behavior between NF and SF groups defined by the CTFC criteria, showing frequent cross-over between the 2 groups. Assessment of the median values for the washout phase from NF and SF groups was more consistent, there was no cross-over between the groups giving a more precise data, which confirms our initial assumption. Therefore, we decided to use the washout phase for the analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Densitometric contrast fluid dynamics curve recorded for the left anterior descending coronary obtained from the normal blood flow group (n=10), expressed as median and its 25th and 75th percentiles, showing the global curve with a downward filling phase and an upward washout phase.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0503-80283-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The median washout phase shown as ascending slopes for the NF and SF, are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> for each of the three major vessels, showing statistically significant delay in the SF group with the slope shifted downward and to the right comparing to NF group. Data is displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">table 2</xref>. Non-parametric regression analysis showed a highly significant positive correlation between time and contrast density values in all major coronary arteries for NF and SF groups. The corresponding equations are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> for each artery either for NF and SF groups. For the analysis, the final portion of each curve was filtered out to minimize background noise, thus getting more precise data.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Median and dispersion values of contrast washout phase densitometric curves of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), circumflex coronary artery (CX) and right coronary artery (RCA) for normal blood flow (NF) and slow blood flow (SF) groups after CTFC criteria. P &lt; 0.0001; DAU: Densitometric Arbitrary Units. See Table 3 for regression equations.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0503-80283-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Washout phase densitometric values of the three major coronary vessels for normal blood flow group (NF) and slow blood flow group (SF), according to the CTFC definition, presented as Densitometric arbitrary units (DAU) in medians (Md) and its 25th and 75th percentile range</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Vessel</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>NF</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>SF</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>p</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>LAD</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DAU Md [25p-75p]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Patients n</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Measured frames n</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>116 [99&#8211;122]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>17</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>39</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>90 [79&#8211;90]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>13</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>39</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.00001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CX</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DAU Md [25p-75p]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Patients n</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Measured frames n</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>95 [86&#8211;99]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>15</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>28</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>86 [74&#8211;90]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>15</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>28</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.00025</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>RCA</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DAU Md [25p-75p]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Patients n</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Measured frames n</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>104 [98-107]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>16</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>30</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>86 [78-91]</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>14</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>30</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.00001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>LAD: Left anterior descending; CX: Circumflex artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; p value (Mann-Whitney U test).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Non-parametric regression equations for left anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary arteries from normal (NF) or slow blood flow (SF) patient groups classified after CTFC criteria. (DAU: Densitometric Arbitrary Units). Spearman correlation coefficient (R), coefficient of determination (R2) and significance levels (* p &lt; 0.0001)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Left anterior descending coronary:</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>NF:</bold> DAU = 109.0 exp (-((Frames-35.5)2) / (2x12129)) R=0.85; R2 = 0.73 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>SF:</bold> DAU = 149.8 exp (-((Frames-118.3)2) / (2x10973)) R=0.84; R2 = 0.70 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Circumflex coronary artery:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>NF:</bold> DAU = 30.6 exp (-((Frames-120.4)2) / (2x4939.8)) R=0.80; R2= 0.64 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>SF:</bold> DAU = 91.4 exp (-((Frames- 22.8)2) / (2x617.38)) R=0.88; R2= 0.77 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Right coronary artery:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>NF:</bold> DAU = 86.9 exp (-((Frames-30.4)2) / (2x815.9)) R=0.97; R2= 0.94 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>SF:</bold> DAU = 85.7 exp (-((Frames-60.0)2) / (2x3986.9)) R=0.97; R2= 0.94 *</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We compared the NF and SF groups with the CTFC model, defined by the CTFC criteria for slow flow, and as expected, it showed that their differences were statistically significant in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Corrected TIMI frame count in NF and SF for each major coronary vessel, expressed as median and interquartile range [ ], according to the CTFC definition of normal and slow flow</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Vessel</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>NF n=10</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>SF n=20</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>p</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>CTFC:</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Frames</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Frames</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>LAD</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>23 [18&#8211;26] n=17</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>44 [36&#8211;50] n=13</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.00001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CX</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>21 [18&#8211;28] n=15</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>41 [35&#8211;51] n=15</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.00001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>RCA</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>23 [18&#8211;28] n=16</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>41 [33&#8211;51] n=14</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.00001</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>NF: Normal flow group; SF: Slow flow group; LAD: Left anterior descending artery; CX: Circumflex artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; CTFC: Corrected TIMI frame count criterion for patients with coronary slow flow: at least one major vessel with slow flow; p value (Mann-Whitney U test).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The DM reference value for normal coronary flow time range was 9 [5-10] frames (33 ms each) by applying the correction factor of 1.7 for the LAD; that is, dividing the LAD median DM: 16,9 by 1.7 = 10. Using this criterion, the patient sample was segregated such as NF or SF for LAD, CX or RCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>), these diagnostic groups were statistically different for the three coronary vessels, showing higher dispersion values for SF than the NF patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Coronary blood flow normal reference values for the three major coronary vessels by the densitometric method in the NF vs SF group, expressed as median [25-75 percentiles], according to the CTFC definition for normal flow. LAD its smoothed by 3 points and corrected by factor 1.7</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Vessel</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>NF</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>SF</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>p</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>LAD, n</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Frames-DM</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>16</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>10 [7&#8211;11]</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>13</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>21 [8&#8211;33]</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.016</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CX, n</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Frames-DM</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>14</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>9 [4&#8211;13]</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>15</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>14 [11&#8211;30]</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.012</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>RCA, n</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Frames-DM</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>15</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>5 [3&#8211;11]</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>14</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>13 [8&#8211;26]</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>0.009</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>NF: Normal coronary flow group; SF: Slow coronary flow group; LAD: Left anterior descending artery; CX: Circumflex artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; DM: Densitometric Method; p value (Mann-Whitney U test).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Densitometric median and interquartile ranges for time in frame counts obtained from the median densitometric measurements of the median washout phase of the NF group. Comparison between NF and SF groups, pre-specified by the CTFC. Differences are statistically significant at LAD (p = 0.016); CX (p = 0.012) and RCA (p = 0.001; Mann-Whitney U test). LAD: Left anterior descending; CX: Circumflex artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; NF: Normal coronary flow group; SF: Slow coronary flow group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0503-80283-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>When patients suspected of having CAD whose CAG shows no obstructive coronary arteries and apparently have slow coronary blood flow, the TIMI flow grade scale is used to diagnose the slow flow phenomena; but being a semi-quantitative measurement, its precision is low especially for borderline cases. Therefore, the CTFC was developed for a more precise quantification of coronary blood flow. However, an important disadvantage is the overlapping between TIMI flow grade 2 and 3 particularly in post-myocardial infarction reperfusion, in the cardiac syndrome X or myocardial ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA), microvascular angina and in the slow flow phenomena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Development of new simple and practical methods for coronary blood flow assessment in routine coronary angiography is of utmost importance particularly for the evaluation of cardiac syndrome X and microvascular dysfunction which currently is a hot topic of research due to its prognostic significance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Detection of coronary blood flow on angiographic images has aroused great interest over the last years trying to combine the CTFC concept with the new methods of FFR estimation from routine coronary angiography using a combination of three-dimensional quantitative coronary analysis (3D-QCA) and complex computational fluid dynamics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Using CTFC alone is not as practical as it was in the past and the area has grown to incorporate 3D-QCA with flow measurements termed quantitative coronary flow ratio (QFR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> FFRangio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and is now set to compete with the likes of computer tomography fractional flow rate CT-FFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ImageJ had been used in several medical imaging modalities, however, it has not previously been used for hemodynamic measurements. The present study compares a simple application of this NIH&#180;s supported software with the widely used coronary angiographic CTFC system.</p>
        <p>We evaluated standard CAG from patients with cardiac syndrome X (INOCA) using a new digital densitometric method, the ImageJ software, which was able to measure coronary blood flow based on contrast fluid dynamics that passes through major epicardial coronary arteries. This method detected statistically significant differences in coronary blood flow time ranges between NF and SF groups as defined by the CTFC system.</p>
        <p>The patient sample showed a higher prevalence of female patients as seen in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> According to some studies, patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon have distinct features from patients without angiographic obstructive lesions and with normal flow, they are predominantly male, smokers, and with unstable CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Here there was a higher tendency for smokers in the SF group, but the other features such as gender and unstable presentation were not different from the NF group, probably because of the sample size and selection process.</p>
        <p>Densitometry techniques for coronary blood flow measurements had been tried before without success applying densitometry, restricted to proximal, non-branching coronary arteries with traces perpendicular to the X ray beam, resulting in impractical techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The DM does not rely on distal anatomic landmarks as for the CTFC, making it more practical and precise because that potential intra-observer and inter-observer variability is eliminated from the analysis. A frequent pitfall in the CTFC is determining the initial first frame for counting; this gives a potential bias, because it depends in three somehow subjective criteria: 1. A column of nearly full or fully concentrated dye must extend across the entire width of the origin of the artery; 2. The dye must touch both borders of the artery, and 3. The dye must have antegrade motion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> this pitfall is not accounted for in the DM. An important advantage of the DM is that it can give a graphical representation, which is very easy to interpret. Using the washout phase of angiographic contrast instead of the filling phase, our study shows that this could be a valid and more reliable approach.</p>
        <p>The contrast density relies on several factors, the methodology applied in the present study try to reduce the influence of these factors to the main cause of contrast changes, that is blood flow. Original descriptions for the CTFC method<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> minimize the contribution of proposed factors to the final output measurements but centers the discussion to the correlation between coronary flow obstruction and moving contrast imaging. In fact, there was no correlation between the 90-minute CTFC and heart rate, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, right atrial pressure, difference between diastolic arterial blood pressure and right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac output, or cardiac index, even after corrections for infarct-artery location was made.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Other factors, such as patients with valvular aortic disease, presence of fistulas, vessel abnormal geometry or pathological central venous pressure were excluded in the study. Relevant factors such as microvasculature, myocardial mass and perfusion, are indirect aims of our measurements.</p>
        <p>We used the corrected TIMI frame count system based on the contrast dye filling phase of coronary arteries as a comparator because it is the closest validated scale available to compare to CTFC. However, a clear remark should be made about methodological differences between conventional TIMI frame count score and our reported DM measurements. We choose the washout phase of the contrast fluid dynamics and find more stable and constant results for routine clinical coronary angiography than the filling phase, this parameter is methodologically closely related to the filling phase and physiologically more representative as a surrogate of blood flow, as clearly stated in the original CTFC report where the washout of dye may be more independent of the rate of injection and warrants further investigation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Our study shows that this could be a valid and more reliable approach.</p>
        <p>In the present exploratory study, the normal blood flow reference values for the DM were calculated using only the normal blood flow CAGs by CTFC, and stable patients. The original CTFC study reported normal blood flow values from patients who underwent catheterization with normal appearing blood flow, without specifying the diagnosis or status of the patients, only that they didn&#8217;t had myocardial infarct.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> For the comparison between NF and SF we used the whole sample excluding only the patient with NSTEMI as the original CTFC and other studies did.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Limitations: with the DM all the images of the angiogram had to be acquired until the final washout phase according to what should be the standard technique for coronary angiography, otherwise collected data will be insufficient to apply the densitometric analysis. Unfortunately, some operators do not perform the procedure according to the standards of a proper angiographic technique. That is why 45% of the initial intended population was excluded. This was a retrospective study with nonconsecutive patients and many patients were exclude because they did not comply with technical criteria for CAG analysis. Other limitations derive from the use of a non-dedicated generic software that does not allow for contour detection and the restrictions imposed on 2-D images. However, these limitations, also present on conventional CTFC, did not minimize the diagnostic application of the DM described here which was able to detect reliably slow coronary blood flow.</p>
        <p>The proposed DM takes about 4 to 8 minutes per patient using a semi-automatized algorithm. This time can be dramatically reduced applying a fully automatized algorithm. We are developing an ImageJ script, making this method faster more practical and friendlier. This newly proposed method could prove to be useful, if validated with a greater sample in a prospective trial in stable patients and other scenarios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This new approach with the DM showed the feasibility of measuring coronary blood flow with precision, consistency and reproducible in a standard coronary angiogram, showing the additional capability to differentiate between NF and SF in chest pain patients with no coronary obstructions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of a doctoral thesis in medical sciences submitted by Miguel Lopez-Hidalgo, from Universidad de Carabobo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
