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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KMhbq6qLpQsvrTZZcBVQPcg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200854</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200854</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nosso Precioso Escore de C&#225;lcio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5772-0434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trad</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Lotus Radiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Lotus Radiologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Trad &#8226; Rua Engenheiro Celso Ant&#244;nio Perticarrari, 230. CEP 14027-175, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hsimtrad@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>501</fpage>
      <lpage>502</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de Propens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Algumas coisas s&#227;o fortes, robustas. Nos exames de imagem em geral, essas coisas se baseiam em princ&#237;pios s&#243;lidos da f&#237;sica que podem resistir &#224;s iniquidades do uso di&#225;rio. Na tomografia computadorizada (TC), as principais densidades teciduais s&#227;o s&#243;lidas, medidas em unidades Hounsfield (HU), e algumas s&#227;o realmente fortes, fortes em c&#225;lcio, por assim dizer. A resolu&#231;&#227;o de contraste &#233; uma quest&#227;o a ser considerada nas imagens de TC em geral, principalmente na ampla gama de estruturas encontradas no espectro de densidade da &#225;gua. Mas as densidades em ambas as extremidades de todo o espectro HU, ou seja, ar e gordura de um lado e osso e metal do outro, s&#227;o representadas claramente. Al&#233;m disso, elas poderiam ser medidas com grande precis&#227;o e, como essas imagens s&#227;o de origem matem&#225;tica, h&#225; muito mais do que o olho pode ver que pode ser medido em uma imagem de TC, e h&#225; v&#225;rias medi&#231;&#245;es que podem ser feitas em exames bastante simples. Mas vamos voltar a esse assunto depois.</p>
    <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de calcifica&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#233; algo bastante antigo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Chama-se escore coronariano de c&#225;lcio (ECC). Foi desenvolvido, testado e implementado, teve seu valor cl&#237;nico demonstrado, mas ainda carece de consenso sobre sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o e cobertura de seguro em procedimentos m&#233;dicos mundo afora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A princ&#237;pio, a medi&#231;&#227;o tinha que ser feita na tomografia por feixe de el&#233;trons e depois, com a nova gera&#231;&#227;o de TCs. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">5</xref></sup> mostram elegantemente como essa medida de ECC tem excelente correla&#231;&#227;o, feita da maneira &#8220;usual&#8221;, bem como a partir de uma TC de t&#243;rax padr&#227;o. Isso j&#225; foi demonstrado, em diversos exames e com boa precis&#227;o, alguns comparando-se com m&#233;todos semiquantitativos e visuais, com o consenso da Sociedade de Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">5</xref></sup> incluindo um excelente trabalho recente deste mesmo grupo de pesquisadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">6</xref></sup> Mas agora, fazendo uma leitura dos n&#250;meros, a correla&#231;&#227;o &#233; excelente, como j&#225; demonstrado em outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">7</xref></sup> e a sugest&#227;o &#233; que poder&#237;amos medir com precis&#227;o o ECC, esta importante ferramenta na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a partir de um exame bem mais comum.</p>
    <p>Agora, vamos tecer algumas considera&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas e suas implica&#231;&#245;es para o &#250;ltimo achado de seu estudo, com o qual eu concordo, segundo o qual poder&#237;amos medir o ECC a partir das imagens de TC de t&#243;rax padr&#227;o como uma alternativa quando a TC card&#237;aca apropriada n&#227;o estiver dispon&#237;vel. A forma &#8220;usual&#8221; de se obter o ECC &#233; com o disparo card&#237;aco (<italic>cardiac triggering</italic>), modo axial de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e reconstru&#231;&#227;o com cortes de 2,5 a 3,0 mm de espessura, e esse tipo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o exige equipamentos de TC que contenham o monitor de disparo card&#237;aco. N&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso de medicamentos para redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, nem requisitos espec&#237;ficos para a rota&#231;&#227;o do tubo e linhas de detectores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Equipamentos com 16 ou mais linhas de detectores s&#227;o mais comuns hoje em dia, mas os disparos card&#237;acos nem tanto, principalmente ap&#243;s a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de que angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias sejam realizadas com no m&#237;nimo 64 linhas de detectores. Os fabricantes tamb&#233;m oferecem equipamentos com menos linhas, por isso s&#227;o mais baratos e mais acess&#237;veis, reduzindo principalmente a rota&#231;&#227;o do tubo para tubos e outros componentes mec&#226;nicos mais baratos. Ainda assim, para a maioria dos par&#226;metros t&#233;cnicos, a TC de t&#243;rax &#233; basicamente a mesma desses e outros equipamentos. Mantendo a resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial da espessura do corte constante em uma TC de t&#243;rax, de 1,0 a 1,5 mm, que &#233; rotina nesses aparelhos, que outras implica&#231;&#245;es existem, principalmente para a resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, com menor tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o do tubo e frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas n&#227;o controladas, para a medi&#231;&#227;o do ECC? Na verdade, em Buddoff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">7</xref></sup> os equipamentos utilizados possu&#237;am no m&#237;nimo 16 detectores, com diversos protocolos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Consideraremos agora algumas tend&#234;ncias tecnol&#243;gicas. Voltando ao meu primeiro par&#225;grafo, sobre medi&#231;&#245;es em uma TC de t&#243;rax simples. O fato &#233; que o ECC &#233; forte e pode ser medido em tomografias de t&#243;rax de rotina com alta precis&#227;o. Faremos isso em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, com certeza. Agora veja outros dados que podem ser extra&#237;dos de uma imagem de TC. Por exemplo: enfisema pulmonar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">8</xref></sup> e radi&#244;mica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">9</xref></sup>. Pense nas novas t&#233;cnicas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial e nos softwares que ser&#227;o lan&#231;ados. Finalmente, o ECC &#233; robusto por natureza e tamb&#233;m pela sua relev&#226;ncia. Ser&#225; de grande valia para a cardiologia cl&#237;nica e ser&#225; feito rotineiramente em tomografias de t&#243;rax mundo afora. Como muitas outras medidas que poderemos produzir com essas imagens. S&#243; n&#227;o se preocupe em cobrar.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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            <name>
              <surname>Maurovich-Horvat</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Computed Tomography Radiomics: A Comprehensive Review on Radiomic Techniques</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Imaging</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Quantifica&#231;&#227;o das Placas Coronarianas Calcificadas pela Tomografia Computadorizada do T&#243;rax: Correla&#231;&#227;o com a T&#233;cnica do Escore de C&#225;lcio</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Our Precious Calcium Score</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5772-0434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trad</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Lotus Radiologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Trad</bold> &#8226; Rua Engenheiro Celso Ant&#244;nio Perticarrari, 230. Postal Code 14027-175, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: hsimtrad@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerotic</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, X-Ray/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium</kwd>
        <kwd>Propensity Score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Some things are strong, robust. In imaging in general, those are based on solid principles of physics that can resist the inequities of daily use. In computed tomography (CT), the main tissue densities are solid, measured in Hounsfield Units (HU), and some are really strong, calcium-strong, so to speak. Contrast resolution is an issue in CT imaging in general, mainly in the wide range of structures inside the water density spectrum. But the densities on both ends of the whole HU spectrum, i.e., air and fat on one side and bone and metal on the other, are depicted clearly. Also, they could be measured with a great deal of accuracy, and, as these images were mathematical in origin, there is a lot more than the eye can see that could be measured on a CT image, and there are several measurements that could be done on rather simple scans. But let&#8217;s revise this latter.</p>
      <p>Measuring the amount of calcification in coronary arteries is rather old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is termed coronary calcium score (CCS). It has been developed, tested and implemented, has had its clinical value shown, but still lacks consensus of use and insurance coverage in medical procedures around the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> At first, it had to be done in electron beam tomography and then, with the new generation of CT scans. In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">5</xref></sup> elegantly show how this CCS measurement has excellent correlation as done in the &#8220;usual&#8221; manner as well as from a standard chest CT. This was shown in the past, to a wide variety of scans and with good accuracy, some comparing with semiquantitative and visual methods, with a consensus of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">5</xref></sup> including a recent great work from this same group of researchers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">6</xref></sup> But now, crunching the numbers, the correlation is excellent, as has been shown by others before,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">7</xref></sup> and the suggestion is that we could accurately measure CCS, this important tool in coronary artery disease risk stratification, from a rather more common exam.</p>
      <p>Let us now address some technical considerations and its implications for the last finding of their study, which I agree with, according to which we could measure CCS from the standard chest CT images as an alternative when appropriate cardiac CT is not available. The &#8220;usual&#8221; way of achieving a CCS is with cardiac triggering, axial mode of acquisition and 2.5 to 3.0 mm thickness slice reconstruction, and this type of acquisition demands CT equipment that has the cardiac trigger. There are no recommendations on the use of cardiac frequency reduction medications and no specific requirements for tube rotation and detector rows.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Equipment with 16 or more detector rows are nowadays more common, but cardiac triggering not so much, especially after recommendation that coronary CT angiographies be performed with at least 64 detector rows scans. Vendors have also downgraded equipment with fewer rows, so they are cheaper and more accessible, especially reducing tube rotation for cheaper tube and other mechanical components. Yet, for most of the technical parameters, chest CT is basically the same from this equipment and beyond. Keeping the spatial resolution of slice thickness constant on a chest CT, 1.0 to 1.5 mm, which is routine with those scanners, what other implications are there, especially for temporal resolution, with lower tube rotation time and uncontrolled cardiac frequencies, for the measurement of CCS? In fact, in Buddoff et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">7</xref></sup> the equipment used had at least 16 detectors, with a wide variety of acquisition protocols.</p>
      <p>Let us now add some technological trends into consideration. Going back to my first paragraph, about measurements on a rather simple chest CT scan. Fact is, CCS is strong, it can be measured on routine chest CT scans with rather high accuracy. We will be doing that in the near future, that&#8217;s for sure. Now look at other data that can be extracted from a CT image, e.g. pulmonary emphysema<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">8</xref></sup> and radiomics,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">9</xref></sup> for instance. Think of the emerging artificial intelligence and the software applications that are to be released. Finally, CCS is robust in its nature and also in its significance. It will be of great value for clinical cardiology and it will be routinely done on chest CT around the world. Like many other measures, we will be able to produce on those images. Just don&#8217;t bother charging.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Quantification of Calcified Coronary Plaques by Chest Computed Tomography: Correlation with the Calcium Score Technique</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
