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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mBkfhKzQ7d35g3m3GBk9s9h</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100493</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190235</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190235</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o das Placas Coronarianas Calcificadas pela Tomografia Computadorizada do T&#243;rax: Correla&#231;&#227;o com a T&#233;cnica do Escore de C&#225;lcio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5219-9697</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Frauches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Augusto Sarmet M. D. dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5198-2951</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pelandre</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchiori</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2791-8375</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i &#8211; Radiologia, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Radiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor Frauches Souza &#8226; Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i &#8211; Radiologia - Rua La Salle 12. CEP 24020-096, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>drvitorfrauches@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Souza VF, Nacif MS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Souza VF. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Souza VF. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Souza VF, Nacif MS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Souza VF. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Souza VF. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos AASMD, Mesquita CT, Martins WA, Pelandre GL, Marchiori E, Nacif MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>493</fpage>
      <lpage>500</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a cardiovascular representa a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo. Calcifica&#231;&#245;es parietais nas art&#233;rias podem ser visualizadas e quantificadas por tomografia computadorizada (TC) em est&#225;gios iniciais e subcl&#237;nicos, sendo expressa em escore de c&#225;lcio (EC). Com esse n&#250;mero, &#233; poss&#237;vel estimar o progn&#243;stico de eventos cardiovasculares futuros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Correlacionar a detec&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do EC pela TC do t&#243;rax utilizando como padr&#227;o-ouro a TC card&#237;aca sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal e descritivo que selecionou pacientes (n=73) consecutivos para investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel e que realizaram TC card&#237;aca no per&#237;odo de junho de 2013 a outubro de 2014. Realizado protocolo com TC do t&#243;rax e EC, em aparelho de 64 canais. Os valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o por paciente, ap&#243;s a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica a m&#233;dia do EC sincronizado foi de 8,7 e na TC de t&#243;rax foi de 9,4. Preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de 49,3% (n= 36). A sensibilidade foi de 97,2% e a especificidade de 100,0%. Observou-se excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos (r= 0,993 com p&lt;0,001). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o por segmento, a m&#233;dia do EC sincronizado foi de 3,0. J&#225; a m&#233;dia do EC na TC de t&#243;rax foi de 3,2. Preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de 29,5% (n= 86), com sensibilidade de 95,3% e especificidade de 97,5%. Observou-se tamb&#233;m excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos (r= 0,985 com p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O EC sincronizado e n&#227;o sincronizado t&#234;m boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre si e n&#227;o mostram resultados estatisticamente diferentes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):493-500)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de Propens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios-X /m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo. Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, apenas no ano de 2011, ocorreram 17 milh&#245;es de mortes decorrentes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, das quais 7 milh&#245;es secund&#225;rias &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana (DAC) e 6,2 milh&#245;es causadas pelas doen&#231;as vasculares cerebrais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Estima-se que o n&#250;mero de mortes por doen&#231;a cardiovascular chegar&#225; a 23,3 milh&#245;es em 2030, mantendo-se entre as principais causas de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O gasto anual com o tratamento da DAC &#233; alto e envolve m&#233;todos de imagem invasivos e n&#227;o-invasivos, novos medicamentos, tratamentos endovasculares e mesmo cir&#250;rgicos, o que tem sobrecarregado cada vez mais os apertados or&#231;amentos para a sa&#250;de. A descoberta de m&#233;todos com melhor custo-efic&#225;cia para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC tem atra&#237;do investimentos e ajudado no r&#225;pido avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico nesta &#225;rea, contribuindo de forma exponencial para a efic&#225;cia dos tratamentos e do manejo cl&#237;nico desta doen&#231;a. Neste contexto, o escore de c&#225;lcio (EC) tem papel cada vez mais importante no diagn&#243;stico da DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O EC j&#225; foi demonstrado como marcador independente de risco para eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso tamb&#233;m prov&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais de progn&#243;stico para outros marcadores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos pacientes realizam tomografia computadorizada (TC) do t&#243;rax para avalia&#231;&#227;o de diversas s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas, como dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica, assim como de poss&#237;vel pneumonia, massa mediastinal ou pulmonar, trauma, entre outras. Esses pacientes poderiam se beneficiariam de uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, possibilitando a amplia&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria. Um dado relevante &#233; que somente nos EUA, o EC poderia potencialmente ser relatado em aproximadamente 7,1 milh&#245;es de exames de TC sem contraste realizados anualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo objetiva correlacionar a detec&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do EC pela TC do t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada ao ECG utilizando como padr&#227;o-ouro a TC card&#237;aca sincronizada ao ECG.</p>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Pacientes e m&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal e descritivo, que selecionou pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC e que realizaram TC card&#237;aca no per&#237;odo de junho de 2013 a outubro de 2014, de modo consecutivo. O tamanho da amostra foi por conveni&#234;ncia e teve rela&#231;&#227;o com o n&#250;mero de exames realizados na unidade hospitalar no per&#237;odo estipulado para o trabalho. A indica&#231;&#227;o dos exames ficou a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente, n&#227;o sendo objetivo do estudo a an&#225;lise das indica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis foram submetidos a um protocolo espec&#237;fico para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da TC de t&#243;rax simples, n&#227;o sincronizada, e avalia&#231;&#227;o do EC por TC card&#237;aca acoplada ao ECG em sess&#227;o &#250;nica, sem altera&#231;&#227;o de posicionamento, com as menores doses de radia&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;veis, moduladas pelo pr&#243;prio aparelho. Foram utilizados cortes de 1,0 mm de espessura na TC do t&#243;rax e para o EC cortes axiais sequenciais, sem espa&#231;amento e com 3 mm de espessura cobrindo toda a extens&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, sendo este o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>A voltagem do tubo em todos os exames foi de 120 Kv e sua corrente vari&#225;vel de acordo com a modula&#231;&#227;o do aparelho, ficando entre 150 e 400 mA, seguindo os protocolos recomendados pelo fabricante e utilizados na institui&#231;&#227;o. Ambos os exames foram realizados no mesmo tom&#243;grafo de 64 canais Sensation 64 (Siemens, Hanover, Alemanha). Todos os pacientes com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acima de 70 batimentos por minuto receberam terapia betabloqueadora intravenosa com 5mg a 50mg de tartarato de metoprolol antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do EC</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do c&#225;lcio coronariano foi feita por meio do EC de Agatston (aquisi&#231;&#227;o sincronizada e n&#227;o sincronizada ao ECG), utilizando o software <italic>Ca Scoring</italic> (Siemens, Hanover, Alemanha), pela an&#225;lise quantitativa semiautom&#225;tica. Foram considerados focos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o &#225;reas com atenua&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 130 unidades Hounsfield e &#225;rea igual ou superior a 3 pixel e pelo menos 1mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, e marcadas com sinal colorido.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foi dividida em quatro ramos principais: tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA), art&#233;ria circunflexa (ACx) e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD), e assim foi atribu&#237;do o escore, que &#233; resultado do produto entre a densidade e sua &#225;rea de calcifica&#231;&#227;o. O EC total &#233; resultado da soma dos escores individuais de cada regi&#227;o. Para cada ramo arterial foi quantificado o n&#250;mero de placas e o escore de Agatston.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as categ&#243;ricas como n&#250;mero e percentual. Foram considerados os seguintes intervalos de valores de calcifica&#231;&#227;o: zero (aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o); maior do que zero e menor do que 100 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o leve); maior do que 100 e menor do que 400 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o moderada); maior do que 400 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o grave).</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado o teste t de <italic>Student</italic> para dados pareados para determinar se os resultados obtidos pelo c&#225;lculo EC eram significativamente diferentes dos obtidos pela TC do t&#243;rax na avalia&#231;&#227;o global (por paciente). Al&#233;m disso, foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es por segmentos de cada territ&#243;rio coronariano divididos em: TCE, ADA, ACx e ACD. As an&#225;lises do EC foram tratadas com log (EC+1) para corrigir os desvios desta amostra quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Realizou-se a an&#225;lise do coeficiente de classifica&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (rho) para detectar o grau de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EC gerado pela t&#233;cnica sincronizada e pela TC do t&#243;rax quanto os seguintes estratos: 0 (aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o); 0 &#8211; 100 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o leve); 100 &#8211; 400 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o moderada); maior que 400 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o grave).</p>
        <p>Recorreu-se &#224; regress&#227;o linear e ao coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r) para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EC pela t&#233;cnica sincronizada e n&#227;o sincronizada (TC de t&#243;rax) considerando: correla&#231;&#227;o ausente se r= ZERO; fraca se r= 0,01-0,20; baixa se r= 0,21-0,40; moderada se r= 0,41-0,60; boa se r= 0,61-0,80; e excelente se r= 0,81-1,00. Tamb&#233;m, realizamos Bland-Altman para demonstrar a variabilidade (vi&#233;s) e os limites de concord&#226;ncia (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%) entre as t&#233;cnicas.</p>
        <p>Analisou-se o TCE, a ADA, a ACx e a ACD de cada paciente, totalizando 288 vasos pelo EC somado com a TC do t&#243;rax pelo observador 1. Aproximadamente 50% dos exames, ou seja, 36 pacientes e 144 segmentos, foram reavaliados pelo mesmo observador, dando maior for&#231;a para os resultados encontrados. Tamb&#233;m foram realizadas an&#225;lises por um segundo observador independente, de maneira totalmente cega ao primeiro observador. Al&#233;m disso, o observador 2 repetiu esta an&#225;lise ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 3 meses de forma totalmente cega &#224; primeira an&#225;lise. A concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador foi obtida usando-se a an&#225;lise da confiabilidade das m&#233;dias do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI &lt;0,40 fraca concord&#226;ncia; CCI = 0,40-0,59 moderada concord&#226;ncia; CCI = 0,60-0,74 boa concord&#226;ncia; CCI = 0,75-1,00 excelente concord&#226;ncia). Reiteramos que as an&#225;lises foram totalmente cegas e baseadas na experi&#234;ncia de ambos os observadores. Vale frisar que o observador 1 possui 2 anos de experi&#234;ncia e o observador 2 acima de 12 anos.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise de curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (receiver operating characteristic, ROC) foi utilizada para identificar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da TC de t&#243;rax (n&#227;o sincronizada) para predizer o EC (sincronizado) por paciente e por segmento. Isto foi realizado com uso dos grupos 0 &#8211; 100 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o leve); 101 &#8211; 400 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o moderada); maior que 400 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o grave) como marcadores substitutos de &#8220;verdadeiro positivo&#8221; nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo com 0 (aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o) como o &#8220;verdadeiro negativo&#8221; (AUC &#8805;0,5 e &lt;0,7= ajuste pobre, AUC &#8805;0,7 e &lt;0,9= bom ajuste e AUC &#8805;0,9 e 1,0= excelente ajuste).</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizado o MedCalc&#174;, vers&#227;o 17.8 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, B&#233;lgica). Os valores de p&lt;0,05, bicaudais, foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o sede do estudo, sob o n&#250;mero 771.854. O estudo seguiu os preceitos &#233;ticos determinados pela Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os pacientes participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, tendo sido garantidas a retirada do consentimento e a exclus&#227;o do estudo a qualquer momento, a pedido do indiv&#237;duo ou de seu respons&#225;vel, sem preju&#237;zo &#224; assist&#234;ncia, confidencialidade, sigilo ou privacidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De um total de 82 pacientes, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 73 pacientes, 37 (51,4%) do sexo masculino, com a m&#233;dia de idade de 58,9&#177;13,1 anos, entre junho de 2013 e outubro de 2014. Durante a amostragem foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo nove pacientes, sendo quatro pela presen&#231;a de <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos, um por enxerto de mam&#225;ria, e outros quatro por dificuldades t&#233;cnicas tais como artefatos de movimento que impediram a an&#225;lise das imagens e problemas de envio das sequ&#234;ncias adquiridas para o servidor de imagens.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise por paciente</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, observou-se que o m&#233;todo n&#227;o sincronizado (TC de t&#243;rax) superestima discretamente os valores obtidos pelo sincronizado, com m&#233;dias de 9,4 e 8,7, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Foi averiguada excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos. Achados estes que podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise por paciente. (A) Regress&#227;o linear demonstrando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o m&#233;todo de tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada com ecocardiografia (ECG) e o m&#233;todo de tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca sincronizada com ECG. (B) An&#225;lise de Bland-Altman com os dados obtidos por ambos os m&#233;todos. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia &#233; representada pela linha azul e o limite de concord&#226;ncia pelo tra&#231;ado vermelho; TC: tomografia computadorizada do t&#243;rax; EC: escore de c&#225;lcio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0493-90235-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dos 73 pacientes estudados, 37 apresentaram EC (sincronizado) igual a zero; 18 com EC entre 0 &#8211; 100; sete pacientes com EC entre 100 &#8211; 400; e 11 pacientes com EC &gt; 400. Pela TC de t&#243;rax (n&#227;o sincronizada) o EC igual a zero (aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o) foi encontrado em 35 indiv&#237;duos; 19 apresentaram EC entre 0 &#8211; 100 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o leve); 6 tiveram o EC entre 100 &#8211; 400 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o moderada); e 13 com EC &gt; 400 (calcifica&#231;&#227;o grave). A correla&#231;&#227;o do coeficiente de classifica&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (rho) para classifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos acima foi de 0,96. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> sintetiza os achados da an&#225;lise por paciente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de escore de c&#225;lcio pelas t&#233;cnicas de tomografia computadorizada sincronizada e n&#227;o sincronizada com ecocardiografia, na an&#225;lise por paciente (n=73)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>T&#233;cnica sincronizada</th>
                  <th>Escore de C&#225;lcio</th>
                  <th>T&#233;cnica n&#227;o sincronizada</th>
                  <th>Escore de c&#225;lcio</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Grupos</td>
                  <td align="center">N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia e DP</td>
                  <td align="center">N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia e DP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (50,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (47,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0 a 100</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (24,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,3 &#177; 24,7</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (26,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 34,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">100 a 400</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">222,4 &#177; 99,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">166,3 &#177; 71,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&gt;400</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1150,7 &#177; 980,2</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1118,2 &#177; 867,7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise segmentar</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia do EC sincronizado (m&#233;todo padr&#227;o) na an&#225;lise segmentar foi de 50,1&#177;179,7 Agatston e sua m&#233;dia ap&#243;s transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica foi de 3,0 Agatston com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 2,4 a 3,8. J&#225; a m&#233;dia do EC na TC de t&#243;rax foi de 54,9&#177;184,7 Agatston e sua m&#233;dia ap&#243;s transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica foi de 3,2 Agatston com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 2,5 a 4,1.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>, pode-se observar que foi encontrada excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise por segmento. (A) Regress&#227;o linear demonstrando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o m&#233;todo de tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada com ecocardiografia (ECG) e o m&#233;todo de tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca sincronizada com ECG. (B) An&#225;lise de Bland-Altman com os dados obtidos por ambos os m&#233;todos. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia &#233; representada pela linha azul e o limite de concord&#226;ncia pelo tra&#231;ado vermelho.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0493-90235-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise segmentar, 292 segmentos foram inclu&#237;dos, sendo que 206 apresentaram EC igual a zero; 56 com EC entre 0 &#8211; 100; 21 segmentos com EC entre 100 &#8211; 400; nove segmentos com EC &gt; 400. Pela TC de t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada, o EC igual a zero foi encontrado em 197; em 59 segmentos foi encontrado EC entre 0 &#8211; 100; EC entre 100 &#8211; 400 em 25 segmentos; e 11 com EC &gt; 400. A correla&#231;&#227;o do coeficiente de classifica&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (rho) para classifica&#231;&#227;o segmentar dos grupos anteriormente descritos foi de 0,92. Os achados da an&#225;lise segmentar est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de escore de c&#225;lcio pelas t&#233;cnicas de tomografia computadorizada sincronizada e n&#227;o sincronizada com ecocardiografia, na an&#225;lise por segmento (n=292)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>T&#233;cnica sincronizada</th>
                  <th>Escore de C&#225;lcio</th>
                  <th>T&#233;cnica n&#227;o sincronizada</th>
                  <th>Escore de c&#225;lcio</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Grupos</td>
                  <td align="center">N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia e DP</td>
                  <td align="center">N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia e DP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">206 (70,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (67,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0 a 100</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (19,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 29,9</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (20,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 22,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">100 a 400</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">228,4 &#177; 101,1</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">225,5 &#177; 93,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&gt;400</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">917,5 &#177; 381,7</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">838,1 &#177; 393,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5"> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o segmentar entre os m&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia do EC pelo m&#233;todo sincronizado com ECG foi 200,7 Agatston, e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o nas coron&#225;rias da seguinte forma: TCE 6,9; ADA 88,7; ACx 26,4 e ACD 88,6. J&#225; a m&#233;dia do EC na TC de t&#243;rax foi 219,5 e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o nas coron&#225;rias: TCE 8,4; ADA 85,4; ACx 29,1 e ACD 96,6. Tais dados podem ser mais bem visualizados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o por segmentos coronarianos entre o escore de c&#225;lcio obtido pelas t&#233;cnicas de tomografia computadorizada (TC) sincronizada (TC card&#237;aca) e n&#227;o sincronizada (TC de t&#243;rax) com ecocardiografia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Escore de c&#225;lcio</th>
                  <th>TC de t&#243;rax</th>
                  <th>Pearson</th>
                  <th>Teste t</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia e DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia e DP</th>
                  <th>r (95%IC)</th>
                  <th>Teste t (p)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">N</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TCE</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 23,4</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 27,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,85 a 0,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ADA</td>
                  <td align="center">88,7 &#177; 278,5</td>
                  <td align="center">85,4 &#177; 198,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,96 a 0,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ACx</td>
                  <td align="center">26,4 &#177; 75,5</td>
                  <td align="center">29,1 &#177; 78,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 (0,96 a 0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ACD</td>
                  <td align="center">88,6 &#177; 278,5</td>
                  <td align="center">96,6 &#177; 293,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,98 a 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; ADA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; ACx: art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preval&#234;ncia, especificidade e sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Os dados encontrados de especificidade e sensibilidade tanto para a an&#225;lise por paciente quanto por segmento est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) com quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea sob a curva utilizando a tomografia computadorizada do t&#243;rax para predizer placa calcificada detectada pelo escore de c&#225;lcio; (A) an&#225;lise por paciente; B) an&#225;lise por segmento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0493-90235-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise por paciente (n= 73), com uma preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de 49,3% (n= 36), a TC de t&#243;rax foi capaz de identificar os pacientes com placas calcificadas com uma &#225;rea sob a curva (ROC_AUC) de 0,99 com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 0,99 a 1,00 (p&lt;0,0001). A sensibilidade foi de 97,2% e a especificidade de 100,0%.</p>
        <p>J&#225; na avalia&#231;&#227;o segmentar (n= 292), com uma preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de 29,5% (n= 86), a TC de t&#243;rax foi capaz de identificar os segmentos com placas calcificadas com uma &#225;rea sob a curva (ROC_AUC) de 0,98 com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 0,96 a 1,00 (p&lt;0,0001). A sensibilidade foi de 95,3% e a especificidade de 97,5%.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> demonstra tr&#234;s exemplos diferentes de calcifica&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria descendente anterior, caracterizados pelo EC e pela TC do t&#243;rax.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplos de quantifica&#231;&#227;o pela t&#233;cnica do escore de c&#225;lcio (A, B e C), sem movimento da coron&#225;ria. Mesmos pacientes com a quantifica&#231;&#227;o pela tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax (D, E e F) com um certo grau de movimento da coron&#225;ria. Observar as placas na descendente anterior: o primeiro caso com pequena calcifica&#231;&#227;o (A e D); um segundo caso com duas calcifica&#231;&#245;es (B e E) e um terceiro caso com m&#250;ltiplas placas calcificadas (C e F).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0493-90235-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador</title>
        <p>Excelente concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador foi demonstrada na quantifica&#231;&#227;o das placas calcificadas pela t&#233;cnica do EC e pela t&#233;cnica da TC de t&#243;rax, com CCI &gt; 0,99 para todos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos o rastreio de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos para a descoberta de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em est&#225;gios iniciais tem ganhado grande relev&#226;ncia socioepidemiol&#243;gica e causado controv&#233;rsia no &#226;mbito dos estudos cient&#237;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Indubitavelmente a grande quantidade de exames de TC de t&#243;rax realizadas por outros prop&#243;sitos pode auxiliar no acompanhamento cardiovascular de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com o fornecimento de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relevantes, evitando-se a repeti&#231;&#227;o de exames para esse fim ou at&#233; mesmo selecionando os pacientes que merecem o tratamento adequado.</p>
      <p>Desde seu advento, a TC demonstrou ser um &#243;timo m&#233;todo para detec&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o e de outras doen&#231;as pulmonares. Com os &#250;ltimos avan&#231;os, foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de cora&#231;&#227;o sincronizados ao ECG, possibilitando a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio coronariano e, por conseguinte, estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. Nesse contexto, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico exame de TC em que fosse poss&#237;vel avaliar a presen&#231;a de tumores pulmonares e o risco cardiovascular teria uma significativa relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A TC sincronizada ao ECG ainda &#233; o m&#233;todo refer&#234;ncia para identifica&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio coronariano, com valida&#231;&#227;o estabelecida. No entanto, estudos cl&#225;ssicos com TC do t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada ao ECG tamb&#233;m mostraram que a identifica&#231;&#227;o visual (n&#227;o quantitativa) do c&#225;lcio coronariano fornece informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relevantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Desta forma, &#233; evidente que a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do EC na aquisi&#231;&#227;o da TC de t&#243;rax pode revelar dados ainda mais importantes e fidedignos.</p>
      <p>O grande avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico dos tom&#243;grafos nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos permitiu uma not&#243;ria melhora na avalia&#231;&#227;o das calcifica&#231;&#245;es coronarianas nos exames n&#227;o sincronizados ao ECG, pois os cortes mais finos e a rapidez na aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos dados reduziram significativamente os artefatos produzidos por movimentos card&#237;acos e por efeito de volume parcial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse espectro, este trabalho objetivou demostrar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de EC encontrados na tomografia card&#237;aca sincronizada ao ECG em aparelho de 64 canais de detectores com aqueles vistos em exames do t&#243;rax com baixa dose de radia&#231;&#227;o, realizados no mesmo aparelho, a fim de possibilitar um aumento de informa&#231;&#245;es radiol&#243;gicas e cl&#237;nicas nas TCs de t&#243;rax realizadas rotineiramente nos hospitais e cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>Foi poss&#237;vel detectar e quantificar o EC pela TC de t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada e, quando se comparou com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o-ouro, o EC sincronizado, os resultados foram excelentes. Por&#233;m, com a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica dos valores encontrados, observou-se que a TC de t&#243;rax superestima discretamente os valores obtidos pelo m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia (p= 0,0012), uma vez que est&#225; mais suscet&#237;vel &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es causadas por artefatos de movimento respirat&#243;rio e pelos batimentos card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>Todas as correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson foram superiores a 0,90 (p&lt;0,0001) na an&#225;lise por paciente ou segmentar. H&#225; variabilidades entre os m&#233;todos, com vi&#233;s muito pequeno (4,1 Agatston) e achados inferiores a 3,2% da diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre as t&#233;cnicas, e esses resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Esses achados v&#227;o ao encontro do estudo de Budoff et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstrando excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos.</p>
      <p>A TC de t&#243;rax foi capaz de classificar a popula&#231;&#227;o conforme as diretrizes atuais, com excelente correla&#231;&#227;o e sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa quando comparada ao m&#233;todo ouro por territ&#243;rios coronarianos. Os valores encontrados para a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o variaram entre 0,90 e 0,99 e o p do teste T de <italic>student</italic>, entre 0,08 e 0,85, conforme os dados dispon&#237;veis na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em apenas dois casos foram observados falsos positivos, no qual o EC total foi zero na t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o ouro e 0,3 e 0,6 Agatston na TC de t&#243;rax. Tal achado pode ter duas explica&#231;&#245;es plaus&#237;veis, a primeira devido &#224; presen&#231;a de artefatos inerentes ao m&#233;todo e que foram considerados como calcifica&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>software</italic>, visto a diminuta carga c&#225;lcica nesses dois achados, e a segunda relacionada aos cortes mais finos da TC de t&#243;rax (1 mm) comparados aos do EC (3 mm); desta forma, pequeninas placas antes n&#227;o identificadas pelo m&#233;todo ouro, poderiam ser identificadas na TC de t&#243;rax. Isso abre um questionamento sobre a espessura de corte da t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o do EC ser a mesma desde sua cria&#231;&#227;o por Agatston no in&#237;cio dos anos 90, quando ainda n&#227;o eram dispon&#237;veis aparelhos com tecnologia para cortes mais finos.</p>
      <p>Desta forma, incentiva-se o uso, como forma alternativa, da TC de t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada para a detec&#231;&#227;o do EC. Esse m&#233;todo possui capacidade diagn&#243;stica semelhante ao padr&#227;o-ouro, atingindo excelente sensibilidade e especificidade, com &#225;rea sob a curva superior a 0,98 (p&lt;0,0001), demonstrando assim, sensibilidade de 97,2% e especificidade de 100,0% para a an&#225;lise por paciente e sensibilidade de 95,3% e especificidade de 97,5% quanto feito por segmento coronariano. Pelandr&#233; et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> demonstraram a capacidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo em um estudo semelhante, com excelente acur&#225;cia utilizando software dedicado ou an&#225;lise visual.</p>
      <p>Neste contexto, a sociedade de TC cardiovascular (SCCT &#8211; <italic>Society for Cardiovascular Computed Tomography</italic>) desenvolveu uma diretriz para utiliza&#231;&#227;o da TC de t&#243;rax na avalia&#231;&#227;o de placas calcificadas coronarianas, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia da descri&#231;&#227;o desses achados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, al&#233;m da topografia destas placas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pelo exposto, demonstra-se o qu&#227;o importante &#233; para o radiologista a descri&#231;&#227;o por completo da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de c&#225;lcio nos estudos tomogr&#225;ficos do t&#243;rax, e quando poss&#237;vel sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o, visto que o estudo comprovou que a capacidade diagn&#243;stica &#233; excelente mesmo frente a diferen&#231;a entre os m&#233;todos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi em virtude da necessidade de administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador adren&#233;rgico, pr&#225;tica que n&#227;o &#233; rotineira nas TC de t&#243;rax. Acreditamos que pacientes com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevada ter&#227;o maiores artefatos nas imagens n&#227;o trigadas. Tamb&#233;m consideramos de extrema import&#226;ncia a aplicabilidade destes resultados em diferentes centros com diferentes tom&#243;grafos, por&#233;m os nossos resultados n&#227;o devem ser extrapolados sem uma testagem inicial para as outras tecnologias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das placas calcificadas pela TC de t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada ao ECG quando comparada ao EC em estudos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores.</p>
      <p>De posse dos resultados deste estudo, incentiva-se o uso, como forma alternativa, da TC de t&#243;rax n&#227;o sincronizada para a detec&#231;&#227;o do EC, a fim de auxiliar no acompanhamento e estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de pacientes que muitas vezes n&#227;o tem acesso a uma tomografia card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Vitor Frauches Souza pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal Fluminense sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 771.854/2014. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos neste estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quantification of Calcified Coronary Plaques by Chest Computed Tomography: Correlation with the Calcium Score Technique</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5219-9697</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Frauches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Augusto Sarmet M. D. dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5198-2951</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pelandre</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchiori</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2791-8375</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i &#8211; Radiologia, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Radiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor Frauches Souza &#8226;</bold> Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i &#8211; Radiologia - Rua La Salle 12. CEP 24020-096, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: drvitorfrauches@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Souza VF, Nacif MS. Acquisition of data: Souza VF. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Souza VF. Statistical analysis: Souza VF, Nacif MS. Obtaining financing: Souza VF. Writing of the manuscript: Souza VF. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos AASMD, Mesquita CT, Martins WA, Pelandre GL, Marchiori E, Nacif MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the world. Parietal calcifications of the arteries may be visualized and quantified at initial and subclinical states by computed tomography (CT), and expressed as calcium score (CS). It is possible to estimate the prognosis of future cardiovascular events using this score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To correlate the detection and quantification of the CS obtained by chest CT with that obtained by electrocardiography (ECG)-synchronized cardiac computed tomography (the gold-standard).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional, descriptive study of 73 consecutive patients in investigation for coronary artery disease who underwent cardiac CT between June 2013 and October 2014. Chest computed tomography and CS protocols were performed in a 64-channel TC scanner. P-values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> In the per-patient analysis, after logarithmic transformation, mean CS was 8.7 and 9.4 by the ECG-synchronized method and chest CT, respectively. The prevalence of disease was 49.3% (n=36), with a sensitivity of 97.2% and specificity of 100.0%. There was an excellent correlation between the methods (r= 0.993, p&lt;0.001). In the per-segment analysis, after logarithmic transformation, mean CS was 3.0 and 3.2 by the ECG-synchronized method and chest CT, respectively. The prevalence of disease was 29.5% (n=86), with a sensitivity of 95.3% and specificity of 97.5%. There was an excellent correlation between the methods (r= 0.985, p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> ECG-synchronized CT is well correlated with the non-ECG-synchronized CT for CS determination, without statistical difference between the methods. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):493-500)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque,Atherosclerotic</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, X-Ray/ methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. According to the World Health Organization, 17 million people died from cardiovascular diseases only in the year 2011; 7 million of them from coronary artery disease (CAD) and 6.2 million from cerebrovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is estimated that the number of deaths from cardiovascular disease will achieve 23.3 million by 2030, and continue among the main causes of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The annual cost of treatment of CAD is high and involves invasive and non-invasive imaging tests, new medications, endovascular and even surgical treatment, which has increasingly affected the limited health budget. The development of new methods with high cost-effectiveness for CAD diagnosis has attracted investments and contributed to the rapid technological advances in this field and to the improvement of treatment efficacy and clinical management of the disease. In this context, calcium score (CS) has played an important role in the diagnosis of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It has already been shown as an independent risk marker for cardiovascular events and cardiac mortality. Besides, the score provides additional prognostic information to other markers of cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many patients undergo chest computed tomography (CT) for assessment of many clinical syndromes, such as dyspnea and chest pain, and of possible pneumonia, mediastinal or pulmonary mass, trauma, among others. These patients could benefit from a risk stratification for cardiovascular disease, allowing the performance of a wider variety of primary and secondary preventive interventions. Only in the USA, CS may potentially be reported in approximately 7.1 million CT tests without contrast performed annually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study aimed to correlate the detection and quantification of CS by non-ECG-synchronized chest CT, using the ECG-synchronized cardiac CT as the gold standard.</p>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
          <title>Patients and methods</title>
          <p>This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of consecutive patients in investigation for CAD, who underwent cardiac CT between June 2013 and October 2014. A convenience sample size was used, which was related to the number of tests conducted in the hospital during the period of study. Indications of the CT test was at the discretion of the assistant physician and was not analyzed in the study.</p>
          <p>Eligible patients underwent a protocol of simple, non-synchronized chest CT, and evaluation of CS by ECG-synchronized CT, in the same position and in only one session. Radiation doses were as low as possible, modulated by the CT device. In chest CT, 1.0 mm slice thickness was used, and quantification of CS was performed according to the standard method used in clinical practice, using contiguous axial slices with a thickness of 3 mm, covering the entire heart.</p>
          <p>The voltage of the CT x-ray tube was of 120 Kv, and the tube current depended the scanner modulation and varied from 150 to 400 mA, according to protocols recommended by the manufacturer, used in the institution. Both tests were carried out using a 64-channel scanner (Siemens, Hanover, Germany). All patients with a heart rate over 70 beats per minute received intravenous beta-blocker therapy (5-50mg metoprolol tartrate) before image acquisition.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calculation of CS</title>
          <p>Analysis of coronary artery calcium was made by the Agatston score (ECG-synchronized and non-ECG-synchronized), using the Ca Scoring software (Siemens, Hanover, Germany), by semiautomated quantitative analysis. Areas of calcification were defined as areas with attenuation above 130 Hounsfield units, area equal to or greater than 3 pixels and 1mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, and colored overlay.</p>
          <p>Analysis of coronary arteries was divided into four main branches: the left coronary artery (LCA), the left anterior descending artery (LAD), the circumflex artery (Cx), the right coronary artery (RCA); CS, calculated by multiplying the density by the area of calcification, was attributed accordingly. The total score resulted from the sum of the score in each of these branches. For each arterial branch, the number of plaques was quantified and the Agatston score calculated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and categorical variables as number and percentages. The following calcification intervals were considered for analyses: zero (no calcification); greater than zero and lower than 100 (mild calcification); greater than 100 and lower than 400 (moderate calcification); greater than 400 (severe calcification). The paired t-test was used for paired data to determine whether results obtained from CS calculation were significantly different from those obtained by chest CT and global assessment (per patient). In addition, comparisons were made between the segments of each coronary territory, divided into LCA, LAD, Cx and RCA. CS analyses were treated with log (CS + 1) to correct for deviation of this sample, as appropriate.</p>
          <p>The Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation coefficient (rho) was used to determine the degree of correlation of coronary artery calcification between the ECG-synchronized cardiac CT and the chest CT for the following strata: 0 (no calcification); 0-100 (mild calcification); 100 &#8211; 400 (moderate calcification); &gt; 400 (severe calcification).</p>
          <p>The liner regression and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used to assess the correlation of CS between the ECG-synchronized cardiac CT and the chest CT. A r=ZERO indicated no correlation; r=0.01-0.20 slight correlation; r=0.21-0.40 poor correlation; r=0.41-0.60 moderate correlation; r=0.61-0.80 good correlation, and r=0.81-1.00 indicated excellent correlation. Also, the Bland-Altman plot was used to show the variability (bias) and the agreement limits (95% confidence interval) between the methods.</p>
          <p>Of each patient, the LCA, LAD, Cx, and the RCA were examined, giving a total of 288 vessels by the CS and the chest CT analyzed by the observer 1. Approximately 50% of the tests, <italic>i.e.</italic>, 36 patients and 144 segments, were reviewed by the same observer, thereby increasing the strength of the results. Analyses were also made by a second independent observer, blinded for the first observer, to evaluate variability between observers. In addition, observer 2 repeated this analysis after three months, blinded for the first analysis. Intra- and interobserver agreement was obtained by assessing reliability of mean intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (ICC&lt;0.40 = poor agreement; ICC 0.40-0.59 moderate agreement; ICC: 0.60-0.74 good agreement; ICC: 0.75-1.00 excellent agreement). Again, all analyses were blinded and based on the experience of the observers. Observer 1 has two years of experience, the other has more than 12 years.</p>
          <p>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was made to determine the diagnostic performance of chest CT (non-ECG-synchronized) in predicting the (synchronized) CS per patient and per segment. In this analysis, the groups 0-100 (mild calcification); 101 &#8211; 400 (moderate calcification); &gt; 400 (severe calcification) were used as surrogates for &#8220;true-positive&#8221; in this population, in comparison with &#8220;zero&#8221; (no calcification) as &#8220;false-negative&#8221; (AUC &#8805;0.5 and &lt;0.7= poor adjustment; AUC &#8805;0.7 and &lt;0.9= good adjustment and AUC &#8805;0.9 and 1.0= excellent adjustment).</p>
          <p>The MedCalc&#174;, version 17.8 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium) was used for the statistical analysis. Two-tail p-values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee of the institution (approval number 771.854). The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants signed the informed consent form, and the patient or guardian had the right to withdraw consent or participation at any time, without jeopardizing their right of access to other health services, to confidentiality and privacy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between June 2013 and October 2014, 73 out of 82 patients were included in the study, 37 (51.4%) men, mean age of 58.9 &#177; 13.1 years. Nine patients were excluded, four due to the presence of coronary stents, one for the presence of mammary graft, and four for technical difficulties, such as motion artifacts that made the analysis of the images impossible and problems in sending the sequences to the image server.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Per-patient analysis</title>
          <p>After logarithmic transformation, we found that the non-synchronized chest CT slightly overestimate the ECG-synchronized CT method, with means of 9.4 and 8.7, respectively.</p>
          <p>An excellent correlation was found between the methods. These findings can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Per-patient analysis. (A) Linear regression showing the correlation between the non-echocardiography (ECG)-synchronized chest computed tomography and the ECG-synchronized cardiac computed tomography. (B) Bland-Altman analysis of data obtained from both methods; mean difference (blue line) and agreement limits (red tracing); CT: computed tomography; CS: calcium score.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0493-90235-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Of 73 patients, a CS (by the ECG-synchronized method) of zero was found in 37 patients, 0-100 in 18 patients, 100-400 in seven, and &gt;400 in 11 patients. Using chest CT (non-ECG-synchronized) CS was zero in 35 patients, 0-100 (mild calcification) in 19 patients, 100-400 (moderate calcification) in six, and &gt;400 (severe calcification) in 13 patients. Spearman coefficient correlation between the methods for the CS classification was greater than 0.96. Results of the per-patient analysis are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of patients by calcium score classification by the echocardiography (ECG)-synchronized and the non-ECG synchronized methods in per-patient analysis (n=73)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>ECG-synchronized</th>
                    <th>Calcium score </th>
                    <th>Non-ECG-synchronized</th>
                    <th>Calcium score</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Groups</td>
                    <td align="center">N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Mean and SD</td>
                    <td align="center">N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Mean and SD</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (50.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (47.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0 - 100</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (24.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.3 &#177; 24.7</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (26.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 34.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>100 - 400</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (9.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">222.4 &#177; 99.8</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (8.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">166.3 &#177; 71.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;400</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (15.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1150.7 &#177; 980.2</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1118.2 &#177; 867.7</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SD: standard deviation</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Per-segment analysis</title>
          <p>Mean CS by the gold standard ECG-synchronized method in the per-segment analysis was 50.1 &#177; 179.7 Agatston, with a mean of 3.0 Agatston after logarithmic transformation and 95% confidence interval of 2.4-3.8. By chest CT, mean CS was 54.9 &#177; 184.7 Agatston, with a mean of 3.2 after logarithmic transformation and 95% confidence interval of 2.4-3.8. There was an excellent correlation between the methods, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Per-segment analysis. (A) Linear regression showing the correlation between the non-echocardiography (ECG)-synchronized chest computed tomography and the ECG-synchronized cardiac computed tomography. (B) Bland-Altman analysis of data obtained from both methods; mean difference (blue line) and agreement limits (red tracing); CT: computed tomography; CS: calcium score.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0493-90235-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A total of 292 segments was included in the per-segment analysis; 206 had a CS equal to 0; 56 had a CS of 0-100; 21 segments had a CS of 100-400; nine segments a CS &gt;400. By non-ECG-synchronized chest TC, 197 segments had a CS equal to 0; 59 segments had a CS of 0-100; 25 segments had a CS of 100-400; and 11 segments a CS &gt;400. Spearman coefficient correlation between the methods for the CS classification was 0.92. Results of the per-segment analysis are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of patients by calcium score classification by the echocardiography (ECG)-synchronized and the non-ECG synchronized methods in per-segment analysis (n=292)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>ECG-synchronized</th>
                    <th>Calcium score </th>
                    <th>Non-ECG-synchronized</th>
                    <th>Calcium score</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Groups</td>
                    <td align="center">N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Mean and SD</td>
                    <td align="center">N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Mean and SD</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td align="center">206 (70.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">197 (67.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0 - 100</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (19.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 29.9</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (20.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 22.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>100 - 400</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (7.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">228.4 &#177; 101.1</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">225.5 &#177; 93.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;400</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">917.5 &#177; 381.7</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (3.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">838.1 &#177; 393.5</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SD: standard deviation</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Segment correlation between the methods</title>
          <p>Mean CS by the ECG-synchronized method was 200.7 Agatston, distributed among the coronary arteries as follows: 6.9 in the LCA, 88.7 in the LAD, 26.4 in the Cx, and 88.6 in the RCA. Mean CS by chest CT was 219.5 Agatston, distributed in the coronary arteries as follows: 8.4 in the LCA, 85.4 in the LAD, 29.1 in the Cx, and 96.6 in the RCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation between calcium score determined by the echocardiography (ECG)-synchronized and calcium score determined by the non-ECG synchronized method</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Calcium score (Cardiac computed tomography)</th>
                    <th>Chest computed tomography</th>
                    <th>Pearson</th>
                    <th>T Test</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Mean and SD</td>
                    <td align="center">Mean and SD</td>
                    <td align="center">r (95%IC)</td>
                    <td align="center">T test (p)</td>
                    <td align="center">N</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LCA</td>
                    <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 23.4</td>
                    <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 27.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 (0.85 a 0.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD</td>
                    <td align="center">88.7 &#177; 278.5</td>
                    <td align="center">85.4 &#177; 198.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (0.96 a 0.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cx</td>
                    <td align="center">26.4 &#177; 75.5</td>
                    <td align="center">29.1 &#177; 78.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98 (0.96 a 0.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RCA</td>
                    <td align="center">88.6 &#177; 278.5</td>
                    <td align="center">96.6 &#177; 293.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 (0.98 a 0.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LCA: left coronary artery, LAD: left anterior descending artery, Cx: circumflex artery (Cx); RCA: right coronary artery.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prevalence, specificity and sensitivity</title>
          <p>Per-patient and per-segment specificity and sensitivity are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>. In the per-patient analysis (n=73), the prevalence of disease was 49.3% (n=36), and chest CT detected patients with calcified areas, with area under the ROC curve of 0.99 and 95% confidence o=interval of 0.99-1.00 (p&lt;0.0001). A sensitivity of 97.2% and a specificity of 100.0% were found.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis and area under the ROC curve by chest computed tomography to predict calcified plaque detected by the calcium score; (A) per-patient analysis, B) per-segment analysis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0493-90235-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the per-segment analysis (n=292), the prevalence of disease was 29.5% (n=86), and chest CT detected patients with calcified areas, with area under the ROC curve of 0.98 and 95% confidence o=interval of 0.96-1.00 (p&lt;0.0001). A sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 97,5% were found.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> illustrates three different examples of calcification in the anterior descending artery, characterized by the CS and chest CT.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Examples of quantification by the calcium score technique (A, B, and C), without cardiac motion. Same patients using chest computed tomography (D, E and F), with some degree of cardiac motion. Small calcification (A and D), two calcifications (B and E) and multiple calcified plaques (C and F) in the anterior descending artery</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0493-90235-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intraobserver and interobserver agreement</title>
          <p>An excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreement was observed in the quantification of calcified plaques by the CS technique and by chest CT, with an ICC &gt;0.99.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the last years, the screening for asymptomatic patients in the investigation of cardiovascular disease at initial stages has gained importance in social and epidemiological context and been a subject of controversy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Certainly, the large amount of chest CT tests performed for other reasons can help in the follow-up of asymptomatic cardiovascular patients, providing relevant clinical information, preventing the repetition of tests for this purpose and even selecting the patients to receive the most appropriate treatment.</p>
        <p>Since its advent, CT has been shown to be an excellent method for detection of lung cancer and other pulmonary diseases. With recent advances, cardiac tests have been carried out synchronized with ECG, allowing the quantification of coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular risk stratification. The possibility of detecting lung tumors and assessing cardiovascular risk by one single CT test would be of high clinical relevance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ECG-synchronized CT is still the reference method for detection and quantification of coronary calcium, with well-established validation. However, classic studies with non-ECG-synchronized chest CT have also shown that visual identification (<italic>i.e</italic>., not quantitative) of coronary calcium can provide important information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Thus, it is evident that the quantitative evaluation of CS by chest CT could reveal even more significant and reliable data.</p>
        <p>The great technological advances in CT scanners in the last 20 years have enabled considerable improvement in the assessment of coronary artery calcium by non-ECG-synchronized tests, since thinner slices and faster acquisition of data significantly reduced the cardiac motion and partial volume artifacts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this scenario, the present study aimed to show the relationship between CS values obtained by ECG-synchronized cardiac CT using a 64-slice CT scanner and those obtained by low-dose chest CT, performed by the same device, so as to the chest CT tests, routinely performed in clinics and hospitals, would provide a greater amount of radiological and clinical information.</p>
        <p>CS could be successfully detected by the non-ECG-synchronized chest CT and, with excellent performance as compared with the gold-standard technique. However, after logarithmic transformation, we found that chest CT slightly overestimates the values obtained by the reference method (p=0.0012), since it is more susceptible to changes caused by respiratory motion artifacts and heart beats.</p>
        <p>All Pearson correlations in per-patient and per-segment analyses were higher than 0.90 (p&lt;0.0001). There is variability between the methods, but with minimum bias (4.1 Agatston) and mean difference between the techniques lower than 3.2%, without clinical significance. These findings are in accordance with the study by Budoff et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> which showed an excellent correlation between the methods.</p>
        <p>Chest CT was able to classify the population by CS according to current guidelines, with excellent correlation and no statistically significant difference as compared with the gold-standard method by coronary territory. Pearson correlation values varied from 0.90 to 0.99 and p-values of the Student&#8217;s t-test varied from 0.08 to 0.85, as can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>False positive results were found in only two patients, who showed a CS of zero by the gold-standard method and of 0.3 and 0.6 Agatston by chest CT. There are two plausible explanations for this finding: the first is the presence of artifacts, inherent to the method, that may have been considered as &#8220;calcification&#8221; by the software program due to the very low calcium load in these two cases; the second is related to the thinner slices (1 mm) of chest CT compared with CS (3 mm), so as tinny plaques not detected by the gold-standard method may have been detected by the chest CT. This raises a question about the slice thickness adopted for CS determination using the gold-standard method, developed by Agatston in the beginning of the 1990&#8217;s, when CT scanners with technology for thinner slices were not available.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the use of non-ECG-synchronized CT, as an alternative technique for CS determination should be encouraged. This method has a diagnostic performance similar to the gold-standard method, with excellent sensitivity and specificity, and area under the curve greater than 0.98 (p&lt;0.0001) &#8211; sensitivity of 97.2% and specificity of 100.0% for per-patient analysis and sensitivity of 95.3% and specificity of 97.5% for per-segment analysis. In a similar study, Pelandr&#233; et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> showed the performance of the method, with excellent accuracy using a dedicated software or by visual analysis.</p>
        <p>In this context, the Society for Cardiovascular Computed Tomography developed a guideline on the use of chest CT in the assessment of coronary calcified plaques, indicating the importance of quantitative and qualitative analysis of these plaques, in addition to their topographic characterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Altogether, these data show the importance of a comprehensive assessment by the radiologist of the presence or not (and quantification, whenever possible) of calcification by tomographic study of the chest, since this study demonstrated that the excellent diagnostic capacity of the score, despite the difference between the methods.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitation</title>
          <p>The limitation of the study was the need of administration of a beta-adrenergic blocker, which is not a routine practice in chest CT. We believe that patients with elevated heart rate will present more artifacts in the non-triggered images. Also, it is extremely important that these results could be applicable in other centers, with different scanners, but our results should be tested first for other technologies before being extrapolated.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study showed an excellent correlation between quantification of the calcified plaques by non-ECG-synchronized chest CT as compared with CS in studies using beta-blockers.</p>
        <p>Based on our findings, the use of non-ECG-synchronized CT as an alternative method for CS determination should be encouraged, to help in the follow-up and risk stratification of patients who may not have access to cardiac CT.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Vitor Frauches Souza, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal Fluminense under the protocol number 771.854/2014. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
