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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9BK5mdf59Hkb6n3LcHydQsS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100491</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200832</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200832</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Les&#245;es Plexiformes na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar: Estamos Ficando mais Pr&#243;ximos do Manejo com mais Paci&#234;ncia e Rigor?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3226-2788</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yoo</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Hyung Bok</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Hugo Hyung Bok Yoo &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr- Campus de Botucatu - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr- Campus de Botucatu. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hugo.yoo@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>491</fpage>
      <lpage>492</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Roedores</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hip&#243;xia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o progressiva e potencialmente fatal, caracterizada por press&#227;o arterial pulmonar elevada, remodelamento de pequenos vasos sangu&#237;neos pulmonares e aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita. De acordo com o 6&#186; Simp&#243;sio Mundial de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, a HAP &#233; definida pela eleva&#231;&#227;o concomitante de tr&#234;s par&#226;metros: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPm) &gt;20 mmHg; press&#227;o arterial pulmonar em cunha (PAPC) &#8804;15 mm Hg; resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) &#8805; 3 unidades de Wood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita &#233; decorrente de um remodelamento persistente que obstrui e oblitera gradativamente as art&#233;rias pulmonares perif&#233;ricas, causando vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e aumentando a p&#243;s-carga do ventr&#237;culo direito. Muitos esfor&#231;os t&#234;m sido feitos para tratar a HAP. Entretanto, ainda existem poucos tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos bem-sucedidos e promissores para essa doen&#231;a devastadora e, como consequ&#234;ncia, a sobrevida relacionada &#224; HAP permanece decepcionante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Assim, diversas pesquisas sobre a fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar t&#234;m se concentrado em uma melhor compreens&#227;o do processo de angioprolifera&#231;&#227;o e das les&#245;es plexiformes. O papel do aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo no leito vascular pulmonar &#233; considerado um dos principais fatores desencadeantes para o desenvolvimento do remodelamento vascular pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As les&#245;es plexiformes s&#227;o estruturas vasculares que ocorrem na HAP idiop&#225;tica, mas tamb&#233;m em outras formas associadas a shunt card&#237;aco esquerda-direita, doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, s&#237;ndrome CREST, cirrose hep&#225;tica e esquistossomose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de les&#245;es plexiformes contribui para o desenvolvimento de uma forma grave da HAP, caracterizada por prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular desorganizada nas estruturas glomerul&#243;ides, representada por um processo desordenado de angiog&#234;nese. Se elas representam sequelas morfol&#243;gicas de uma press&#227;o intravascular alta anormal, ou contribuem ativamente para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a, continua a ser estudado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, alguns modelos de roedores foram fundamentais em estudos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em humanos: modelo de hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina (MCT); pneumectomia unilateral esquerda combinada com modelos de MCT ou SU5416 (Sugen).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> De forma decisiva, eles contribu&#237;ram para um melhor entendimento da forma&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o neointimal da art&#233;ria pulmonar perif&#233;rica.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, no modelo de hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica, os vasos em remodelamento n&#227;o apresentam a redu&#231;&#227;o luminal esperada devido ao crescimento intimal e les&#245;es vasculares complexas como observado na HAP humana mais grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O modelo de les&#227;o pulmonar por MCT causa alguma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, mas as les&#245;es vasculares obliterantes observadas na HAP humana grave n&#227;o s&#227;o observadas em ratos. Al&#233;m disso, com a dosagem de MCT, os ratos tendem a morrer frequentemente de toxicidade pulmonar, miocardite e doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica veno-oclusiva, em vez de HAP. Em outras palavras, os modelos cl&#225;ssicos n&#227;o conseguiram induzir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o anormal de c&#233;lulas endoteliais capazes de resultar em les&#245;es plexiformes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O modelo de pneumectomia unilateral esquerda aplicando MCT ou Sugen foi realizado para induzir disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Ap&#243;s cerca de 6 a 8 semanas, os pulm&#245;es dos ratos mostraram vasculopatia plexiforme neointimal e art&#233;rias pulmonares perif&#233;ricas obstru&#237;das. Entretanto, a principal limita&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo &#233; que ele exige habilidades cir&#250;rgicas gerais, ou seja, exige um ambiente de estudo ainda mais restrito para os pesquisadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Gewehr et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> utilizando um modelo isolado de MCT, mostraram pela primeira vez a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es complexas, principalmente do tipo plexiforme, semelhantes &#224;s observadas em pacientes com HAP grave. Nesse estudo, o desenvolvimento de musculariza&#231;&#227;o, hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia e prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal/neointimal foram caracterizados como altera&#231;&#245;es iniciais e revers&#237;veis do ponto de vista anatomopatol&#243;gico. Ap&#243;s 30 dias de efeito da MCT, os ratos j&#225; apresentavam hipertrofia ventricular direita. Por&#233;m, um processo de remodelamento progressivo, principalmente com les&#245;es plexiformes, mais evidente a partir do 37&#186; dia, possa ser considerado como altera&#231;&#245;es geralmente irrevers&#237;veis. Isso resulta em repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas mais graves e mortalidade precoce, como observado na HAP humana.</p>
    <p>Uma peculiaridade que pode justificar os achados das les&#245;es plexiformes no estudo pode estar relacionada ao tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o prolongado de 37 dias, maior do que em estudos anteriores, e a uma an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica pulmonar mais rigorosa. De fato, o aparecimento de les&#245;es vasculares complexas na HAP &#233; dependente do tempo, pois quanto maior o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; MCT, maiores as chances de progress&#227;o para les&#245;es plexiformes com sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como derrame pleural, ascite e congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica. Uma mortalidade de 50% dos ratos foi observada no 37&#186; dia. &#201; dif&#237;cil determinar se os ratos tratados com MCT morreram devido a HAP ou com HAP.</p>
    <p>O que se pode ter certeza &#233; que a HAP &#233; uma doen&#231;a grave e progressiva e a les&#227;o plexiforme representa um est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado e irrevers&#237;vel da HAP. O modelo de MCT sozinho destaca que mais paci&#234;ncia e rigor podem fornecer um maior discernimento no desenvolvimento de estudos de les&#245;es plexiformes. Al&#233;m disso, ele prev&#234; o teste de novos medicamentos para prevenir les&#245;es ou at&#233; mesmo obter a regress&#227;o de les&#245;es plexiformes j&#225; estabelecidas na HAP.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Salgueiro</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noronha</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kubrusly</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kubrusly</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coltro</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Les&#245;es plexiformes em modelo experimental de hipertenso arterial pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>480</fpage>
          <lpage>490</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Les&#245;es Plexiformes em Modelo Experimental de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar Induzida por Monocrotalina</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Plexiform Lesions in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Are we Getting Closer to Manage with More Patience and Rigor?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3226-2788</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yoo</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Hyung Bok</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Hugo Hyung Bok Yoo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr- Campus de Botucatu - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr- Campus de Botucatu. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: hugo.yoo@unesp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rodentia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/pysiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypoxia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and a life-threatening condition characterized by high pulmonary blood pressure, remodeling of small pulmonary blood vessels and increased vascular resistance leading to right heart failure. According to the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension, PAH is defined by concomitant elevation of three parameters: mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) &gt; 20 mmHg; pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) &#8804;15 mm Hg; pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) &#8805; 3 Wood Units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The right heart failure is due to a persistent remodeling that gradually obstructs and obliterates the peripheral pulmonary arteries that causes vasoconstriction and increases right ventricle afterload. Many efforts have been made to treat PAH. However, there are still few successful and promising pharmacological treatments for this devasting disease, as a consequence, PAH-related survival remains disappointing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Thus, several researches on pulmonary hypertension pathophysiology have focused on a better comprehension of the angioproliferation process and plexiform lesions. The role of increased blood flow in the pulmonary vascular bed is considered one of the main triggering factors to the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Plexiform lesions are vascular structures that occur in idiopathic PAH, but also in other forms associated with heart deviation from left to right, connective tissue disease, HIV infection, CREST syndrome, liver cirrhosis and Schistosomiasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The plexiform lesions presence contributes to the development of a severe form of PAH. It is characterized by disorganized cellular proliferation in glomeruloid structures, represented by a disordered angiogenesis process. Whether they represent morphologic sequelae of an abnormal high intravascular pressure or contribute actively to the disease development is still being studied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the last decades, some rodent models have been pivotal in human pulmonary hypertension studies: chronic hypoxia model; monocrotaline (MCT) induced pulmonary hypertension; unilateral left pneumonectomy combined with MCT or SU5416 (Sugen) models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Decisively, they have contributed to a better understanding of the peripheral pulmonary artery neointimal lesion formation. Nevertheless, in chronic hypoxia model, the remodeling vessels do not show expected luminal reduction by intimal growth and complex vascular injuries as observed in more severe human PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The MCT lung injury model causes some endothelial dysfunction, but the obliterative vascular lesions observed in human severe PAH are not observed in rats. In addition, with MCT dosing, rats tend to die frequently from pulmonary toxicity, myocarditis and veno-occlusive liver disease rather than due to PAH. In other words, the classic models have failed to induce abnormal endothelial cells proliferation able to result in plexiform lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The unilateral left pneumectomy model applying MCT or Sugen was perform to induce endothelial dysfunction. After about 6-8 weeks, rats&#8217; lungs showed plexiform, neointimal vasculopathy and obstructed peripheral pulmonary arteries. However, the main limitation of this method is that it requires general surgical skills, that is, it demands an even more restricted study environment for researchers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue, Gewehr et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in an isolated MCT model showed for the first time the presence of complex lesions, especially plexiform-like ones, similar to those observed in patients with severe PAH. In that study, the development of muscularization, middle layer hypertrophy and intimal/neointimal proliferation were characterized as initial and reversible changes at the anatomopathological point of view. With 30 days under the MCT effect, the rats already presented right ventricular hypertrophy. Although, a progressive remodeling process especially with plexiform lesions, more evident on the 37th day, can be considered as usually irreversible changes. That results in more severe hemodynamic repercussions and early mortality as observed in human PAH. A peculiarity that may justify the plexiform lesions findings in the study may be related to the extended observation time of 37 days, longer than previous studies, and to a more rigorous pulmonary anatomopathological analysis. In fact, the complex vascular lesions appearance in PAH is time-dependent, the longer the time of exposure to MCT, the greater the chances of progression to plexiform lesions with signs of heart failure such as pleural effusion, ascites and liver congestion. Mortality of 50% of rats was observed on the 37th day. Whether MCT-treated rats died due to PAH or with PAH is difficult to determine. What it can be sure is that PAH is a serious progressive disease and the plexiform lesion represents a more advanced and irreversible stage of PAH. The MCT-alone model highlights that more patience and rigor can provide insights in the development of plexiform lesions investigations. In addition, it prospects for testing new drugs to prevent injuries or even regress established plexiform lesions in PAH.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Plexiform Lesions in an Experimental Model of Monocrotalin-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
