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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zTxhCvjRf4JmRxvPcTNcpDF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100480</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190306</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Les&#245;es Plexiformes em Modelo Experimental de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar Induzida por Monocrotalina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9393-2445</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gewehr</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas Mesadri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgueiro</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noronha</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kubrusly</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Bermudez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kubrusly</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coltro</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Preto</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoldi</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Iacomo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Evang&#233;lica Mackenzie do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Evang&#233;lica Mackenzie do Paran&#225; (FEMPAR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (IDC),Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; Departamento de Medicina, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Curitiba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Curitiba (InCor Curitiba), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Emerg&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e Terapia Intensiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Emerg&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e Terapia Intensiva (CEPETI), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico Mackenzie</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico Mackenzie (HUEM), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Douglas Mesadri Gewehr &#8226; Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia - Alameda Dr. Carlos de Carvalho, 2370. CEP 80730-201. E-mail: <email>douglasgewehr@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Kubrusly FB, Kubrusly LF, Coltro GA, Preto PC, Bertoldi AS, Vieira HI; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Kubrusly LF, Coltro GA, Preto PC, Bertoldi AS, Vieira HI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Noronha L, Kubrusly FB, Bertoldi AS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Kubrusly FB, Kubrusly LF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Noronha L, Kubrusly FB, Kubrusly LF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>480</fpage>
      <lpage>490</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O modelo de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina (MCT) &#233; um dos mais reproduzidos atualmente, apresentando como limita&#231;&#227;o a aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es plexiformes, manifesta&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas da doen&#231;a grave em humanos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a gravidade da arteriopatia pulmonar induzida por MCT por meio dos achados anatomopatol&#243;gicos pulmonares e card&#237;acos, evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e sobrevida em 37 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram utilizados 50 ratos machos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos, sendo um controle (n = 10). Os tr&#234;s grupos restantes foram submetidos &#224; inocula&#231;&#227;o de MCT (60 mg/kg i.p.) e ficaram sob o seu efeito por 15 (n = 10), 30 (n = 10) e 37 dias (n = 20). Ao final de cada per&#237;odo, os animais foram sacrificados, obtendo-se tecidos pulmonar e card&#237;aco para an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica e morfom&#233;trica. Empregou-se o teste Kruskal-Wallis, considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Nos pulm&#245;es dos animais MCT foram constatadas les&#245;es referentes &#224; arteriopatia pulmonar, incluindo musculariza&#231;&#227;o das arter&#237;olas, hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia e les&#245;es neointimais conc&#234;ntricas. Les&#245;es complexas foram observadas nos grupos MCT, descritas como plexiforme e do &#8220;tipo&#8221; plexiforme (plexiform-like). A hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito foi constatada pelo aumento da espessura e di&#226;metro dos cardiomi&#243;citos e pelo aumento significativo da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito (p&lt;0,0000).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O modelo foi capaz de gerar arteriopatia pulmonar moderada-grave associada &#224; hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito secund&#225;ria, com sobrevida de 50% em 37 dias. De nosso conhecimento, este estudo foi o primeiro a constatar a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es vasculares complexas, semelhantes &#224;s observadas em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar grave, em modelo isolado de MCT. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):480-490)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Monocrotalina</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Neointima</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Direita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="16"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de elevada gravidade, caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, trombose <italic>in situ</italic> e remodelamento vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>O aumento progressivo da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) resulta em uma hipertrofia compensat&#243;ria do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), progredindo para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na HAP avan&#231;ada, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a hipertrofia do m&#250;sculo liso vascular resultam em obstru&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men arterial. Na maioria dos casos, ocorre a forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es neointimais conc&#234;ntricas e les&#245;es hipercelulares complexas, conhecidas como les&#245;es plexiformes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>As altera&#231;&#245;es anatomopatol&#243;gicas da HAP foram primeiramente caracterizadas por Heath &amp; Edwards<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> em 1958. Posteriormente, Wagenvoort &amp; Wagenvoort<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em 1977 descreveram a sequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares na HAP, definindo-a como Arteriopatia Pulmonar Plexog&#234;nica (APP). Essas altera&#231;&#245;es parecem refletir, em geral, o n&#237;vel press&#243;rico da art&#233;ria pulmonar e, em menor grau, o tempo de HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como o tecido humano com doen&#231;a em est&#225;gio inicial raramente est&#225; dispon&#237;vel, um modelo animal que reproduza as altera&#231;&#245;es precoces da arteriopatia pulmonar e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o seria desej&#225;vel para compreender a complexidade da HAP e encontrar novas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O modelo animal de HAP induzida por monocrotalina (MCT) &#233; um dos mais realizados pelos pesquisadores, pois oferece simplicidade t&#233;cnica, f&#225;cil reprodutibilidade e baixo custo em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros modelos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; capaz de mimetizar v&#225;rios aspectos-chave da HAP humana, incluindo remodelamento vascular, prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, aumento da express&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e fal&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Tipicamente, esse modelo &#233; baseado em uma &#250;nica inje&#231;&#227;o de MCT (geralmente 60 mg/kg) aplicada por via intraperitoneal (i.p.) ou subcut&#226;nea, resultando no desenvolvimento de HAP ap&#243;s em 3-4 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A MCT &#233; um alcaloide pirrolizid&#237;nico presente nos caules, folhas e sementes de plantas do g&#234;nero <italic>Crotalaria sp.</italic> (principalmente as esp&#233;cies <italic>spectabilis, retusa</italic> e <italic>sigma</italic>), leguminosas distribu&#237;das principalmente nas regi&#245;es de clima tropical.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A monocrotalina, ao ser metabolizada no f&#237;gado pelo citocromo p-450, &#233; transformada em sua forma ativa, a monocrotalina pirrole, exercendo sua toxicidade no sistema cardiopulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Seu uso foi primeiramente descrito h&#225; mais de 50 anos por Kay et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> primeiros a reportarem HAP causada pela ingest&#227;o de sementes de <italic>Crotalaria spectabilis</italic> em ratos. Relatos anteriores haviam descrito arterite pulmonar em ratos alimentados com sementes da planta<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e identificaram o alcaloide pirrolizid&#237;nico como o agente causador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora muitas evid&#234;ncias sugiram que a MCT induz disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial das arter&#237;olas pulmonares em m&#250;ltiplos n&#237;veis, o modelo de HAP por MCT &#233; caracterizado predominantemente por hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia. A aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es complexas, constatadas na HAP moderada-grave, apresenta-se como uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o desse modelo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A proposta do presente estudo consiste em reproduzir o modelo experimental de HAP induzida por MCT em ratos Wistar com o objetivo de avaliar a gravidade da arteriopatia pulmonar por meio dos achados anatomopatol&#243;gicos pulmonares, repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas, evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e sobrevida em 37 dias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>No presente estudo experimental foram respeitadas as normas estabelecidas no &#8220;Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals&#8221; e os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Conselho Nacional do Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (CONCEA). O estudo teve aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Faculdade Evang&#233;lica Mackenzie do Paran&#225; (CEUA/FEMPAR), registrado sob o protocolo n. 3433/2016.</p>
      <p>Cinquenta ratos machos Wistar, da esp&#233;cie <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>, pesando entre 250 e 300 gramas, foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (randomiza&#231;&#227;o simples): grupo controle (GC) (n=10) &#8211; animais que receberam uma inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica (0,9%, 1 mL/kg) no dia de in&#237;cio do experimento (D0); grupos MCT &#8211; animais que receberam uma inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de MCT (60 mg/kg)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>(Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA), dissolvida em solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica (0,9%) no D0. Os animais ficaram sob o efeito da MCT por 15 dias, 30 dias e 37 dias, representando os grupos G15 (n=10), G30 (n=10), G37 (n=20), respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Nos dias 15 (G15), 30 (G30) e 37 (G37 e GC) do experimento, ap&#243;s a anestesia com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de 0,3 mg/kg de cloridrato de xilazina 2% (Xilazin<sup>&#174;</sup>; Syntec, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e 10 mg/kg de cloridrato de cetamina 10% (Cetamin<sup>&#174;</sup>; Syntec, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) i.p.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> os animais foram pesados e posteriormente sacrificados por meio de exsanguina&#231;&#227;o por pun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Por fim, foi conduzida a retirada de ambos os pulm&#245;es e do cora&#231;&#227;o, os quais foram pesados atrav&#233;s de balan&#231;a semi-anal&#237;tica de precis&#227;o (AD200; &#169; Marte Cient&#237;fica, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil).</p>
      <p>Os &#243;rg&#227;os coletados foram processados segundo t&#233;cnica histol&#243;gica convencional. Para cada animal foram confeccionadas duas l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas de tecido pulmonar, uma com tr&#234;s cortes transversais contendo os lobos pulmonares direitos, e a outra com um corte transversal e um longitudinal contendo os lobos pulmonares esquerdos. As l&#226;minas de pulm&#227;o foram coradas com hematoxilina-eosina (HE), tricr&#244;mico de Mallory e colora&#231;&#227;o de Weigert para fibras el&#225;sticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>As l&#226;minas de cora&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;ram duas sec&#231;&#245;es transversais de tecido card&#237;aco, um ao n&#237;vel do ter&#231;o m&#233;dio dos ventr&#237;culos e outro ao n&#237;vel dos vasos da base, corados com HE.</p>
      <p>As l&#226;minas de pulm&#227;o foram avaliadas histopatologicamente utilizando um m&#233;todo de pontua&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativo (0 &#8211; sem altera&#231;&#227;o; 1 &#8211; discreto; 2 &#8211; moderado/acentuado) de par&#226;metros de remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e altera&#231;&#245;es parenquimatosas, descritas a seguir: espessamento das paredes alveolares, edema intersticial, exsudato alveolar, hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia, infiltrado leucocit&#225;rio e prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal/neointimal.</p>
      <p>As l&#226;minas de tecido pulmonar e card&#237;aco foram digitalizadas com um scanner (Axio Scan Z1, Zeiss, Jena, Alemanha) (40X) e as imagens foram analisadas pelo software ZEN 2.3 (blue edition) (&#169; Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, 2011), que permite medidas quantitativas geom&#233;tricas. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito (EPVD) foi realizada em um aumento de 10X, expressa em micr&#244;metros (&#181;m). A regi&#227;o central da parede do VD foi definida como padr&#227;o para a an&#225;lise desse par&#226;metro em todas as l&#226;minas. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea da c&#226;mara ventricular direita foi realizada em um aumento de 10X e expressa em micr&#244;metros quadrados (&#181;m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas (cont&#237;nuas) foram representadas por gr&#225;ficos <italic>boxplot</italic>, que expressam os dados em mediana e intervalo interquartil. A suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e, por este motivo, foram analisadas e comparadas com o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis, usando o m&#233;todo de Simes e Hochberg para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O tamanho amostral e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o nas parcelas experimentais basearam-se na experi&#234;ncia em trabalhar com estes animais nestas condi&#231;&#245;es, na viabilidade estat&#237;stica do desenho experimental, nos dados descritos na literatura m&#233;dica e nas normas estabelecidas pelo CONCEA e CEUA/FEMPAR. Utilizando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, mostrou-se necess&#225;rio um n&#250;mero de oito animais por grupo experimental. Levando em conta a mortalidade de 20% por grupo devido a problemas de procedimento, e de 50% a partir da quarta semana devido &#224; toxicidade da MCT, necessitou-se mais dois animais no GC, G15 e G30 e doze no grupo G37, totalizando uma amostra de 50 animais.</p>
        <p>Os valores de p abaixo de 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Os dados foram analisados com o software estat&#237;stico Action Stat (vers&#227;o 3.5.152.34).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o e Mortalidade</title>
        <p>Com o passar das semanas, foi poss&#237;vel observar o aparecimento gradativo de sinais de doen&#231;a pulmonar nos animais dos grupos MCT, como anorexia, perda de peso, irregularidade do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio, intoler&#226;ncia aos esfor&#231;os e cianose de extremidades. Esses sinais se tornaram mais evidentes nos animais do G30 e G37, que se apresentavam mais irritados e com espirros frequentes. No GC, G15 e G30 todos os animais sobreviveram. Contudo, no G37, houve uma mortalidade de 50%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Peso Corp&#243;reo e Peso Relativo dos &#211;rg&#227;os</title>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>, observa-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do ganho de peso &#224; medida que os animais ficaram mais tempo expostos aos efeitos da MCT, de modo que os animais do G37 tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa, de cerca de 11%, do seu peso final em rela&#231;&#227;o ao inicial, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GC e G30 (p&lt;0,0001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Varia&#231;&#227;o do peso corp&#243;reo e peso relativo dos &#243;rg&#227;os. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os animais dos grupos controle (GC), 15 dias (G15), 30 dias (G30) e 37 dias (G37), ao final do per&#237;odo experimental. Em A, varia&#231;&#227;o de peso corp&#243;reo, em gramas, *p &#8804; 0,0001; em B, peso relativo card&#237;aco (PCR), em g/100g de peso final (PF), *p &lt; 0,005 e **p &#8804; 0,0000; em C e D, peso relativo pulmonar esquerdo e direito (PPER e PPDR), em g/100g de peso final, *p &#8804; 0,0000</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O peso relativo dos pulm&#245;es dos animais foi significativamente maior nos grupos MCT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC (p&lt;0,0000), como se observa nas figuras 1C e 1D. Entretanto, esse aumento n&#227;o teve um padr&#227;o linear, apresentando uma leve queda no G30. O peso relativo dos cora&#231;&#245;es foi significativamente maior nos grupos G30 e G37 (p&lt;0,005) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados Macrosc&#243;picos</title>
        <p>Os pulm&#245;es dos animais dos grupos G15 e G30 apresentavam-se macroscopicamente aumentados de volume, alguns sem achados de superf&#237;cie, outros levemente hiperemiados e congestos. A maioria dos pulm&#245;es dos animais do G37 apresentavam intensa congest&#227;o pulmonar, 30% deles com pet&#233;quias e 20% deles apresentavam aspecto ferruginoso. O acometimento pulmonar direito foi mais intenso do que o esquerdo, a n&#237;vel macrosc&#243;pico. No dia da morte, em metade dos animais do G37, foi observado l&#237;quido sero-hialino em cavidades pleurais e l&#237;quido sero-hem&#225;tico em cavidade peric&#225;rdica, al&#233;m de ascite e congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica. Os demais &#243;rg&#227;os n&#227;o apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es macrosc&#243;picas vis&#237;veis, com exce&#231;&#227;o do f&#237;gado, que apresentava-se congesto e com aspecto de noz-moscada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados Histopatol&#243;gicos Pulmonares</title>
        <p>Nas fotomicrografias de tecido pulmonar dos animais do GC, observou-se alv&#233;olos &#237;ntegros ocupando a maior parte do par&#234;nquima pulmonar, adequadamente aerados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2B e 2C</xref>), e arter&#237;olas com estrutura e dimens&#245;es normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3A, 3B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fotomicrografias de tecido pulmonar do grupo controle. Observam-se alv&#233;olos &#237;ntegros ocupando a maior parte do par&#234;nquima pulmonar (B e C) e arter&#237;olas com estruturas e dimens&#245;es normais (A). Colora&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina-eosina; objetivas de 20X (A), 5X (B) e 2X (C)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Achados histopatol&#243;gicos vasculares e parenquimatosos do tecido pulmonar. Fotomicrografias de cortes histol&#243;gicos do tecido pulmonar dos animais do grupo controle (GC) e de animais que receberam monocrotalina (grupos MCT); A &#8211; F, avalia&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar observadas nas arter&#237;olas alveolares vistas em cortes transversais (colora&#231;&#227;o de Weigert; objetiva 20X); G &#8211; I, altera&#231;&#245;es parenquimatosas nos animais dos grupos MCT (colora&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina-eosina; objetiva 1X, 5X, 5X, respectivamente); A e B, arter&#237;olas alveolares do GC com estruturas e dimens&#245;es normais; C &#8211; F, arter&#237;olas dos grupos 15, 30 e 37 dias; C e D, musculariza&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia, com prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal conc&#234;ntrica (D); E e F, les&#245;es neointimais laminares celulares conc&#234;ntricas com intensa redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men vascular e ruptura da membrana el&#225;stica externa (E); G, infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio no interst&#237;cio hilar, peribronquiolar e perivascular. Par&#234;nquima pulmonar apresenta poucas &#225;reas alveolares aeradas associada a uma intensa exsuda&#231;&#227;o intra-alveolar do tipo serofibrinosa (H) e macrof&#225;gica (I), com a presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas esponjosas</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Les&#245;es vasculares complexas do tecido pulmonar. Fotomicrografias representativas de les&#245;es complexas do tecido pulmonar dos animais que receberam monocrotalina (grupos MCT) (colora&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina-eosina; objetiva 10X); A, arter&#237;ola alveolar do grupo controle com estrutura e dimens&#245;es normais; B &#8211; H, les&#245;es &#8220;plexiform-like&#8221; (&#8220;stalk-like lesions&#8221;) em cortes transversais; B &#8211; D, arter&#237;olas apresentando canais parecidos com fendas (&#8220;slit-like channels&#8221;), indicados pelas setas. E &#8211; H, arter&#237;olas com pequenas massas de c&#233;lulas hipercrom&#225;ticas semelhantes a um broto (&#8220;bud-like&#8221;), projetando-se em dire&#231;&#227;o ao l&#250;men vascular, indicadas pelas setas; I &#8211; M, les&#245;es plexiformes em cortes transversais (grupo do dia 37, G37) mostrando a combina&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos pequenos canais capilares e pequenas fendas</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica dos animais MCT revelou altera&#231;&#245;es parenquimatosas pulmonares, como exsudato alveolar, espessamento das paredes alveolares, edema intersticial e infiltrado leucocit&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3G</xref>). Foram encontrados tr&#234;s tipos de exsudatos ocupando a luz alveolar: serofibrinoso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Fig. 3H</xref>), hemorr&#225;gico e macrof&#225;gico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Fig. 3I</xref>). As art&#233;rias e arter&#237;olas pulmonares apresentavam v&#225;rias formas de remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular, incluindo musculariza&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3C e 3D</xref>), prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal, v&#225;rios graus de espessamento neointimal, conc&#234;ntrico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3D</xref>) e laminar conc&#234;ntrico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3E e 3F</xref>), e les&#245;es hipercelulares complexas.</p>
        <p>No processo de musculariza&#231;&#227;o, a arter&#237;ola adquiriu uma dupla membrana el&#225;stica com um novo m&#250;sculo entre elas. A prolifera&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas da &#237;ntima levou a uma &#237;ntima espessada, sem nenhuma organiza&#231;&#227;o especial, afetando toda a circunfer&#234;ncia do vaso.</p>
        <p>Foram observados dois padr&#245;es diferentes de les&#245;es hipercelulares complexas em rela&#231;&#227;o a sua morfologia. Primeiro, les&#245;es semelhantes a ped&#250;nculos (&#8220;stalk-like/plexiforme-like lesions&#8221;), formadas no l&#250;men da arter&#237;ola pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4B-H</xref>). O corpo da les&#227;o apresenta-se como um massa desordenada semelhante a um ped&#250;nculo, formada por c&#233;lulas hipercrom&#225;ticas e ovais, que parecem surgir da parede arterial, estendendo-se a jusante no l&#250;men do vaso. As sec&#231;&#245;es transversais mostraram arter&#237;olas com muitos canais parecidos com fendas (&#8220;slit-like channels&#8221;) separados por c&#233;lulas centrais hipercrom&#225;ticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4B-D</xref>). Ainda, foram observadas pequenas massas de c&#233;lulas semelhantes a um broto (&#8220;bud-like&#8221;), projetando-se da parede arterial para o l&#250;men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4E-H</xref>).</p>
        <p>O segundo padr&#227;o encontrado foram les&#245;es plexiformes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4I-M</xref>), mostrando arter&#237;olas frequentemente dilatadas com l&#250;men caracteristicamente preenchido por canais capilares e &#8220;slit-like channels&#8221;. Essas les&#245;es foram observadas quase que exclusivamente no G37, sem acometer todos os animais do grupo, apresentando distribui&#231;&#227;o focal no tecido pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Nos grupos G30 e G37 houve uma intensifica&#231;&#227;o das inj&#250;rias vasculares e parenquimatosas, com destaque na hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia, prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal e exsudato alveolar. Entretanto, o G37 mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no infiltrado leucocit&#225;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o com o G15 e G30.</p>
        <p>Os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa da vasculatura e par&#234;nquima pulmonar encontram-se esquematizados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos Par&#226;metros de Remodela&#231;&#227;o Vascular e Altera&#231;&#245;es Parenquimatosas. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Semiquantitativa (0 &#8211; sem altera&#231;&#227;o; 1 &#8211; discreto; 2 &#8211; moderado/acentuado)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados Histopatol&#243;gicos e Morfom&#233;tricos Card&#237;acos</title>
        <p>O m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco tamb&#233;m sofreu altera&#231;&#245;es anatomopatol&#243;gicas expressivas. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> mostra fotomicrografias de corte transversal e longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo direito dos animais do GC e G37. Observam-se n&#250;cleos &#237;ntegros dispostos perifericamente e feixes de fibras &#237;ntegras, por&#233;m com aumento de espessura e di&#226;metro no G37.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Achados histopatol&#243;gicos do tecido card&#237;aco. Fotomicrografias de corte transversal (&#224; esquerda) e longitudinal (&#224; direita) do ventr&#237;culo direito de animais dos grupos controle (GC) e grupo 37 dias (G37) (colora&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina-eosina; objetiva 20X)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A hipertrofia ventricular direita, evidentemente retratada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref>, foi quantificada pela medida da EPVD e sua varia&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na medida da EPVD entre os animais do GC e G15. A medida da EPVD aumentou significativamente no G30/G37 (p&lt;0,0000), representando quase duas vezes o valor do GC.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. Fotomicrografias de corte transversal ao n&#237;vel do 1/3 m&#233;dio dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos de animais do grupo controle (GC), 15 dias (G15), 30 dias (G30) e 37 dias (G37) (colora&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina-eosina)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito e da &#225;rea da c&#226;mara ventricular direita entre os grupos. Compara&#231;&#227;o da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito e da &#225;rea da c&#226;mara ventricular direita entre os animais do grupo controle (GC), grupo 15 dias (G15), grupo 30 dias (G30) e grupo 37 dias (G37); *p &lt; 0,0000</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf08.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Outro importante achado foi a dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa da c&#226;mara ventricular direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref>) dos animais do G30 e G37, quantificada pela medida da &#225;rea da c&#226;mara ventricular direita (p&lt;0,0000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esse &#233; o primeiro relato em que a administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de MCT (60 mg/kg) foi capaz de deflagrar APP em ratos.</p>
      <p>Sinais de doen&#231;a pulmonar manifestaram-se gradativamente nos animais dos grupos MCT, como j&#225; constatado por diversos pesquisadores que reproduziram o modelo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A dispneia e a perda de peso s&#227;o, na maioria das vezes, os primeiros sinais de doen&#231;a pulmonar. A altera&#231;&#227;o do pH sangu&#237;neo secund&#225;ria &#224; inefici&#234;ncia do pulm&#227;o em manter uma correta rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o (que explica a cianose de extremidades), contribui para a anorexia e baixo ganho de peso. Nos animais do presente estudo, a cianose de extremidades tamb&#233;m pode ser secund&#225;ria &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e ao baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. O esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio (dispneia) contribui para o baixo ganho de peso (ou perda de peso) &#224; medida que aumenta o gasto metab&#243;lico. De fato, o sinal mais comum da HAP &#233; a dispneia e a fadiga, decorrentes do baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, de car&#225;cter progressivo e indicativo de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O aumento do peso relativo pulmonar e o aumento do peso relativo card&#237;aco dos animais dos grupos MCT s&#227;o achados j&#225; consolidados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>O aumento do peso relativo pulmonar deve-se ao processo de congest&#227;o, no qual h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o do volume alveolar e um aumento da &#225;rea ocupada por estruturas extra-alveolares, representadas principalmente pelo exsudato alveolar, espessamento das paredes alveolares e edema intersticial. De maneira an&#225;loga, sugere-se que o aumento do PC<sub>R</sub>, &#233; decorrente do aumento da massa ventricular direita hipertrofiada dos animais MCT, fato discutido mais adiante.</p>
      <p>Com apenas 15 dias, a forma ativa da MCT foi capaz de deflagrar altera&#231;&#245;es na vasculatura e no par&#234;nquima pulmonar, t&#237;picas de doen&#231;a hipertensiva arterial pulmonar, corroborando com os estudos de Martins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>J&#225; outros autores constataram que mudan&#231;as significativas nas press&#245;es da art&#233;ria pulmonar, hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia das arter&#237;olas pulmonares e hipertrofia ventricular direita, manifestam-se apenas 3-4 semanas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da MCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O endot&#233;lio ocupa um papel importante na etiopatog&#234;nese da HAP, participando de forma expressiva nas altera&#231;&#245;es do t&#244;nus e remodelamento vascular, al&#233;m do seu envolvimento no processo vaso-oclusivo. Embora exista uma vasta evid&#234;ncia na literatura que sugira a correla&#231;&#227;o entre MCT e disfun&#231;&#227;o da barreira endotelial em m&#250;ltiplos n&#237;veis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> de acordo com muitos estudos, esse modelo &#233; caracterizado predominantemente por hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia das arter&#237;olas pulmonares e n&#227;o por prolifera&#231;&#227;o endotelial excessiva, a qual est&#225; presente na doen&#231;a humana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>Tais considera&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o em desacordo com nossa an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica do tecido pulmonar, pois tanto a hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia quanto a prolifera&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocuparam papel expressivo no processo patol&#243;gico da arteriopatia pulmonar dos animais MCT, dando origem a les&#245;es vasculares complexas, referidas como plexiforme e do &#8220;tipo&#8221; plexiforme (<italic>plexiform-like</italic>).</p>
      <p>Embora as les&#245;es plexiformes observadas na HAP grave humana sejam dif&#237;ceis de serem reproduzidas em modelos animais, pela primeira vez, um modelo isolado de MCT mostrou a presen&#231;a dessas les&#245;es. Em particular, caracterizam-se por uma estrutura desorganizada, de aspecto glomerul&#243;ide, formada por c&#233;lulas hipercrom&#225;ticas e ovais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Essas caracter&#237;sticas, apesar de &#250;nicas, permanecem incertas, presumivelmente porque a les&#227;o apresenta um car&#225;ter din&#226;mico e, mais importante, n&#227;o se sabe como s&#227;o formadas. Consensualmente, consiste em uma les&#227;o angioproliferativa complexa, composta de canais revestidos por c&#233;lulas endoteliais e separados por c&#233;lulas centrais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>Estas les&#245;es complexas, descritas em nosso estudo, apresentam certa semelhan&#231;a com a morfologia das les&#245;es plexiformes na HAP humana grave.</p>
      <p>Como sugerido recentemente por Tuder<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> em sua revis&#227;o da arteriopatia da HAP em humanos, as les&#245;es denominadas &#8220;plexiform-like&#8221; podem representar um est&#225;gio inicial do padr&#227;o intraluminal da les&#227;o plexiforme. Como o nome sugere, a complexidade dessas les&#245;es se assemelha &#224; das plexiformes t&#237;picas, por&#233;m apresentam uma morfologia distinta. Tais les&#245;es, observadas em nosso estudo, s&#227;o formadas dentro do l&#250;men vascular, de modo que o corpo da les&#227;o assemelha-se a uma massa desordenada semelhante a um ped&#250;nculo (&#8220;stalk-like&#8221;), constitu&#237;da por c&#233;lulas hipercrom&#225;ticas e ovais, que parece surgir da parede arterial e se estende a jusante no l&#250;men do vaso, adquirindo canais parecidos com fendas (&#8220;slit-like channels&#8221;), bem como estruturas semelhantes a brotos (&#8220;bud-like&#8221;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios modelos combinados de HAP, descritos na literatura m&#233;dica, demonstraram que altera&#231;&#245;es nas condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e/ou no grau de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em animais submetidos &#224; inocula&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias t&#243;xicas s&#227;o capazes de intensificar o seu efeito sobre os vasos pulmonares e, dessa forma, desenvolver les&#245;es vasculares complexas. White et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> relataram HAP grave em ratos jovens pneumonectomizados submetidos &#224; inocula&#231;&#227;o de MCT. Coste et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>e Morimatsu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> demonstraram o agravamento da HAP por MCT em ratos submetidos &#224; um regime de hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica. Ainda, Abe et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> demonstraram o desenvolvimento do HAP e arteriopatia pulmonar severa por meio da associa&#231;&#227;o do bloqueador do receptor do fator de crescimento vascular Sugen 5416 &#224; hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica. As les&#245;es neointimais laminares e n&#227;o-laminares conc&#234;ntricas, observadas em nosso estudo, assemelham-se &#224;quelas encontradas na HAP humana grave<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> e nos modelos experimentais de HAP mencionados acima.</p>
      <p>Wagenvoort &amp; Wagenvoort<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> foram os primeiros a descrever a sequ&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares da HAP e um dos pioneiros em avaliar o grau de reversibilidade dessas les&#245;es, estudos v&#225;lidos at&#233; os dias de hoje. Em nosso estudo, os processos de musculariza&#231;&#227;o, hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia e prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal/neointimal caracterizaram as altera&#231;&#245;es iniciais, sendo, portanto, potencialmente revers&#237;veis sob o ponto de vista anatomopatol&#243;gico. Contudo, as les&#245;es vasculares complexas, mais presentes no G37, podem ser consideradas altera&#231;&#245;es geralmente irrevers&#237;veis, resultando em repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas mais graves e mortalidade precoce, assim como ocorrido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A constata&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es plexiformes em nosso estudo, pode estar relacionada com o tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o prolongado de 37 dias e &#224; maior amplitude da an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica pulmonar. O surgimento das les&#245;es vasculares complexas em HAP &#233; tempo-dependente, ou seja, quanto maior o tempo dos animais expostos &#224; MCT, maior a chance de evolu&#231;&#227;o para as les&#245;es mais complexas. Al&#233;m disso, por serem focais, a observa&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es plexiformes no par&#234;nquima pulmonar est&#225; na depend&#234;ncia da amplitude da an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o da HAP, o aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar causa uma hipertrofia ventricular direita secund&#225;ria, em raz&#227;o do aumento da sobrecarga do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>Com 30 dias sob o efeito da MCT, os animais do nosso estudo j&#225; apresentavam hipertrofia ventricular direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup>A hipertrofia ventricular mioc&#225;rdica, por n&#227;o implicar em um aumento da capacidade de contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, evolui com dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras direitas e <italic>Cor pumonale</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como derrame pleural, ascite e congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica foram constatados nos animais do G37, assim como em alguns estudos previamente citados.</p>
      <p>A espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito foi utilizada como marcador de hipertrofia ventricular direita, embora muitos estudos utilizem a raz&#227;o entre o peso do VD sobre o peso do conjunto ventr&#237;culo esquerdo + septo interventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> De qualquer forma, ambos os m&#233;todos permitiram concluir o desenvolvimento de uma expressiva hipertrofia do VD nos animais MCT. Ainda, a hipertrofia do VD foi evidenciada pelo aumento da espessura e di&#226;metro dos cardiomi&#243;citos, com preserva&#231;&#227;o da integridade de suas fibras, como constatado por Martins,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Cabrini,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nogueira- Ferreira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> e Pacagnelli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> E, por fim, a dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva das c&#226;maras direitas corrobora os resultados obtidos por Martins,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que descreve dimens&#245;es muito superiores &#224;s correspondentes do lado esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Apesar das semelhan&#231;as, esse modelo n&#227;o mimetiza de maneira fidedigna a HAP em seres humanos. Isso se deve principalmente pelo fato de que n&#227;o se sabe como as les&#245;es angioproliferativas complexas s&#227;o formadas e se elas realmente reproduzem os aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos das les&#245;es humanas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O experimento demonstrou que uma dose intraperitoneal de 60 mg/kg de MCT foi capaz de gerar arteriopatia pulmonar moderada-grave, com musculariza&#231;&#227;o das arter&#237;olas, hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia e forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal. O modelo reproduziu m&#250;ltiplas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais no par&#234;nquima e nas arter&#237;olas pulmonares, bem como hipertrofia ventricular direita secund&#225;ria ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. De nosso conhecimento, esse estudo foi o primeiro a constatar a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es complexas, principalmente as plexiformes, semelhantes &#224;s observadas em pacientes com HAP grave em um modelo isolado de MCT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos ao Dr. Luiz Fernando Kubrusly, cuja contribui&#231;&#227;o foi fundamental para execu&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho e, ao nosso eterno amigo, Gabriel D&#8217;Avila Braun (in memoriam).</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de conclus&#227;o de curso de Douglas Mesadri Gewehr e Gabriela Rodrigues Salgueiro pela Faculdade Evang&#233;lica Mackenzie do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Programa Institucional de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da Faculdade Evang&#233;lica Mackenzie do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Plexiform Lesions in an Experimental Model of Monocrotalin-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9393-2445</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gewehr</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas Mesadri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgueiro</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noronha</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kubrusly</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Bermudez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kubrusly</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coltro</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Preto</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoldi</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Iacomo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Evang&#233;lica Mackenzie do Paran&#225; (FEMPAR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (IDC), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; Departamento de Medicina, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Curitiba (InCor Curitiba), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Emerg&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e Terapia Intensiva (CEPETI), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico Mackenzie (HUEM), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Douglas Mesadri Gewehr &#8226;</bold> Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia - Alameda Dr. Carlos de Carvalho, 2370. Postal Code 80730 -201, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: douglasgewehr@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Kubrusly FB, Kubrusly LF, Coltro GA, Preto PC, Bertoldi AS, Vieira HI; Acquisition of data: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Kubrusly LF, Coltro GA, Preto PC, Bertoldi AS, Vieira HI; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Noronha L, Kubrusly FB, Bertoldi AS; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Kubrusly FB, Kubrusly LF; Writing of the manuscript: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Noronha L, Kubrusly FB, Kubrusly LF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension model is one of the most reproduced today, presenting as a limitation the absence of plexiform lesions, typical manifestations of the severe disease in humans.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the severity of MCT-induced pulmonary arteriopathy by pathological findings of lung and heart tissue samples, clinical course and 37-day survival.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into one of the four groups &#8211; control (CG) (n = 10) and three intervention (MCT) groups. The MCT groups received intraperitoneal injection (60 mg/kg) of MCT and remained exposed to the substance for 15 days (G15, n = 10), 30 days (G30, n = 10) and 37 days (G37, n = 20). At the end of each period, the animals were sacrificed, and pulmonary and cardiac tissues were collected for anatomopathological and morphometric analysis. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used, considering a level of significance of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> In the lungs of MCT animals, lesions related to pulmonary arteriopathy were found, including muscularization of the arterioles, hypertrophy of the middle layer and concentric neointimal lesions. Complex lesions were observed in MCT groups, described as plexiform and plexiform-like lesions. Right ventricular hypertrophy was evidenced by increased thickness and diameter of the cardiomyocytes and a significant increase in the right ventricular wall thickness (p &lt;0.0000).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The MCT model was able to generate moderate-severe pulmonary arteriopathy associated with secondary right ventricular hypertrophy. The 37-day survival rate was 50%. To our knowledge, this study was the first to note the presence of complex vascular lesions, similar to those observed in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, in an isolated MCT model. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):480-490)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Monocrotaline</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Neointimal</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Right Ventricular Hypertrophy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a very severe clinical condition characterized by pulmonary vasoconstriction, <italic>in situ</italic> thrombosis and vascular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) causes compensatory right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, leading to heart failure and premature death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In advanced PAH, endothelial proliferation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cause obstruction of the arterial lumen. In most cases, there are concentric intimal lesions and complex hypercellular lesions, known as plexiform lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The anatomical and pathological changes of PAH were first characterized by Heath &amp; Edwards<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>in 1958. Later, Wagenvoort &amp; Wagenvoort<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>described the sequence of vascular alterations in PAH and defined it as plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy (PPA). These changes seem to reflect pulmonary artery pressure levels and, in a lesser extent, the time of PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since tissue samples from human patients with diseases at an early stage are rarely available, an animal model that reproduces initial changes of pulmonary arteriopathy and its progression would be helpful to understand the complexity of PAH and find new therapeutic strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The animal model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH is one of the most commonly performed by researchers due to its technical simplicity, high reproducibility and low cost compared with other metods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>In addition, the method is able to mimic key aspects of PAH in humans, including vascular remodeling, smooth cell proliferation, endothelial dysfunction, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and right ventricular failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This model is based on the administration of one single dose of MCT (usually 60 mg/Kg), intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, leading to the development of PAH within 3-4 weeks thereafter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>MCT is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in the stem, leaves and seeds of plants of the Crotalaria genus (mainly from the spectabilis, retusa and sigma species), which is a leguminous plant found mostly in tropical areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> MCT is metabolized by the cytochrome p450 in the liver, and transformed into its active form, the monocrotaline pyrrole, which has cardiopulmonary toxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>The use of MCT was first described more than 50 years ago by Kay et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> who were the first to describe PAH caused by the ingestion of seeds of <italic>Crotalaria spectabilis</italic>in rats. Other reports had described pulmonary arteritis in rats fed with the seeds of the same plant,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and identified pyrrolizidine alkaloids as the causative agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although many evidences suggest that MCT induces endothelial dysfunction at several levels, the model of PAH induced by MCT is predominantly characterized by hypertrophy of the middle layer. The absence of complex lesions seen in moderate-to-severe PAH may be an important limitation of this model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study aimed to reproduce the MCT-induced PAH model in Wistar rats to assess the severity of pulmonary arteriopathy by anatomopathological analysis of pulmonary, cardiovascular repercussions, clinical course and 37-day survival.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The present experimental study followed the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals recommendations and the ethical principles of the National Council on the Control of Animal Experiments (CONCEA). The study was approved by the ethics committee on animal experimentation of Mackenzie Evangelical School of Parana (CEUA/FEMPAR) (registration number 3433/2016).</p>
        <p>Fifty Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) male rats, weighing 250-300 g were randomized (simple randomization) to one of the four groups: control group (CG) (n=10) &#8211; animals that received intraperitoneal injection of saline (0.9%, 1mL/Kg) at the beginning of the experiment (D0); MCT groups &#8211; animals that received intraperitoneal injection of MCT (60 mg/Kg)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), dissolved in saline (0.9%) on D0, and were assessed for the effects of MCT 15 days (G15, n=10), 30 days (G30, n=10) and 37 days (G37, n=10) thereafter.</p>
        <p>On the 15<sup>th</sup> (G15), 30<sup>th</sup> (G30) and 37<sup>th</sup> (G37 and CG) day of experiment, the animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 0.3 mg/Kg xylazine hydrochloride 2% (Xilazin<sup>&#174;</sup>; Syntec, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) and 100 mg/Kg ketamine 10% (Cetamin<sup>&#174;</sup>; Syntec, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> weighed, and sacrificed by exsanguination by cardiac puncture. Both lungs and the heart were removed and weighed using a portable balance (AD200; &#169; Marte Cient&#237;fica, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil).</p>
        <p>The organs were processed using conventional histological techniques. For each animal, lung tissue sections were placed on two glass slides, one containing three cross sections of the right pulmonary lobes, and the other containing one cross section and one longitudinal section of the left pulmonary lobe. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E), Mallory trichrome and Weigert&#8217;s stain for elastic fibers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Heart tissue sections constituted of two cross sections, one at the mid-third of the ventricles and the other at the vessels of the base, stained with H&amp;E.</p>
        <p>The lung slides were analyzed histopathologically using a semiquantitative scoring system (0 &#8211; no changes; 1- mild; 2- moderate/severe) for vascular remodeling parameters and parenchymal changes, as described as follows: alveolar wall thickening, interstitial edema, alveolar exudate, middle layer hypertrophy, leukocyte infiltration and intimal/neointimal proliferation.</p>
        <p>Lung and heart slides were digitized by a whole slide scanner (Axio Scan Z1, Zeiss, Jena, Germany) (40X) and the images analyzed using the ZEN software 2.3 (blue edition) (&#169; Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, 2011), which allows quantitative geometric measurements. Histological quantification of the RV wall thickness was measured at the central region of the RV wall, at 10x magnification and expressed in micrometers (&#181;m). The area of the RV chamber was measured at 10x magnification and expressed in micrometers (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The morphometric (continuous) variables were described in boxplots, which display the data in median and interquartile range. The normality assumption of the variables was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The data did not show a normal distribution and then were analyzed and compared by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and the Simes and Hochberg multiple comparison method.</p>
          <p>Sample size and allocation into the groups were conducted based on our experience in these animals and these experimental conditions, on the statistical viability of the experimental design, on medical literature and the norms established by the CONCEA and CEUA/FEMPAR. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated the need for eight animals per experimental group. Considering a mortality rate of 20% per group due to experimental problems, and of 50% per group from the fourth week on due to MCT toxicity, another two animals were added to the CG, G15 and G30 and twelve animals were added to the G37, with a final sample of 50 animals.</p>
          <p>P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using the Action Stat software, version 3.5.152.34.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of MCT and Mortality</title>
          <p>During the weeks of the experiment, animals of the MCT group gradually showed signs of pulmonary disease, such as anorexia, weight loss, irregular respiratory pattern, exertion intolerance and cyanosis of the extremities. These signs were more evident in the G30 and G37 groups, which were more irritated and sneezed more. All animals survived in the CG, G15 and G30, but the G37 showed a 50% mortality rate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Body weight and relative weight of the lungs and heart</title>
          <p>As the time of MCT exposure increased, body weight of the animals decreased, as can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>. Thus, animals in the G37 showed a significant reduction in body weight, by nearly 11% from baseline weight, compared with CG and G30 (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Variation of body weight and relative weight of organs. Comparison between animals in the control group (CG), animals on day 15 (G15), on day 30 (G30) and on day 37 (G37). A, body weight variation, in grams, *p&#8804;0.0001; B, relative cardiac weight (rHW), in g/100g of final weight (FW), *p&lt;0.005 and **p&#8804;0.0000; C - D, relative left and right lung weight (rLLW and rRLW), in g/100g of FW, *p&#8804;0.0000.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Relative weight of the lungs was significantly higher in the MCT groups compared with the CG (p&lt;0.0000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1C and 1D</xref>). However, this increase did not show a linear pattern, with a slight fall in the G30. Relative weight of the hearts was significantly higher in the G30 and G37 (p&lt;0,005) compared with controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Macroscopic findings</title>
          <p>The lungs of the animals in G15 and G30 were macroscopically increased; some of the lungs did not show any findings on the surface, while others showed hyperemia and congestion. Most animals in the G37 showed severe pulmonary congestion, 30% with pulmonary petechiae and 20% with ferruginous bodies. At a macroscopic level, the right lung was more severely affected than the left lung. On sacrifice day, half of the animals in G37 presented serous fluid in pleural cavities and serohematic fluid in the pericardial cavity. The other organs did not show any macroscopic changes, except the liver, which was congested and with nutmeg aspect.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulmonary histopathological findings</title>
          <p>Photomicrographs of pulmonary tissue of the CG animals showed intact, normally aerated alveoli in most areas of the pulmonary parenchyma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2B and 2C</xref>), and arterioles with normal structure and size (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">3A, 3B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">4A</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Photomicrographs of lung tissue in control group. Photomicrographs showing intact alveoli in most areas of pulmonary parenchyma (B and C) and arterioles with normal structures and dimensions (A). Hematoxylin-eosin staining; lens 20X (A), 5X (B) and 2X (C) objective lenses.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Vascular and parenchymal histopathological findings of lung tissue. Photomicrographs of histological sections of lung tissue of animals of the control group (CG) and animals that received monocrotaline (MCT); A &#8211; F: cross sections showing pulmonary arterial remodeling in alveolar arterioles (Weigert&#8217;s stain; 20X objective lens); G &#8211; I: parenchymal changes in animals of the MCT groups (hematoxylin-eosin staining; 1X, 5X and 5X objective lenses, respectively); A and B alveolar arterioles with normal structure and dimensions; C &#8211; F, arterioles of groups 15, 30 and 37 days; C and D, muscularization and hypertrophy of the middle layer, with concentric neointimal proliferation; E and F, concentric, laminar neointimal lesions with important reduction of the vascular lumen and rupture of the external elastic membrane (E); G, peribronchial, perivascular, and hilar interstitial infiltrates; pulmonary parenchyma small areas of aerated alveoli associated with intense serofibrinous (H) and macrophagic (I) intra-alveolar exudation and sponge cells.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Complex vascular lesions in lung tissue. Photomicrographs showing complex lesions in lung tissue samples of animals that received monocrotaline (MCT) (hematoxylin-eosin staining; lens 10X objective lens); A, alveolar arteriole in the control group with normal structure and dimensions; B &#8211; H, plexiform-like (&#8220;stalk-like&#8221;) lesions in cross sections; B &#8211; D, arterioles exhibiting &#8220;slit-like&#8221; channels (arrows); E &#8211; H, arterioles with &#8220;bud-like&#8221;, small mass of hyperchromatic and oval cells protruding from the arterial wall into the lumen (arrows); I &#8211; M, cross sections of plexiform lesions (animals on day 37, G37) showing a combination of multiple small capillary channels and narrow slits.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Histological analysis of the MCT groups revealed pulmonary parenchymal changes, such as alveolar exudate, alveolar wall thickening, interstitial edema and leukocyte infiltrate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3G</xref>). Three types of exudate were found in the alveolar lumen &#8211; serofibrinous (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3H</xref>), hemorrhagic and macrophagic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3I</xref>). The pulmonary arteries and arterioles showed many forms of vascular remodeling, including muscularization and hypertrophy of the middle layer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 3C and 3D</xref>), intimal proliferation, concentric neointimal thickening at several levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 3E and 3F</xref>) and complex hypercellular lesions.</p>
          <p>In the muscularization process, the arteriole acquired a double elastic membrane and formation of new muscle between them. Proliferation of intimal cells formed a thickened intima, with no typical arrangement, affecting the entire circumference of the vessel.</p>
          <p>Two morphologic patterns of complex hypercellular lesions were found. First, stalk-like/plexiform-like lesions, formed within the vessel lumen (Figures 4B-H); the body of the lesion was like a disorganized stalk-like mass comprising hyperchromatic and oval cells that appears to arise from the arterial wall and extend downstream into the lumen of the vessel. The cross section showed arterioles exhibiting many slit-like channels, separated by hyperchromatic core cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 4B-D</xref>). Also, there were &#8220;bud-like&#8221; small mass of cells protruding from the arterial wall into the lumen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 4E-H</xref>).</p>
          <p>The second pattern was plexiform lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 4I-M</xref>), showing dilated arteries with capillary channels and slit-like channels within the lumen. These lesions had a focal distribution throughout the pulmonary tissue and were found almost exclusively in the G37, but not in all animals of the group.</p>
          <p>In the G30 and G37, vascular and parenchymal lesions were more severe, particularly hypertrophy of the middle layer, intimal proliferation and alveolar exudate. However, the G37 showed a reduction in the leucocyte infiltrate compared with G15 and G30.</p>
          <p>Results of the semiquantitative evaluation of pulmonary vasculature and parenchyma are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Progression of vascular remodeling parameters and parenchymal changes. Semiquantitative assessment (0 &#8211; no change; 1 &#8211; slight; 2 &#8211; moderate/severe).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histopathological and morphometric findings of the heart</title>
          <p>The heart muscle also showed important anatomopathological changes. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> shows micrographs of cross and longitudinal sections of the right ventricle of animals of the CG and G37. There were intact nuclei arranged in the periphery and intact, but with increased diameter and thickness, fiber bundles in the G37 animals.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Histopathological findings in cardiac tissue. Photomicrographs of cross (left) and longitudinal (right) sections of the right ventricle of animals in the control group (CG) and animals on day 37 (G37) (hematoxylin-eosin staining; lens 20X objective lens).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Right ventricular hypertrophy, clearly shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref>, was quantified by the measurement of RV wall thickness and its variation between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref>). RV wall thickness was not significantly different between CG and G15 and was significantly increased in G30/G37 (p&lt;0.0000), almost twice the value in the CG.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Progression of right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation. Photomicrographs of cross sections at the mid-third of the ventricles of animals in the control group (CG), animals on day 15 (G15), day 30 (G30) and day 37 (G37) (hematoxylin-eosin staining)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of right ventricular wall thickness and right ventricular chamber area between the groups. Comparison of right ventricular wall thickness and right ventricular chamber area between the animals of the control group (CG), animals on day 15 (G15), on day 30 (G30) and on day 37 (G37), *p &lt; 0.0000.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0480-90306-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Another important finding was the significant dilatation of the RV chamber of the G30 and G37 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref>), quantified by the measurement of the RV ventricular chamber area (p&lt;0.0000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This was the first report to show the development of PPA following intraperitoneal administration of MCT (60mg/Kg) in rats.</p>
        <p>Signs of pulmonary disease were gradually seen in the MCT group, in accordance with previous studies in which this animal model was reproduced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In most cases, dyspnea and weight loss are the first signs of pulmonary disease. Changes in blood pH secondary to an inefficiency of the lungs in maintaining a correct ventilation/perfusion ratio (which explains cyanosis in the extremities) contributes to anorexia and little weight gain. In the present study, cyanosis in the extremities of the animals could also be caused by peripheral vasoconstriction and low cardiac output. Exertional dyspnea increases metabolic expenditure, contributing to a low weight gain or weight loss. In fact, the most common sign of PAH is progressive dyspnea or fatigue resulting from low cardiac output, indicative of secondary RV failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The increased relative lung weight and relative heart weight of the rats following MCT administration is well established in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The increase in relative lung weight is caused by congestion, with reduced alveolar volume and increased extra-alveolar structures, especially alveolar exudate, alveolar wall thickening and interstitial edema. Analogously, the increase in relative heart weight may be secondary to increased mass of the hypertrophied right ventricle in MCT rats, which will be discussed below.</p>
        <p>The active form of MCT was able to cause pulmonary vasculature and parenchyma changes, typical of PAH, in rats as young as 15 days. This finding corroborates the studies by Martins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Other authors, however, have found that significant changes in pulmonary arterial pressure, hypertrophy of the middle layer of pulmonary arterioles, and RV hypertrophy occur only 3-4 weeks after MCT administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The endothelium exerts an important role in the etiopathogenesis of PAH, with active participation in tonus change and vascular remodeling, in addition to its involvement in vaso-occlusive events. Despite ample evidence for a correlation between MCT and endothelial barrier dysfunction, at several levels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> according to many studies, this model is predominantly characterized by hypertrophy of the middle layer of pulmonary arterioles rather than exacerbation of endothelial proliferation, which is seen in PAH in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> These findings contrast with histological analysis of the lung tissue samples in our study, since both hypertrophy of the middle layer and endothelial proliferation played a remarkable role in the development of pulmonary arteriopathy in the MCT animals, generating complex vascular lesions, referred as &#8220;plexiform&#8221; and &#8220;plexiform-like&#8221; lesions.</p>
        <p>Although the plexiform lesions found in severe human PAH are difficult to be reproduced in animal models, for the first time, an MCT model alone showed the presence of these lesions. Plexiform lesions are characterized by a disorganized, glomeruloid-like vascular lesions, comprising hyperchromatic and oval cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> These features, despite unique, are uncertain, probably because of the dynamic behavior of the lesion and, more importantly, it is not known how the lesion is formed. It is a consensus that plexiform lesions are complex, angioproliferative lesions, composed of channels lined up by endothelial cells separated by core cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> These complex lesions described in our study are relatively similar to the morphology of plexiform lesions in severe PAH in humans.</p>
        <p>As recently suggested by Tuder,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> in a review of arteriopathy of PAH in humans, plexiform-like lesions can represent the initial stage of the intraluminal pattern of the plexiform lesion. As the name suggests, the complexity of these lesions resembles that of typical plexiform lesions, but with different morphology. These lesions, identified in our study, are formed within the vascular lumen, with the body of the lesion resembling a disorganized stalk-like mass, composed of hyperchromatic and oval cells that appeared to arise from the arterial wall and extend into the lumen of the vessel, showing &#8220;slit-like&#8221; channels and &#8220;bud-like&#8221; structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many combined models of PAH described in the literature have shown that hemodynamic changes and changes in oxygen saturation levels in animals subjected to inoculation of toxic substances can intensify the effects of these compounds on pulmonary arteries and consequently lead to the development of complex vascular lesions. White et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> reported severe PAH in young pneumonectomized rats following MCT inoculation. Coste et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and Morimatsu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> demonstrated aggravation of PAH by MCT administration in rats subjected to chronic hypoxia. Also, Abe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> reported the development of PAH and severe pulmonary arteriopathy following injection of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor blocker Sugen 5416 and chronic hypoxia. The neo-intimal concentric laminar and nonlaminar lesions, observed in our study, are similar to those reported in severe human PAH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> and the experimental models of PAH mentioned above.</p>
        <p>Wagenvoort &amp; Wagenvoort<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> were the first to describe the sequence of vascular alterations in PAH and one of the pioneers in evaluating the degree of reversibility of the lesions, and their studies are still valid today. In our study, muscularization, hypertrophy of the middle layer and intimal/neointimal proliferation were the first abnormalities in this process and, thus, potentially reversible in the anatomical-pathological point of view. However, complex vascular lesions, more common in the G37 of our study, can be considered generally irreversible, resulting in more severe hemodynamic changes and early mortality, as indeed observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The detection of plexiform lesions in our study and may be related to the prolonged observation time (37 days) and the relatively more comprehensive anatomopathological analysis of the lung samples. The development of complex vascular lesions in PAH is time-dependent, <italic>i.e</italic>, the longer the exposure time of the animals to MCT, the higher the risk of progression to more complex lesions. Besides, the plexiform lesions in the pulmonary parenchyma are focal, and thereby dependent on the extent of the histological analysis.</p>
        <p>With the PAH progression, the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance causes a secondary RV hypertrophy due to RV overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In our study, RV hypertrophy was found in the animals after 30 days of MCT exposure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Myocardial hypertrophy is not necessarily related to greater cardiac contraction and progresses to dilation of the right chambers and <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Signs of heart failure such as pleural effusion, ascites and hepatic congestion, were detected in animals of the G37, in accordance with studies cited earlier.</p>
        <p>RV wall thickness was used as marker of RV hypertrophy, although many studies have used the ratio RV weight to left ventricular + interventricular septum weight instead.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Both methods allowed to demonstrate the development of considerable RV hypertrophy in MCT animals. Also, RV hypertrophy was evidenced by an increase in the thickness and diameter of cardiomyocytes, with preservation of fiber integrity, similar to what was described by Martins,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Cabrini,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nogueira-Ferreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> and Pacagnelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Finally, the progressive dilation of the right chambers corroborates the findings of Martins,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> who described higher dimensions in the right heart compared with the left side of the heart.</p>
        <p>Despite similarities, this model does not precisely mimic human PAH. The main reason is that it is not known how complex angioproliferative lesions are formed and whether they actually reproduce the pathophysiological aspects of the lesions in humans.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The experiment showed that an intraperitoneal dose of MCT (60mg/Kg) was able to cause moderate-to-severe pulmonary arteriopathy, with muscularization of arterioles, hypertrophy of the middle layer and neointimal formation. The model successfully reproduced several structural changes in lung parenchyma and pulmonary arterioles, as well as RV hypertrophy secondary to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect complex lesions, mainly plexiform, similar to those found in severe PAH, in an isolated MCT model.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thank Dr. Luiz Fernando Kubrusly for his essential contribution to the study, and our friend, Gabriel D&#8217;Avila Braun (<italic>in memoriam</italic>).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is course completion submitted by Douglas Mesadri Gewehr and Gabriela Rodrigues Salgueiro, from Faculdade Evang&#233;lica Mackenzie do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Programa Institucional de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da Faculdade Evang&#233;lica Mackenzie do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
