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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mjfYycqrPfttStDcKw6LnBz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100468</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190189</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190189</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Categorias de Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica Baseadas no VO<sub>2</sub>max em Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira com Suposto Alto N&#237;vel Socioecon&#244;mico e sem Cardiopatia Estrutural</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tebexreni</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Novakoski F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Floriana Bertini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishio</surname>
            <given-names>Priscilla Ayumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thomazi</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antelmi</surname>
            <given-names>Ivana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Group</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fleury Group, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Manoel Rossi Neto &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>jmrossi@sti.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rossi Neto JM, Antelmi I; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rossi Neto JM, Tebexreni AS, Alves ANF, Abreu FB, Nishio PA, Thomazi MC, Smanio PEP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rossi Neto JM,; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tebexreni AS, Alves ANF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>468</fpage>
      <lpage>477</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os dados mais utilizados como refer&#234;ncia de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) s&#227;o os de Cooper, que utiliza valores calculados de capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Desenvolver valores de ACR a partir do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com alto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e livre de cardiopatia estrutural. Os resultados dos testes de VO<sub>2</sub>max foram comparados aos dados de Cooper e do <italic>FRIEND Registry</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram utilizados neste estudo dados de TCPE de indiv&#237;duos consecutivos entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2000 e 31 de maio de 2016. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x pr&#233;-definido. Foi constru&#237;do um gr&#225;fico de ACR de acordo com os percentuais do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x: muito ruim (&#8804;20%), ruim (20-40%), regular (40-60%), boa (60-80%), excelente (80-90%), e superior (&#8805;90%). A correla&#231;&#227;o Kappa foi usada para analisar nossos dados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dados dos outros dois bancos de dados. Os testes estat&#237;sticos com p&lt;0,005 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A coorte final incluiu 18.186 testes: 12.552 homens, 5.634 mulheres (7 a 84 anos). A resposta mais recorrente foi &#8220;boa&#8221; (20,2%). Houve diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e idade no gr&#225;fico da ACR. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e idade, peso e IMC. Usando uma regress&#227;o linear e essas vari&#225;veis, uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva foi desenvolvida para o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x. Nossas descobertas diferiram das dos outros bancos de dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Desenvolvemos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o para a ACR e encontramos valores mais altos em todas as faixas de classifica&#231;&#227;o de capacidade funcional, em contraste com os dados de Cooper e do <italic>FRIEND Registry</italic>. Nossos achados oferecem uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da ACR nessa grande amostra populacional brasileira, quando comparados aos padr&#245;es anteriores, com base no VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):468-477)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Cooper</kwd>
        <kwd>Classe Social</kwd>
        <kwd>Treino Aer&#243;bico</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida Saud&#225;vel</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="16"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) est&#225; inversamente associada ao risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, mortalidade por todas as causas e mortalidade atribu&#237;vel a v&#225;rios tipos de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As melhorias na ACR est&#227;o associadas a um risco reduzido de mortalidade e pequenos aumentos na ACR (por exemplo, 1&#8211;2 METs) est&#227;o associados a taxas de eventos cardiovasculares adversos consideravelmente mais baixas (10 a 30%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O par&#226;metro mais importante associado ao condicionamento f&#237;sico de um indiv&#237;duo &#233; o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x). O VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x &#233; um indicador progn&#243;stico objetivo e independente da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e &#233; o teste mais amplamente utilizado e confi&#225;vel para avaliar a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ACR pode ser medida usando uma esteira com equipamento convencional de an&#225;lise de g&#225;s (teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio &#8211; TCPE) ou estimada a partir de equa&#231;&#245;es baseadas na velocidade, inclina&#231;&#227;o ou tempo da esteira para concluir um teste de exerc&#237;cio em esteira. No entanto, existem desafios em garantir a validade dos resultados previstos do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x com base em equa&#231;&#245;es usando a velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira ou o tempo do protocolo. Isso &#233; particularmente verdadeiro quando se tenta documentar um v&#237;nculo entre a ACR e a morbimortalidade a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x estimado pode n&#227;o refletir com precis&#227;o a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica.</p>
      <p>A busca por valores normativos para a ACR &#233; uma busca digna, e existe uma clara necessidade de definir os pontos de corte para o que &#233; &#8220;apto&#8221; <italic>versus</italic> &#8220;inapto&#8221; de acordo com sexo e faixa et&#225;ria, no que se refere aos resultados de morbimortalidade. Estudos anteriores, utilizando dados de Cooper, definiram &#8220;inapto&#8221; como os 20% inferiores da distribui&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e &#8220;apto&#8221; como os 80% superiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Almeida et al,.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> publicaram no Brasil uma grande amostra populacional brasileira (chamada tabela AEMA) com padr&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia para capacidade funcional da TCPE e mostraram discrep&#226;ncias importantes na classifica&#231;&#227;o da ACR quando comparada a outras tabelas amplamente utilizadas em nosso meio (<italic>American Heart Association,</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> estudo de Cooper<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>).</p>
      <p>Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, os dados mais utilizados como refer&#234;ncia para ACR s&#227;o baseados nos dados de Cooper. Esses dados classificaram o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x de um indiv&#237;duo com base nas Diretrizes da <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> (ACSM) para teste e prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios, publicadas pela primeira vez em 1995.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As tabelas usadas para a classifica&#231;&#227;o baseavam-se em dados do estudo de Cooper (Dallas, TX) e forneciam percentuais para homens e mulheres com base em resultados individuais de um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo em esteira de Balke, um teste de corrida de 12 minutos ou um teste de corrida de 2,4 km.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais importante ainda, dados recentes de 2.525.827 adultos representando oito pa&#237;ses de renda alta e m&#233;dia alta mostraram que houve um decl&#237;nio geral significativo na ACR de adultos desde o ano de 1980. Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o aumentou progressivamente em magnitude ao longo do tempo, sugerindo um decl&#237;nio correspondente na sa&#250;de geral da popula&#231;&#227;o. O relat&#243;rio declara a necessidade de sistemas de vigil&#226;ncia nacionais e internacionais cont&#237;nuos para monitorar tend&#234;ncias de sa&#250;de e <italic>fitness</italic>, especialmente entre pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda para os quais n&#227;o existem dados atualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste relat&#243;rio foi desenvolver padr&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia para a capacidade funcional, estabelecendo valores de ACR derivados do TCPE em uma grande amostra populacional brasileira com suposto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico alto e livre de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais. Utilizando o VO<sub>2</sub>max, comparamos nossos resultados com os de Cooper11 e com os dados do <italic>Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database</italic> (FRIEND <italic>Registry</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Analisamos os dados coletados de indiv&#237;duos consecutivos submetidos ao TCPE entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2000 e 31 de maio de 2016. Esses dados foram coletados em quatro unidades do Laborat&#243;rio Fleury, que s&#227;o grandes laborat&#243;rios particulares de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia no sul do Brasil; uma vez que os testes foram realizados por uma cl&#237;nica particular, os participantes tinham um suposto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico mais alto. Seis cardiologistas participaram do estudo, todos com experi&#234;ncia na realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios e testes cardiopulmonares. As seguintes vari&#225;veis estavam dispon&#237;veis nesse relat&#243;rio: indica&#231;&#245;es para o teste como avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, idade, peso, altura, uso de medicamentos, se a capta&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> foi considerada m&#225;xima ou pico, o valor da capta&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e mL.min<sup>-1</sup>), se os tra&#231;os do eletrocardiograma em repouso estavam normais ou alterados (isquemia, bloqueio de ramo, segundo e terceiro bloqueio atrioventricular (AV), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e s&#237;ndrome da pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o), ou se o resultado do teste foi considerado anormal (isqu&#234;mico ou sugestivo de isquemia) ou normal. Um banco de dados foi constru&#237;do usando essas vari&#225;veis. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: <italic>check-up</italic> ou avalia&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica de acordo com a indica&#231;&#227;o, valores de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x dispon&#237;veis, eletrocardiograma normal, resultados normais de exames e nenhum uso de medicamentos que pudessem influenciar a capta&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: resultados anormais dos testes (ver crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o) ou uso de medicamentos que pudessem influenciar a capta&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> (betabloqueadores, medicamentos para doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica ou antiarr&#237;tmicos).</p>
        <p>Com esses crit&#233;rios, conseguimos obter o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em uma popula&#231;&#227;o considerada livre de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais e comparar os resultados com os dados de Cooper.</p>
        <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o amostral era principalmente da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, uma megal&#243;pole com muitos imigrantes, culturas e etnias. Como afirmado anteriormente, nossos participantes tinham um suposto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico mais alto e talvez a maioria deles deva ser considerada &#8220;fisicamente ativa&#8221;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>VO2m&#225;x</title>
        <p>Utilizamos os crit&#233;rios relatados por Howley et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e Balady, et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> para definir os crit&#233;rios de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x mantidos para toda a coorte. O VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x foi definido por dois ou mais dos seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>taxa de troca respirat&#243;ria (<italic>respiratory exchange ratio &#8211;</italic> RER) &gt;1,10;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pelo menos 95% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista por idade [220 - idade (em y)];</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>plat&#244; na curva de capta&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>, apesar do aumento da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio at&#233; a exaust&#227;o (&#8804;2,1 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> para o pr&#243;ximo n&#237;vel); ou</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>exaust&#227;o volitiva cl&#237;nica (esfor&#231;o volunt&#225;rio m&#225;ximo de acordo com a escala de Borg, que varia de muito, muito f&#225;cil = 1 a exaust&#227;o = 10). As amostras foram obtidas respira&#231;&#227;o por respira&#231;&#227;o e sua m&#233;dia obtida por per&#237;odos de 30 segundos. Se um plat&#244; n&#227;o foi atingido, foi utilizado o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x mais alto durante um est&#225;gio de 30 segundos.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A capacidade funcional foi avaliada com base na classifica&#231;&#227;o percentual do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e a ACR foi classificada como muito ruim (&lt;20%), ruim (20-40%), regular (40-60%), boa (60-80%), excelente (80 -90%) e superior (&gt; 90%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todas as unidades institucionais utilizaram o analisador de gases <italic>Vmax Encore</italic> (<italic>SensorMedics</italic>, Norma Linda, CA). A calibra&#231;&#227;o de fluxo foi realizada por uma seringa de 3 l e os analisadores de g&#225;s foram calibrados usando dois gases padr&#227;o (g&#225;s 1: 16% O<sub>2</sub>, 4% CO<sub>2</sub>; g&#225;s 2: 26% O<sub>2</sub>, 0,0% CO<sub>2</sub>) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es recomendadas pelo fabricante para cada uso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de esteira ergom&#233;trica</title>
        <p>O protocolo de esteira ergom&#233;trica em rampa foi utilizado em todos os testes e baseou-se na condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bia anterior do paciente. O teste foi individualizado com uma fase de aquecimento de dois minutos, come&#231;ando em 4,0 km/h e aumentando em incrementos de 1,0 km/h at&#233; o limite de toler&#226;ncia do paciente. Todos os testes come&#231;aram com uma gradua&#231;&#227;o de 0% posteriormente aumentada para 20% (o objetivo &#233; fazer com que a maioria dos testes esteja dentro do intervalo de 8 a 12 minutos). A velocidade m&#225;xima m&#233;dia e o grau durante o protocolo do teste foram 12,0 km/h (faixa de 4 a 20 km/h) e 4,5% (faixa de 0 a 20%), respectivamente. O TCPE foi realizado de acordo com os padr&#245;es recomendados em diretrizes recentemente publicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de &#233;tica</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Instituto Fleury (CAAE: 63362116.1.0000.5474) e cumpriu a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Instituto Fleury considerou desnecess&#225;rio o consentimento informado devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas deste estudo (an&#225;lise retrospectiva do banco de dados).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Os dados descritivos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e os dados categ&#243;ricos, como frequ&#234;ncias (porcentagens). Foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para comparar as diferen&#231;as nos valores de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x entre os sexos e atrav&#233;s das faixas et&#225;rias. Para determinar as diferen&#231;as por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, o teste de Tukey foi aplicado para an&#225;lise post-hoc se fosse observada signific&#226;ncia. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x com as covari&#225;veis quantitativas. Um teste ANOVA foi utilizado para as covari&#225;veis quantitativas. Um teste Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os bancos de dados. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foi realizada com as vari&#225;veis idade, sexo, peso e altura para elaborar uma equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o do pico de VO<sub>2</sub>. Testamos a normalidade das principais vari&#225;veis quantitativas do resultado pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) e houve uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O software estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), foi utilizado para todas as an&#225;lises. Todos os testes com p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A coorte inicial incluiu 24.929 testes. Foram exclu&#237;dos 5.262 exames por serem considerados valores m&#225;ximos de VO<sub>2</sub>, 704 por apresentarem altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma, 812 por uso de medicamentos que poderiam influenciar os resultados da VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, e 235 por dados incompletos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A coorte final incluiu 18.186 testes, 12.552 homens e 5.634 mulheres com idades entre 7 e 84 anos. De maneira geral, a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x foi de 39,9&#177;8,6 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> (varia&#231;&#227;o de 11,0 a 75,7 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>). Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos com mais de 80 anos de idade, e a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x para todos esses indiv&#237;duos revelou m&#233;dia de 24,0&#177;5,4 mL/kg/min. Na faixa et&#225;ria &#8804;12 anos, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 11,4&#177;1,2 e 11,2&#177;0,7, e a VO2m&#225;x m&#233;dia foi de 46,3&#177;9,5 e 44,7&#177;7,5 para meninos (n = 22) e meninas (n = 13), respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da estrat&#233;gia de recrutamento e perfil de inclus&#227;o para o estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0468-90189-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na faixa et&#225;ria de 70 a 79 anos, foram conduzidos 62 testes; 48 homens e 14 mulheres com VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x m&#233;dia de 28,7&#177;6,7 e 23,4&#177;5,9 mL/kg/min, respectivamente. Houve uma varia&#231;&#227;o percentual negativa entre todas as faixas et&#225;rias entre homens e mulheres, sendo maior nos grupos mais velhos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Na an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic>, houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa na VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x m&#233;dia entre as faixas et&#225;rias, tanto entre mulheres quanto entre homens, exceto em mulheres entre 60-69 e 70-79 anos (p=0,437).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas descritivas da coorte Fleury*</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="7">Faixa et&#225;ria (y)*</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&lt;19</th>
                <th>20-29</th>
                <th>30-39</th>
                <th>40-49</th>
                <th>50-69</th>
                <th>60-69</th>
                <th>70-79</th>
                <th>TODOS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Homens</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=403</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=1.201</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=4.427</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=4.383</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=1.728</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=362</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=48</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=1.2552</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">16,2&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">25,7&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,0&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">44,0&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">53,4&#177;2,7</td>
                <td align="center">63,3&#177;2,7</td>
                <td align="center">72,4&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">40,2&#177;10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura</td>
                <td align="center">175,8&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">177,9&#177;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">177,9&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">177,3&#177;6,6</td>
                <td align="center">176,4&#177;6,2</td>
                <td align="center">174,8&#177;6,4</td>
                <td align="center">173,0&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">177,3&#177;6,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso</td>
                <td align="center">72,1&#177;15,8</td>
                <td align="center">80,2&#177;11,8</td>
                <td align="center">82,8&#177;11,4</td>
                <td align="center">82,8&#177;11,6</td>
                <td align="center">82,3&#177;11,1</td>
                <td align="center">81,1&#177;11,5</td>
                <td align="center">79,3&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">82,1&#177;11,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">23,2&#177;4,0</td>
                <td align="center">25,3&#177;3,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,1&#177;3,0</td>
                <td align="center">26,3&#177;3,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,1&#177;3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                <td align="center">48,7&#177;8,0</td>
                <td align="center">45,0&#177;7,5</td>
                <td align="center">43,5&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">41,6&#177;7,8</td>
                <td align="center">38,6&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">33,7&#177;7,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,7&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">42, &#177;8,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Var %</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-7,6</td>
                <td align="center">-3,3</td>
                <td align="center">-4,4</td>
                <td align="center">-7,2</td>
                <td align="center">-12,7</td>
                <td align="center">-14,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mulheres</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=123</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=732</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=2.028</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=1.985</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=624</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=128</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=14</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n=5.634</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">16,0&#177;2,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,9&#177;2,6</td>
                <td align="center">34,9&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">43,9&#177;2,7</td>
                <td align="center">53,4&#177;2,7</td>
                <td align="center">63,5&#177;2,7</td>
                <td align="center">72,3&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">39,3&#177;9,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura</td>
                <td align="center">163,7&#177;7,4</td>
                <td align="center">164,8&#177;6,3</td>
                <td align="center">164,4&#177;6,0</td>
                <td align="center">163,5&#177;5,9</td>
                <td align="center">162,8&#177;5,9</td>
                <td align="center">160,8&#177;5,4</td>
                <td align="center">158,1&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">163,8&#177;6,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso</td>
                <td align="center">60,7&#177;12,3</td>
                <td align="center">61,0&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">62,1&#177;9,8</td>
                <td align="center">62,5&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">62,9&#177;9,9</td>
                <td align="center">62,6&#177;9,8</td>
                <td align="center">64,5&#177;9,9</td>
                <td align="center">62,2&#177;9,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">22,5&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">22,4&#177;3,0</td>
                <td align="center">23,0&#177;3,3</td>
                <td align="center">23,4&#177;3,1</td>
                <td align="center">23,7&#177;3,3</td>
                <td align="center">24,2&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">26,1&#177;5,0</td>
                <td align="center">23,2&#177;3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                <td align="center">38,2&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">36,9&#177;6,6</td>
                <td align="center">36,0&#177;7,0</td>
                <td align="center">34,7&#177;7,1</td>
                <td align="center">31,4&#177;6,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;5,7</td>
                <td align="center">23,4&#177;5,9</td>
                <td align="center">35,0&#177;7,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Var %</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-3,4</td>
                <td align="center">-2,4</td>
                <td align="center">-3,6</td>
                <td align="center">-9,5</td>
                <td align="center">-15,6</td>
                <td align="center">-11,7</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>); VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x: capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio (mLO<sub>2</sub>&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>). *Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia&#177;DP. Peso (kg). Altura (cm). % Var: varia&#231;&#227;o percentual.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Deve-se notar na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> que a distribui&#231;&#227;o da ACR com base na classifica&#231;&#227;o de Fleury mostrou que a resposta mais recorrente foi &#8220;boa&#8221; em 20,2%. No entanto, n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente da taxa de 20,0% dos grupos &#8220;regular&#8221; e &#8220;ruim&#8221; (valor de p = 0,640 e 0,650). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi diferente dos 19,8% do grupo &#8220;muito ruim&#8221; (valor de p = 0,280).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia relativa da classifica&#231;&#227;o da VO2m&#225;x</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fleury</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">19,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regular</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bom</td>
                <td align="center">20,2%</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">9,8%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior</td>
                <td align="center">10,2%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Ref.= refer&#234;ncia</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas com a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> (transformada em porcentagens) mostrou que todas foram estatisticamente significantes, embora os valores tenham sido baixos. A correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte ocorreu entre a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e a idade (-28,4%).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas com a VO2m&#225;x</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Corr (r)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">-7,5%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC(kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">-27,9%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">-28,4%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Corr (r)= correla&#231;&#227;o. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> demonstraram que houve diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de peso, altura, IMC e idade entre as diferentes classifica&#231;&#245;es de Fleury.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das classifica&#231;&#245;es de Fleury em rela&#231;&#227;o a Peso, Altura, IMC e Idade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Classifica&#231;&#227;o Fleury</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                <th>DP</th>
                <th>Min</th>
                <th>M&#225;x</th>
                <th>IC</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="6">Peso</td>
                <td align="center">Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">84,16</td>
                <td align="center">16,86</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
                <td align="center">158,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="6">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">77,65</td>
                <td align="center">14,27</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">137,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">75,72</td>
                <td align="center">13,27</td>
                <td align="center">36,0</td>
                <td align="center">185,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bom</td>
                <td align="center">72,79</td>
                <td align="center">12,12</td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">117,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">70,96</td>
                <td align="center">11,84</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">105,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">68,79</td>
                <td align="center">10,96</td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">Altura</td>
                <td align="center">Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
                <td align="center">2,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="6">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,38</td>
                <td align="center">2,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,17</td>
                <td align="center">2,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bom</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,42</td>
                <td align="center">2,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,42</td>
                <td align="center">2,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">1,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,30</td>
                <td align="center">1,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">27,76</td>
                <td align="center">4,22</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">48,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="6">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">25,72</td>
                <td align="center">3,25</td>
                <td align="center">16,9</td>
                <td align="center">39,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">24,93</td>
                <td align="center">3,03</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">72,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bom</td>
                <td align="center">24,17</td>
                <td align="center">2,56</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">39,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">23,66</td>
                <td align="center">2,47</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">31,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">22,99</td>
                <td align="center">2,20</td>
                <td align="center">16,3</td>
                <td align="center">34,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">40,38</td>
                <td align="center">10,13</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">77,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="6">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">39,97</td>
                <td align="center">10,10</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">39,91</td>
                <td align="center">10,20</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bom</td>
                <td align="center">39,71</td>
                <td align="center">10,10</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">77,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">39,89</td>
                <td align="center">9,99</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">74,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">39,50</td>
                <td align="center">9,85</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">73,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valor de p para a Tabela 4</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Muito ruim</th>
                <th>Ruim</th>
                <th>Regular</th>
                <th>Bom</th>
                <th>Excelente</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="5">Peso</td>
                <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bom</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Altura</td>
                <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">0,430</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">0,945</td>
                <td align="center">0,932</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bom</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
                <td align="center">0,946</td>
                <td align="center">0,429</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,295</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
                <td align="center">0,753</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,248</td>
                <td align="center">0,983</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bom</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">0,495</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Regular</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Bom</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
                <td align="center">0,883</td>
                <td align="center">0,959</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                <td align="center">0,518</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,991</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
                <td align="center">0,570</td>
                <td align="center">0,705</td>
                <td align="center">0,976</td>
                <td align="center">0,857</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o Fleury e as covari&#225;veis qualitativas, incluindo sexo e faixa et&#225;ria, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do relacionamento.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o Fleury em rela&#231;&#227;o a Sexo e Faixa Et&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Muito ruim</th>
                <th>Ruim</th>
                <th>Regular</th>
                <th>Bom</th>
                <th>Excelente</th>
                <th>Superior</th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td align="center">31,1</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">30,9</td>
                <td align="center">31,7</td>
                <td align="center">30,7</td>
                <td align="center">30,9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,979</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">69,2</td>
                <td align="center">68,9</td>
                <td align="center">69,4</td>
                <td align="center">69,1</td>
                <td align="center">68,3</td>
                <td align="center">69,3</td>
                <td align="center">69,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">Faixa et&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;19</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="7">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">20-29</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">30-39</td>
                <td align="center">35,2</td>
                <td align="center">35,5</td>
                <td align="center">35,3</td>
                <td align="center">35,1</td>
                <td align="center">35,4</td>
                <td align="center">35,6</td>
                <td align="center">35,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">40-49</td>
                <td align="center">35,2</td>
                <td align="center">35,1</td>
                <td align="center">34,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,0</td>
                <td align="center">35,3</td>
                <td align="center">35,1</td>
                <td align="center">35,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">50-59</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">13,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">60-69</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">70-79</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Idade, sexo, peso corporal (kg) e altura (m) foram os &#250;nicos preditores significativos de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x (R<sup>2</sup>=0,42, p &lt;0,001). A equa&#231;&#227;o resultante para a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x foi:</p>
      <disp-formula id="e1">
        <mml:math>
          <mml:msub>
            <mml:mi>VO</mml:mi>
            <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
          </mml:msub>
          <mml:mi>m&#225;x</mml:mi>
          <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>20</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>89706</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>11</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>19284</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi>
          <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>;</mml:mo>
          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi>
          <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>20764</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
          <mml:mi>Idade</mml:mi>
          <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>38435</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
          <mml:mi>peso</mml:mi>
          <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>28</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
          <mml:mn>14593</mml:mn>
          <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
          <mml:mi>altura</mml:mi>
          <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
          <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
        </mml:math>
      </disp-formula>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref> mostra a ACR classificada por percentuais de acordo com os crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-especificados entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o Fleury, os dados de Cooper e os dados do FRIEND usando VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, apresentados por faixa et&#225;ria, sexo e classifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o da ACR pela VO2m&#225;x (ml/kg/min) entre as refer&#234;ncias (Ref) dos dados de Fleury (F), Cooper (C) e FRIEND (K)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>HOMENS</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Idade</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Ref</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Muito Ruim</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Ruim</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Regular</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Bom</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Excelente</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Superior</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&lt;19</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>F</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>C</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;42,5</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;35,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>42,6-46,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>35,1-38,3</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>46,9-</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>51,1 38,4-45,1</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>51,2- 55,6</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>45,25-50,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>55,7-58,6</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>51,0-55,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;58,7</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;56,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>20-29</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>F</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>C</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>K</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;38,6</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;33,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;33,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
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                      <p>38,4-44,5</p>
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                      <p>46,5-51,8</p>
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                      <p>42,5-46,4</p>
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                      <p>44,6-51,4</p>
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                      <p>51,9-55,2</p>
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                      <p>46,5-52,4</p>
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                      <p>51,5-55,5</p>
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                      <p>&#8805;55,3</p>
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                      <p>F</p>
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                      <p>C</p>
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                      <p>K</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;36,5</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;31,5</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;25,4</p>
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                      <p>36,6-41,4</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>31,6-35,4</p>
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                      <p>25,5-28,1</p>
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                      <p>41,5-45,3</p>
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                      <p>35,5-40,9</p>
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                      <p>28,9-31,1</p>
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                      <p>45,4-50,3</p>
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                      <p>41,0-44,9</p>
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                      <p>31,2-36,2</p>
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                      <p>50,4-53,5</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>45,0-49,4</p>
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                      <p>36,3-41,7</p>
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                      <p>&#8805;49,5</p>
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                      <p>F</p>
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                      <p>C</p>
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                      <p>K</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;34,7</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;30,2</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;22,2</p>
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                      <p>34,8-39,5</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>30,3-33,5</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>22,3-25,4</p>
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                      <p>39,6-43,5</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>33,6-38,9</p>
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                      <p>25,5-28,6</p>
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                      <p>43,6-48,1</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>39,0-43,7</p>
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                      <p>28,7-34,2</p>
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                      <p>48,2-51,7</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>43,8-48,0</p>
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                      <p>34,3-37,1</p>
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                      <p>&#8805;51,8</p>
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                      <p>&#8805;48,1</p>
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                      <p>F</p>
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                      <p>C</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;31,4</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;26,1</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;21,5</p>
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                      <p>31,5-36,3</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>26,2-30,9</p>
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                      <p>21,6-24,8</p>
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                      <p>36,4-40,5</p>
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                      <p>31,0-35,7</p>
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                      <p>24,9-28,2</p>
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                      <p>40,6-45,0</p>
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                      <p>35,8-40,9</p>
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                      <p>28,3-30,7</p>
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                      <p>45,1-49,0</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>41,0-45,3</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>30,8-34,0</p>
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                      <p>&#8805;49,1</p>
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                      <p>60-69</p>
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                      <p>C</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;27,0</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;20,5</p>
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                      <p>&#8804;19,0</p>
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                      <p>27,1-31,3</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>20,6-26,0</p>
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                      <p>19,1-22,4</p>
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                      <p>31,4-35,3</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>26,1-32,2</p>
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                      <p>22,5-23,2</p>
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                      <p>35,4-39,2</p>
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                      <p>32,3-36,4</p>
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                      <p>23,3-26,7</p>
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                      <p>39,3-42,7</p>
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                    <list-item>
                      <p>36,5-44,2</p>
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                      <p>26,7-29,9</p>
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                      <p>&#8805;30,0</p>
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                      <p>26,2-29,9</p>
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                      <p>24,6-28,1</p>
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                        <bold>MULHERES</bold>
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              <tr>
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                        <bold>Idade</bold>
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                        <bold>Muito Ruim</bold>
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              <tr>
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                      <p>&#8804;25,0</p>
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                      <p>31,8-34,9</p>
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                      <p>25,1-30,9</p>
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                <td align="center">
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                      <p>35,0-39,1</p>
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                      <p>31,0-34,9</p>
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                      <p>39,2-44,0</p>
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                      <p>35,0-38,9</p>
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                      <p>44,1-48,2</p>
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                      <p>39,0-41,9</p>
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                      <p>31,2-34,9</p>
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                      <p>23,7-28,9</p>
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                      <p>21,7-28,1</p>
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                      <p>35,0-38,2</p>
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                      <p>29,0-32,9</p>
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                      <p>28,2-33,6</p>
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                      <p>33,0-36,9</p>
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                      <p>33,7-38,8</p>
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                      <p>42,7-45,6</p>
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                      <p>37,0-40,9</p>
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                      <p>38,9-42,6</p>
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                      <p>33,8-37,2</p>
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                      <p>20,2-22,5</p>
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                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>31,4-35,6</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>22,6-26,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>42,2-45,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>35,7-40,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>26,1-30,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;45,3</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;40,1</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;30,1</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>40-49</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>F</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>C</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>K</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;28,3</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;21,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;15,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>28,4-32,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>21,1-24,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>15,9-18,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>32,3-36,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>24,5-28,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>18,5-20,7</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>36,3-41,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>29,0-32,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>20,8-23,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>41,1-44,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>32,9-36,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>23,5-26,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;44,3</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;37,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;26,3</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>50-59</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>F</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>C</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>K</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;25,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;20,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;14,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>25,5-28,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>20,3-22,7</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>15,0-16,6</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>28,9-32,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>22,8-26,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>16,7-18,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>32,5-36,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>27,0-31,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>18,3-20,7</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>36,9-40,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>31,5-35,7</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>20,8-22,6</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;40,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;35,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;22,7</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>60-69</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&gt; 60</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>60-69</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>F</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>C</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>K</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;21,3</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;17,5</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;14,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>21,4-23,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>17,6-20,1</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>14,1-15,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>23,5-27,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>20,2-24,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>15,5-16,7</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>27,1-31,5</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>24,5-30,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>16,8-18,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>31,6-34,3</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>30,3-31,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>18,9-20,5</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;34,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;31,5</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;20,6</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>70-79</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>F</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>K</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;17,6</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8804;12,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>17,7-19,7</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>12,9-14,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>19,8-23,2</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>14,3-15,4</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>23,3-27,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>15,5-16,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>28,0-32,8</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>17,0-18,0</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;32,9</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805;18,1</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O <italic>FRIEND Registry</italic> n&#227;o incluiu pacientes com menos de 19 anos de idade. O banco de dados de Cooper inclu&#237;a pacientes &gt;60 anos e nossos dados e os dados do <italic>FRIEND</italic> inclu&#237;am pacientes na faixa et&#225;ria de 70 a 79 anos. Os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em nosso estudo foram maiores em todas as classifica&#231;&#245;es e faixas et&#225;rias da ACR em homens e mulheres quando comparados aos dados dos registros de Cooper e <italic>FRIEND</italic>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 8</xref> mostra uma concord&#226;ncia ruim e estatisticamente significante usando o Kappa entre os tr&#234;s bancos de dados.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Concord&#226;ncia de Kappa da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Fleury e dados de Cooper e FRIEND</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Kappa</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Cooper</td>
                <td align="center">0,008x</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Friend</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise atual representa, at&#233; onde sabemos, o maior estudo de dados de refer&#234;ncia sobre aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em esteira usando dados obtidos do TCPE. No Brasil, os maiores estudos de refer&#234;ncia existentes foram o primeiro relat&#243;rio de Herdy com 3.992 exames<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e o segundo relat&#243;rio com 9.250 exames.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Herdy e Uhlendorf<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> publicaram uma classifica&#231;&#227;o brasileira de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria com base no consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, mas esse estudo classificou a capacidade funcional de acordo com as diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA), publicadas em 1972.</p>
      <p>Demonstramos que todas as correla&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o estatisticamente significantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>), mas os valores foram baixos. A maior correla&#231;&#227;o foi observada entre o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e a idade, em -28,4%. O valor negativo neste caso indica que quanto maior a idade, menor o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e vice-versa. No entanto, essa correla&#231;&#227;o foi classificada como ruim. A signific&#226;ncia da correla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; intimamente relacionada ao tamanho da amostra e, como este estudo contou com uma amostra extraordinariamente grande, os valores ruins da correla&#231;&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      <p>Conforme indicado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>, os resultados por sexo, capacidade funcional e faixas et&#225;rias no registro do Fleury s&#227;o maiores quando comparados aos dos registros de Cooper<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e do FRIEND.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os valores estat&#237;sticos Kappa menores que 0,20 indicam um baixo n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia entre os bancos de dados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 8</xref>), e s&#227;o extremamente baixos e devem ser considerados diferentes na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. N&#227;o podemos explicar as diferen&#231;as entre nossos resultados e os dados de Cooper. No entanto, como mencionado no FRIEND,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> isso pode estar relacionado ao protocolo Balke, &#8220;que pode causar fadiga local dos m&#250;sculos da panturrilha e potencialmente o t&#233;rmino precoce do teste. Isso resultaria em um VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x mais baixo do que o previsto.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> De fato, o protocolo Balke apresenta caracter&#237;sticas que podem comprometer a medi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, principalmente quando a dura&#231;&#227;o do teste excede 15 minutos. Isso pode levar &#224; fadiga precoce devido &#224; velocidade e ao aumento da inclina&#231;&#227;o, principalmente em indiv&#237;duos com condicionamento f&#237;sico reduzido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ainda assim, neste estudo, os resultados obtidos para TCPE s&#227;o diferentes daqueles derivados de equa&#231;&#245;es matem&#225;ticas baseadas em velocidade e grau, como as obtidas pelos dados de Cooper.</p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, as diferen&#231;as que observamos entre nossos dados e os dados do <italic>FRIEND</italic> s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de entender. V&#225;rios fatores influenciam os resultados da TCPE, as diferen&#231;as entre os maiores bancos de dados de nosso estudo anterior foram demonstradas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> &#201; poss&#237;vel especular que essas diferen&#231;as possam ser devidas ao n&#237;vel de condicionamento f&#237;sico anterior, &#224; predisposi&#231;&#227;o heredit&#225;ria e gen&#233;tica, ao n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, ao n&#237;vel nutricional, &#224; cultura esportiva, ao estresse emocional e a outros fatores. A principal semelhan&#231;a entre os estudos foi que a grande maioria dos participantes era aparentemente saud&#225;vel. Em nossos estudos anteriores, foi realizada uma compara&#231;&#227;o da medida direta dos valores m&#233;dios de refer&#234;ncia do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x para cada faixa et&#225;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros bancos de dados. Nesses estudos, homens e mulheres noruegueses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> apresentaram maior ACR do que nos Estados Unidos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Essa diferen&#231;a tamb&#233;m foi maior para os noruegueses quando comparados ao <italic>FRIEND Registry.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 2013, a AHA afirmou a necessidade de desenvolver um registro que medisse diretamente os valores normativos da capta&#231;&#227;o da VO<sub>2.</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Infelizmente, n&#227;o temos dados de morbimortalidade mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ACR e a mortalidade por todas as causas/doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil, ent&#227;o geralmente extrapolam-se dados dos Estados Unidos.</p>
      <p>Enquanto a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x medida diretamente usando t&#233;cnicas de troca de gases ventilat&#243;rios &#233; reconhecida como o padr&#227;o para a determina&#231;&#227;o da ACR, o TCPE nem sempre est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para testes cl&#237;nicos de rotina. Este &#233; tamb&#233;m considerado mais caro (embora mais fornecedores tenham entrado no mercado com redu&#231;&#245;es de custo) e requer uma equipe mais especializada; no entanto, a disponibilidade de pessoal treinado &#233; atualmente muito menos problem&#225;tica do que era antes. Quando o TCPE n&#227;o &#233; vi&#225;vel, outros procedimentos podem ser utilizados para obter uma estimativa da ACR. O tempo m&#225;ximo do teste de esfor&#231;o ou a carga m&#225;xima de trabalho (velocidade e grau de dificuldade para testes em esteira ou watts para testes em bicicleta ergom&#233;trica) dos testes podem ser usados em equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o desenvolvidas para estimar a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x com erros padr&#227;o de aproximadamente &#177;10-15 da VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, demonstramos que houve diferen&#231;a na classifica&#231;&#227;o da ACR entre nossos dados (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x direta) e os dados de Cooper (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x indireta) e <italic>FRIEND</italic> (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x direta). Portanto, acreditamos que as medidas diretas da VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x devem ser o m&#233;todo de escolha para avaliar a ACR de um indiv&#237;duo. No entanto, desenvolvemos uma equa&#231;&#227;o de previs&#227;o para a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x para nossa popula&#231;&#227;o que deve ser validada em estudos futuros e comparada a outras equa&#231;&#245;es brasileiras e internacionais. Almeida et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> em 2014, desenvolveram uma Equa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira (EB) em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, capaz de prever o pico da VO<sub>2</sub> (valores pr&#243;ximos aos medidos diretamente pelo TCPE), e apresentou desempenho muito bom no teste de valida&#231;&#227;o interna, enquanto Jones e Wasserman diferiram significativamente do VO<sub>2</sub>pico real. Mais importante ainda, na popula&#231;&#227;o da qual a EB foi derivada, o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica representou a vari&#225;vel mais importante para o c&#225;lculo da VO<sub>2</sub>pico.</p>
      <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es comuns a todos os estudos que utilizam dados retrospectivos e an&#225;lises de bancos de dados e que tamb&#233;m est&#227;o presentes no presente estudo. Tentou-se descartar qualquer cardiopatia estrutural pr&#233;-existente, resultados ou medicamentos que pudessem influenciar o resultado da VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x. O termo &#8220;considerado livre de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais&#8221; n&#227;o seria apropriado para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, uma vez que alguns indiv&#237;duos podem ter fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (diabetes, obesidade etc.). Embora todos os testes para medir a capacidade funcional tenham sido realizados, a escolha dos protocolos em esteira foi espec&#237;fica para cada unidade institucional contribuinte. Embora o tamanho da amostra fosse grande, o n&#250;mero de participantes variou entre as faixas et&#225;rias, com a maior representa&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos entre 30 e 40 anos e uma menor representa&#231;&#227;o de pacientes maiores de 70 anos (aproximadamente 0,4 do total da amostra). Nossos resultados sugerem que estudos futuros devem buscar maior representa&#231;&#227;o dos grupos et&#225;rios mais jovens e mais velhos. Todos os testes foram realizados nas unidades do laborat&#243;rio Fleury, na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, uma megal&#243;pole com mais de 12 milh&#245;es de pessoas. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar a distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Nossos dados devem ser utilizados preferencialmente em pacientes com um suposto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico alto, sem cardiopatia estrutural conhecida e que estejam sendo avaliados para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica. Como tal, talvez eles sejam inadequados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira como um todo, pois &#233; prov&#225;vel que o n&#237;vel de condicionamento f&#237;sico, o estado nutricional e o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico sejam menores na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. No entanto, o tamanho da amostra era grande e todos os testes foram considerados como envolvendo o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. Isso fornece valores de refer&#234;ncia mais precisos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa da VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x para laborat&#243;rios que incluem TCPE como parte das medi&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas dos testes de esfor&#231;o.</p>
      <p>Independentemente do m&#233;todo usado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da ACR, o objetivo final &#233; fornecer relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica ao valor do resultado do teste. &#201; amplamente aceito que a baixa ACR est&#225; associada ao aumento das taxas de morbimortalidade. Esses achados foram demonstrados em v&#225;rias coortes com dados de homens e mulheres, de diferentes ra&#231;as e v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Desenvolvemos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o para a ACR. Nossos resultados encontraram valores mais altos em todas as faixas de classifica&#231;&#227;o de capacidade funcional quando comparados aos de Cooper e do FRIEND. Esses valores podem fornecer uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da ACR em uma grande amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, com alto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural, quando comparados aos padr&#245;es anteriores, baseados em estimativas da carga de trabalho da VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>VO<sub>2</sub>max-Based Physical Fitness Categories in a Brazilian Population with Supposed High Socioeconomic Status and without Structural Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tebexreni</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Novakoski F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Floriana Bertini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishio</surname>
            <given-names>Priscilla Ayumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thomazi</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antelmi</surname>
            <given-names>Ivana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fleury Group, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o Manoel Rossi Neto &#8226;</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: jmrossi@sti.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rossi Neto JM, Antelmi I; Acquisition of data: Rossi Neto JM, Tebexreni AS, Alves ANF, Nishio PA, Thomazi MC, Smanio PEP; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Rossi Neto JM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tebexreni AS, Alves ANF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The most widely used data for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) referrals are from the Cooper Clinic, which uses calculated maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max) values.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To develop CRF values from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in a Brazilian population with high socioeconomic level and free of structural heart disease. VO<sub>2</sub>max testing results were compared with the Cooper Clinic and FRIEND Registry data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> CPX data from consecutive individuals between January 1,2000, and May 31,2016 were used in this study. Inclusion criteria were: VO<sub>2</sub>max by a pre-specified definition. We built a CRF chart according to VO<sub>2</sub>max percentiles: very poor (&#8804;20%), poor (20-40%), fair (40-60%), good (60-80%), excellent (80-90%), and superior (&#8805;90%). Kappa correlation was used to analyze our data in comparison with that of the other two databases. Statistical tests with p&lt;0.005 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Final cohort included 18,186 tests: 12,552 men, 5,634 women (7&#8211;84 years). The most recurrent response was &#8220;good&#8221; (20.2%). There was a mean difference in weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and age in the CRF chart. An inverse correlation existed between VO<sub>2</sub>max and age, weight, and BMI. Using a linear regression and these variables, a predictive equation was developed for VO<sub>2</sub>max. Our findings differed from that of the other databases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> We developed a classification for CRF and found higher values in all classification ranges of functional capacity in contrast to the Cooper Clinic and FRIEND Registry. Our findings offer a more accurate interpretation of ACR in this large Brazilian population sample when compared to previous standards based on the estimated VO2max. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):468-477)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Cooper Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Class</kwd>
        <kwd>Endurance Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Endurance</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style Healthy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and mortality attributable to various cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Improvements in CRF are associated with a reduced mortality risk, and small increases in CRF (e.g., 1&#8211;2 METs) are associated with considerably lower (10&#8211;30%) adverse cardiovascular event rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The most important parameter associated with an individual&#8217;s physical conditioning is their maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max). VO<sub>2</sub>max is an objective and independent prognostic indicator for cardiovascular disease, and is the most widely used and reliable test for assessing aerobic exercise capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CRF may be measured either using a treadmill with conventional gas analysis equipment (CPX) or predicted from equations based on treadmill speed, incline, or time to complete a treadmill exercise test. However, there are challenges in ensuring the validity of predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max results based on equations using treadmill speed and incline, or protocol time. This is particularly true when attempting to document a link between CRF and long-term morbidity/mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As such, estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max may not accurately reflect physical fitness.</p>
        <p>The search for normative values for CRF is a worthy pursuit, and there is a clear need to define the cutoff points for what is &#8220;fit&#8221; versus &#8220;unfit&#8221; by sex and age group as it relates to morbidity and mortality outcomes. Previous studies using data from the Cooper Clinic have defined &#8220;unfit&#8221; as the bottom 20% of the VO<sub>2</sub>max distribution and &#8220;fit&#8221; as the upper 80%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, Almeida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> published a large Brazilian population sample (called AEMA table) with reference standards for functional capacity from CPX and showed important discrepancies in the classification of CRF when compared to other tables widely used in our setting (American Heart Association,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Cooper Clinic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our institution the most widely used data for CRF referrals are based on the Cooper Clinic data. These data classified an individual&#8217;s VO<sub>2</sub>max based on the ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, first published in 1995.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The tables used for classification relied on data from the Cooper Clinic (Dallas, TX) and provided percentiles for men and women based on individual results from either a maximal Balke treadmill test, a 12-minute run test, or 1.5-mile run test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More importantly, recent data of 2,525,827 adults representing eight high- and upper-middle-income countries showed that there has been a meaningful overall decline in the CRF of adults since the year 1980. This decrease has progressively increased in magnitude over time, suggest a corresponding decline in overall population health. The report states there is a need for continuous national and international surveillance systems to monitor health and fitness trends, especially among low- and middle-income countries for which no data currently exist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The purpose of this report was to develop reference standards for functional capacity by establishing CRF values derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in a large Brazilian population sample with a supposed high socioeconomic level and free of structural heart disease. Using VO<sub>2</sub>max, we compared our results with that of the Cooper Clinic <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and data from the FRIEND Registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>We analyzed the data collected from consecutive individuals who underwent CPX between January 1, 2000, and May 31, 2016. These data were collected from four Fleury Laboratory units, which are large private cardiology referral laboratories in southern Brazil, as the tests were conducted by a private clinic, the participants had a supposed higher socioeconomic status. Six cardiologists participated, of which all had experience in conducting exercise and cardiopulmonary testing. The following variables were available from this report: indications for the test as physical fitness assessment, age, weight, height, medication use, whether the VO<sub>2</sub>uptake was considered maximum or peak, the value of VO<sub>2</sub>uptake (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-</sup>1 and mL.min<sup>- 1</sup>), if the resting electrocardiogram traces were normal or altered (ischemia, bundle branch block, second and third AV block, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, and pre-excitation syndrome), or if the test result was considered abnormal (ischemic or suggestive of ischemia) or normal. A database was constructed using these variables. The inclusion criteria were: checkup or aerobic evaluation as the indication, VO<sub>2</sub>max values available, a normal electrocardiogram, normal test results, and no medication use that could influence the VO<sub>2</sub>uptake.</p>
          <p>The exclusion criteria were: abnormal test results (see inclusion criteria), or medication use that could influence VO<sub>2</sub>uptake (beta blockers, medications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or antiarrhythmics).</p>
          <p>With these criteria, we were able to obtain the VO<sub>2</sub>max in a population considered to be free of structural heart disease and compare the results with the data from the Copper Clinic.</p>
          <p>Our sample population was mostly from the city of Sao Paulo, a megalopolis with many immigrants, cultures, and ethnicities. As we have previously stated, our participants had a supposed higher socioeconomic status and perhaps most of them should be considered &#8220;physically active&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>VO2max</title>
          <p>We used the criteria reported by Howley et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and Balady et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> to define the VO<sub>2</sub>max criteria that was maintained for the entire cohort. VO<sub>2</sub>max was defined by two or more of the following criteria: 1) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) &gt;1.10, 2) at least 95% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate [220 &#8722; age (in y)], 3) a plateau in the VO<sub>2</sub>uptake curve despite increasing the exercise intensity until exhaustion (&#8804;2.1 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> to the next level), or 4) clinical volitional exhaustion (maximal voluntary effort according to the Borg scale that ranges from very, very easy = 1 to exhaustion = 10). Samples were obtained breath by breath and averaged over 30-second time frames. If a plateau was not reached, the highest VO<sub>2</sub>max during a 30-second stage was used.</p>
          <p>Functional capacity was evaluated based on percentile ranking of VO<sub>2</sub>max and CRF was classified as very poor (&lt;20%), poor (20-40%), fair (40-60%), good (60-80%), excellent (80-90%), and superior (&gt;90%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All institutional units used the Vmax Encore (SensorMedics, Norma Linda, CA) gas analyzer. Flow calibration was performed by a 3-l syringe, and gas analyzers were calibrated using two standard gases (gas 1:16% O<sub>2</sub>, 4% CO<sub>2</sub>; gas 2: 26% O<sub>2</sub>, 0.0% CO<sub>2</sub>) according to the recommended manufacturer instructions prior to each use.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Treadmill protocol</title>
          <p>The ramp treadmill protocol was used for all tests and was based on the patient&#8217;s previous aerobic condition. The test was individualized with a two-minute warm-up phase starting as low as 4.0 km/h and increasing at increments of 1.0 km/h, up to the tolerance limit of the subject. All tests started at a grade of 0%, and the grade was increased up to 20% (the objective being to have most tests fall within the 8 to 12-minute range). The average maximal velocity and grade during the test protocol were 12.0 km/h (range 4&#8211;20 km/h) and 4.5% (range 0&#8211;20%), respectively. The CPX was carried out according to the recommended standards provided in recently published guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics statement</title>
          <p>The study was approved by the review board/ethics committee of the Fleury Institute (CAAE: 63362116.1.0000.5474) and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Fleury Institute review board/ethics committee considered informed consent unnecessary owing to the characteristics of this study (retrospective database analysis).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Descriptive data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and categorical data are reported as frequencies (percentages). We used an analysis of variance to compare differences in VO<sub>2</sub>max values between the sexes and across age groups. To determine differences by analysis of variance, the Tukey test was applied for post-hoc analysis if significance was observed. Pearson&#8217;s correlation was used to assess the correlation of VO<sub>2</sub>max with the quantitative covariates. An ANOVA test was used for the quantitative covariables. A Kappa test was used to assess agreement between the databases. Analysis of linear regression was performed with the variables age, sex, weight, and height to elaborate a the VO<sub>2</sub>peak prediction equation. We tested the normality of the main outcome quantitative variables by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and there was a normal distribution. SPSS statistical software, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), was used for all analyses. All tests with a significance of P&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The initial cohort included 24,929 tests. We excluded 5,262 tests because they were considered to be peak VO<sub>2</sub> values, 704 because they had electrocardiogram abnormalities, 812 because of medication use that could influence the VO<sub>2</sub>max results, and 235 because of incomplete data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1</xref>). The final cohort included 18,186 tests, 12,552 men and 5,634 women ranging in age from 7&#8211;84 years. Overall, the VO<sub>2</sub>max was 39.9&#177;8.6 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> (range 11.0&#8211;75.7 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>). We included only three individuals older than 80 years, and the VO<sub>2</sub>max for all these individuals revealed a mean of 24.0&#177;5.4 mL/kg/min. In the age group &#8804;12 years, the mean age was 11.4&#177;1.2 and 11.2&#177;0.7 and the mean VO<sub>2</sub>max was 46.3&#177;9.5 and 44.7&#177;7.5 for boys (n = 22) and girls (n = 13), respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the recruitment strategy and inclusion profile for the study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0468-90189-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the age group of 70&#8211;79 years, we had 62 tests; 48 men and 14 women with a mean VO<sub>2</sub>max of 28.7&#177;6.7 mL/kg/min and 23.4&#177;5.9 mL/kg/min, respectively. There was a negative percentage variation among all age groups between men and women being greater in the older groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). In post hoc analysis, there was a significant difference in mean VO<sub>2</sub>max between the age groups, both among women and men, except in women between the ages of 60-69 and 70-79 (p=0,437).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descriptive characteristics of the Fleury cohort*</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="7">Age group (y)*</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&lt;19</th>
                  <th>20-29</th>
                  <th>30-39</th>
                  <th>40-49</th>
                  <th>50-69</th>
                  <th>60-69</th>
                  <th>70-79</th>
                  <th>ALL</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men</td>
                  <td align="center">n=403</td>
                  <td align="center">n=1201</td>
                  <td align="center">n=4427</td>
                  <td align="center">n=4383</td>
                  <td align="center">n=1728</td>
                  <td align="center">n=362</td>
                  <td align="center">n=48</td>
                  <td align="center">n=12552</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (y)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.2&#177;2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">25.7&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">35.0&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">44.0&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">53.4&#177;2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">63.3&#177;2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">72.4&#177;2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">40.2&#177;10.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height</td>
                  <td align="center">175.8&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">177.9&#177;6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">177.9&#177;6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">177.3&#177;6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">176.4&#177;6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">174.8&#177;6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">173.0&#177;6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">177.3&#177;6.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight</td>
                  <td align="center">72.1&#177;15.8</td>
                  <td align="center">80.2&#177;11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">82.8&#177;11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">82.8&#177;11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">82.3&#177;11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">81.1&#177;11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">79.3&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">82.1&#177;11.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">23.2&#177;4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">25.3&#177;3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">26.1&#177;3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">26.3&#177;3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">26.1&#177;3.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                  <td align="center">48.7&#177;8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">45.0&#177;7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">41.6&#177;7.8</td>
                  <td align="center">38.6&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">33.7&#177;7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28.7&#177;6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">42. &#177;8.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% Var</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">-7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">-14,8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Women</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n=123</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n=732</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n=2028</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n=1985</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n=624</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n=128</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n=14</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>n=5634</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (y)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0&#177;2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">25.9&#177;2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">34.9&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">43.9&#177;2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">53.4&#177;2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">63.5&#177;2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">72.3&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">39.3&#177;9.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height</td>
                  <td align="center">163.7&#177;7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">164.8&#177;6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">164.4&#177;6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">163.5&#177;5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">162.8&#177;5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">160.8&#177;5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">158.1&#177;5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">163.8&#177;6.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight</td>
                  <td align="center">60.7&#177;12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">61.0&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">62.1&#177;9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">62.5&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">62.9&#177;9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">62.6&#177;9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">64.5&#177;9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">62.2&#177;9.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">22.5&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">22.4&#177;3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">23.0&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">23.4&#177;3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">23.7&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2&#177;3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">26.1&#177;5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">23.2&#177;3.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                  <td align="center">38.2&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">36.9&#177;6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">36.0&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">34.7&#177;7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">31.4&#177;6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">23.4&#177;5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">35.0&#177;7.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% Var</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">-3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-11,7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>); VO<sub>2</sub>max: relative maximal oxygen uptake (mLO<sub>2</sub>&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>). *Data are presented as mean&#177;SD. Weight (kg). Height (cm). % Var: percentual variation</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>It should be noted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> that distribution of CRF based on the Fleury classification showed that the most recurrent response was &#8220;Good&#8221; at 20.2%. However, it was not statistically different from the 20.0% rate of the &#8220;Fair&#8221; and &#8220;Weak&#8221; groups (p-value = 0.640 and 0.650). It was also not different from the 19.8% of the &#8220;Very Weak&#8221; group (p-value = 0.280).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of the relative frequency of the VO2max classification</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fleury</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Very weak</td>
                  <td align="center">19.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.280</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.650</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Good</td>
                  <td align="center">20.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Ref.= reference</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The correlation of the quantitative variables with VO<sub>2</sub>max in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> (transformed into percentages) showed that all correlations were statistically significant, but the values were low. The strongest correlation occurred between VO<sub>2</sub>max and age (-28.4%).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation of quantitative variables with VO2max</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">VO2max</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Corr (r)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-7.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">-27.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">-28.4%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Corr (r)= correlation</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">5</xref> demonstrated that there was a mean difference in weight, height, BMI, and age among the different Fleury classifications.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of Fleury classifications with Weight, Height, BMI, and Age</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Fleury Classification</th>
                  <th>Mean</th>
                  <th>SD</th>
                  <th>Min</th>
                  <th>Max</th>
                  <th>CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1" rowspan="6">Weight</td>
                  <td align="center">Very weak</td>
                  <td align="center">84.16</td>
                  <td align="center">16.86</td>
                  <td align="center">18.8</td>
                  <td align="center">158.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="6">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">77.65</td>
                  <td align="center">14.27</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3</td>
                  <td align="center">137.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">75.42</td>
                  <td align="center">13.27</td>
                  <td align="center">36.0</td>
                  <td align="center">185.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">72.79</td>
                  <td align="center">12.12</td>
                  <td align="center">32.0</td>
                  <td align="center">117.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">70.96</td>
                  <td align="center">11.84</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5</td>
                  <td align="center">105.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">68.79</td>
                  <td align="center">10.96</td>
                  <td align="center">32.0</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Height</td>
                  <td align="center">Very weak</td>
                  <td align="center">1.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="6">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.38</td>
                  <td align="center">2.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42</td>
                  <td align="center">2.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42</td>
                  <td align="center">2.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">1.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30</td>
                  <td align="center">1.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">Very weak</td>
                  <td align="center">27.76</td>
                  <td align="center">4.22</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">48.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="6">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">25.72</td>
                  <td align="center">3.25</td>
                  <td align="center">16.9</td>
                  <td align="center">39.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">24.93</td>
                  <td align="center">3.03</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">72.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">24.17</td>
                  <td align="center">2.56</td>
                  <td align="center">15.9</td>
                  <td align="center">39.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">23.66</td>
                  <td align="center">2.47</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">31.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">22.99</td>
                  <td align="center">2.20</td>
                  <td align="center">16.3</td>
                  <td align="center">34.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">Very weak</td>
                  <td align="center">40.38</td>
                  <td align="center">10.13</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="6">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">39.97</td>
                  <td align="center">10.10</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">39.91</td>
                  <td align="center">10.20</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">39.71</td>
                  <td align="center">10.10</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">39.89</td>
                  <td align="center">9.99</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0</td>
                  <td align="center">74.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">39.50</td>
                  <td align="center">9.85</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0</td>
                  <td align="center">73.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; P-values for Table 4</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Very weak</th>
                  <th>Weak</th>
                  <th>Fair</th>
                  <th>Good</th>
                  <th>Excellent</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1" rowspan="5">Weight</td>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td>&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Height</td>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">0.430</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">0.945</td>
                  <td align="center">0.932</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">0.064</td>
                  <td align="center">0.946</td>
                  <td align="center">0.429</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.295</td>
                  <td align="center">0.049</td>
                  <td align="center">0.753</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0.248</td>
                  <td align="center">0.983</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">Weak</td>
                  <td align="center">0.495</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">0.338</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050</td>
                  <td align="center">0.883</td>
                  <td align="center">0.959</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">0.518</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">0.991</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                  <td align="center">0.570</td>
                  <td align="center">0.705</td>
                  <td align="center">0.976</td>
                  <td align="center">0.857</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> shows the comparison between Fleury classification and qualitative covariables, including gender and age group, without statistical significance of the relationship.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Relationship of Fleury Classification with Sex and Age Group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Very weak</th>
                  <th>Weak</th>
                  <th>Fair</th>
                  <th>Good</th>
                  <th>Excellent</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Sex</td>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">30.8</td>
                  <td align="center">31.1</td>
                  <td align="center">30.6</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9</td>
                  <td align="center">31.7</td>
                  <td align="center">30.7</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.979</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">69.2</td>
                  <td align="center">68.9</td>
                  <td align="center">69.4</td>
                  <td align="center">69.1</td>
                  <td align="center">68.3</td>
                  <td align="center">69.3</td>
                  <td align="center">69.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">Age Groups</td>
                  <td>&lt;19</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>20-29</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">35.2</td>
                  <td align="center">35.5</td>
                  <td align="center">35.3</td>
                  <td align="center">35.1</td>
                  <td align="center">35.4</td>
                  <td align="center">35.6</td>
                  <td align="center">35.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">35.2</td>
                  <td align="center">35.1</td>
                  <td align="center">34.8</td>
                  <td align="center">35.0</td>
                  <td align="center">35.3</td>
                  <td align="center">35.1</td>
                  <td align="center">35.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70-79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Age, gender, body weight (kg), and height (m) were the only significant predictors of VO<sub>2</sub>max (R<sup>2</sup>=0.42, p &lt;0.001). The resultant equation for VO<sub>2</sub>max was:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1001">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:msub>
              <mml:mi>VO</mml:mi>
              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
            </mml:msub>
            <mml:mi>max</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>20</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>89706</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>11</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>19284</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>20764</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>Age</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>38435</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>weight</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>28</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>14593</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>height</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref> shows CRF classified by percentiles according to the pre-specified criteria between Fleury classification, Cooper Clinic data, and FRIEND data using VO<sub>2</sub>max presented by age group, sex, and classification.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; CRF classification by VO2max (ml/kg/min) between references (Ref) of Fleury (F), Cooper Clinic (C) and FRIEND (k) data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>MALE</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Age</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ref</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Very weak</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Weak</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Fair</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Good</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Excellent</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Superior</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&lt;19</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>F</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>C</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;42,5</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;35,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>42,6-46,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>35,1-38,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>46,9-</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>51,1 38,4-45,1</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>51,2- 55,6</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>45,25-50,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>55,7-58,6</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>51,0-55,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;58,7</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;56,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>20-29</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>F</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>C</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>K</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;38,6</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;33,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;33,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>38,7-42,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>33,1-36,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>33,0-38,3</p>
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                        <p>42,9-46,4</p>
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                        <p>36,5-42,4</p>
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                        <p>38,4-44,5</p>
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                        <p>46,5-51,8</p>
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                        <p>42,5-46,4</p>
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                        <p>44,6-51,4</p>
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                        <p>51,9-55,2</p>
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                        <p>46,5-52,4</p>
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                        <p>51,5-55,5</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;55,3</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;52,5</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;55,6</p>
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                  <td>
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                        <p>30-39</p>
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                        <p>F</p>
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                        <p>C</p>
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                        <p>K</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;36,5</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;31,5</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;25,4</p>
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                        <p>36,6-41,4</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>31,6-35,4</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>25,5-28,1</p>
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                        <p>41,5-45,3</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>35,5-40,9</p>
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                        <p>28,9-31,1</p>
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                        <p>45,4-50,3</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>41,0-44,9</p>
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                        <p>31,2-36,2</p>
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                        <p>50,4-53,5</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>45,0-49,4</p>
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                        <p>36,3-41,7</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;53,6</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;49,5</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;41,8</p>
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                  <td>
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                        <p>40-49</p>
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                        <p>F</p>
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                        <p>C</p>
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                        <p>K</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;34,7</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;30,2</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;22,2</p>
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                  <td align="center">
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                        <p>34,8-39,5</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>30,3-33,5</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>22,3-25,4</p>
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                        <p>39,6-43,5</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>33,6-38,9</p>
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                        <p>25,5-28,6</p>
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                        <p>43,6-48,1</p>
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                        <p>39,0-43,7</p>
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                        <p>28,7-34,2</p>
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                        <p>48,2-51,7</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>43,8-48,0</p>
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                        <p>34,3-37,1</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;51,8</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;48,1</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;37,2</p>
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                <tr>
                  <td>
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                        <p>50-59</p>
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                        <p>F</p>
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                        <p>C</p>
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                        <p>K</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;31,4</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;26,1</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;21,5</p>
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                  <td align="center">
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                        <p>31,5-36,3</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>26,2-30,9</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>21,6-24,8</p>
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                        <p>36,4-40,5</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>31,0-35,7</p>
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                        <p>24,9-28,2</p>
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                        <p>40,6-45,0</p>
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                        <p>35,8-40,9</p>
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                        <p>28,3-30,7</p>
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                        <p>45,1-49,0</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>41,0-45,3</p>
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                        <p>30,8-34,0</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;49,1</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;45,4</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;34,1</p>
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                        <p>60-69</p>
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                        <p>60-69</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>F</p>
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                        <p>C</p>
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                        <p>K</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;27,0</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;20,5</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;19,0</p>
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                        <p>27,1-31,3</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>20,6-26,0</p>
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                        <p>19,1-22,4</p>
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                        <p>31,4-35,3</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>26,1-32,2</p>
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                        <p>22,5-23,2</p>
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                        <p>35,4-39,2</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>32,3-36,4</p>
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                        <p>23,3-26,7</p>
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                        <p>39,3-42,7</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>36,5-44,2</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>26,7-29,9</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;42,8</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;44,3</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;30,0</p>
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                        <p>70-79</p>
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                        <p>F</p>
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                        <p>K</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;22,6</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;16,7</p>
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                        <p>22,7-26,1</p>
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                        <p>16,8-18,5</p>
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                        <p>26,2-29,9</p>
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                        <p>18,6-20,4</p>
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                        <p>30,0-34,7</p>
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                        <p>20,5-24,5</p>
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                        <p>34,8-37,3</p>
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                        <p>24,6-28,1</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;37,4</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;28,2</p>
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                <tr>
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                        <p>
                          <bold>FEMALE</bold>
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                <tr>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Age</bold>
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                      <list-item>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Weak</bold>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Fair</bold>
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                      <list-item>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>
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                <tr>
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                        <p>&lt;19</p>
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                        <p>F</p>
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                        <p>C</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;31,7</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;25,0</p>
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                        <p>31,8-34,9</p>
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                        <p>25,1-30,9</p>
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                  <td align="center">
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>35,0-39,1</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>31,0-34,9</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>39,2-44,0</p>
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                        <p>35,0-38,9</p>
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                        <p>44,1-48,2</p>
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                        <p>39,0-41,9</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;48,3</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;42,0</p>
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                        <p>20-29</p>
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                        <p>F</p>
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                        <p>C</p>
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                        <p>K</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;31,1</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;23,6</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;21,6</p>
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                        <p>31,2-34,9</p>
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                        <p>23,7-28,9</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>21,7-28,1</p>
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                        <p>35,0-38,2</p>
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                        <p>29,0-32,9</p>
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                        <p>28,2-33,6</p>
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                        <p>38,3-42,6</p>
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                        <p>33,0-36,9</p>
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                        <p>33,7-38,8</p>
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                        <p>42,7-45,6</p>
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                        <p>37,0-40,9</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>38,9-42,6</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;45,7</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;41,0</p>
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                        <p>&#8805;42,7</p>
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                        <p>30-39</p>
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                        <p>F</p>
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                        <p>C</p>
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                        <p>K</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;29,9</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;22,8</p>
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                        <p>&#8804;17,0</p>
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                        <p>30,0-33,7</p>
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                        <p>22,9-26,9</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>17,1-20,1</p>
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                  <td align="center">
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                        <p>33,8-37,2</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>27,0-31,3</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>20,2-22,5</p>
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                        <p>37,3-42,1</p>
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                        <p>31,4-35,6</p>
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                      <list-item>
                        <p>22,6-26,0</p>
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                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>42,2-45,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>35,7-40,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>26,1-30,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;45,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;40,1</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;30,1</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>40-49</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>F</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>C</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>K</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;28,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;21,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;15,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>28,4-32,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>21,1-24,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>15,9-18,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>32,3-36,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>24,5-28,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>18,5-20,7</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>36,3-41,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>29,0-32,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>20,8-23,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>41,1-44,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>32,9-36,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>23,5-26,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;44,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;37,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;26,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>50-59</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>F</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>C</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>K</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;25,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;20,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;14,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>25,5-28,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>20,3-22,7</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>15,0-16,6</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>28,9-32,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>22,8-26,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>16,7-18,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>32,5-36,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>27,0-31,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>18,3-20,7</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>36,9-40,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>31,5-35,7</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>20,8-22,6</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;40,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;35,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;22,7</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>60-69</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&gt; 60</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>60-69</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>F</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>C</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>K</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;21,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;17,5</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;14,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>21,4-23,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>17,6-20,1</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>14,1-15,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>23,5-27,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>20,2-24,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>15,5-16,7</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>27,1-31,5</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>24,5-30,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>16,8-18,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>31,6-34,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>30,3-31,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>18,9-20,5</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;34,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;31,5</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;20,6</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>70-79</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>F</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>K</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;17,6</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8804;12,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>17,7-19,7</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>12,9-14,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>19,8-23,2</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>14,3-15,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>23,3-27,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>15,5-16,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>28,0-32,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>17,0-18,0</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;32,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805;18,1</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The FRIEND Registry did not include patients &lt;19 years old. The Cooper Clinic database included patients &gt; 60 years old and our data and the FRIEND data included patients in the 70-79-year-old age range. The VO<sub>2</sub>max values in our study were higher in all CRF classification and age groups in both males and females when compared to data from the Cooper Clinic and FRIEND registry. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8001">Table 8</xref> shows a poor agreement and statistically significant using Kappa&#180;s concordance between the three databases.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8001">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kappa&#8217;s concordance of the Fleury classification and Cooper and FRIEND data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Kappa</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cooper</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.008</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.014</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Friend</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The current analysis represents, to our knowledge, the largest study of reference data on treadmill cardiorespiratory fitness using data obtained from CPX. In Brazil, the largest existing reference studies were in Herdy&#8217;s first report with 3,992 exams<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and in their second report with 9,250 exams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Herdy and Uhlendorf<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> published a Brazilian cardiorespiratory fitness classification based on maximum oxygen consumption, but the functional capacity in that study was classified according to the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, which were published in 1972.</p>
        <p>We have demonstrated that all correlations are statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>), but the values were low. The largest correlation was noted between VO<sub>2</sub>max and age, at &#8722;28.4%. The negative value in this case indicates that the greater the age, the lower the VO<sub>2</sub>max, and vice versa. However, this correlation was classified as being weak. The significance of the correlation is very closely related to the sample size, and since in this study we had an extraordinarily large sample, the weak correlation values were statistically significant.</p>
        <p>As indicated in Table 7, the results by sex, functional capacity, and age groups in the Fleury record are higher when compared to those from the Cooper Clinic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and FRIEND registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The values of Kappa statistics less than 0.20 indicates a poor level of agreement between the databases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8001">table 8</xref>), and are extremely low and should be considered different in daily practice. We cannot explain the differences between our results and the Cooper Clinic data. However, as mentioned by the FRIEND registry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> this may be related to the Balke protocol, &#8220;which can cause local fatigue of calf muscles and potentially an early test termination. This would result in a lower predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In fact, the Balke protocol presents characteristics that can compromise the VO<sub>2</sub>max measurement, especially when the test duration exceeds 15 minutes. This can lead to early fatigue due to velocity and increased incline, especially in individuals with reduced physical conditioning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Regardless, in this study the results obtained for CPX are different from those derived from mathematical equations based on velocity and grade, such as those obtained by Cooper&#8217;s data.</p>
        <p>Likewise, the differences we observed between our data and the FRIEND data are difficult to understand. Several factors influence CPX results, and we have demonstrated differences between the largest databases in our previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> We can speculate that these differences could be due to the level of previous physical conditioning, hereditary and genetic predisposition, socioeconomic status, nutritional level, sports culture, emotional stress, and other factors. The principal similarity between the studies was that the vast majority of participants were apparently healthy. In our previous studies, we performed a comparison of the direct measurement of the mean reference values for VO<sub>2</sub>max for each age group with other databases. In those studies, Norwegian<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> men and women presented higher cardiorespiratory fitness than in the United States<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This difference was also greater for the Norwegians when compared to the FRIEND Registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 2013, the American Heart Association affirmed the need to develop a registry that directly measured normative values of VO<sub>2</sub>uptake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Unfortunately, we do not have morbidity or mortality data showing the relationship between CRF and all-cause/cardiovascular disease mortality in Brazil, so we usually extrapolate data from the United States.</p>
        <p>While VO<sub>2</sub>max measured directly using ventilatory gas exchange techniques is recognized as the standard for determining CRF, CPX is not always available for routine clinical exercise testing. It is also considered costlier (although more vendors have now entered the market with cost reductions) and requires more specialized staff; however, the availability of trained personnel is currently much less of an issue than it was earlier. When CPX is not feasible, other procedures can be used to obtain an estimate of CRF. Maximal exercise test time or the maximal workload (speed and grade for treadmill tests or watts for cycle ergometer tests) from the tests can be used in regression equations that have been developed to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>max with standards errors of approximately &#177;10-15 of VO<sub>2</sub>max.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In addition, we have demonstrated that there was difference in CRF classification between our data (direct VO<sub>2</sub>max) and Cooper data (indirect VO<sub>2</sub>max) and FRIEND registry (direct VO<sub>2</sub>max). Therefore, we believe that direct measurements of VO<sub>2</sub>max should be the method of choice for assessing an individual&#8217;s CRF. However, we have developed a prediction equation for VO<sub>2</sub>max for our population that should be validated in future studies and compared with other Brazilian and international equations. In 2014, Almeida et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> developed a Brazilian Equation (BE) in healthy subjects, that was able to predict VO<sub>2peak</sub>(values close to those directly measured by CPX), and showed a very good performance in the internal validation test, while Jones and Wasserman differed significantly from the real VO<sub>2peak</sub>. More important, in the population from which BE was derived, the physical activity level represented the most important variable for the calculation of VO<sub>2peak</sub>.</p>
        <p>There are some limitations that are common to all studies that use retrospective data and databank analyses, which are also present in our study. We tried to rule out any preexisting structural heart disease, results, or drugs that could influence the VO<sub>2</sub>max result. The term &#8220;considered to be free of structural heart disease&#8221; would not be appropriate for the entire study population because some individuals may have risk factors for cardiovascular disease (diabetes, obesity, etc.). Although all tests were performed to measure functional capacity, the choice of treadmill protocols was specific to each contributing institutional unit. While the sample size was large, the number of participants varied among the age groups, with the greatest representation in the 30- and 40-year-old age groups, and a lesser representation of those over 70-year-old (approximately 0.4 of the total sample). Our results suggest that future studies should seek greater representation from the younger and older age groups. All the tests were carried out at the Fleury laboratory units in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, a megalopolis with more than 12 million people. However, it was still not possible to determine the patients&#8217; geographical distribution.</p>
        <p>Our data should preferably be used for patients with a supposed high socioeconomic status without known structural heart disease who are being evaluated for a physical fitness assessment. As such, it may perhaps be inadequate for the general population of Brazil, since it is likely that the level of physical conditioning, nutritional status, and socioeconomic level is lower in the general population. However, the sample size was large and all the tests were considered to involve maximal effort. This then provides more accurate reference values in relation to the VO<sub>2</sub>max estimation equations for laboratories that include CPX as part of the maximal exercise test measurements.</p>
        <p>Regardless of the method used for CRF assessment, the ultimate goal is providing clinical relevance to the test result value. It is widely accepted that low-CRF is associated with increased rates of both morbidity and mortality. These findings have been demonstrated in multiple cohorts with data from men and women, in different races, and from multiple countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>We developed a classification for ACR. Our results found higher values in all classification ranges of functional capacity when compared to those of the Cooper Clinic and the FRIEND registry. These values could provide a more accurate interpretation of ACR in a large Brazilian population sample with supposed high socioeconomic level and an absence of structural heart disease when compared to previous standards that were based on estimates of VO<sub>2</sub>max workload.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
