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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XTTY8n7f8VVsYSv4q6MxbnC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100462</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190404</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sintomas Depressivos est&#227;o Associados a N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos Elevados de Colesterol de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade em Idosos com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1524-6930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fittipaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Etiene Oliveira da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Armele Dornelas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C&#233;lia Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Shirley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7509-8853</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Catanho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Jansen de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE-Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Etiene Oliveira da Silva Fittipaldi &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Departamento de Fisioterapia - Av. Jorn. An&#237;bal Fernandes, 173. CEP 50740-560, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>etienefittipaldi@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fittipaldi EOS, Andrade AD, Santos ACO, Catanho MTJA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fittipaldi EOS, Andrade AD, Santos ACO, Campos S, Fernandes J, Catanho MTJA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fittipaldi EOS, Campos S, Fernandes J, Catanho MTJA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Andrade AD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>462</fpage>
      <lpage>467</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (DMT2) &#233; comum nos idosos, que tamb&#233;m apresentam um n&#237;vel elevado de fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs), tais como dislipidemia. Entretanto, o papel da depress&#227;o nos pacientes com DMT2 e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco para DCV s&#227;o pouco estudados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre sintomas depressivos (SDs) e fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos em idosos comunit&#225;rios portadores de DMT2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram inclu&#237;dos 85 idosos comunit&#225;rios com DMT2. Os SDs foram avaliados atrav&#233;s da Escala de Depress&#227;o Geri&#225;trica de Yesavage, em vers&#227;o reduzida (GDS-15). Os seguintes fatores de risco cardiovascular foram avaliados: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum (GPJ), perfil lip&#237;dico (triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;ricos (TG), colesterol total s&#233;rico (CT), colesterol s&#233;rico de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e colesterol s&#233;rico de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (HDL-C)) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Poisson foi utilizada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os SDs e cada fator de risco cardiovascular ajustado por sexo, idade, tempo em atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas e status funcional. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dentre todos os fatores de risco analisados, apenas o aumento de LDL-C apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis elevados de SD (RP=1,005; IC95% 1,002-1,008). Foi observada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de HDL-C (RP=0,99; IC95% 0,98-0,99) e a PAS (RP=1,009; IC95% 1,004-1,014).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Nos idosos com DMT2, a presen&#231;a de SD foi associada a n&#237;veis de LDL-C, HDL-C e PAS, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste por sexo, idade, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e capacidade funcional. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtorno Depressivo</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteinas LDL</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia de Pernambuco</funding-source>
          <award-id>APQ 0234-4/.08/13</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>48206/2012-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de Financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O Diabetes Mellitus, principalmente do Tipo 2 (DMT2), &#233; uma doen&#231;a prevalente na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa e, muitas vezes, vem acompanhada de comorbidades e s&#237;ndromes geri&#225;tricas, inclusive doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de mental, tais como a depress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias anteriores mostram que a preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o &#233; quase duas vezes maior nas pessoas com diabetes e que a depress&#227;o pode aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento de DMT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nos idosos com diabetes que vivem em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, como o Brasil, essa preval&#234;ncia pode chegar a 35,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os idosos com DMT2 apresentam aumento nos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), tais como dislipidemia, press&#227;o alta, controle glic&#234;mico prejudicado e obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Entretanto, uma defini&#231;&#227;o clara do papel do DMT2 na DCV pode incluir outros fatores psicol&#243;gicos, tais como a depress&#227;o que, combinada com o diabetes, pode aumentar esse risco. Achados anteriores indicam uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de depress&#227;o e, sobretudo, anormalidades no perfil lip&#237;dico dos adultos e/ou idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, a depress&#227;o e a DCV s&#227;o comuns em pacientes com DMT2 e apresentam uma correla&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os sintomas depressivos (SDs) e a DCV nos adultos com DMT2 &#233; pouco estudada e, muitas vezes, sub-reconhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Assim sendo, nosso objetivo &#233; examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os sintomas depressivos e fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos, em idosos moradores de comunidades portadores de DMT2.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra e Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal realizado em uma amostra de idosos comunit&#225;rios da cidade de Recife. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos da Universidade de Pernambuco. Todos os participantes que concordaram em participar deste estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Os participantes do estudo foram selecionados por conveni&#234;ncia a partir de 3.271 registros m&#233;dicos de pacientes idosos (60 anos ou mais) com DMT2, que foram atendidos na Cl&#237;nica de Geriatria e Endocrinologia de uma universidade p&#250;blica de Recife. Destes pacientes, 871 haviam sido diagnosticados com DMT2 h&#225; mais de 2 anos. Esses indiv&#237;duos foram contatados por telefone e convidados a participarem da pesquisa. Assim sendo, 198 participantes retornaram o contato e se voluntariaram a participar do estudo, e foram, ent&#227;o, encaminhados para triagem, para verifica&#231;&#227;o de elegibilidade.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: ter recebido diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de DMT2 h&#225; pelo menos 2 anos, idade maior ou igual a 60 anos, de ambos os sexos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: indiv&#237;duos em uso de insulina, com comprometimento cognitivo, sequelas neurol&#243;gicas, acuidade visual e/ou auditiva gravemente diminu&#237;das, dores articulares e/ou musculares, amputa&#231;&#245;es de membros inferiores, uso de pr&#243;teses e/ou limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas impeditivas de locomo&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, a amostra foi reduzida a 122 indiv&#237;duos. Destes, 37 pacientes se recusaram a fazer o exame de sangue, chegando-se a uma amostra final de 85 idosos com DMT2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas</title>
        <p>Foram registrados os dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos (idade e sexo), cl&#237;nicos (sintomatologia depressiva, capacidade funcional e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica), bioqu&#237;micos e as mensura&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sintomas Depressivos</title>
        <p>Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados atrav&#233;s da Escala de Depress&#227;o Geri&#225;trica de Yesavage, em vers&#227;o reduzida (GDS-15), que &#233; validada para idosos brasileiros. O escore total varia de 0 a 15 pontos, sendo que escores maiores est&#227;o relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos foi dicotomizada quando os participantes tiveram pontua&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 5;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> esta categoriza&#231;&#227;o foi utilizada apenas para fins descritivos. O escore total foi utilizado na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Di&#225;ria</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional foi realizada quantitativamente com base nos escores obtidos a partir da Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Di&#225;ria (AIVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de decl&#237;nio funcional foi observada naqueles pacientes que apresentaram depend&#234;ncia total ou parcial na AIVD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;vel de Atividade F&#237;sica</title>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi obtido com base no tempo em atividade f&#237;sica moderada (T<sub>AFM</sub>) autorrelatado. Esta medida foi calculada a partir das perguntas: &#8220; <italic>Durante os &#250;ltimos 7 dias, em quantos dias voc&#234; realizou atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas por pelo menos 10 minutos cont&#237;nuos?&#8221; e &#8220;Quanto tempo voc&#234; geralmente gasta realizando atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas em um daqueles dias?</italic> &#8221;, do Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica. O T<sub>AFM</sub> foi calculado como se segue = ( <italic>n dias</italic> ) x ( <italic>tempo em min</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas e Medica&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas al&#233;m do DMT2 foi registrada como autorrelato pelo entrevistador, atrav&#233;s da pergunta &#8220;Voc&#234; j&#225; recebeu um diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de outra doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica?&#8221;. Caso a resposta fosse afirmativa, o entrevistador perguntava detalhes sobre a doen&#231;a. Todos os pacientes vinham recebendo tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado para DMT2 por mais de tr&#234;s meses. O medicamento utilizado pelos idosos (o agente hipoglic&#234;mico metformina) era fornecido mensalmente pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) durante as consultas m&#233;dicas. Outros medicamentos em uso foram registrados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular</title>
        <p>A glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum (GPJ) e o perfil lip&#237;dico (triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;ricos (TG), colesterol total s&#233;rico (CT), colesterol s&#233;rico de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e colesterol s&#233;rico de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (HDL-C)) foram coletados a partir de amostras de sangue venoso. A amostra de sangue foi coletada de uma veia na regi&#227;o antecubital, no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, e analisada por um laborat&#243;rio bioqu&#237;mico. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no Centro Integrado de Sa&#250;de Amaury de Medeiros da Universidade de Pernambuco (Cisam/UPE). Os par&#226;metros medidos inclu&#237;ram a realiza&#231;&#227;o de bioqu&#237;micas s&#233;ricas por meio de um m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico automatizado, submetidas aos procedimentos laboratoriais de rotina. O LDL-C foi estimado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os valores normais de refer&#234;ncia de GPJ, TG, CT, LDL-C, e HDL-C utilizados nesta pesquisa foram definidos pelo Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Colesterol-Painel de Tratamento do Adulto III (NCEP-ATP III).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A altura (cm) foi medida utilizando-se uma fita m&#233;trica fixada &#224; parede com aproxima&#231;&#227;o para 0,1 cm. Para a aferi&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal (kg), foi utilizada uma balan&#231;a previamente calibrada, com os participantes vestindo roupas leves e descal&#231;os. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado considerando o peso e a altura (kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup>2</sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada com o paciente sentado, pelo m&#233;todo indireto com t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria pelo uso de esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas est&#227;o expressas como como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como valores absolutos e porcentagens. A normalidade dos dados foi testada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O gr&#225;fico de probabilidade normal e o histograma dos escores dos sintomas depressivos revelaram uma linha curvil&#237;nea e distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica positiva. Consequentemente, os escores dos sintomas depressivos foram transformados em log10, a fim de melhorar a linearidade e normalidade. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram testadas atrav&#233;s do teste qui-quadrado. Para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos, foi utilizado o Teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
        <p>A regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Poisson foi utilizada para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os sintomas depressivos e cada fator de risco para DCV. Os c&#225;lculos da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) foram feitos com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Para evitar problemas de multicolinearidade, cada fator de risco cardiovascular e os sintomas depressivos foram analisados separadamente por meio de modelos diferentes. Todos os modelos foram ajustados por sexo, idade, tempo em atividade f&#237;sica moderada e status funcional. Essas covari&#225;veis foram selecionadas tendo como base a revis&#227;o de literatura anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise foi 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o expressas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Vinte e quarto dos oitenta e cinco participantes (28,2%) apresentaram sintomas depressivos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre o sexo e a idade dentre aqueles participantes com e sem sintomatologia depressiva. Entretanto, aqueles participantes com sintomas depressivos tiveram pontua&#231;&#227;o mais baixa na AIVD (23,63 &#177; 3,53; valor de p= 0,02) e relataram menos tempo em atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas (28,63 &#177; 49,20; valor de p=0,02) quando comparados com os participantes sem sintomas depressivos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra de acordo com a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="4">Sintomas depressivos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Todos</th>
                <th>Sim</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">(n=85)</td>
                <td align="center">(n=61)</td>
                <td align="center">(n=24)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">70,59 (7,43)</td>
                <td align="center">69,33 (6,69)</td>
                <td align="center">71,08 (7,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Masculino</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Feminino</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">65 (76,5)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (75,4)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (79,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sa&#250;de auoavaliada, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Razo&#225;vel/Ruim</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">76 (89,4)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (86,9)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (95,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Excelente/Boa</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore AIVD</td>
                <td align="center">24,99 (2,85)</td>
                <td align="center">25,52 (2,37)</td>
                <td align="center">23,63 (3,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,63 (5,05)</td>
                <td align="center">28,90 (4,81)</td>
                <td align="center">27,96 (5,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">48,22 (60,46)</td>
                <td align="center">56,78 (64,89)</td>
                <td align="center">28,63 (42,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">159,01 (65,87)</td>
                <td align="center">153,75 (63,33)</td>
                <td align="center">172,38 (71,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)<sup>d</sup></td>
                <td align="center">153,06 (80,85)</td>
                <td align="center">146,52 (25,69)</td>
                <td align="center">142,09 (20,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)<sup>d</sup></td>
                <td align="center">84,32 (15,83)</td>
                <td align="center">82,78 (19,72)</td>
                <td align="center">85,17 (14,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">58,53 (23,53)</td>
                <td align="center">61,25 (21,75)</td>
                <td align="center">52,83 (26,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">106,74 (41,35)</td>
                <td align="center">100,18 (33,13)</td>
                <td align="center">123,13 (54,31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C-total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">194,74 (47,65)</td>
                <td align="center">202,88 (58,22)</td>
                <td align="center">191,54 (42,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">153,88 (80,85)</td>
                <td align="center">151,83 (87,82)</td>
                <td align="center">156,83 (62,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>AIVD: Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Di&#225;ria; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal;</italic>
                <sup>
                  <italic>a</italic>
                </sup>
                <italic>4 valores ausentes;</italic>
                <sup>
                  <italic>b</italic>
                </sup>
                <italic>1 valor ausente;</italic>
                <sup>
                  <italic>c</italic>
                </sup>
                <italic>6 valores ausentes;</italic>
                <sup>
                  <italic>d</italic>
                </sup>
                <italic>3 valores ausentes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas mais frequentes relatadas na nossa amostra foram: hipertens&#227;o 10 (11,8%), seguida de osteoartrose 4 (4,7%). Al&#233;m disso, foram relatadas outras doen&#231;as, tais como osteoporose 1 (1,2%), bronquite 1 (1,2%) e hipotireoidismo 1 (1,2%). Os participantes com diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o estavam em uso de inibidores da ECA (enzima conversora de angiotensina), betabloqueadores ou diur&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os resultados da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os sintomas depressivos e cada fator de risco para DCV obtidos pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o de Poisson. Ap&#243;s ajustes por sexo, idade, atividade f&#237;sica e capacidade funcional, altos n&#237;veis de LDL-C foram associados ao aumento dos SDs (RP=1,005; IC95% 1,002-1,008). N&#237;veis de HDL-C e n&#237;veis baixos de SD tamb&#233;m foram observados (RP=0,99; IC95% 0,98-0,99). Adicionalmente, n&#237;veis mais elevados de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foram associados a n&#237;veis mais altos de SD (RP=1,009; IC95% 1,004-1,014) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Poisson entre os escores dos sintomas depressivos e fatores de risco cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">Sintomas depressivos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fatores de risco cardiovascular</th>
                <th>RP</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,96-1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmhg)</td>
                <td align="center">1,009</td>
                <td align="center">1,004-1,014</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,98-0,99</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,005</td>
                <td align="center">1,002-1,008</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C-total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>RP: Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia, ajustada por sexo, idade, tempo em atividade f&#237;sica moderada e status funcional.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, observamos que os n&#237;veis de LDL-C, HDL-C e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica estavam diretamente relacionados a maiores sintomas depressivos nos idosos com DMT2. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi independente do sexo, idade, atividade f&#237;sica e capacidade funcional.</p>
      <p>Em estudos anteriores com popula&#231;&#227;o geral, os sintomas depressivos foram associados a fatores de risco para DCV<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o DMT2 e sintomas depressivos em idosos s&#227;o raros. Rice et al. (2010) verificaram que n&#237;veis elevados de sintomas depressivos em idosas saud&#225;veis estavam associados a n&#237;veis mais altos de LDL-C, o que est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com os nossos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Do mesmo modo, Liang et al. (2014) verificaram que o aumento de sintomas depressivos em idosos chineses estava associado a n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em uma amostra de 1.469 idosos brasileiros moradores de comunidades, participantes do estudo Bambu&#237;, foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades no perfil lip&#237;dico e sintomas depressivos elevados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente com meta-an&#225;lise descobriu que taxas menores de depress&#227;o estavam relacionadas a n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de LDL-C, quando este foi analisado como medida categ&#243;rica. No entanto, contrariamente aos nossos achados, n&#237;veis baixos de LDL-C estavam presentes em pacientes depressivos, quando essa vari&#225;vel foi tratada como medida cont&#237;nua.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os autores discutem uma associa&#231;&#227;o temporal entre o LDL-C s&#233;rico e a depress&#227;o. Nesta associa&#231;&#227;o, n&#237;veis baixos de LDL-C podem estar relacionados com o surgimento da depress&#227;o. Por sua vez, os n&#237;veis elevados de LDL poderiam ser uma consequ&#234;ncia da depress&#227;o cr&#244;nica, na medida em que a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a poderia acarretar o aumento de peso, e o posterior surgimento da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e do aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre aqueles fatores de risco e os sintomas depressivos ainda &#233; controversa; alguns estudos desenvolvidos na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa em geral verificaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os sintomas depressivos e fatores de risco para DCV<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> ao passo que outros estudos n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o alguma entre eles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m verificamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre outros fatores de risco conhecidos para DCV, tais como press&#227;o arterial alta, n&#237;veis elevados de HDL-C e baixos sintomas depressivos. Em um estudo conduzido em adultos latino-americanos com diabetes, a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos foi um fator de risco para a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C e n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e sintomas depressivos mais elevados tamb&#233;m foi observada em estudos anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Algumas vias se conectam na rela&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o e desregula&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que estilos de vida pouco saud&#225;veis e a presen&#231;a de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias poderiam estar envolvidos nessa rela&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Por exemplo, os indiv&#237;duos deprimidos apresentam aumento no consumo de cigarro e &#225;lcool. Adicionalmente, esses indiv&#237;duos, muitas vezes, t&#234;m uma dieta pouco saud&#225;vel e praticam menos atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a depress&#227;o pode estar relacionada ao ganho de peso (em parte, resultante da inatividade f&#237;sica e de h&#225;bitos alimentares pouco saud&#225;veis), que acarreta inflama&#231;&#227;o <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e est&#225; associado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de HDL-C e ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o e anormalidades metab&#243;licas pode ser bidirecional, e essa coocorr&#234;ncia pode ser particularmente importante nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos. De fato, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que n&#227;o &#233; a depress&#227;o em si, mas a coocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas depressivos elevados e de anormalidades cardiometab&#243;licas que est&#227;o relacionadas ao aumento do risco de diabetes nos idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante destacar a influ&#234;ncia que algumas medica&#231;&#245;es ou condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas podem ter sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a sintomatologia depressiva e o risco cardiovascular nos idosos. Observou-se, por exemplo, que algumas medica&#231;&#245;es, tais como antidepressivos (ex. fluoxetina), podem causar anormalidades lip&#237;dicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Contudo, na nossa amostra, nenhum dos participantes vinha sendo tratado com essas medica&#231;&#245;es. Portanto, nossos resultados n&#227;o foram influenciados por esta vari&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, algumas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas podem aumentar a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos ou os n&#237;veis de colesterol, como no caso dos idosos com hipotireoidismo n&#227;o diagnosticado ou n&#227;o tratado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Entretanto, na nossa amostra, apenas um participante tinha o diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de hipotireoidismo, e essa doen&#231;a estava controlada com medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser abordadas. Em primeiro lugar, a amostra de conveni&#234;ncia pequena dificulta a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados e o ajuste de outros fatores de confundimento (como tabagismo, hist&#243;ria de abuso de &#225;lcool ou uso de medicamento)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o de Poisson. Al&#233;m disso, a natureza transversal de nosso estudo n&#227;o permite determinar se os sintomas depressivos precederam ou sucederam os desfechos CV. Finalmente, as medi&#231;&#245;es da sintomatologia depressiva foram obtidas por meio de autorrelato, utilizando-se o GDS-15, que &#233; considerado uma ferramenta de triagem, e n&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. No entanto, ele &#233; um instrumento amplamente utilizado para identificar indiv&#237;duos com elevado risco de depress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora haja limita&#231;&#245;es, at&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre sintomas depressivos e fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma amostra de idosos com diabetes. Apesar da pequena magnitude dos nossos resultados, nossos achados podem proporcionar percep&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis sobre a import&#226;ncia de se avaliar concomitantemente a sa&#250;de psicol&#243;gica e cardiovascular nos idosos diab&#233;ticos. Assim sendo, nesse grupo pode ser importante focar em interven&#231;&#245;es de estilo de vida e na sa&#250;de mental, a fim de verificar se o tratamento da depress&#227;o resultar&#225; em melhores n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL, prevenindo, assim, os desfechos adversos para a sa&#250;de. Ademais, pesquisas futuras devem considerar um desenho longitudinal para investigar o surgimento da sintomatologia depressiva nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma amostra de idosos com DMT2, a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos foi associada a n&#237;veis de LDL-C, HDL-C e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste por sexo, idade, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e capacidade funcional. Outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o temporal entre essas duas condi&#231;&#245;es nas popula&#231;&#245;es idosas com Diabetes do Tipo 2.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Etiene Oliveira da Silva Fittipaldi pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (APQ 0234-4/.08/13); Edital Universal CNPq 48206/2012-0.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Depressive Symptoms are Associated with High Levels of Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1524-6930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fittipaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Etiene Oliveira da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Armele Dornelas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C&#233;lia Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Shirley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7509-8853</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Catanho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Jansen de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE-Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Etiene Oliveira da Silva Fittipaldi &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Departamento de Fisioterapia - Av. Jorn. An&#237;bal Fernandes, 173. Postal Code 50740-560, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: etienefittipaldi@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Fittipaldi EOS, Andrade AD, Santos ACO, Catanho MTJA; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fittipaldi EOS, Andrade AD, Santos ACO, Campos S, Fernandes J, Catanho MTJA; Statistical analysis: Fittipaldi EOS, Campos S, Fernandes J, Catanho MTJA; Obtaining financing: Andrade AD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is common in older adults, who also present a high level of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as dyslipidemia. However, the role of depression in T2DM patients and its relationship with CVD risk factors are understudied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms (DS) and known cardiovascular risk factors in community dwelling older adults with T2DM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This is a cross sectional study, in which 85 community-dwelling older adults with T2DM were assessed. DS was assessed using the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale - short version (GDS-15). The following cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated: systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profile (serum triglycerides - TG, serum total cholesterol - TC, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - LDL-C, and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol - HDL-C) and body mass index (BMI). Poisson multiple regression was performed to test the association between DS and each cardiovascular risk factor adjusted by sex, age, time spent in moderate physical activity, and functional status. The significance level adopted for the analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Among all the analyzed risk factors, only high levels of LDL-C were related to high DS (PR=1.005, CI 95% 1.002-1.008). A significant association was observed between HDL-C levels (PR=0.99, CI 95% 0.98-0.99) and SBP (PR=1.009, CI 95% 1.004-1.014).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>In older adults with T2DM, the presence of DS was associated with LDL-C, HDL-C levels and SBP, even after adjusting for sex, age, physical activity level and functional capacity. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Depressive Disorder</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, LDL</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Diabetes Mellitus, specifically Type 2 (T2DM) is a prevalent condition in the older adult population and is often accompanied by comorbidities and geriatric syndromes, including mental health-related illnesses, such as depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Previous evidence has shown that the prevalence of depression is nearly twice as high in people with diabetes, and depression may also increase the risk of developing T2DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In older adults with diabetes from low and middle-income countries, such as Brazil, this prevalence can reach 35.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, older adults with T2DM have increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, impaired glycemic control and obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the clear role of T2DM in CVD may involve additional psychological factors, such as depression, which combined with diabetes may increase this risk. Previous findings have pointed to a relationship between the presence of depression and mostly lipid profile abnormalities in adults and/or older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, depression and CVD are common in patients with T2DM and have been linked to each other. However, the relationship between depressive symptoms (DS) and CVD in older adults with T2DM is understudied and often under-recognized.15 Thus, our goal is to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and known cardiovascular risk factors in community-dwelling older adults with T2DM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample and Study Design</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study carried out in a sample of community-dwelling older adults from the city of Recife, Brazil. The project was approved by the Institutional Human Research Ethics Committee of University of Pernambuco. All participants who agreed to participate in this study signed a clear and informed consent form.</p>
          <p>The study participants were recruited as a convenience sample from 3,271 medical records of older patients (aged 60 years or more) with T2DM who visited the Geriatric and Endocrinology Clinics of a public university in Recife, Brazil. From these, 871 had a diagnosis of T2DM for more than 2 years. These subjects were contacted by telephone and invited to participate in the study. Thus, 198 participants returned the contact and volunteered to participate in the study, and were then referred for further eligibility screening.</p>
          <p>The inclusion criteria were: having a medical diagnosis of T2DM for at least 2 years, and aged 60 years or older from both sexes. The exclusion criteria were: subjects using insulin, having cognitive impairment, neurological sequelae, severely decreased visual and/or hearing acuity, joint and/or muscle pain, lower limb amputations, wearing prostheses and/or presenting physical limitations that would limit their mobility.</p>
          <p>After application of the eligibility criteria, the sample was reduced to 122 individuals. From these, 37 refused to undergo the blood test, leading to a final sample of 85 older adults with T2DM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measures</title>
          <p>Sociodemographic data (age and sex), clinical data (depressive symptomatology, functional capacity, and physical activity level), biochemical data and anthropometric measurements were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Depressive Symptoms</title>
          <p>Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale - short version (GDS-15), which is validated for Brazilian older adults. Total score ranged from 0 to 15 points, where greater scores are related to the presence of depressive symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Presence of depressive symptoms was dichotomized when the participants had 5 points or more;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> this categorization was used for descriptive purposes only. The total score was used in the multivariate analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumental Activities of Daily Life assessment</title>
          <p>Assessment of functional capacity was quantitatively analyzed based on the scores obtained in the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The presence of functional decline was seen in those patients who had complete or partial dependence on IADL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical Activity level</title>
          <p>Physical activity level was derived from the self-reported time spent in moderate intensity activities (T<sub>MIA</sub>). This measure was calculated from the questions: &#8220; <italic>During the last 7 days, on how many days did you perform moderate physical activities for at least 10 minutes at a time?&#8221; and &#8220;How much time did you usually spend doing moderate physical activities on one of those days?</italic> &#8221; from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The T<sub>MIA</sub>was calculated as follows = ( <italic>n days</italic> ) x ( <italic>time in min</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chronic Conditions and Medications</title>
          <p>Presence of chronic conditions other than T2DM was registered as self-report by the interviewer, with participants being asked &#8220;Have you ever had a medical diagnosis of another chronic condition?&#8221;. If a positive answer was given the interviewer asked details about the disease. All participants had been on optimized drug therapy for T2DM for more than three months. The medication used by the older adults was delivered monthly by the Brazilian public health system during medical appointments, with the metformin being used as a hypoglycemic agent. Other medications in use were registered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular Risk Factors</title>
          <p>Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lipid profile (serum triglycerides (TG), serum total cholesterol (TC), serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)) were collected from venous blood samples. Blood sample was drawn from an antecubital vein early in the morning, after a 12-hour fast, and assessed by a biochemical laboratory. The analyses were performed at the &#8220;Amaury de Medeiros&#8221; Integrated Health Center of the University of Pernambuco (CISAM/UPE). Measured parameters included: serum biochemistries performed by an automated enzymatic method, under routine laboratory procedures. The LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The normal values for the parameters FPG, TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C used in this research were defined by the revised National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Height (cm) was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a measuring tape attached to the wall. Body weight (kg) measures were obtained by using a calibrated scale with participants wearing light indoor clothes and no shoes. Body mass index was calculated using weight and height<sup>2</sup>(kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Clinical assessment of blood pressure was performed with the patient in a seated position by the indirect auscultatory method using an aneroid sphygmomanometer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviation, and categorical variables as absolute values and percentages. Data normality was tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The normal probability plot and histogram for depressive symptom scores revealed a curvilinear line and positive skewed distribution. Therefore, depressive symptom scores were log10-transformed to improve linearity and normality. Associations between the presence of depressive symptoms and categorical variables were tested using the chi-square test. The analyses for continuous variables between groups were tested by the independent Student&#8217;s t-test.</p>
          <p>Poisson multiple regression was performed to test the association of depressive symptoms with each CVD risk factor. Prevalence ratio (PR) estimates with the respective 95% CI were calculated. In order to avoid multicollinearity problems, each CVD risk factor and the depressive symptoms were analyzed separately in different models. All models were adjusted by sex, age, time spent in moderate physical activity, and functional status. These covariates were selected based on previous literature review.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The significance level adopted for the analysis was 5%. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The characteristics of the sample can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Twenty-four of the eighty-five participants (28.2%) had depressive symptoms. There were no differences between sex and age among those participants with and without depressive symptomatology. However, those participants with depressive symptoms had lower IADL scores (23.63 &#177; 3.53; p-value= 0.02) and less time spent in moderate physical activities (28.63 &#177; 49.20; p-value=0.02) compared to those without depressive symptoms ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General sample characteristics according to the presence of depressive symptoms</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">Depressive symptoms</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Variables</th>
                  <th>All</th>
                  <th>No</th>
                  <th>Yes</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">(n=85)</td>
                  <td align="center">(n=61)</td>
                  <td align="center">(n=24)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">70.59 (7.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.33 (6.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">71.08 (7.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Male</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Female</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">65 (76.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (75.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (79.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Self-rated health, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Reasonable/Poor</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">76 (89.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (86.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (95.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Excellent/Good</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IADL score</td>
                  <td align="center">24.99 (2.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.52 (2.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.63 (3.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28.63 (5.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.90 (4.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.96 (5.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center">48.22 (60.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.78 (64.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.63 (42.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">159.01 (65.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">153.75 (63.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">172.38 (71.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)<sup>d</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">153.06 (80.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">146.52 (25.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">142.09 (20.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)<sup>d</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">84.32 (15.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">82.78 (19.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">85.17 (14.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.53 (23.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.25 (21.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.83 (26.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">106.74 (41.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">100.18 (33.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">123.13 (54.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">194.74 (47.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">202.88 (58.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">191.54 (42.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">153.88 (80.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">151.83 (87.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">156.83 (62.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Life; BMI: Body Mass Index;</italic>
                  <sup>
                    <italic>a</italic>
                  </sup>
                  <italic>4 missing values;</italic>
                  <sup>
                    <italic>b</italic>
                  </sup>
                  <italic>1 missing value;</italic>
                  <sup>
                    <italic>c</italic>
                  </sup>
                  <italic>6 missing values;</italic>
                  <sup>
                    <italic>d</italic>
                  </sup>
                  <italic>3 missing values.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The most frequent chronic conditions reported in our sample were hypertension 10 (11.8%), followed by osteoarthrosis 4 (4.7%). Other conditions such as osteoporosis 1 (1.2%), bronchitis 1 (1.2%) and hypothyroidism 1 (1.2%) were also reported. Participants with hypertension diagnosis were in use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers or diuretics.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the results of Poisson regression of the association between depressive symptoms and each CVD risk factor. After adjustments for sex, age, physical activity and functional capacity, high levels of LDL-C were related to increased DS (PR=1.005, CI 95% 1.002-1.008). HDL levels and low DS were also observed (PR=0.99, CI 95% 0.98-0.99). Besides, higher systolic blood pressure were associated to higher DS (PR=1.009, CI 95% 1.004-1.014) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Poisson multiple regression between depressive symptom scores and cardiovascular risk factors</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Depressive symptoms</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Cardiovascular risk factors</th>
                  <th>PR</th>
                  <th>CI 95%</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96-1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmhg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.009</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004-1.014</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98-0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.005</td>
                  <td align="center">1.002-1.008</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>PR: Prevalence ratio, adjusted by sex, age, time spent in moderate physical activity, and functional status.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we found that levels of LDL-C and HDL-C and systolic blood pressure were directly related to greater depressive symptoms in older adults with T2DM. This association was independent of sex, age, physical activity and functional capacity.</p>
        <p>In prior general population studies, depressive symptoms were associated with CVD risk factors;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> however, studies on the association between T2DM and depressive symptoms in older adults are rare. Rice et al. (2010) found that higher levels of depressive symptoms in healthy older women were associated with greater LDL-C, which is in line with our results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similarly, Liang et al. (2014) found that increased depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults were associated with high LDL-C levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In a sample of 1,469 Brazilian community-dwelling older adults from the Bambu&#237; Study, an association was found between abnormalities in the lipid profile and high depressive symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent systematic review with meta-analysis found that lower rates of depression were related with lower serum LDL levels when modeling LDL as a categorical measure; however, low levels of LDL were present in depressive participants when considering it as a continuous measure, which is opposite to our findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The authors discuss a temporal association between serum LDL and depression, where low levels of LDL may be related to the onset of depression. In turn, high levels of LDL could be a consequence of chronic depression, where the progression of the condition would lead to weight gain, and subsequent onset of the metabolic syndrome and high serum LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between those risk factors and the depressive symptoms remains controversial; some studies in the general elderly population found an association between depressive symptoms and risk factors for CVD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> while others did not find any association between them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> We also found a significant association between other known CVD risk factors, such as high blood pressure and HDL levels and low depressive symptoms. In a study conducted in older Latino adults with diabetes, the presence of depressive symptoms was a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, low HDL-C levels and high levels of triglycerides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The relationship between higher systolic blood pressure and higher depressive symptoms was also seen in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some pathways are linked to the relationship between depression and cardiometabolic dysregulation. Prior studies have shown that unhealthy lifestyle and the presence of inflammatory cytokines could be involved in this relationship.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> For instance, depressed people present increased smoking and alcohol consumption. In addition, they often have an unhealthy diet and engage in less physical activities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Moreover, depression may be related to weight gain (partly as a result of inactivity and unhealthy dietary choices), which promotes inflammation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and is associated with decreased HDL and increased LDL levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The association between depression and metabolic abnormalities may be bidirectional, and this co-occurrence can be particularly important in diabetic patients. In fact, there is evidence that it is not depression per se, but the co-occurrence of high depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities that are related to increased risk of diabetes in older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is important to mention the influence that some medications or clinical conditions may have on the relationship between depressive symptomatology and cardiovascular risk in older adults. For instance, some medications, such as antidepressives (e.g. fluoxetine), have been observed to induce lipid abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> However, in our sample none of the participants were being treated with such medications. Therefore, our results were not influenced by this variable. In addition, some clinical conditions may increase the presence of depressive symptoms or cholesterol levels, as in cases of older adults with undiagnosed or untreated hypothyroidism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> However, in our sample, only one participant had a medical diagnosis of hypothyroidism, and this condition was controlled by medication.</p>
        <p>This study presents some limitations that should be addressed. First, the small-sized, convenience sample hinders the generalization of the results and makes it problematic the adjustment by Poisson regression for other confounders (such as smoking, alcohol history or medication use).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature does not allow us to distinguish whether the depressive symptoms preceded or followed the CVD outcomes. Finally, measures of depressive symptomatology were obtained by self-report, using the 15-item GDS, which is considered a screening tool rather than a clinical diagnostic tool. Nevertheless, it is a widely used instrument to identify individuals at high risk of depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite these limitations, to the authors&#8217; knowledge this is the first study to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of older adults with diabetes. Despite the small magnitude of our results, our findings may provide useful insight about the importance of concomitantly including an assessment of psychological and cardiovascular health in older diabetic adults. Thus, this may represent an important group to focus on mental health and lifestyle interventions, to verify whether treating depression would lead to LDL cholesterol improvements, thus preventing adverse health outcomes. Additionally, future research should consider a longitudinal design to study the onset of depressive symptomatology in this population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In a sample of older adults with T2DM, the presence of depressive symptoms was associated to levels of LDL-C, HDL-C and systolic blood pressure even after adjusting for sex, age, physical activity level and functional capacity. More studies are needed to establish a temporal relationship between these two conditions in older adult populations with Type 2 Diabetes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Etiene Oliveira da Silva Fittipaldi, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Institutional Human Research Ethics Committee of University of Pernambuco under the protocol number CAAE: 0127.0.106.000-09. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (APQ 0234-4/.08/13); Edital Universal CNPq 48206/2012-0.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
