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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sYk3CB75ckvLTG3MkkRYMgj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100452</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190120</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190120</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho dos &#205;ndices de Gravidade na Predi&#231;&#227;o de Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rias de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4686-3608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Franzotti</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana Alves dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sloboda</surname>
            <given-names>Dyenily Alessi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Rosendo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ellian Amorim Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reboreda</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Zamora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferretti-Rebustini</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Eloah de Lucena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5387-3807</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Lilia de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Enfermagem, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvana Alves dos Santos Franzotti &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Enfermagem &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>silvana_alves90@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Franzotti SAS, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Nogueira LS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Franzotti SAS, Silva JR, Souza EAS, Reboreda JZ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Franzotti SAS, Sloboda DA, Silva JR, Souza EAS, Reboreda JZ, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Nogueira LS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sloboda DA, Silva JR, Souza EAS, Reboreda JZ, Nogueira LS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sloboda DA, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Nogueira LS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>452</fpage>
      <lpage>459</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os pacientes em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO) de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) apresentam risco de complica&#231;&#245;es que aumentam o tempo de perman&#234;ncia e a morbimortalidade. Portanto, &#233; fundamental o reconhecimento precoce desses riscos para otimizar estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e desfecho cl&#237;nico satisfat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar o desempenho de &#237;ndices de gravidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes no PO de CRM durante a perman&#234;ncia na UTI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal, com an&#225;lise retrospectiva de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos submetidos &#224; CRM isolada e admitidos na UTI de um hospital cardiol&#243;gico, em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. As &#225;reas sob as curvas <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (AUC) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% foram analisadas para verificar a acur&#225;cia dos &#237;ndices <italic>European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation</italic> (EuroScore), <italic>Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation</italic> (APACHE II), <italic>Simplified Acute Physiology Score</italic> (SAPS II) e <italic>Sequential Organ Failure Assessment</italic> (SOFA) na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A casu&#237;stica foi composta por 366 pacientes (64,58&#177;9,42 anos; 75,96% sexo masculino). As complica&#231;&#245;es identificadas foram respirat&#243;rias (24,32%), cardiol&#243;gicas (19,95%), neurol&#243;gicas (10,38%), hematol&#243;gicas (10,38%), infecciosas (6,56%) e renais (3,55%). O APACHE II apresentou satisfat&#243;rio desempenho para a predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas (AUC 0,72) e renais (AUC 0,78).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O APACHE II se destacou na previs&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e renais. Nenhum dos &#237;ndices teve bom desempenho na predi&#231;&#227;o das outras complica&#231;&#245;es analisadas. Portanto, os &#237;ndices de gravidade n&#227;o devem ser utilizados indiscriminadamente com o objetivo de predizer todas as complica&#231;&#245;es frequentemente apresentadas por pacientes ap&#243;s CRM. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):452-459)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Gravidade de Doen&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por elevada taxa de mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, com destaque &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dentre as principais terapias voltadas para o tratamento do IAM, aponta-se a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Resultados bem-sucedidos da CRM dependem de um excelente cuidado p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO) realizado na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), uma vez que os pacientes est&#227;o expostos a in&#250;meros efeitos adversos decorrentes da complexa resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica org&#226;nica, apresentam instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e maior risco de desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es durante o tratamento intensivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Reconhecer precocemente os pacientes que apresentam risco elevado de complica&#231;&#245;es &#233; essencial para otimizar o tratamento, aumentar a chance de desfecho satisfat&#243;rio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> al&#233;m de reduzir custos, uma vez a ocorr&#234;ncia destes eventos ap&#243;s CRM aumenta significativamente os gastos com tratamento e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos recentes t&#234;m mostrado a excelente acur&#225;cia de diferentes &#237;ndices de gravidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade de pacientes no PO de cirurgia card&#237;aca na UTI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, pesquisadores identificaram que o &#237;ndice <italic>European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation</italic> (EuroScore) foi bom preditor de fal&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e les&#227;o renal aguda dial&#237;tica em pacientes ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A partir do exposto, at&#233; o presente momento, n&#227;o existem &#237;ndices espec&#237;ficos capazes de prever satisfatoriamente o risco de um paciente desenvolver diferentes complica&#231;&#245;es na UTI ap&#243;s CRM. Al&#233;m disso, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, os profissionais intensivistas identificam estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre gravidade do paciente no PO de CRM e ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Neste sentido, refor&#231;a-se a import&#226;ncia de analisar e investigar o desempenho de diferentes &#237;ndices de gravidade na predi&#231;&#227;o dessas complica&#231;&#245;es uma vez que essas informa&#231;&#245;es poder&#227;o auxiliar em estrat&#233;gias de tratamento, melhorar a seguran&#231;a e a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia prestada ao paciente no PO de CRM e, consequentemente, o desfecho cl&#237;nico. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho de &#237;ndices de gravidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes no PO de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante a perman&#234;ncia na UTI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo anal&#237;tico transversal, com dados coletados retrospectivamente por meio da an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de pacientes admitidos na UTI cir&#250;rgica de uma institui&#231;&#227;o especializada em cardiopneumologia de alta complexidade, localizada em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o (Parecer n&#186; 2.831.457).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Casu&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A casu&#237;stica, por conveni&#234;ncia, foi composta por pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM entre agosto de 2014 a julho de 2015 e que atenderam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: idade &#8805; 18 anos e ser admitido na UTI diretamente do centro cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s CRM isolada. Optou-se por incluir pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM exclusiva para evitar a interfer&#234;ncia de outros procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos analisados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis Analisadas</title>
        <p>Para atender ao prop&#243;sito do estudo, foram extra&#237;das dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes as vari&#225;veis relacionadas aos dados demogr&#225;ficos (idade, sexo e etnia), &#224; presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia) e de IAM pr&#233;vio, ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado [tipo de cirurgia (eletiva ou de urg&#234;ncia), uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), tempo de CEC, tipo de enxerto implantado (arterial, venoso ou misto, ou seja, arterial e venoso) e quantidade m&#233;dia de enxertos recebidos] e &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade cr&#237;tica [ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas (arritmia, choque cardiog&#234;nico, derrame peric&#225;rdico e pericardite), respirat&#243;rias (congest&#227;o pulmonar, derrame pleural, atelectasia e pneumot&#243;rax), neurol&#243;gicas (delirium, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e crise convulsiva), infecciosas (infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria, mediastinite, pneumonia, infec&#231;&#227;o da corrente sangu&#237;nea), renais (les&#227;o renal aguda com ou sem terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal, les&#227;o renal cr&#244;nica agudizada) e hematol&#243;gicas (sangramento, dist&#250;rbios de coagula&#231;&#227;o, necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea), al&#233;m do tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI em dias e da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#237;da da unidade cr&#237;tica (sobrevivente ou n&#227;o sobrevivente)]. As complica&#231;&#245;es analisadas foram selecionadas no estudo por serem as mais frequentes, segundo dados da literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ressalta-se que as complica&#231;&#245;es analisadas na pesquisa foram consideradas presentes a partir do diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico das mesmas registrado nos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m dessas vari&#225;veis, foram coletadas as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para o c&#225;lculo dos &#237;ndices EuroScore,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup><italic>Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation</italic> (APACHE II),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup><italic>Simplified Acute Physiology Score</italic> (SAPS II)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e <italic>Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment</italic> (SOFA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A escolha por esses &#237;ndices no presente estudo foi pautada na facilidade do c&#225;lculo e maior frequ&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos em estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que analisam exclusivamente pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de Coleta dos Dados</title>
        <p>Para a coleta de dados, inicialmente foi elaborada uma lista de pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM isolada a partir das descri&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas contidas no sistema informatizado da institui&#231;&#227;o. A partir desta lista, observou-se que todos os pacientes tinham idade superior a 18 anos e foram admitidos na UTI diretamente do centro cir&#250;rgico, n&#227;o havendo exclus&#245;es posteriores.</p>
        <p>Para identificar as poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente na UTI ap&#243;s CRM, foram avaliadas todas as evolu&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias da equipe multiprofissional.</p>
        <p>Os dados necess&#225;rios para o c&#225;lculo do risco de morte segundo o EuroScore foram obtidos a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes referentes ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Para o c&#225;lculo dos &#237;ndices APACHE II, SAPS II e SOFA foram analisados os sinais vitais e exames laboratoriais das primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente na UTI, sendo considerados os piores valores, ou seja, que mais pontuavam no &#237;ndice.</p>
        <p>Ressalta-se que a equipe de coleta de dados, formada por enfermeiras que cursavam resid&#234;ncia em enfermagem na institui&#231;&#227;o, foi capacitada por meio de treinamentos in loco. Inicialmente, a coleta de dados foi realizada em pares e qualquer discord&#226;ncia no resgate das informa&#231;&#245;es era prontamente corrigida. Tal processo foi realizado at&#233; que se atingisse a uniformidade na coleta de dados entre as enfermeiras.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra, foram calculadas m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e percentagens absolutas e relativas para as categ&#243;ricas. Na descri&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de gravidade, m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o, mediana e valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos foram identificados.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar o desempenho dos &#237;ndices de gravidade na predi&#231;&#227;o das diferentes complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas nos pacientes na UTI foram identificados valores de &#225;rea sob a curva <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (AUC) com respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95%, ponto de corte ideal calculado pelo m&#233;todo de Youden, sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e acur&#225;cia. Uma estimativa pontual de AUC &#8805; 0,70 foi definida como desempenho satisfat&#243;rio do &#237;ndice para o desfecho analisado. O software R vers&#227;o 3.6.0 para Windows foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A casu&#237;stica foi composta por 366 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 64,58 (&#177; 9,42) anos, predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (75,96%) e etnia caucasiana (88,25%). A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (74,59%) se destacou em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dislipidemia (54,10%) e diabetes mellitus (48,63%) como fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
      <p>Dos 366 pacientes analisados, aproximadamente metade (n=180; 49,18%) apresentava IAM pr&#233;vio e a CRM eletiva (60,38%) prevaleceu na amostra. Um total de 295 pacientes (81,69%) foi submetido &#224; CEC durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico com tempo m&#233;dio de CEC de 90,69 (&#177; 25,69) minutos. O principal tipo de enxerto implantado foi o misto (80,60%) seguido do arterial (12,84%) e, em m&#233;dia, os pacientes receberam 2,60 (&#177; 0,87) enxertos.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados descritivos dos &#237;ndices de gravidade aplicados na casu&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estat&#237;stica descritiva de &#237;ndices de gravidade calculados em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndice de gravidade</th>
                <th align="left">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="left">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left">Mediana</th>
                <th align="left">M&#237;n-M&#225;x</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroScore*</td>
                <td>4,08</td>
                <td>4,70</td>
                <td>2,50</td>
                <td>0,88 - 29,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SOFA&#8224;</td>
                <td>5,84</td>
                <td>1,88</td>
                <td>6,00</td>
                <td>2,00 - 13,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APACHE II&#8225;</td>
                <td>14,21</td>
                <td>4,96</td>
                <td>14,00</td>
                <td>4,00 - 41,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS II&#167;</td>
                <td>24,37</td>
                <td>8,66</td>
                <td>24,00</td>
                <td>7,00 - 54,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*EuroScore: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; &#8224;SOFA: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; &#8225;APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; &#167;SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O maior risco de morte estimado pelo EuroScore foi de 29,29%. Um total de 9 pacientes tinha chance de morte na UTI acima de 50% conforme previsto pelo APACHE II, 2 segundo SOFA e 1 de acordo com o SAPS II.</p>
      <p>Na amostra de 366 pacientes, as frequ&#234;ncias das complica&#231;&#245;es evidenciadas no PO de CRM na UTI foram: respirat&#243;rias (24,32%), cardiol&#243;gicas (19,95%), neurol&#243;gicas (10,38%), hematol&#243;gicas (10,38%), infecciosas (6,56%) e renais (3,55%).</p>
      <p>Entre elas, destacaram-se a congest&#227;o pulmonar (n=52) e o derrame pleural (n=30) para complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, arritmias (n=55) nas cardiol&#243;gicas, delirium (n=34) nas neurol&#243;gicas e pneumonia (n=14) para as infecciosas. A les&#227;o renal aguda e a hemorragia representaram a totalidade das complica&#231;&#245;es renais e hematol&#243;gicas, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos pacientes na UTI foi 4,64 (&#177; 5,64) dias e todos os doentes que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito na unidade cr&#237;tica (n=19; 5,20%) apresentaram algum tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o no PO de CRM.</p>
      <p>A partir dos dados da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, identificou-se que o APACHE II foi o &#237;ndice que apresentou melhor desempenho na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e renais apresentadas pelos pacientes no PO de CRM durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI, com maiores valores de AUC e resultados satisfat&#243;rios na an&#225;lise dos valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, VPN e acur&#225;cia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros &#237;ndices. Em contrapartida, nenhum dos &#237;ndices aplicados (EuroScore, SOFA, APACHE II e SAPS II) apresentou bom desempenho na predi&#231;&#227;o das outras complica&#231;&#245;es (cardiol&#243;gicas, infecciosas, respirat&#243;rias e hematol&#243;gicas) investigadas no estudo.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves dos &#237;ndices de gravidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes ap&#243;s CRM. *EuroScore: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; &#8224;SOFA: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; &#8225;APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; &#167;SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0452-90120-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desempenho dos &#237;ndices de gravidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM na UTI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Neurol&#243;gicas</th>
                <th>AUC<sup>//</sup></th>
                <th>IC95%<sup>&#182;</sup> m&#237;n-m&#225;x</th>
                <th>Ponto de corte</th>
                <th>Sensibilidade</th>
                <th>Especificidade</th>
                <th>VPP<sup>#</sup></th>
                <th>VPN**</th>
                <th>Acur&#225;cia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroScore*</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,57-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">2,59</td>
                <td align="center">73,68</td>
                <td align="center">55,05</td>
                <td align="center">16,00</td>
                <td align="center">94,74</td>
                <td align="center">56,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,55-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">6,50</td>
                <td align="center">57,89</td>
                <td align="center">70,34</td>
                <td align="center">18,49</td>
                <td align="center">93,50</td>
                <td align="center">69,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,63-0,81</td>
                <td align="center">15,50</td>
                <td align="center">71,05</td>
                <td align="center">67,89</td>
                <td align="center">20,45</td>
                <td align="center">95,28</td>
                <td align="center">68,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,57-0,75</td>
                <td align="center">23,50</td>
                <td align="center">76,32</td>
                <td align="center">49,24</td>
                <td align="center">14,87</td>
                <td align="center">94,71</td>
                <td align="center">52,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cardiol&#243;gicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC95%<sup>&#182;</sup> m&#237;n-m&#225;x</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Sensibilidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Especificidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPP<sup>#</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPN**</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Acur&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroScore*</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,58-0,72</td>
                <td align="center">3,50</td>
                <td align="center">52,05</td>
                <td align="center">71,58</td>
                <td align="center">31,40</td>
                <td align="center">85,66</td>
                <td align="center">67,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,56-0,70</td>
                <td align="center">5,50</td>
                <td align="center">72,60</td>
                <td align="center">49,32</td>
                <td align="center">26,37</td>
                <td align="center">87,80</td>
                <td align="center">53,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,52-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">17,50</td>
                <td align="center">34,25</td>
                <td align="center">81,51</td>
                <td align="center">31,65</td>
                <td align="center">83,22</td>
                <td align="center">72,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,60-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">27,50</td>
                <td align="center">57,53</td>
                <td align="center">71,23</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">87,03</td>
                <td align="center">68,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infecciosas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC95%<sup>&#182;</sup> m&#237;n-m&#225;x</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Sensibilidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Especificidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPP<sup>#</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPN**</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Acur&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroScore*</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,56-0,78</td>
                <td align="center">1,92</td>
                <td align="center">91,67</td>
                <td align="center">39,00</td>
                <td align="center">9,57</td>
                <td align="center">98,52</td>
                <td align="center">42,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,52-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">6,50</td>
                <td align="center">58,33</td>
                <td align="center">69,21</td>
                <td align="center">11,76</td>
                <td align="center">95,93</td>
                <td align="center">68,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,46-0,70</td>
                <td align="center">17,50</td>
                <td align="center">41,67</td>
                <td align="center">79,77</td>
                <td align="center">12,66</td>
                <td align="center">95,10</td>
                <td align="center">77,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,53-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">25,50</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">58,06</td>
                <td align="center">10,06</td>
                <td align="center">96,12</td>
                <td align="center">58,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Respirat&#243;rias</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC95%<sup>&#182;</sup> m&#237;n-m&#225;x</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Sensibilidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Especificidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPP<sup>#</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPN**</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Acur&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroScore*</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,51-0,64</td>
                <td align="center">1,92</td>
                <td align="center">75,00</td>
                <td align="center">40,79</td>
                <td align="center">28,70</td>
                <td align="center">83,70</td>
                <td align="center">49,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,54-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">5,50</td>
                <td align="center">68,18</td>
                <td align="center">49,10</td>
                <td align="center">29,85</td>
                <td align="center">82,93</td>
                <td align="center">53,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,52-0,66</td>
                <td align="center">14,50</td>
                <td align="center">57,95</td>
                <td align="center">60,65</td>
                <td align="center">31,87</td>
                <td align="center">81,95</td>
                <td align="center">60,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,58-0,71</td>
                <td align="center">27,50</td>
                <td align="center">53,41</td>
                <td align="center">71,48</td>
                <td align="center">37,30</td>
                <td align="center">82,85</td>
                <td align="center">67,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Renais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC95%<sup>&#182;</sup> m&#237;n-m&#225;x</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Sensibilidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Especificidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPP<sup>#</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPN**</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Acur&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroScore*</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,62-0,86</td>
                <td align="center">2,65</td>
                <td align="center">84,62</td>
                <td align="center">54,83</td>
                <td align="center">6,47</td>
                <td align="center">98,97</td>
                <td align="center">55,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,59-0,87</td>
                <td align="center">7,50</td>
                <td align="center">53,85</td>
                <td align="center">82,67</td>
                <td align="center">10,29</td>
                <td align="center">97,98</td>
                <td align="center">81,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,63-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">17,50</td>
                <td align="center">76,92</td>
                <td align="center">80,40</td>
                <td align="center">12,66</td>
                <td align="center">98,95</td>
                <td align="center">80,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,48-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">26,50</td>
                <td align="center">69,23</td>
                <td align="center">61,65</td>
                <td align="center">6,25</td>
                <td align="center">98,19</td>
                <td align="center">61,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hematol&#243;gicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC95%<sup>&#182;</sup> m&#237;n-m&#225;x</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Sensibilidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Especificidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPP<sup>#</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>VPN**</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Acur&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroScore*</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,48-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">1,52</td>
                <td align="center">71,87</td>
                <td align="center">47,37</td>
                <td align="center">92,16</td>
                <td align="center">16,36</td>
                <td align="center">69,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,47-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">6,50</td>
                <td align="center">44,74</td>
                <td align="center">68,81</td>
                <td align="center">14,29</td>
                <td align="center">91,46</td>
                <td align="center">66,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,45-0,65</td>
                <td align="center">14,50</td>
                <td align="center">52,63</td>
                <td align="center">57,19</td>
                <td align="center">12,50</td>
                <td align="center">91,22</td>
                <td align="center">56,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,50-0,68</td>
                <td align="center">21,50</td>
                <td align="center">76,32</td>
                <td align="center">40,06</td>
                <td align="center">12,89</td>
                <td align="center">93,57</td>
                <td align="center">43,84</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*EuroScore: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; <sup>&#8224;</sup>SOFA: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; <sup>&#8225;</sup>APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; <sup>&#167;</sup>SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; <sup>//</sup>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; <sup>&#182;</sup>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; <sup>#</sup>VPP: valor preditivo positivo; **VPN: valor preditivo negativo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dados da casu&#237;stica deste estudo mostraram predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino e idade m&#233;dia aproximada de 64 anos, corroborando com achados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de gravidade, identificou-se que o valor m&#233;dio do EuroScore encontrado neste estudo foi superior aos resultados de pesquisas que aplicaram o &#237;ndice em pacientes ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> ou CRM isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Entretanto, os valores do SOFA, APACHE II e SAPS II desta investiga&#231;&#227;o foram inferiores aos achados da pesquisa que analisou 150 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca e comparou o desempenho desses &#237;ndices e do <italic>Cardiac Surgery Score</italic> (CASUS) na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos, com resultado satisfat&#243;rio para o CASUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As principais complica&#231;&#245;es apresentadas pelos pacientes no per&#237;odo PO da CRM na UTI corroboram com dados da literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios s&#227;o comuns em pacientes ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, mas poucos necessitam de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por mais de 72 horas para tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>Arritmias supraventriculares, especialmente fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), ocorrem com frequ&#234;ncia ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca e contribuem para o aumento de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, sendo que a terapia profil&#225;tica diminui a incid&#234;ncia de FA em 50%.7</p>
      <p>Interessante observar o n&#250;mero de pacientes que apresentaram delirium na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o. Estudos mostram que este evento &#233; um problema significativo ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, com impacto negativo no desfecho cl&#237;nico dos pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e os principais fatores de risco s&#227;o uso de benzodiazep&#237;nico, restri&#231;&#245;es e imobiliza&#231;&#245;es no leito devido &#224; presen&#231;a de dispositivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, deve-se ressaltar que 247 pacientes da amostra tinham mais de 60 anos (idade m&#233;dia aproximada de 64 anos) e revis&#227;o da literatura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>evidenciou que existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre idade avan&#231;ada e maior risco de delirium na UTI.</p>
      <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es nosocomiais ocorrem em 10 a 20% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca e muitas delas s&#227;o evit&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por fim, destacam-se a les&#227;o renal aguda e a hemorragia. A primeira decorre principalmente de hipoperfus&#227;o, hem&#243;lise e citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e, quando &#233; necess&#225;ria a terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal, h&#225; aumento significativo de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A hemorragia excessiva, identificada habitualmente pelas caracter&#237;sticas e volume do d&#233;bito nos drenos de t&#243;rax, ocorre principalmente ap&#243;s cirurgias de emerg&#234;ncia, uso prolongado da CEC, baixa massa corporal e anemia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aplicabilidade dos &#237;ndices de gravidade, este estudo identificou que apenas o APACHE II apresentou satisfat&#243;rio desempenho na predi&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e renais apresentadas pelos pacientes no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio de CRM durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Para os outros desfechos analisados, nenhum &#237;ndice aplicado na casu&#237;stica foi considerado bom preditor.</p>
      <p>Estudos recentes mostram que o APACHE II &#233; considerado um adequado &#237;ndice preditivo de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas em pacientes card&#237;acos comatosos ap&#243;s parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e uma excelente ferramenta progn&#243;stica para mortalidade em pacientes com les&#227;o renal aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Entretanto, essas pesquisas, apesar de analisarem complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e renais ocorridas em UTI, n&#227;o abordaram especificamente pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM isolada.</p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que o APACHE II &#233; um &#237;ndice reprodut&#237;vel, de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, que fornece a probabilidade de morte do paciente a partir de diferentes informa&#231;&#245;es sobre fatores que influenciam este desfecho, como idade, presen&#231;a de comorbidades e altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste &#237;ndice &#233; que alguns pacientes apresentam v&#225;rias comorbidades e apenas uma delas pode ser selecionada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> No contexto cardiovascular, somente a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe IV &#233; valorizada no seu c&#225;lculo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EuroScore, estudo brasileiro mostrou valores de AUC &gt; 0,70 na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es renais e respirat&#243;rias ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, n&#227;o especificamente em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Neste sentido, deve ser refor&#231;ado que o EuroScore &#233; um &#237;ndice espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco em diferentes cirurgias card&#237;acas, incluindo a CRM, e considera, para seu c&#225;lculo, dados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Portanto, sup&#245;e-se que estas caracter&#237;sticas do &#237;ndice tenham influenciado para seu baixo desempenho na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes ap&#243;s CRM isolada do presente estudo.</p>
      <p>O SAPS II, em seu estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o incluiu pacientes de cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Acredita-se que esta seja a principal causa do inadequado desempenho do &#237;ndice nos desfechos analisados.</p>
      <p>Por fim, o SOFA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> foi criado para identificar disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica, que nem sempre est&#225; presente nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Neste sentido, resultados de pesquisa sugerem que o &#237;ndice seja calculado sequencialmente, uma vez que, independentemente do valor inicialmente encontrado, o aumento do escore nas primeiras 48 horas do paciente na unidade cr&#237;tica prediz uma taxa de mortalidade de, no m&#237;nimo, 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Este fato pode ter interferido nos achados do presente estudo, uma vez que o SOFA foi calculado apenas com dados das primeiras 24 horas do paciente na UTI e foram consideradas as complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas durante toda a interna&#231;&#227;o na terapia intensiva.</p>
      <p>Finalizando, destaca-se que esta pesquisa foi pioneira na avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de diferentes &#237;ndices de gravidade, habitualmente aplicados em doentes cr&#237;ticos, na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es em uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica: pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM isolada.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta as seguintes limita&#231;&#245;es: a an&#225;lise documental retrospectiva dependente da precis&#227;o e qualidade das informa&#231;&#245;es registradas pelos profissionais, a casu&#237;stica foi limitada e o estudo realizado em um &#250;nico hospital, centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, trazendo poss&#237;veis restri&#231;&#245;es na generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este estudo permitiu concluir que o &#237;ndice APACHE II apresentou satisfat&#243;rio desempenho na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e renais apresentadas pelos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM isolada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas, infecciosas, respirat&#243;rias e hematol&#243;gicas, nenhum dos &#237;ndices analisados (EuroScore, SOFA, APACHE II e SAPS II) apresentaram bons resultados preditivos.</p>
      <p>Portanto, os &#237;ndices analisados no estudo n&#227;o devem ser utilizados indiscriminadamente com o objetivo de predizer de maneira precoce as complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes apresentadas por pacientes ap&#243;s CRM na UTI e sugere-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos multic&#234;ntricos, com amostras significativas, que proponham a cria&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices espec&#237;ficos para prever essas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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        <article-title>Performance of Severity Indices to Estimate Postoperative Complications of Myocardial Revascularization</article-title>
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          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5387-3807</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Lilia de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Enfermagem, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Silvana Alves dos Santos Franzotti</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Enfermagem &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: silvana_alves90@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Franzotti SAS, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Nogueira LS; Acquisition of data: Franzotti SAS, Silva JR, Souza EAS, Reboreda JZ; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Franzotti SAS, Sloboda DA, Silva JR, Souza EAS, Reboreda JZ, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Nogueira LS; Writing of the manuscript: Sloboda DA, Silva JR, Souza EAS, Reboreda JZ, Nogueira LS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sloboda DA, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Nogueira LS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Patients in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - CABG) surgery admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are at risk of complications which increase the length of stay and morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early recognition of these risks is essential to optimize prevention strategies and a satisfactory clinical outcome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze the performance of severity indices in predicting complications in patients in the postoperative of CABG during the ICU stay.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A cross-sectional study with retrospective analysis of electronic medical records of patients aged &#8805; 18 years who underwent isolated CABG and were admitted to the ICU of a cardiology hospital in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) with a 95% confidence interval were analyzed to verify the accuracy of the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroScore), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) indices in predicting complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The sample consisted of 366 patients (64.58 &#177; 9.42 years; 75.96% male). The complications identified were: respiratory (24.32%), cardiovascular (19.95%), neurological (10.38%), hematological (10.38%), infectious (6.56%) and renal (3.55%). APACHE II showed satisfactory performance for predicting neurological (AUC 0.72) and renal (AUC 0.78) complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> APACHE II excelled in predicting neurological and renal complications. None of the indices performed well in predicting the other analyzed complications. Therefore, severity indices should not be used indiscriminately in order to predict all complications frequently presented by patients after CABG. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):452-459)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Severity of Illness Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Intensive Care Units</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for a high mortality rate in Brazil and in the world, with emphasis on the high prevalence of acute myocardial infarction (MI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Myocardial revascularization (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - CABG) surgery is among the main therapies indicated for treating acute MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Successful results of CABG depend on excellent postoperative care performed in the intensive care unit (ICU), since patients are exposed to numerous adverse effects resulting from the complex organic systemic inflammatory response, present hemodynamic instability and greater risk of developing complications during intensive treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Early recognition of patients at high risk of complications is essential to optimize treatment, increase the chance of a satisfactory outcome,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>in addition to reduce costs since the occurrence of these events after CABG significantly increases treatment and hospitalization expenses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent studies have shown the excellent accuracy of different severity indices in predicting mortality of patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery in the ICU.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Regarding the occurrence of complications, researchers identified that the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation index (EuroScore) was a good predictor of respiratory failure and acute kidney injury with renal replacement therapy in patients after cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In view of the above, until the present moment there are no specific indices which are capable of satisfactorily predicting the risk of a patient developing different complications in the ICU after CABG. In addition, intensive care professionals in clinical practice identify a close relationship between patient severity in the postoperative period of CABG and the occurrence of complications.</p>
        <p>In this sense, the importance of analyzing and investigating the performance of different severity indices in predicting these complications is reinforced, since this information may assist in treatment strategies, improve safety and the quality of care provided to patients in the postoperative period of CABG, and consequently the clinical outcome. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the performance of severity indices in predicting complications in patients in the postoperative of CABG during their stay in the ICU.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A cross-sectional analytical study with data retrospectively collected through an analysis of electronic medical records of patients admitted to the surgical ICU of an institution specialized in highly complex cardiopneumology, located in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. The study was approved by the institution&#8217;s Ethics Committee (Opinion no. 2,831,457).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>The convenience sample consisted of patients who underwent CABG between August 2014 and July 2015 and who met the following inclusion criteria: age &#8805; 18 years and being admitted to the ICU directly from the operating room after isolated CABG. We chose to include patients undergoing exclusive CABG to avoid interference from other surgical procedures in the analyzed clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analyzed Variables</title>
          <p>Variables related to demographic data (age, gender and ethnicity), the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease (systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia) and previous acute MI, surgical procedure performed [type of surgery (elective or emergency), use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), duration of CPB, type of graft implanted (arterial, venous or mixed, meaning arterial and venous) and average amount of grafts received] and admission to the critical unit [occurrence or not of cardiovascular (arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, pericardial effusion and pericarditis), respiratory (pulmonary congestion, pleural effusion, atelectasis and pneumothorax), neurological (delirium, stroke and seizure), infectious (wound infection, mediastinitis, pneumonia, bloodstream infection), kidney (acute kidney injury with or without renal replacement therapy, acute chronic kidney injury) or hematological complications (bleeding, coagulation disorders, need for blood transfusion), in addition to the length of stay in the ICU in days and the condition of critical unit discharge (surviving or not surviving)] were extracted from the patients&#8217; medical records. The analyzed complications were selected in the study because they are the most frequent according to data in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It is noteworthy that the complications analyzed in the study were considered present based on their medical diagnosis recorded in the patients&#8217; medical records.</p>
          <p>In addition to these variables, the necessary information was collected to calculate the EuroScore,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and the Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The choice of these indices in the present study was based on the ease of calculation and their higher frequency of use in studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>which exclusively analyze patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Collection Procedure</title>
          <p>A list of patients undergoing CABG isolated from the surgical descriptions contained in the institution&#8217;s computerized system was initially created for data collection. From this list, it was observed that all patients were over 18 years old and were admitted to the ICU directly from the operating room, with no subsequent exclusions.</p>
          <p>All the daily evolutions of the multidisciplinary team were evaluated in order to identify the possible complications which occurred during the patient&#8217;s stay in the ICU after CABG.</p>
          <p>The data needed to calculate the risk of death according to the EuroScore were obtained from the patient information regarding the preoperative period. The vital signs and laboratory tests of the first 24 hours of the patient&#8217;s stay in the ICU were analyzed to calculate the APACHE II, SAPS II and SOFA indices, with those which scored the highest on the index being considered the worst values.</p>
          <p>It is noteworthy that the data collection team was formed by residency nurses at the institution and trained on-site. The data collection was initially performed in pairs, and any disagreement in the information retrieval was promptly corrected. This process was carried out until uniformity in data collection among nurses was achieved.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables and absolute and relative percentages for categorical variables in order to characterize the sample. Mean, standard deviation, median and minimum and maximum values were identified in the severity indices description.</p>
          <p>The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values with respective confidence interval (CI) and 95% significance level, the ideal cut-off point calculated by the Youden method, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were identified to assess the performance of the severity indices in predicting the different complications which occurred in patients in the ICU. A point estimate of AUC &#8805; 0.70 was defined as satisfactory performance of the index for the analyzed outcome. The R version 3.6.0 software program for Windows was used for data analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The sample consisted of 366 patients with a mean age of 64.58 (&#177; 9.42) years, predominantly male (75.96%) and Caucasian (88.25%). The presence of systemic arterial hypertension (74.59%) stood out in relation to dyslipidemia (54.10%), and diabetes mellitus (48.63%) as risk factors for coronary artery disease.</p>
        <p>Of the 366 patients analyzed, approximately half (n = 180; 49.18%) had previous acute MI and elective CABG (60.38%) prevailed in the sample. A total of 295 patients (81.69%) underwent CPB during the surgical procedure with an average CPB time of 90.69 (&#177; 25.69) minutes. The main type of implanted graft was mixed (80.60%), followed by arterial (12.84%), and patients received an average of 2.60 (&#177; 0.87) grafts.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the descriptive data of the severity indices applied in the sample.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descriptive statistics of severity indices calculated in patients undergoing CABG</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Severity index</th>
                  <th>Mean</th>
                  <th>Standard deviation</th>
                  <th>Median</th>
                  <th>Min-Max</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroScore*</td>
                  <td align="center">4.08</td>
                  <td align="center">4.70</td>
                  <td align="center">2.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88 - 29.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SOFA&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">5.84</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88</td>
                  <td align="center">6.00</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00 - 13.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APACHE II&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">14.21</td>
                  <td align="center">4.96</td>
                  <td align="center">14.00</td>
                  <td align="center">4.00 - 41.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS II&#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">24.37</td>
                  <td align="center">8.66</td>
                  <td align="center">24.00</td>
                  <td align="center">7.00 - 54.00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*EuroScore: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; &#8224;SOFA: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; &#8225;APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; &#167;SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The highest risk of death estimated by EuroScore was 29.29%. A total of 9 patients had more than 50% of chance of death in the ICU as predicted by APACHE II, 2 according to SOFA and 1 according to SAPS II.</p>
        <p>The frequencies of complications evidenced in the postoperative period of CABG in the ICU in the sample of 366 patients were: respiratory (24.32%), cardiovascular (19.95%), neurological (10.38%), hematological (10.38%), infectious (6.56%), and renal (3.55%).</p>
        <p>Among these, pulmonary congestion (n = 52) and pleural effusion (n = 30) stood out for respiratory complications, arrhythmias (n = 55) in cardiovascular, delirium (n = 34) in neurological and pneumonia (n = 14) for infectious. Acute kidney injury and hemorrhaging accounted for all kidney and hematological complications, respectively.</p>
        <p>The length of stay of patients in the ICU was 4.64 (&#177; 5.64) days, and all patients who died in the critical unit (n = 19; 5.20%) presented some type of complication in the CABG postoperative period.</p>
        <p>From the data in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, it was identified that APACHE II was the index which had the best performance in predicting neurological and renal complications presented by patients in the postoperative of CABG during ICU admission, along with higher AUC values and satisfactory results in the analysis of sensitivity, specificity, NPV and accuracy values compared to other indexes. In contrast, none of the applied indices (EuroScore, SOFA, APACHE II and SAPS II) performed well in predicting other complications (cardiovascular, infectious, respiratory and hematological) investigated in the study.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves of severity indices in predicting complications in patients after CABG. *EuroScore: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; &#8224;SOFA: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; &#8225;APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; &#167;SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0452-90120-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Performance of severity indices in predicting complications in patients in the postoperative period of CABG in the ICU</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Neurological</th>
                  <th>AUC<sup>//</sup></th>
                  <th>95%CI<sup>&#182;</sup> min-max</th>
                  <th>Cut-off point</th>
                  <th>Sensitivity</th>
                  <th>Specificity</th>
                  <th>PPV<sup>#</sup></th>
                  <th>NPV<sup>**</sup></th>
                  <th>Accuracy</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroScore*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57-0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">2.59</td>
                  <td align="center">73.68</td>
                  <td align="center">55.05</td>
                  <td align="center">16.00</td>
                  <td align="center">94.74</td>
                  <td align="center">56.99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55-0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">6.50</td>
                  <td align="center">57.89</td>
                  <td align="center">70.34</td>
                  <td align="center">18.49</td>
                  <td align="center">93.50</td>
                  <td align="center">69.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63-0.81</td>
                  <td align="center">15.50</td>
                  <td align="center">71.05</td>
                  <td align="center">67.89</td>
                  <td align="center">20.45</td>
                  <td align="center">95.28</td>
                  <td align="center">68.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57-0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">23.50</td>
                  <td align="center">76.32</td>
                  <td align="center">49.24</td>
                  <td align="center">14.87</td>
                  <td align="center">94.71</td>
                  <td align="center">52.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiovascular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>AUC//</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>95%CI<sup>&#182;</sup> min-max</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sensitivity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Specificity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>PPV<sup>#</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>NPV**</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Accuracy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroScore*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58-0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">3.50</td>
                  <td align="center">52.05</td>
                  <td align="center">71.58</td>
                  <td align="center">31.40</td>
                  <td align="center">85.66</td>
                  <td align="center">67.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56-0.70</td>
                  <td align="center">5.50</td>
                  <td align="center">72.60</td>
                  <td align="center">49.32</td>
                  <td align="center">26.37</td>
                  <td align="center">87.80</td>
                  <td align="center">53.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52-0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">17.50</td>
                  <td align="center">34.25</td>
                  <td align="center">81.51</td>
                  <td align="center">31.65</td>
                  <td align="center">83.22</td>
                  <td align="center">72.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60-0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">27.50</td>
                  <td align="center">57.53</td>
                  <td align="center">71.23</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">87.03</td>
                  <td align="center">68.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Infectious</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>95%CI<sup>&#182;</sup> min-max</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sensitivity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Specificity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>PPV<sup>#</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>NPV**</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Accuracy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroScore*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56-0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">91.67</td>
                  <td align="center">39.00</td>
                  <td align="center">9.57</td>
                  <td align="center">98.52</td>
                  <td align="center">42.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52-0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">6.50</td>
                  <td align="center">58.33</td>
                  <td align="center">69.21</td>
                  <td align="center">11.76</td>
                  <td align="center">95.93</td>
                  <td align="center">68.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46-0.70</td>
                  <td align="center">17.50</td>
                  <td align="center">41.67</td>
                  <td align="center">79.77</td>
                  <td align="center">12.66</td>
                  <td align="center">95.10</td>
                  <td align="center">77.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53-0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">25.50</td>
                  <td align="center">66.67</td>
                  <td align="center">58.06</td>
                  <td align="center">10.06</td>
                  <td align="center">96.12</td>
                  <td align="center">58.63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Respiratory</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>95%CI<sup>&#182;</sup> min-max</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sensitivity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Specificity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>PPV<sup>#</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>NPV**</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Accuracy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroScore*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51-0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">75.00</td>
                  <td align="center">40.79</td>
                  <td align="center">28.70</td>
                  <td align="center">83.70</td>
                  <td align="center">49.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54-0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">5.50</td>
                  <td align="center">68.18</td>
                  <td align="center">49.10</td>
                  <td align="center">29.85</td>
                  <td align="center">82.93</td>
                  <td align="center">53.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52-0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">14.50</td>
                  <td align="center">57.95</td>
                  <td align="center">60.65</td>
                  <td align="center">31.87</td>
                  <td align="center">81.95</td>
                  <td align="center">60.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58-0.71</td>
                  <td align="center">27.50</td>
                  <td align="center">53.41</td>
                  <td align="center">71.48</td>
                  <td align="center">37.30</td>
                  <td align="center">82.85</td>
                  <td align="center">67.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Renal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>95%CI<sup>&#182;</sup> min-max</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sensitivity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Specificity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>PPV<sup>#</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>NPV**</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Accuracy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroScore*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62-0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">2.65</td>
                  <td align="center">84.62</td>
                  <td align="center">54.83</td>
                  <td align="center">6.47</td>
                  <td align="center">98.97</td>
                  <td align="center">55.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59-0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">7.50</td>
                  <td align="center">53.85</td>
                  <td align="center">82.67</td>
                  <td align="center">10.29</td>
                  <td align="center">97.98</td>
                  <td align="center">81.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63-0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">17.50</td>
                  <td align="center">76.92</td>
                  <td align="center">80.40</td>
                  <td align="center">12.66</td>
                  <td align="center">98.95</td>
                  <td align="center">80.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48-0.80</td>
                  <td align="center">26.50</td>
                  <td align="center">69.23</td>
                  <td align="center">61.65</td>
                  <td align="center">6.25</td>
                  <td align="center">98.19</td>
                  <td align="center">61.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hematological</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>AUC<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>95%CI<sup>&#182;</sup> min-max</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sensitivity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Specificity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>PPV<sup>#</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>NPV**</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Accuracy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroScore*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48-0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52</td>
                  <td align="center">71.87</td>
                  <td align="center">47.37</td>
                  <td align="center">92.16</td>
                  <td align="center">16.36</td>
                  <td align="center">69.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SOFA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47-0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">6.50</td>
                  <td align="center">44.74</td>
                  <td align="center">68.81</td>
                  <td align="center">14.29</td>
                  <td align="center">91.46</td>
                  <td align="center">66.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APACHE II<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45-0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">14.50</td>
                  <td align="center">52.63</td>
                  <td align="center">57.19</td>
                  <td align="center">12.50</td>
                  <td align="center">91.22</td>
                  <td align="center">56.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS II<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50-0.68</td>
                  <td align="center">21.50</td>
                  <td align="center">76.32</td>
                  <td align="center">40.06</td>
                  <td align="center">12.89</td>
                  <td align="center">93.57</td>
                  <td align="center">43.84</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*EuroScore: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; <sup>&#8224;</sup>SOFA:- Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; <sup>&#8225;</sup>APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; <sup>&#167;</sup>SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; <sup>//</sup>AUC: Area under the curve; <sup>&#182;</sup>CI: Confidence interval; <sup>#</sup>PPV: positive predictive value; **NPV: Negative predictive value.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The sample data in this study showed a predominance of males and an average age of approximately 64 years, corroborating findings in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>In analyzing the severity indices, it was found that the average EuroScore value found in this study was higher than the results of a study which applied the index to patients after cardiac surgery<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>or isolated CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the SOFA, APACHE II and SAPS II values of this investigation were inferior to the findings of a study which analyzed 150 patients undergoing cardiac surgery and compared the performance of these indexes and the Cardiac Surgery Score (CASUS) in predicting clinical outcomes, with a satisfactory result for CASUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main complications presented by patients in the CABG postoperative period in the ICU corroborate with data from the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Respiratory disorders are common in patients after cardiac surgery, but few require mechanical ventilation for more than 72 hours for treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Supraventricular arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation (AF), frequently occur after cardiac surgery and contribute to increased hospital stay and risk of stroke, with prophylactic therapy decreasing the incidence of AF by 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is interesting to note the number of patients who had delirium in the present investigation. Studies show that this event is a significant problem after cardiac surgery, with a negative impact on the clinical outcome of patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and the main risk factors being benzodiazepine use, restrictions and bed immobilizations due to the presence of devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>In addition, it should be noted that 247 patients in the sample were older than 60 years (mean age approximately 64 years) and a literature review<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> showed that there is an association between advanced age and a higher risk of delirium in the ICU.</p>
        <p>Nosocomial infections occur in 10 to 20% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and many of them are preventable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Finally, acute kidney injury and hemorrhaging stand out. The first is mainly due to hypoperfusion, hemolysis and inflammatory cytokines, and there is a significant increase in mortality when renal replacement therapy is necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Excessive hemorrhaging is usually identified by the characteristics and volume of the output in the chest drains, and mainly occurs after emergency surgery, prolonged use of CPB, low body mass and preoperative anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the applicability of severity indices, this study identified that only that APACHE II had a satisfactory performance in predicting neurological and renal complications presented by patients in the postoperative period of CABG during ICU admission. No other index applied in the sample was considered a good predictor for the other analyzed outcomes.</p>
        <p>Recent studies show that APACHE II is considered an adequate predictive index of neurological complications in comatose cardiac patients after cardiac arrest<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and an excellent prognostic tool for mortality in patients with acute kidney injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> However, despite analyzing neurological and renal complications occurring in the ICU, these studies did not specifically address patients undergoing isolated CABG.</p>
        <p>It is worth mentioning that APACHE II is a reproducible and easy-to-apply index which provides the patient&#8217;s probability of death based on different information of factors which influence this outcome such as age, the presence of comorbidities and physiological changes. A limitation of this index is that some patients have several comorbidities and only one of them can be selected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In the cardiovascular context, only class IV congestive heart failure is valued in its calculation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the EuroScore, a Brazilian study showed AUC values &gt; 0.70 in predicting renal and respiratory complications after cardiac surgery, not specifically in patients undergoing isolated CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In this sense, it must be reinforced that the EuroScore is a specific index for risk assessment in different cardiac surgeries, including CABG, and considers preoperative data for its calculation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Therefore, it is assumed that these characteristics of the index influenced its low performance in predicting complications in patients after isolated CABG in the present study.</p>
        <p>The SAPS II validation study did not include cardiac surgery patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> This is believed to be the main cause of the inadequate performance of the index in the analyzed outcomes.</p>
        <p>Lastly, the SOFA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> was created to identify organ dysfunction, which is not always present in the first 24 hours of admission to the ICU. In this sense, research results suggest that the index should be calculated sequentially, since the increase in the score in the first 48 hours of the patient in the ICU predicts a mortality rate of at least 50%, regardless of the value initially found.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> This fact may have interfered in the findings of the present study, since the SOFA was only calculated with data from the patient&#8217;s first 24 hours in the ICU, and the complications which occurred during the entire intensive care stay were considered.</p>
        <p>Finally, it should be noted that this study was a pioneer in evaluating the performance of different severity indices usually applied to critically ill patients in predicting complications in a specific population: patients undergoing isolated CABG.</p>
        <p>This study has the following limitations: the retrospective document analysis was dependent on the accuracy and quality of the information recorded by the professionals, the sample was limited, and the study carried out in a single hospital (a reference cardiology center), leading to possible restrictions on the generalization of the results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study enables concluding that the APACHE II index showed a satisfactory performance in predicting neurological and renal complications presented by patients submitted to isolated CABG during ICU admission. None of the analyzed indexes (EuroScore, SOFA, APACHE II and SAPS II) showed good predictive results regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular, infectious, respiratory or hematological complications.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the indexes analyzed in the study should not be used indiscriminately in order to predict the most frequent complications presented by patients after CABG in the ICU early, and it is suggested that multicenter studies be conducted with significant samples which propose creating specific indices to predict these complications.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Escola de Enfermagem da USP under the protocol number 2.831.457. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
