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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">x3J4CsyH3FGWMRZh9RS3ygr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100450</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200670</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200670</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mudan&#231;as em Nossos Tempos e nas Metas de Colesterol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1027-6954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Leme da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez &#8226; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 4 andar. CEP 04004-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>tamar@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>450</fpage>
      <lpage>451</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde os anos 80, tem havido muitas abordagens quanto &#224; interpreta&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Houve at&#233; encontros m&#233;dicos com t&#237;tulos como &#8211; &#8220;Colesterol: Mito ou Verdade?&#8221;.</p>
    <p>Ao mesmo tempo, ensaios para precipita&#231;&#227;o de HDL e c&#225;lculo do colesterol LDL utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald tornaram-se dispon&#237;veis nos laborat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>Estudos como o PROCAM e o <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> foram convincentes sobre sua import&#226;ncia e tamb&#233;m sobre o risco e a prote&#231;&#227;o associados ao colesterol LDL e HDL, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Ensaios foram realizados ao longo de todos esses anos e v&#225;rias Diretrizes e Documentos de Consenso foram apresentados e atualizados periodicamente em muitos pa&#237;ses e em todos os continentes.</p>
    <p>O colesterol como fator de risco &#233; definido com mais precis&#227;o pelo LDL-colesterol e n&#227;o-HDL-colesterol, e o valor alvo para cada indiv&#237;duo &#233; definido pelos Escores de Risco que levam em considera&#231;&#227;o todos os fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, estamos enfrentamos diferen&#231;as ao comparar as Diretrizes Brasileiras com as norte-americanas e at&#233; mesmo com as europeias.</p>
    <p>Esta edi&#231;&#227;o, o artigo de Cesena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> compara nossas Diretrizes mais recentes &#224;s norte-americanas, no que diz respeito principalmente &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de estatinas.</p>
    <p>O mesmo grupo de autores fez o mesmo com as diretrizes anteriores em 2017 para ambas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nos dois artigos, as compara&#231;&#245;es apontam para o fato de que as Diretrizes Brasileiras s&#227;o mais propensas a indicar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas do que as diretrizes norte-americanas, considerando a mesma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    <p>A abordagem brasileira apresenta mais semelhan&#231;as com a diretriz europeia, e &#233; muito prov&#225;vel que o motivo dessas diferen&#231;as seja muito semelhante ao apontado em uma revis&#227;o recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que comparou as diretrizes da AHA &#224;s da ESC. Al&#233;m de comparar os crit&#233;rios em cada uma das diretrizes, os autores mencionam que, &#8220;Uma das principais raz&#245;es para essas diferen&#231;as &#233; a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de considera&#231;&#245;es de custos pelas diretrizes da AHA-ACC, enquanto as diretrizes da ESC-EAS consideram um cen&#225;rio ideal com recursos ilimitados&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A principal mensagem de todas as diretrizes &#233; levar em considera&#231;&#227;o seu escopo e individualiz&#225;-lo para cada paciente em particular.</p>
    <p>Considerando as semelhan&#231;as de finalidade das diretrizes, na realidade existem lacunas nas cren&#231;as e pr&#225;ticas no manejo da dislipidemia em diferentes pa&#237;ses, muito bem documentadas em uma pesquisa m&#233;dica na Web,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a globaliza&#231;&#227;o e os recursos da Web, essas diferen&#231;as ser&#227;o melhor modeladas de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas regionais.</p>
    <p>Por &#250;ltimo, mas n&#227;o menos importante, n&#227;o nos esque&#231;amos do lembrete de uma a&#231;&#227;o global em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; conscientiza&#231;&#227;o para os casos de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar (HF), reduzindo assim a carga cl&#237;nica e p&#250;blica desta apresenta&#231;&#227;o. Essa doen&#231;a subdiagnosticada e sub-tratada leva a morbidade e mortalidade prematuras devido a doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para facilitar as tarefas de C&#225;lculo da Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco e da previs&#227;o de HF, h&#225; dois aplicativos independentes na se&#231;&#227;o do Departamento de Aterosclerose do site da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Quanto maior a precis&#227;o na defini&#231;&#227;o do valor alvo do colesterol LDL a ser alcan&#231;ado, mais eficaz ser&#225; a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Risco Cardiovascular e Elegibilidade Para Estatina na Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria: Compara&#231;&#227;o Entre a Diretriz Brasileira e a Diretriz da AHA/ACC</italic>
        </p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Changes in Our Times and in Cholesterol Targets</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1027-6954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Leme da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez &#8226;</bold> Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 4 andar. Postal Code 04004-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: tamar@uol.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol-LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl- CoA Reductase Inhibitors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Since the 80s, many approaches have emerged regarding the interpretation of cholesterol levels in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>There have even been medical meetings with titles such as: &#8220;Cholesterol: Myth or Truth&#8221;?</p>
      <p>At that same time, HDL precipitation assays and LDL-cholesterol calculation using the Friedewald Formula became available in the laboratories.</p>
      <p>Studies such as the PROCAM and The Framingham Heart Study were convincing regarding their importance and also of the risk and protection associated with LDL and HDL cholesterol, respectively.</p>
      <p>Trials have been performed throughout all these years and several Guidelines and Consensus Documents have been presented and updated from time to time in many countries and in all continents.</p>
      <p>Cholesterol as a risk factor is more accurately defined by both LDL and Non-HDL Cholesterol and the target value for each individual is defined by the Risk Scores that take all the risk factors into consideration.</p>
      <p>At present, we are currently facing differences when comparing Brazilian Guidelines to the American and even to the European ones.</p>
      <p>In this issue, the article of the Cesena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> compares our most recent Guidelines to the North American ones, regarding mainly the indication for statin use.</p>
      <p>The same group of authors had done the same with the former in 2017 for both.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In both articles, the comparisons show that the Brazilian Guidelines are more prone to indicate the prescription of statins than the North American ones, considering the same risk stratification.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian approach shows more similarities to the European guideline and it is very likely that the reason for the differences is very similar to the ones pointed out in a recent review<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> that compared the AHA to the ESC guidelines. Apart from comparing the criteria in each of them, the authors mention that &#8220;One of the main reasons for these differences is the incorporation of cost value considerations by the AHA-ACC guidelines, whereas the ESC-EAS guidelines consider an ideal setting with unlimited resources&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The main message from all of the guidelines is to take its scope into consideration and individualize it for each particular patient.</p>
      <p>Considering the similarities of purpose of the guidelines, in reality there are gaps in beliefs and practice regarding the management of dyslipidemia in different countries, which has been very well documented in a web-based physician survey<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and taking into account globalization and web resources, these differences will be better shaped according to regional characteristics.</p>
      <p>Last but not least, let us not forget the reminder for a global action regarding awareness for cases of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH), thus reducing the clinical and public burden of this presentation. This underdiagnosed and undertreated disease leads to premature morbidity and mortality due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In order to facilitate the tasks of Risk Stratification Calculation and of FH presumption there are two independent Apps in the Atherosclerosis Department section of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology site. The more accurate the setting of the goal of the LDL-cholesterol level to be achieved, the more effective the clinical practice will be.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Cardiovascular Risk and Statin Eligibility in Primary Prevention: A Comparison between the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC Guidelines</italic>
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