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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YWM5KG3jh8mRKRtcXRdbw3k</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100440</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190519</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190519</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco Cardiovascular e Elegibilidade Para Estatina na Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria: Compara&#231;&#227;o Entre a Diretriz Brasileira e a Diretriz da AHA/ACC</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando H. Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Cesena &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Medicina Diagn&#243;stica e Preventiva - Avenida Brasil, 953. CEP 01431-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cesena FHY; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Valente VA, Santos RD, Bittencourt MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Dr. Raul D. Santos - Consultoria, pesquisa, palestrante pelas empresas ACHE, AKCEA, Amgen, Astrazeneca, Biolab, Esperion, Kowa, Merck, MSD, Novo-Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron. Bolsista: Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPQ).</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>440</fpage>
      <lpage>449</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Diferen&#231;as entre as vers&#245;es atualizadas da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e da Diretriz de Colesterol da <italic>American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)</italic> quanto &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e &#224; elegibilidade para a terapia com estatina n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparar a categoriza&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e a elegibilidade &#224; terapia com estatina estabelecidas segundo a diretriz brasileira ou a diretriz da AHA/ACC em pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> N&#243;s avaliamos retrospectivamente indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 40 e 74 anos sem condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, com LDL-c 70 -&lt; 190 mg/dL, sem tratamento com agentes hipolipemiantes, e que passaram por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de rotina. O risco cardiovascular foi estratificado de acordo com a diretriz brasileira e a da AHA/ACC. Os indiv&#237;duos foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para estatina se os n&#237;veis de LDL-c estivessem no m&#237;nimo 30 mg/dL acima da meta para o risco cardiovascular (diretriz brasileira) ou se o risco em 10 anos para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica fosse &#8805; 7,5% (diretriz da AHA/ACC). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A amostra do estudo consistiu 18525 indiv&#237;duos (69% homens, idade 48 &#177; 6 anos). Entre os indiv&#237;duos considerados de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto segundo a diretriz brasileira, mais de 80% seriam classificados em uma categoria de risco mais baixo segundo a diretriz da AHA/ACC. Entre os homens, 45% e 16% seriam considerados eleg&#237;veis para a terapia com estatina segundo as diretrizes brasileira e da AHA/ACC, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). Entre as mulheres, as respectivas propor&#231;&#245;es seriam 16% e 1% (p &lt; 0,001). Oitenta e dois porcento das mulheres e 57% dos homens eleg&#237;veis para estatina com base no crit&#233;rio da diretriz brasileira n&#227;o seriam considerados eleg&#237;veis para estatina segundo o crit&#233;rio da AHA/ACC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz da AHA/ACC, a diretriz brasileira classifica uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em categorias de risco mais alto e aumenta substancialmente a elegibilidade para estatina. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):440-449)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o e Controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora todas as diretrizes para o manejo do colesterol plasm&#225;tico recomendem realizar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular para guiar a decis&#227;o sobre terapia com estatina na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, diferentes decis&#245;es de tratamento t&#234;m sido feitas dependendo da diretriz utilizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em um estudo pr&#233;vio, observamos que uma propor&#231;&#227;o consideravelmente maior da popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foi considerada eleg&#237;vel a receber estatina com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz do <italic>American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)</italic> para o manejo do colesterol de 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Este achado ocorreu como consequ&#234;ncia de uma clara discrep&#226;ncia entre a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular segundo a diretriz brasileira<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e o risco calculado pelas <italic>pooled cohort equations</italic> (PCE), conforme recomendado pela diretriz do ACC/AHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias foi atualizada em 2017. Algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es foram feitas no processo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, e uma meta de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) foi introduzida para pacientes de baixo risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em 2018, foi publicada uma nova diretriz de colesterol da AHA/ACC, propondo uma nova categoriza&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Diferen&#231;as entre as vers&#245;es atuais dessas diretrizes quanto &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e elegibilidade para o uso de estatina na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidas e s&#227;o de import&#226;ncia pr&#225;tica para o m&#233;dico atendente.</p>
      <p>Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) comparar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular recomendada pela Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias (2017) com a recomendada pela Diretriz de Colesterol da AHA/ACC em indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de alto risco cardiovascular; (2) comparar a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis para estatina, segundo crit&#233;rios dessas duas diretrizes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e amostra do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo observacional foi uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de indiv&#237;duos atendidos consecutivamente como parte de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina no Departamento de Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brasil). A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo corresponde &#224; mesma amostra inclu&#237;da em nosso estudo pr&#233;vio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> comparando a Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2013 com a Diretriz de Colesterol do ACC/AHA de 2013 (indiv&#237;duos que foram atendidos em nosso servi&#231;o de 2009 a 2015), al&#233;m de outros que passaram por uma avalia&#231;&#227;o at&#233; julho de 2018. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente e reunidos em um grande banco de dados.</p>
        <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de interesse foi indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, sem condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, aos quais as diretrizes recomendam o uso de escores de risco para direcionar o uso ou n&#227;o de estatina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Portanto, exclu&#237;mos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) cl&#237;nica, DCVA subcl&#237;nica considerada relevante pelo m&#233;dico atendente, aneurisma de aorta, diabetes mellitus ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt; 60 mL/min), pacientes com LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL, LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL (que n&#227;o s&#227;o considerados candidatos para receberem estatinas segundo a diretriz da AHA/ACC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e indiv&#237;duos em uso de agentes hipolipemiantes. Tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;mos indiv&#237;duos com idade menor a 40 anos ou maior que 74 anos para restringirmos a amostra &#224;queles cuja idade era apropriada para o c&#225;lculo do escore de risco cardiovascular global de Framingham (ERF global) e as PCE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco cardiovascular segundo a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017</title>
        <p>N&#243;s calculamos o ERF global,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>conforme recomendado pela Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As seguintes vari&#225;veis s&#227;o consideradas na estimativa desse risco: idade, sexo, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, colesterol total, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c), diabetes mellitus e tabagismo. Este escore estima o risco de morte coron&#225;ria, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico, acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 10 anos.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira, o risco cardiovascular foi estratificado da seguinte forma:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>ERF global &lt; 5%: baixo risco;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ERF global entre 5% e 10% (mulheres) ou entre 5% e 20% (homens): risco intermedi&#225;rio;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ERF global &gt; 10% (mulheres) ou &gt; 20% (homens): alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco de DCVA segundo a Diretriz da AHA/ACC de 2018</title>
        <p>N&#243;s estimamos o risco de DCVA pelas PCE conforme recomendado pela diretriz da AHA/ACC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esse escore &#233; derivado de coortes dos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica e considera os mesmos fatores de risco tradicionais do ERF global, al&#233;m de etnia. Essas equa&#231;&#245;es predizem o risco de eventos duros de DCVA (morte coron&#225;ria, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral fatal ou n&#227;o fatal) em 10 anos.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a Diretriz da AHA/ACC de 2018, o risco cardiovascular foi estratificado da seguinte forma:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Risco de DCVA &lt; 5%: baixo risco;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Risco de DCVA entre 5% e &lt; 7,5%: risco lim&#237;trofe;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Risco de DCVA entre 7,5% e &lt; 20%: risco intermedi&#225;rio;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Risco de DCVA &#8805; 20%: alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para terapia com estatina</title>
        <p>N&#243;s categorizamos a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo em tr&#234;s categorias de elegibilidade para tratamento com estatina (n&#227;o eleg&#237;vel, potencialmente eleg&#237;vel e eleg&#237;vel), com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017 ou da Diretriz da AHA/ACC de 2018.</p>
        <p>A diretriz brasileira n&#227;o estabelece recomenda&#231;&#245;es claras quanto ao momento de se iniciar estatina na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, mas estabelece metas de LDL-c com base no ERF global: LDL-c &lt; 130 mg/dL, &lt; 100 mg/dL, e &lt; 70 mg/dL para indiv&#237;duos de risco baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Desta forma, adotamos os seguintes crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para receberem estatina, de maneira arbitr&#225;ria:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>N&#227;o eleg&#237;vel: LDL-c abaixo da meta estabelecida para o risco cardiovascular;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Potencialmente eleg&#237;vel: LDL-c entre a meta para o risco cardiovascular e &lt; 30 mg/dL acima da meta;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>eleg&#237;vel: LDL-c 30 mg/dL ou mais acima da meta para o risco cardiovascular.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A diretriz da AHA/ACC estabelece que indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto devem ser considerados para iniciarem terapia com estatina, enquanto aqueles de risco lim&#237;trofe podem ser considerados em algumas circunst&#226;ncias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, n&#243;s consideramos os seguintes crit&#233;rios para uso de estatina:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>n&#227;o eleg&#237;vel: risco de DCVA em 10 anos &lt; 5,0%;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>potencialmente eleg&#237;vel: risco de DCVA em 10 anos entre 5,0% e &lt; 7,5%;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>eleg&#237;vel: risco de DCVA em 10 anos &#8805; 7,5%.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados e as an&#225;lises foram estratificados por sexo, uma vez que a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era composta por uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de homens que de mulheres. A elegibilidade ao tratamento com estatina tamb&#233;m foi analisada por subgrupos pr&#233;-definidos, de acordo com o grupo et&#225;rio e categoria de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros de observa&#231;&#245;es e propor&#231;&#245;es. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es ou em medianas e intervalos interquartis se apresentassem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou n&#227;o-normal, respectivamente. A normalidade foi avaliada visualmente e pelo c&#225;lculo da assimetria da distribui&#231;&#227;o (valores entre -1 e 1 foram considerados consistentes com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal).</p>
        <p>Foi usado o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher para an&#225;lise, conforme apropriado. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Calculamos o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o risco determinado pelo ERF global e o risco para DCVA estimado pelas PCE. Usamos o software R e o Microsoft Office Excel para gerenciamento dos dados e constru&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (CAAE 80925817.5.0000.0071). O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica aprovou uma dispensa do termo de consentimento por escrito devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva das an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>De 45.146 indiv&#237;duos identificados inicialmente no banco de dados, 26.621 (59%) foram exclu&#237;dos, principalmente pela idade inferior a 40 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A amostra final consistiu 18.525 indiv&#237;duos. Na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, houve predomin&#226;ncia de indiv&#237;duos de meia idade, do sexo masculino (69%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma dos indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos do estudo. DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n = 18525)</th>
                  <th>Mulheres (n = 5651)</th>
                  <th>Homens (n = 12874)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 &#177; 3,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">202 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">198 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">203 &#177; 31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">126 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">119 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">129 &#177; 27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">113 (81-162)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (67-123)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (91-178)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">87 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">89 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4527 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">893 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">3634 (28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">119 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">113 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">78 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1672 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">441 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1231(10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco cardiovascular de Framingham global em 10 anos (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 (3,4-9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 (1,8-4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 (5,1-11,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Categoria de risco cardiovascular (Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias, 2017)</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">7766 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">4638 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">3128 (24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">9596 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">828 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">8768 (68)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Alto</td>
                  <td align="center">1163 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">978 (8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco de DCVA em 10 anos (PCE, %)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 (1,0-4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 (0,4-1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 (1,7-5,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Categoria de risco de DCVA (Diretriz da AHA/ACC, 2018)</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">14498 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">5438 (96)</td>
                  <td align="center">9060 (70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Lim&#237;trofe</td>
                  <td align="center">1825 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1696 (13)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">2044 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1962 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Alto</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (&lt; 1)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (1)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (quartis) ou n (%). AHA/ACC: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade - colesterol; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCE: pooled cohort equations (equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>O risco cardiovascular em 10 anos determinado pelo ERF global e o risco de DCVA em 10 anos estimado pelas PCE mostraram-se fortemente correlacionados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o risco cardiovascular (CV) global em 10 anos determinado pelo escore de risco de Framingham (ERF) e o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) em 10 anos estimado pelas equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas (PCE, pooled cohort equations), e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco segundo a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017 e a Diretriz de Colesterol da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) de 2018. rs: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo seria categorizada como de alto risco de acordo com a diretriz brasileira em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz da AHA/ACC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Por outro lado, mais indiv&#237;duos seriam classificados como de baixo risco pela diretriz da AHA/ACC do que pela diretriz brasileira (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Com exce&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos, todos aqueles considerados de baixo risco pela diretriz brasileira seriam tamb&#233;m classificados como de baixo risco pela diretriz da AHA/ACC.</p>
        <p>Entre os indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio pela diretriz brasileira, uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o (n = 5.932, 68% dos homens e n = 758, 92% das mulheres) seria estratificada como de risco baixo pela diretriz da AHA/ACC. Somente 1.140 (13%) homens e 15 (2%) mulheres de risco intermedi&#225;rio pela diretriz brasileira seriam classificados nessa categoria pela diretriz da AHA/ACC.</p>
        <p>Entre os homens de alto risco segundo a diretriz brasileira, uma minoria (n = 154, 16%) seria classificada como de alto risco pela diretriz da AHA/ACC; a maioria (n = 822, 84%) estaria na categoria risco intermedi&#225;rio. Somente 2 (1%) das mulheres de alto risco segundo a diretriz brasileira estariam na mesma categoria de risco pela diretriz da AHA/ACC, enquanto 45 (24%), 71 (38%) e 67 (36%) mulheres estariam nas categorias baixo risco, risco lim&#237;trofe e risco intermedi&#225;rio, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>As medianas (quartis) do risco de DCVA em 10 anos pelas PCE nas categorias de risco definidas pela diretriz brasileira foram: 1,2% (0,9-1,5%) entre os homens na categoria baixo risco, 3,7% (2,5-5,7%) na categoria risco intermedi&#225;rio, e 14% (11,6-17,6%) na categoria alto risco; e 0,6% (0,4-1,0%) entre as mulheres na categoria baixo risco, 2,7% (2,0-3,7%) na categoria risco intermedi&#225;rio, e 6,6% (5,1-9,5%) na categoria alto risco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Elegibilidade para terapia com estatina</title>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de pacientes considerados eleg&#237;veis para receberem terapia com estatina seria tr&#234;s vezes maior segundo o crit&#233;rio da diretriz brasileira em compara&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio da AHA/ACC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). Isso p&#244;de ser observado na maioria dos subgrupos definidos por sexo, idade, e categoria de risco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3 a 5</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05"/>). A elegibilidade para terapia com estatina seria maior segundo a diretriz da AHA/ACC somente para homens de alto risco, e de idade mais avan&#231;ada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis, potencialmente eleg&#237;veis e eleg&#237;veis para terapia com estatina, segundo a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017 (BR) ou a Diretriz de Colesterol da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology de 2018 (AHA/ACC) (EUA), na popula&#231;&#227;o total e estratificada por sexo. p &lt; 0,001 nos tr&#234;s grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis, potencialmente eleg&#237;veis e eleg&#237;veis para terapia com estatina, segundo a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017 (BR) ou a Diretriz de Colesterol da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology de 2018 (AHA/ACC) (EUA), por sexo e idade. p &lt; 0,001 em todas as an&#225;lises dos subgrupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis, potencialmente eleg&#237;veis e eleg&#237;veis para terapia com estatina, segundo a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017 (BR) ou a Diretriz de Colesterol da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology de 2018 (AHA/ACC) (EUA), por sexo e categoria de risco cardiovascular definido pela Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017. p &lt; 0,001 em todas as an&#225;lises dos subgrupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Entre as 932 mulheres consideradas eleg&#237;veis para terapia com estatina segundo a diretriz brasileira, a maioria (82%) n&#227;o seria considerada eleg&#237;vel segundo o crit&#233;rio da AHA/ACC; somente 7% seriam consideradas eleg&#237;veis e 11% potencialmente eleg&#237;veis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref>). Entre os 5835 homens eleg&#237;veis para terapia com estatina segundo a diretriz brasileira, 27% tamb&#233;m seriam considerados eleg&#237;veis pelo crit&#233;rio da AHA/ACC, 16% potencialmente eleg&#237;veis e 57% n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagrama de Venn mostrando as interse&#231;&#245;es da elegibilidade &#224; terapia com estatina segundo a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017 (BR) ou a Diretriz de Colesterol da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) de 2018, por sexo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados revelam uma n&#237;tida discrep&#226;ncia entre a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular proposta pela Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017 e a proposta pela Diretriz de Colesterol do AHA/ACC de 2018. Uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o foi classificada como de risco mais elevado pela primeira que pela segunda diretriz. Consequentemente, uma vez que a elegibilidade para terapia com estatina &#233; baseada na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, mais indiv&#237;duos seriam considerados eleg&#237;veis para terapia com estatina segundo o crit&#233;rio da diretriz brasileira (LDL-c 30 mg/dL ou mais acima da meta recomendada), em compara&#231;&#227;o com o crit&#233;rio da AHA/ACC (risco em 10 anos para DCVA pelas PCE &#8805; 7,5%). Mais da metade dos homens e mais de 80% das mulheres eleg&#237;veis para terapia com estatina segundo o crit&#233;rio da diretriz brasileira n&#227;o alcan&#231;ariam o limiar de 7,5% de risco para elegibilidade segundo o crit&#233;rio da AHA/ACC.</p>
      <p>Diferentes diretrizes recomendam diferentes estrat&#233;gias para estratificar indiv&#237;duos por risco e definir quem devem ser considerados a receberem terapia com estatina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Enquanto a diretriz da AHA/ACC recomenda uma abordagem baseada em risco para orientar o in&#237;cio de estatina na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, as diretrizes brasileira e europeia estabelecem metas de concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de LDL-c de acordo com o risco cardiovascular. Ainda, enquanto as PCE e a <italic>Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation</italic> (SCORE) recomendadas pelas diretrizes da AHA/ACC e europeia, respectivamente, predizem o risco de desfechos duros, o ERF global recomendado pela diretriz brasileira estima o risco de eventos cl&#237;nicos duros e moles. Vale ainda ressaltar a &#8220;desvaloriza&#231;&#227;o&#8221; de fatores agravantes (p.ex. s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, n&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura) na Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira, bem como uma &#8220;valoriza&#231;&#227;o&#8221; dos fatores agravantes do risco para decis&#245;es de tratamento na diretriz da AHA/ACC de 2018 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). De fato, a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica bem estabelecida desses fatores corrobora o seu uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Recomenda&#231;&#245;es gerais das diretrizes de dislipidemia &#8211; Brasileira, da <italic>American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology</italic> e europeia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Diretriz</th>
                <th>Escore recomendado para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco<sup>*</sup></th>
                <th>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es gerais para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias (2017)<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Escore de risco global de Framingham<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estabelece metas de LDL-c de acordo com o risco cardiovascular <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diretriz de Colesterol da AHA/ACC (2018)<sup>4</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Equa&#231;&#245;es de coortes agrupadas (<italic>pooled cohort equations</italic>)<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estatina recomendada para indiv&#237;duos com condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, e recomendada ou considerada segundo o risco calculado de DCVA Fatores agravantes de risco (p.ex., LDL-c 160-189 mg/dL, PCRus &#8805; 2,0 mg/L, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas) e escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio podem auxiliar na decis&#227;o de se iniciar terapia com estatina ou na dosagem do medicamento, especialmente em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio Limiares de LDL-c (em vez de metas) para considerar terapias al&#233;m de estatinas em subgrupos de risco mais alto //</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diretrizes de Dislipidemia da ESC/EAS (2019)<sup>5</sup></td>
                <td align="center"><italic>Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation</italic> (SCORE)<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Estabelece metas de LDL-c de acordo com o risco cardiovascular<sup>#</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>AHA/ACC: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; PCRus: prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; ESC/EAS: European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade. <sup>*</sup> O uso dos escores de risco &#233; recomendado na aus&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco (p.ex., DCVA cl&#237;nica ou LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL). <sup>&#8224;</sup> Estima o risco de morte coron&#225;ria, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 10 anos. <sup>&#8225;</sup> Metas de LDL-c sob terapia com estatina: &lt; 130 mg/dL (baixo risco), &lt; 100 mg/dL (risco intermedi&#225;rio), &lt; 70 mg/dL (alto risco), &lt; 50 mg/dL (risco muito alto). <sup>&#167;</sup> Estimam o risco de morte coron&#225;ria, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral fatal ou n&#227;o fatal em 10 anos. <sup>//</sup> Considerar terapia medicamentosa al&#233;m de estatina se os n&#237;veis de LDL-c com estatina em dose m&#225;xima tolerada permanecerem &#8805;70 mg/dL em pacientes com DCVA de risco muito alto ou &#8805;100 mg/dL em pacientes com hipercolesterolemia prim&#225;ria grave (LDL-c &#8805;190 mg/dL). <sup>&#182;</sup> Estima o risco de eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos fatais. <sup>#</sup> Metas de LDL-c: &lt; 116 mg/dL (baixo risco), &lt; 100 mg/dL (risco moderado), redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% do basal e LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL (risco alto), redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% do basal e LDL-c &lt; 55 mg/dL (risco muito alto).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O presente estudo atualiza e expande nosso estudo pr&#233;vio comparando a V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e a Diretriz de Colesterol do ACC/AHA de 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Setenta e cinco porcento da amostra da presente an&#225;lise correspondem aos indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no estudo anterior; os demais referem-se aos indiv&#237;duos atendidos no mesmo servi&#231;o mais recentemente. Portanto, nossos resultados permitem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto das mudan&#231;as na vers&#227;o atualizada da diretriz brasileira sobre a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e elegibilidade ao tratamento com estatina. Nesse aspecto, observamos uma dr&#225;stica redu&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos categorizados como alto risco (mulheres: de 12% para 3% no presente estudo; homens: de 41% para 8%). Esse achado pode ser explicado pela exclus&#227;o, na Atualiza&#231;&#227;o de 2017, da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do risco promovida por fatores agravantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Mesmo assim, entre os indiv&#237;duos considerados de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto pela diretriz brasileira, mais de 80% estariam em uma categoria de risco inferior segundo a diretriz da AHA/ACC.</p>
      <p>A discord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o j&#225; era esperada, uma vez que, embora ambos os documentos recomendem limiares similares para categoriza&#231;&#227;o do risco (p.ex. baixo risco se abaixo de 5% em 10 anos), os desfechos considerados nas equa&#231;&#245;es de risco s&#227;o diferentes , conforme mencionado acima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, um indiv&#237;duo com risco de DCVA em 10 anos de 5% segundo as PCE necessariamente tem um risco estimado pelo ERF global em 10 anos maior.</p>
      <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o mais baixa de indiv&#237;duos classificados como de alto risco pela Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de 2017 pode explicar a diminui&#231;&#227;o na taxa de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis ao tratamento com estatina quando comparamos os resultados do presente estudo com os resultados de nosso estudo pr&#233;vio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (a elegibilidade caiu de 58% para 45% em homens e de 17% para 16% em mulheres). Por outro lado, a elegibilidade &#224; terapia com estatina com base no crit&#233;rio da AHA/ACC, conforme esperado, permaneceu a mesma (17% no estudo pr&#233;vio e 16% no presente estudo em homens; e 2% no estudo pr&#233;vio e 1% no presente estudo em mulheres). Portanto, a diferen&#231;a entre as duas diretrizes (brasileira e da AHA/ACC) reduziu, mas continua bastante alta.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados apontando uma maior elegibilidade para estatina pelo crit&#233;rio brasileiro em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz da AHA/ACC contrastam com um estudo contempor&#226;neo relatando uma elegibilidade &#224; estatina segundo a diretriz do ACC/AHA de 2013 similar &#224;quela estabelecida segundo diretrizes do NICE &#8211; <italic>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</italic> do Reino Unido (2014) e segundo diretrizes da CCS &#8211; <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> (2016).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ainda, mais indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o considerados candidatos &#224; terapia com estatina pela diretriz do ACC/AHA de 2013 do que pelas diretrizes da USPSTF - <italic>U.S Preventive Services Task Force</italic> (2016) ou da <italic>European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society</italic> (ESC/EAS, 2016).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tratada com estatinas tem o potencial de prevenir mais eventos cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> especialmente em longo prazo. Muitos indiv&#237;duos mais jovens eleg&#237;veis para estatinas pelo crit&#233;rio brasileiro, mas n&#227;o pela diretriz da AHA/ACC (uma vez que a idade &#233; o principal determinante do risco para DCVA), apresentam n&#237;veis relativamente mais altos de LDL-c e um benef&#237;cio em longo prazo com estatina compar&#225;vel ao observado naqueles atualmente recomendados para o tratamento pelo documento da AHA/ACC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos fatores podem argumentar a favor de um uso mais abrangente de estatinas na popula&#231;&#227;o geral: dados gen&#233;ticos e epidemiol&#243;gicos que apoiam a hip&#243;tese &#8220;quanto menor o LDL-c, melhor&#8221;;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> evid&#234;ncias indiscut&#237;veis dos benef&#237;cios das estatinas a partir de ensaios cl&#237;nicos, mesmo em popula&#231;&#245;es de baixo risco;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> perfil de seguran&#231;a muito bom;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e baixo custo. De fato, mesmo uma estrat&#233;gia de tratar &#8220;qualquer&#8221; indiv&#237;duo com estatinas tem sido discutida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, o benef&#237;cio da terapia com hipolipemiantes depende do risco cardiovascular basal, e a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco absoluto em 10 anos pode ser desprez&#237;vel em alguns subgrupos da amostra, considerados eleg&#237;veis pela diretriz brasileira, mas n&#227;o pelo crit&#233;rio norte-americano. Um uso mais generalizado de estatina na popula&#231;&#227;o geral pode n&#227;o se justificar com base em uma an&#225;lise de risco-benef&#237;cio. A estrat&#233;gia de se evitar a estatina por alguns anos at&#233; que o risco se torne maior pode ser preferida por alguns cl&#237;nicos e pacientes.</p>
      <p>A elegibilidade para terapia com estatina foi maior segundo o crit&#233;rio da diretriz brasileira em todos os subgrupos definidos por idade e sexo, exceto para homens com idade maior que 60 anos, os quais quase sempre alcan&#231;aram o limiar de 7,5% de risco para serem considerados eleg&#237;veis &#224; terapia com estatina segundo a diretriz da AHA/ACC. Portanto, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o geral de se usar estatina em idosos &#233; uma consequ&#234;ncia da diretriz da AHA/ACC ser baseada em risco, e nos parece apropriada, uma vez que os indiv&#237;duos de maior risco s&#227;o aqueles que mais se beneficiam da terapia com estatina. Ainda, a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos promovida pelas estatinas pode ser observada mesmo quando os n&#237;veis basais de LDL-c s&#227;o relativamente baixos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O uso de estatina em indiv&#237;duos com idade mais avan&#231;ada tamb&#233;m &#233; corroborado por um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado no qual a pravastatina reduziu eventos coronarianos sem intera&#231;&#227;o significativa com o n&#237;vel basal de LDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma considera&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser feita &#224;s decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas em mulheres. N&#243;s detectamos uma grande disparidade na elegibilidade &#224; estatina entre as duas diretrizes em mulheres de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto, categorizadas pelo documento brasileiro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>). Esse achado resulta da enorme discord&#226;ncia na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco segundo as diretrizes, a qual est&#225; relacionada ao limiar de risco mais baixo (&gt;10% em 10 anos) para categorizar mulheres de alto risco na diretriz brasileira. Essa decis&#227;o tomada pelo documento brasileiro seguiu a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da diretriz do AHA de 2011 para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> que n&#227;o foi adotada por outros pa&#237;ses. Uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em mulheres na diretriz brasileira pode ser sugerida.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. O crit&#233;rio para elegibilidade &#224; terapia com estatina baseado na diretriz brasileira foi escolhido de maneira arbitr&#225;ria, uma vez que o documento n&#227;o especifica quando a terapia deve ser iniciada. No entanto, o pressuposto parece ser uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina no Brasil, e tamb&#233;m apropriado, dada &#224; limitada efic&#225;cia das modifica&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida (p.ex. dieta) em reduzir os n&#237;veis de LDL-c no mundo real. Al&#233;m disso, esse crit&#233;rio foi o mesmo utilizado em nosso estudo pr&#233;vio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> o que permitiu uma compara&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade &#224; terapia com estatina com base na V Diretriz Brasileira ou na Atualiza&#231;&#227;o de 2017. Nossos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade &#224; estatina foram estabelecidos com base somente no risco calculado; n&#243;s reconhecemos que os escores de risco tradicionais n&#227;o s&#227;o perfeitos, e outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o convencionais, tais como os fatores agravantes do risco e a calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, t&#234;m um papel importante na tomada de decis&#227;o, conforme descrito acima e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, conforme diretrizes recentes t&#234;m enfatizado, a decis&#227;o sobre o uso de estatina na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria deve idealmente ser tomada ap&#243;s uma discuss&#227;o com o paciente sobre os riscos e benef&#237;cios da terapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Finalmente, os escores de risco utilizados neste estudo n&#227;o foram validados ou calibrados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Tal fato &#233; especialmente relevante se consideramos que marcadores socioecon&#244;micos, tal como educa&#231;&#227;o, podem influenciar os desfechos cardiovasculares independentemente dos fatores de risco convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz da AHA/ACC de 2018, a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias (2017) classifica uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em categorias de risco mais elevado. Consequentemente, a elegibilidade &#224; terapia com estatina &#233; substancialmente maior seguindo-se um crit&#233;rio com base na diretriz brasileira (LDL-c pelo menos 30 mg/dL acima das metas recomendadas) em compara&#231;&#227;o a uma abordagem baseada na diretriz da AHA/ACC (risco em 10 anos pelas PCE &#8805; 7,5%). Pacientes e m&#233;dicos devem usar o julgamento cr&#237;tico ao decidirem sobre o in&#237;cio da terapia com estatina na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para otimizar a prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ao longo da vida e, ao mesmo tempo, evitar o excesso de tratamento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem Nea Miwa Kashiwagi, Nicolle Gomes Ferreira e Susi da Silva Pereira de Lima pela organiza&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da base de dados utilizada neste estudo.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.453.659. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk and Statin Eligibility in Primary Prevention: A Comparison between the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC Guidelines</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando H. Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Cesena &#8226;</bold> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Medicina Diagn&#243;stica e Preventiva - Avenida Brasil, 953. Postal Code 01431-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fernando.cesena@einstein.br, cesenaf@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Cesena FHY; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Valente VA, Santos RD, Bittencourt MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Dr. Raul D. Santos - consulting, research, speaker: ACHE, AKCEA, Amgen, Astrazeneca, Biolab, Esperion, Kowa, Merck, MSD, Novo-Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron. Recipient of a scholarship: Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPQ).</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Differences between the updated versions of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) Cholesterol Guideline regarding cardiovascular risk stratification and statin eligibility are unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To compare cardiovascular risk categorization and statin eligibility based on the Brazilian guideline with those based on the AHA/ACC guideline in primary prevention patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We retrospectively analyzed individuals aged 40-74 years without high-risk conditions, with LDL-c 70 to &lt; 190 mg/dL, not on lipid-lowering drugs, who underwent routine clinical assessment. Cardiovascular risk was stratified according to the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC guidelines. Subjects were considered eligible for statin therapy if LDL-c was at least 30 mg/dL above the target for the cardiovascular risk (Brazilian guideline) or the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk was &#8805;7.5% (AHA/ACC guideline). A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study sample consisted of 18,525 subjects (69% male, age 48 &#177; 6 years). Among subjects considered at intermediate or high risk by the Brazilian guideline, over 80% would be in a lower risk category by the AHA/ACC guideline. Among men, 45% and 16% would be statin eligible by the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC guidelines criteria, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Among women, the respective proportions would be 16% and 1% (p &lt; 0.001). Eighty-two percent of women and 57% of men eligible for statins based on the Brazilian guideline criterion would not be eligible according to the AHA/ACC guideline criterion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Compared with the AHA/ACC guideline, the Brazilian guideline classifies a larger proportion of primary prevention patients into higher-risk categories and substantially increases statin eligibility. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):440-449)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention and Control</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Although all guidelines on the management of blood cholesterol recommend cardiovascular risk stratification to guide the decision about statin initiation in primary prevention, different treatment decisions have been made depending on the guideline used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a previous study, we observed that a substantially higher proportion of the population in primary prevention was considered statin-eligible based on the recommendations of the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias, than on the 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> There was a clear discrepancy between the cardiovascular risk stratified by the Brazilian guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and the risk calculated by the pooled cohort equations (PCE), as recommended by the ACC/AHA guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Brazilian Guideline of Dyslipidemias was updated in 2017. Some changes in the risk stratification process were made, and a target for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) for low-risk patients was introduced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In 2018, a new AHA/ACC cholesterol guideline was published, proposing a new categorization of the cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Differences between the current versions of the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC guidelines regarding risk stratification and statin eligibility in primary prevention are unknown and are of practical importance for the attending physician.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the goals of this study were: (1) to compare the cardiovascular risk stratification as recommended by the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias with that recommended by the 2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guideline in individuals in primary prevention without clinical manifestations of high cardiovascular risk; (2) to compare the proportion of statin-eligible individuals according to the Brazilian guideline and the 2018 AHA/ACC guideline criteria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and sample</title>
          <p>This observational study was a retrospective analysis of individuals consecutively seen as part of a routine evaluation at the Department of Preventive Medicine of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brazil). The study population is the same sample included in our previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> comparing the 2013 Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline (individuals who visited our service from 2009 to 2015), in addition to other individuals who underwent a health evaluation up to July 2018. Data were prospectively collected and gathered into a large database.</p>
          <p>Our population of interest was individuals in primary prevention, without high-risk conditions, for whom guidelines recommend the use of risk scores to guide statin therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, we excluded subjects with previous clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), subclinical ASCVD deemed relevant by the attending physician, aortic aneurysm, diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min), patients with LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL, LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL (not candidates for statins according to the AHA/ACC guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>) or taking lipid-lowering drugs. We also excluded subjects younger than 40 years or older than 74 years to restrict the sample to those whose age was appropriate for the calculation of the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score (general FRS) and the PCE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk according to the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline</title>
          <p>We calculated the general FRS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> as recommended by the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The following variables are considered in this risk estimation: age, gender, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive drugs, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), diabetes mellitus, and smoking. This score estimates the risk of coronary death, myocardial infarction, angina, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral vascular disease, or heart failure in 10 years.</p>
          <p>According to the Update of the Brazilian Guideline, the cardiovascular risk was stratified as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>general FRS &lt; 5%: low risk;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>general FRS between 5% and 10% (women) or between 5% and 20% (men): intermediate risk;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>general FRS &gt; 10% (women) or &gt; 20% (men): high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ASCVD risk according to the 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline</title>
          <p>We estimated the ASCVD risk by the PCE, as recommended by the 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This score is derived from cohorts from the United States of America and considers the same traditional risk factors of the FRS, in addition to ethnicity. The PCE predict the 10-year risk of hard ASCVD events (coronary death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke).</p>
          <p>According to the 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline, the ASCVD risk was stratified as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>ASCVD risk &lt; 5%: low risk;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ASCVD risk between 5% and &lt; 7.5%: borderline risk;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ASCVD risk between 7.5% and &lt; 20%: intermediate risk;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ASCVD risk &#8805; 20%: high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria for statin therapy</title>
          <p>We categorized the study population into three categories of statin eligibility (non-eligible, potentially eligible and eligible), based on the recommendations of the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline or the 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline.</p>
          <p>The Brazilian guideline does not make clear recommendations on when to initiate statins in primary prevention, but establishes LDL-c targets based on the general FRS, as follows: LDL-c &lt; 130 mg/dL, &lt; 100 mg/dL, and &lt; 70 mg/dL for low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk individuals, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Accordingly, we arbitrarily considered the following criteria for statin eligibility based on the Brazilian guideline:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>non-eligible: LDL-c below the target for the cardiovascular risk;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>potentially eligible: LDL-c between the target for the cardiovascular risk and &lt; 30 mg/dL above the target;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>eligible: LDL-c 30 mg/dL or more above the target for the cardiovascular risk.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline establishes that individuals at intermediate or high risk should be considered for statin initiation, whereas those at borderline risk may be considered under certain circumstances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, we considered the following criteria for statin use:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>non-eligible: 10-year ASCVD risk &lt; 5.0%;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>potentially eligible: 10-year ASCVD risk between 5.0% and &lt; 7.5%;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>eligible: 10-year ASCVD risk &#8805; 7.5%.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data and analyses were stratified by sex, since our study population was composed of a higher proportion of men than women. Statin eligibility was also analyzed in pre-defined subgroups, according to age group and cardiovascular risk category.</p>
          <p>Categorical variables were expressed as number of observations and proportions. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation if normally distributed, or median and interquartile range if non-normally distributed. Normality was assessed by visual inspection of the distribution and calculation of the skewness (values between -1 and 1 were considered consistent with a normal distribution).</p>
          <p>The chi-square test and the Fisher exact test, when appropriate, were used in the statistical analyses. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We calculated the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to evaluate the relationship between the risk determined by the general FRS and the ASCVD risk estimated by the PCE. The R software and Microsoft Office Excel tools were used for data management and graph construction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical issues</title>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (CAAE 80925817.5.0000.0071). The Ethics Committee approved a waiver of the written informed consent based on the retrospective nature of the analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population and baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>From 45,146 subjects initially identified in the database, 26,621 (59%) were excluded, mainly because of age younger than 40 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). The final sample consisted of 18,525 subjects.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of subjects included in and excluded from the study. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The study population was characterized by a predominance of middle-aged subjects, mostly (69%) men. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the sample.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the sample</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Total (n = 18,525)</th>
                    <th>Women (n = 5,651)</th>
                    <th>Men (n = 12,874)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">48 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">48 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">48 &#177; 7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">25.4 &#177; 4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">27.5 &#177; 3.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">202 &#177; 31</td>
                    <td align="center">198 &#177; 30</td>
                    <td align="center">203 &#177; 31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">126 &#177; 27</td>
                    <td align="center">119 &#177; 27</td>
                    <td align="center">129 &#177; 27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">49 &#177; 14</td>
                    <td align="center">58 &#177; 14</td>
                    <td align="center">46 &#177; 11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">113 (81-162)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (67-123)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (91-178)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fasting glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">87 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">84 &#177; 8</td>
                    <td align="center">89 &#177; 9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4527 (24)</td>
                    <td align="center">893 (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">3634 (28)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">119 &#177; 13</td>
                    <td align="center">113 &#177; 13</td>
                    <td align="center">121 &#177; 12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">78 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">74 &#177; 8</td>
                    <td align="center">80 &#177; 8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1672 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">441 (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1231(10)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10-year Framingham general cardiovascular risk (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">5.9 (3.4-9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.7 (1.8-4.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6 (5.1-11.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Cardiovascular risk category (2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline)</td>
                    <td align="center">Low</td>
                    <td align="center">7766 (42)</td>
                    <td align="center">4638 (82)</td>
                    <td align="center">3128 (24)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
                    <td align="center">9596 (52)</td>
                    <td align="center">828 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">8768 (68)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">High</td>
                    <td align="center">1163 (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">185 (3)</td>
                    <td align="center">978 (8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10-year ASCVD risk (PCE, %)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.2 (1.0-4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8 (0.4-1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1 (1.7-5.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">ASCVD risk category (2018 AHA/ACC Guideline)</td>
                    <td align="center">Low</td>
                    <td align="center">14498 (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">5438 (96)</td>
                    <td align="center">9060 (70)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Borderline</td>
                    <td align="center">1825 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1696 (13)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
                    <td align="center">2044 (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1962 (15)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">High</td>
                    <td align="center">158 (1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (&lt;1)</td>
                    <td align="center">156 (1)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median (quartiles) or n (%). AHA/ACC: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCE: pooled cohort equations.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk</title>
          <p>The 10-year cardiovascular risk determined by the general FRS and the 10-year ASCVD risk estimated by the PCE were shown to be highly correlated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation between the 10-year general cardiovascular (CV) risk determined by the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) estimated by the pooled cohort equations (PCE); and risk stratification according to the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and the 2018 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) Cholesterol Guideline. rs: Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation coefficient.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A higher proportion of the study population would be categorized as high-risk by the Brazilian guideline, as compared to the AHA/ACC guideline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Conversely, more subjects would be stratified as low-risk by the AHA/ACC guideline, in comparison with the Brazilian guideline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). All but three subjects considered at low risk by the Brazilian guideline would also be classified as low-risk individuals by the AHA/ACC guideline.</p>
          <p>Among subjects at intermediate risk by the Brazilian guideline, a large proportion (5,932 [68%] men and 758 [92%] women) would be stratified as low risk by the AHA/ACC guideline. Only 1,140 (13%) men and 15 (2%) women at intermediate risk by the Brazilian guideline would have the same categorization by the AHA/ACC guideline.</p>
          <p>Among high-risk men by the Brazilian guideline, a minority (154 [16%]) would also be in the high-risk stratum by the AHA/ACC guideline; most of them (822 [84%]) would be in the intermediate-risk category. Only 2 (1%) of high-risk women by the Brazilian guideline would be in the same risk category by the AHA/ACC guideline, whereas 45 (24%), 71 (38%), and 67 (36%) women would be in the low-, borderline-, and intermediate-risk categories, respectively.</p>
          <p>The medians (quartiles) of the 10-year ASCVD risk by the PCE in the risk categories defined by the Brazilian guideline were as follows: 1.2% (0.9-1.5%) of men in the low-risk category, 3.7% (2.5-5.7%) in the intermediate-risk category, and 14.0% (11.6-17.6%) in the high-risk category; and 0.6% (0.4-1.0%) of women in the low-risk category, 2.7% (2.0-3.7%) in the intermediate-risk category, and 6.6% (5.1-9.5%) in the high-risk category.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statin eligibility</title>
          <p>The number of patients considered eligible for statin therapy would be 3 times higher according to the Brazilian guideline criterion, compared with the AHA/ACC criterion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>). This could be observed in most subgroups defined by sex, age, and risk category (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 3-5</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001"/>). Statin eligibility would be higher according to the AHA/ACC guideline only in older and high-risk men.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Proportion of non-eligible, potentially eligible, and eligible subjects for statins, according to the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias (BR) or the 2018 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) Cholesterol Guideline (USA) in the total population and stratified by sex. p &lt; 0.001 in the three groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Proportion of non-eligible, potentially eligible, and eligible subjects for statins, according to criteria based on the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias (BR) or the 2018 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) Cholesterol Guideline (USA), by sex and age group. p &lt; 0.001 in all subgroup analyses.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Proportion of subjects non-eligible, potentially eligible, and eligible for statins, according to criteria based on the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias (BR) or the 2018 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) Cholesterol Guideline (USA), by sex and category of cardiovascular risk defined by the Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias. p &lt; 0.001 in all subgroup analyses.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Among 932 women considered eligible for statin therapy according to the Brazilian guideline, the vast majority (82%) would not be eligible according to the AHA/ACC criterion; only 7% would be eligible and 11% potentially eligible (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref>). Among 5,835 men eligible for statins by the Brazilian guideline, 27% would also be eligible by the AHA/ACC criterion, 16% would be potentially eligible and 57% non-eligible (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Venn diagram showing the intersections of statin eligibility based on the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias or the 2018 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) Cholesterol Guideline, by sex.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0440-90519-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our results reveal a clear discrepancy between the cardiovascular risk stratification proposed by the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and that by the 2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guideline. A large proportion of the population was classified as higher risk by the former than by the latter. As a consequence, once statin eligibility is based on risk stratification, more subjects would be eligible for statin therapy according to a criterion based on the Brazilian guideline (LDL-c at least 30 mg/dL over the recommended target), in comparison with the AHA/ACC criterion (10-year ASCVD risk by the PCE &#8805; 7.5%). More than half of men and more than 80% of women eligible for statins based on the Brazilian guideline would not reach the 7.5% risk threshold to be eligible by the AHA/ACC criterion.</p>
        <p>Different guidelines recommend different strategies to risk-stratify individuals and decide who should be considered for statin therapy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> While the AHA/ACC guideline recommends a risk-based approach to guide statin initiation in primary prevention, the Brazilian and the European guidelines establish plasma LDL-c targets according to the cardiovascular risk. Moreover, while the PCE and the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE) recommended by the AHA/ACC and the European guidelines, respectively, predict the risk of hard endpoints, the general FRS recommended by the Brazilian guideline estimates the risk of hard and soft clinical events. Also noteworthy is the downgrade of aggravating factors (e.g., metabolic syndrome, elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, family history of premature coronary artery disease) in the Update of the Brazilian Guideline, as well as the upgrade of the so-called risk-enhancing factors for treatment decisions in the 2018 AHA/ACC guideline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Indeed, the well-established prognostic relevance of these factors supports their use in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General recommendations of the Brazilian, the AHA/ACC and the European dyslipidemia guidelines</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Guideline</th>
                  <th>Score recommended for risk stratification*</th>
                  <th>General recommendations for LDL-c reduction</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Update of the Brazilian Guideline of Dyslipidemias (2017)<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">General Framingham risk score<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Establishes LDL-c targets according to the cardiovascular risk&#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guideline (2018)<sup>4</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Pooled cohort equations<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Statin recommended for individuals with high-risk conditions, and recommended or considered according to the calculated ASCVD risk Risk-enhancing factors (e.g., LDL-c 160-189 mg/dL, high-sensitivity CRP &#8805; 2.0 mg/L, chronic inflammatory disorders) and coronary artery calcium score may help the decision on statin initiation or statin dosage, especially in intermediate-risk patients LDL-c thresholds (instead of LDL-c targets) to consider therapies beyond statins in higher-risk subgroups//</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESC/EAS Dyslipidemia Guidelines (2019)<sup>5</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE)<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Establishes LDL-c targets according to the cardiovascular risk#</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AHA/ACC: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESC/EAS: European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. <sup>*</sup> The use of risk scores is recommended in the absence of high-risk conditions (e.g., clinical ASCVD or LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL). <sup>&#8224;</sup> Estimates the risk of coronary death, myocardial infarction, angina, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral vascular disease, or heart failure in 10 years. <sup>&#8225;</sup> LDL-c targets under statin therapy: &lt; 130 mg/dL (low risk), &lt; 100 mg/dL (intermediate risk), &lt; 70 mg/dL (high risk), &lt; 50 mg/dL (very high risk). <sup>&#167;</sup> Estimate the risk of coronary death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, fatal or non-fatal stroke in 10 years. <sup>//</sup> Non-statin drug therapy to be considered if LDL-c levels in maximally tolerated statin therapy remain &#8805;70 mg/dL in ASCVD patients at very high-risk or &#8805; 100 mg/dL in patients with severe primary hypercholesterolemia (LDL-c &#8805; 190 mg/dL). <sup>&#182;</sup> Estimates the risk of fatal atherosclerotic events. <sup>#</sup> LDL-c targets: &lt; 116 mg/dL (low risk), &lt; 100 mg/dL (moderate risk), reduction from baseline &#8805; 50% LDL-c and &lt; 70 mg/dL (high risk), reduction from baseline &#8805; 50% LDL-c and &lt; 55 mg/dL (very high risk).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The present work updates and expands our previous report comparing the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Seventy-five percent of the sample of the present analysis corresponds to the subjects included in the previous study; the remaining are subjects seen in the same setting more recently. Therefore, our results allow an evaluation of the impact of changes in the updated version of the Brazilian guideline on risk stratification and statin eligibility. In this regard, we observed a drastic reduction in the proportion of individuals categorized as high-risk (women: from 12% to 3% in the present study; men: from 41% to 8%). This finding may be explained by the abolishment, in the 2017 Update, of the reclassification of risk promoted by aggravating factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Even so, among subjects considered at intermediate or high risk by the Brazilian guideline, over 80% would be in a lower-risk category by the AHA/ACC guideline.</p>
        <p>The disagreement between the two stratification methods was already expected, since although both documents recommend similar thresholds to categorize the risk (e.g., low risk when below 5% in 10 years), the endpoints considered in the risk equations are different, as mentioned above.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, a person with 10-year ASCVD risk by the PCE of 5% has necessarily a higher 10-year risk estimated by the general FRS.</p>
        <p>The lower proportion of subjects labeled as high-risk individuals by the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline may explain the decrease in the rate of eligible subjects for statin therapy when we compare the present results with our previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (eligibility dropped from 58% to 45% in men and from 17% to 16% in women). Conversely, statin eligibility based on the AHA/ACC criterion, as expected, remained stable (17% in the previous study and 16% in the present study in men; and 2% in the previous study and 1% in the present study in women). Therefore, the difference between the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC guidelines narrowed, but remains very high.</p>
        <p>Our findings regarding greater statin eligibility by the Brazilian criterion, compared to the AHA/ACC guideline, contrast with a contemporary study reporting statin eligibility by the 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline similar to that observed using the guidelines from the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, 2014) and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS, 2016).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Moreover, more individuals are statin candidates by the 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline when compared to the guidance from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF, 2016) or the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS, 2016).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A larger proportion of the population in primary care treated with statins has the potential to prevent more cardiovascular events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> especially in the long term. Many younger individuals eligible for statins by the Brazilian criterion, but not by the AHA/ACC guideline (once age is the main driver of ASCVD risk), have relatively high LDL-c and a long-term benefit from statins comparable to the benefit seen in those currently recommended to the treatment by the AHA/ACC document.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several factors may argue in favor of a more widespread use of statins in the general population: epidemiological and genetic data supporting &#8220;the lower the LDL-c, the better&#8221; hypothesis;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> unequivocal evidence of benefits of statins from clinical trials, even in low-risk populations;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> very good safety profile;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and low cost. Indeed, even a strategy of treating &#8220;everyone&#8221; with statins has been discussed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, the benefit from lipid-lowering therapy depends on the baseline cardiovascular risk, and the 10-year absolute risk reduction may be negligible in some subsets of our sample which were statin eligible by the Brazilian guideline but not by the North American criterion. A widespread use of statin in the general population may not be justifiable based on a risk-benefit analysis. The strategy of avoiding statin for some years until the risk becomes higher may be preferable by some clinicians and patients.</p>
        <p>Statin eligibility was higher by the Brazilian guideline criterion in all subgroups defined by age and sex, except for men over 60 years of age who almost always reached the 7.5% risk threshold for statin eligibility established by the AHA/ACC guideline. Therefore, the general recommendation for statin use in the elderly is a consequence of the risk-based nature of the AHA/ACC guideline and seems appropriate, since individuals at higher risk are those who benefit the most from statin therapy. Also, the event reduction promoted by statins can be seen even when baseline LDL-c levels are relatively low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Moreover, statin use in older individuals is supported by a randomized clinical trial in which pravastatin reduced coronary events with no significant interaction with the baseline LDL-c level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Special consideration should be made to treatment decisions in women. We detected a great disparity in statin eligibility between the two guidelines in women at intermediate and high risk, as categorized by the Brazilian document (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref>). This finding results from the huge discordance in risk stratification according to the guidelines, which relates to the lower risk threshold (&gt;10% in 10 years) to categorize high-risk women in the Brazilian guideline. This decision made by the Brazilian document followed the 2011 AHA guideline recommendation for prevention of cardiovascular disease in women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> which was not adopted by other guidelines worldwide. A reappraisal of risk stratification among women in the Brazilian guideline may be suggested.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations. The criterion for statin eligibility based on the Brazilian guidelines was arbitrarily chosen, once the document does not specify when statin therapy should be initiated. However, the assumption seems to be a reasonable approximation of routine clinical practice in Brazil and appropriate due to the known limitations of the efficacy of lifestyle changes (e.g., diet) on lowering blood LDL-c levels in the real world. Moreover, this criterion was the same used in our previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which allowed a fair comparison of statin eligibility based on the V Brazilian Guideline or the 2017 Update. Our criteria for statin eligibility were solely based on the calculated risk; we acknowledge that conventional risk scores are imperfect and other non-traditional variables, such as the risk-enhancing factors and the coronary artery calcification, have an important role in the decision-making process, as noted above and in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Furthermore, as recent guidelines have emphasized, the use of statin in primary prevention should ideally follow a clinician-patient discussion on the benefits and risks of the therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Finally, the risk scores used in this study have not been validated or calibrated in the Brazilian population; this is especially relevant if we consider that socioeconomic markers, such as education, may influence cardiovascular endpoints independent of traditional risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Compared with the 2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guideline, the 2017 Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias classifies a great proportion of the population in primary prevention into higher-risk categories. Consequently, statin eligibility is substantially higher according to a criterion based on the Brazilian guideline (LDL-c at least 30 mg/dL over the recommended target), in comparison with an approach based on the AHA/ACC guideline (10-year ASCVD risk by the PCE &#8805;7.5%). Patients and physicians should use critical judgment when deciding about statin initiation in primary prevention to optimize lifelong cardiovascular protection while avoiding overtreatment.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>The authors thank Nea Miwa Kashiwagi, Nicolle Gomes Ferreira, and Susi da Silva Pereira de Lima for the organization and maintenance of the database used for this study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein under the protocol number 2.453.659. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
