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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">w3nmsWgcXHGKzrW54xfsHcQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001100303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200652</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200652</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Esporte em Tempos de Covid-19: Alerta ao Cora&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3419-0888</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Perillo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Contesini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6387-5600</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Ghorayeb</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8571-5627</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5328-0777</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bassaneze</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1523-9850</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Lorena Christine Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1429-2329</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Al&#244;</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3719-3603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Clea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7056-7593</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorayeb</surname>
            <given-names>Nabil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de S&#227;o Mateus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de S&#227;o Mateus, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcos Perillo Filho &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Cardiologia do Esporte - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, Vila Mariana, Sao Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>perillo.m@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>303</fpage>
      <lpage>307</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Esporte</kwd>
        <kwd>Atleta</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Competi&#231;&#245;es esportivas estavam a pleno vapor em 2019, consagrando campe&#245;es do ano que findava ou sendo planejadas para suas emocionantes etapas que viriam a seguir. O ano de 2020 traria novos cap&#237;tulos ao esporte mundial. Por&#233;m, o surgimento do novo coronav&#237;rus (SARS-CoV-2) mudou o panorama da pr&#225;tica esportiva. Em mar&#231;o de 2020, ap&#243;s declara&#231;&#227;o da pandemia pela COVID-19, o isolamento social foi adotado por diversos governos, consequentemente proibindo a realiza&#231;&#227;o de eventos esportivos. A retomada do esporte vem sendo discutida &#224; medida que as autoridades p&#250;blicas iniciam o processo de relaxamento do isolamento social, cabendo &#224; sociedade m&#233;dica propor como melhor avaliar os atletas infectados pela nova doen&#231;a e determinar a seguran&#231;a da pr&#225;tica esportiva. A escassez de dados cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acometimento card&#237;aco nos casos oligossintom&#225;ticos, n&#227;o hospitalizados, da COVID-19, al&#233;m da incerteza acerca dos desfechos de longo prazo de eventual les&#227;o card&#237;aca atribu&#237;da &#224; doen&#231;a, fazem da elabora&#231;&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#245;es um desafio, sujeitas a mudan&#231;as conforme adquirido melhor entendimento da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Cora&#231;&#227;o e COVID-19</title>
        <p>Uma das principais caracter&#237;sticas da COVID-19 &#233; o seu alto poder de cont&#225;gio e r&#225;pida dissemina&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de poss&#237;vel acometimento card&#237;aco, visto em at&#233; 22% dos pacientes hospitalizados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> com taxa de mortalidade at&#233; 4,5 vezes maior em cardiopatas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias e sepse, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a 3&#170; causa de morte associada &#224; COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais infec&#231;&#245;es virais associadas &#224; miocardite, estas apresentam taxas bem menores (&lt;1%) de acometimento cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em estudo com coelhos, foi demonstrado o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia dilatada biventricular, hipertrofia, fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e miocardite em an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e, em seres humanos, o RNA viral foi encontrado no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco em at&#233; 35% dos casos de uma s&#233;rie de aut&#243;psias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A COVID-19 pode se manifestar de diversas maneiras, assintom&#225;tica, sintom&#225;tica leve (n&#227;o debilitante), moderada (debilitante) ou grave (hospitalizada)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e desta forma, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do atleta durante sua avalia&#231;&#227;o para retorno ao treinamento ou competi&#231;&#227;o pode ser frustrada, n&#227;o levantando suspeita quanto ao acometimento cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Les&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>Sinais de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica como o aumento de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, principalmente da troponina, apresenta-se em 8 a 12% dos casos em geral e em at&#233; 33% dos pacientes cr&#237;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, o acometimento mioc&#225;rdico pode ser assintom&#225;tico. Os mecanismos de les&#227;o podem ser comuns a qualquer infec&#231;&#227;o grave, como resposta inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada, mas tamb&#233;m por a&#231;&#227;o direta viral no tecido card&#237;aco. Alguns estudos colocam em xeque a capacidade do v&#237;rus em gerar les&#227;o direta aos mi&#243;citos por n&#227;o detect&#225;-lo nestas c&#233;lulas, levando a crer que sua agress&#227;o decorra da combina&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios fatores, como a resposta inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada e acometimento microvascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> o que pode gerar coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada, trombose e infarto de grandes e pequenos vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O SARS-CoV-2 infecta c&#233;lulas humanas atrav&#233;s de sua liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; enzima conversora da angiotensina 2 (ECA2), consequentemente aumentando os n&#237;veis de angiotensina II e seus efeitos delet&#233;rios em c&#233;lulas onde a express&#227;o do receptor da ECA2 &#233; maior, como nos cardiomi&#243;citos, fibroblastos e pericitos, c&#233;lulas localizadas na microvasculatura card&#237;aca, externas ao endot&#233;lio capilar e venular, com relevante papel na microcircula&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Miocardite</title>
        <p>H&#225; grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de miocardite nos atletas expostos, pois sem adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica especializada, podem ser submetidos durante a fase subaguda ou cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a a volume e intensidade de exerc&#237;cio capazes de desencadear arritmias malignas durante ou mesmo ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o. Estima-se que 7 a 20% das mortes s&#250;bitas em atletas jovens seja devido a miocardite,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e seu diagn&#243;stico por vezes requer exames complementares, al&#233;m do exame cl&#237;nico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. Estudos reportam maior taxa de eventos card&#237;acos em atletas com maior &#225;rea de realce tardio &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), mesmo apresentando avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A miocardite &#233; clinicamente heterog&#234;nea, sendo um dos seus principais achados o desenvolvimento ou piora de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s infec&#231;&#227;o viral. Dados de uma an&#225;lise de 150 pacientes de Wuhan na China indicam uma prov&#225;vel incid&#234;ncia de 7% de miocardite em pacientes com COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Na fase cr&#244;nica da miocardite, entre 2 e 12 semanas, ocorre infiltra&#231;&#227;o linfocit&#225;ria, perpetuando les&#227;o aos mi&#243;citos pela resposta imune humoral, e o interst&#237;cio recebe intensa deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, levando &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrose, podendo evoluir com dilata&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Retorno</title>
        <p>Ao n&#227;o se considerar o potencial dano mioc&#225;rdico pela COVID-19, o atleta recuperado com sorologia IgG positiva poder&#225; ser liberado, conforme protocolos institucionais, para o retorno de suas atividades. Por&#233;m, conforme bem descrito na literatura, recomenda-se que indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com miocardite sejam afastados por no m&#237;nimo 3 a 6 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Dito isto, mesmo ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o, sequelas pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicas podem amea&#231;ar o atleta e a avalia&#231;&#227;o sistematizada &#233; crucial para a adequada estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, evitando n&#227;o somente desfechos adversos como tamb&#233;m per&#237;odo desnecess&#225;rio de afastamento e consequente queda de rendimento e habilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A cin&#233;tica do <italic>clearance</italic> viral da COVID-19 &#233; alvo de diversos estudos e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia do v&#237;rus no organismo ainda n&#227;o &#233; conhecido, podendo ser detectado RNA viral por mais de 2 meses ap&#243;s in&#237;cio dos sintomas, a despeito de anticorpos detectados nas primeiras 2 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Deste modo, apesar de postularem que esta positiva&#231;&#227;o prolongada se d&#234; por resqu&#237;cios de RNA viral, ainda &#233; desconhecido se atletas com anticorpos IgG positivo, considerados imunes, poderiam ou n&#227;o ser fonte de transmiss&#227;o do v&#237;rus ao seus contactantes e at&#233; quando a janela de excre&#231;&#227;o deste v&#237;rus duraria. Logo, um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 14 dias de isolamento ap&#243;s infec&#231;&#227;o confirmada se faz necess&#225;rio, sendo prudente a avalia&#231;&#227;o para retorno das atividades esportivas somente ap&#243;s 7 dias assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
        <p>Organiza&#231;&#245;es esportivas de in&#250;meros pa&#237;ses iniciaram a retomada de treinos coletivos e mesmo competi&#231;&#245;es, como o futebol, apesar de evid&#234;ncias limitadas, propondo protocolos de testagem ampla, per&#237;odos de afastamento e exames a serem realizados em caso de contato comprovado com o SARS-CoV-2. Entre os variados protocolos, evidencia-se a falta de consenso quanto &#224; obrigatoriedade e maneira ideal de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular p&#243;s-infec&#231;&#227;o. A OMS destaca 5 fatores determinantes de risco &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de eventos esportivos:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (1) se o evento ter&#225; sede em pa&#237;s com transmiss&#227;o local da COVID-19; (2) se haver&#225; sede &#250;nica ou m&#250;ltiplas; (3) se atletas e espectadores ser&#227;o de pa&#237;ses com transmiss&#227;o ativa da doen&#231;a; (4) se participantes pertencem a grupos de risco em grande n&#250;mero (ex.: maiores de 65 anos ou portadores de comorbidades); (5) se a competi&#231;&#227;o envolve modalidades de alto risco de dissemina&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19 (ex.: esportes de contato). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> ilustra medidas propostas para minimizar o risco de dissemina&#231;&#227;o em eventos esportivos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medidas para minimizar risco de dissemina&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19 em eventos esportivos. Carmody S, Murray A, Borodina M, et al. When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk Assessment and factors to consider, Posted April 30, 2020.BJSM.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0303-00652-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o somente por exame cl&#237;nico, ECG e biomarcadores pode ser insuficiente para diagn&#243;stico de miocardite, pois atletas podem apresentar-se oligossintom&#225;ticos, sem novas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e com n&#237;veis basais elevados de troponina devido ao treinamento, n&#227;o havendo correla&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;vel de realce tardio pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em avalia&#231;&#227;o de 670 casos suspeitos cl&#237;nicos de miocardite, a presen&#231;a de realce tardio nem sempre era acompanhada de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O uso de m&#233;todos de imagem &#233; essencial nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o, pois acrescenta dados como disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, altera&#231;&#227;o de contratilidade segmentar e derrame peric&#225;rdico pelo ecocardiograma<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e, al&#233;m destes, realce tardio e edema pela RMC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Achados em exames complementares sugestivos de miocardite</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">ACHADOS SUGESTIVOS DE MIOCARDITE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eletrocardiograma</td>
                  <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es novas comparativas ao ECG pr&#233;vio &#224; pandemia, como: baixa voltagem, bloqueio atrioventricular, arritmias, infradesnivelamento do segmento PR, bloqueio de ramo, altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, invers&#227;o de onda T al&#233;m de V1-V2 em caucasianos e V1-V4 em afrodescendentes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Teste de esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td>Altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, arritmias, resposta cronotr&#243;pica/hemodin&#226;mica inadequada, intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, queda de capacidade funcional, sintomas cardiovasculares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ecocardiograma</td>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, altera&#231;&#227;o de contratilidade segmentar, derrame peric&#225;rdico, dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Holter 24 horas</td>
                  <td>Arritmias, bloqueios atrioventriculares, altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, altera&#231;&#227;o de contratilidade segmentar, edema mioc&#225;rdico, realce tardio</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Para melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e seguimento, a RMC deve ser utilizada na suspeita de miocardite pois, al&#233;m de melhor avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tamb&#233;m &#233; capaz de caracterizar o tecido card&#237;aco, detectando a presen&#231;a de edema e fibrose<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>. Por este m&#233;todo, deve-se atentar para al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de realce tardio, associada &#224; probabilidade duas vezes maior de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, sua localiza&#231;&#227;o, distribui&#231;&#227;o e padr&#227;o. Associa&#231;&#227;o maior com eventos card&#237;acos adversos foi demonstrada com o padr&#227;o de fibrose de parede septal e mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica de mapeamento em T1 e T2 apresenta-se promissora ao conseguir avaliar edema e expans&#227;o extracelular em diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a, melhorando a acur&#225;cia da avalia&#231;&#227;o, principalmente ap&#243;s 2 semanas, quando T2 pode normalizar isoladamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A expans&#227;o de volume celular, avaliada pelo mapeamento em T1, quando maior que 10%, se associou a risco quatro vezes maior de morte, mas ainda &#233; um desafio diferenciar o achado entre inflama&#231;&#227;o ativa e fibrose cr&#244;nica por este m&#233;todo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Proposta de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiol&#243;gica em Atletas Acometidos pela Covid-19</title>
        <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o deste protocolo &#233; de responsabilidade das organiza&#231;&#245;es, federa&#231;&#245;es, clubes e entidades m&#233;dicas que, ao avaliar a exequibilidade, levar&#227;o em considera&#231;&#227;o a realidade local e institucional, em termos de acessibilidade e custos. O fluxograma proposto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) sistematiza a avalia&#231;&#227;o desde a testagem sorol&#243;gica at&#233; a conduta em casos suspeitos de miocardite por COVID-19, que dever&#225; seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais sobre miocardite no atleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Classifica-se como caso sintom&#225;tico leve aquele tratado em domic&#237;lio e que n&#227;o desenvolveu sintomas debilitantes, dispneia, dor tor&#225;cica ou pneumonia. Neste caso, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de sintomatologia importante, considera-se que n&#227;o houve resposta inflamat&#243;ria significativa e seus potenciais efeitos delet&#233;rios, sendo menos prov&#225;vel a ocorr&#234;ncia de miocardite. Indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram pneumonia ou outros sintomas debilitantes, contudo tamb&#233;m tratados em domic&#237;lio, s&#227;o considerados sintom&#225;ticos moderados e, havendo interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, considerados sintom&#225;ticos grave. Os perfis moderado e grave demandam avalia&#231;&#227;o em busca de sinais de miocardite, assim como nos casos com hist&#243;rico ou persist&#234;ncia de sintomas cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica do atleta+</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0303-00652-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considera-se eleg&#237;vel para retomada imediata das atividades somente o atleta sem evid&#234;ncia de contato com o SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR, IgM e IgG negativos). Em atletas atualmente assintom&#225;ticos, mas com comprova&#231;&#227;o laboratorial da COVID-19 ou hist&#243;rico de sintomas sugestivos, o perfil sintom&#225;tico durante a infec&#231;&#227;o dever&#225; ser avaliado e as medidas a seguir s&#227;o recomendadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>):</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Perfil sintom&#225;tico do atleta previamente acometido pela COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4" scope="col">PERFIL SINTOM&#193;TICO DO ATLETA ACOMETIDO PELO COVID-19</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="left">Sintom&#225;tico leve</td>
                  <td align="left">Sintom&#225;tico moderado/grave</td>
                  <td align="left">Suspeita de miocardite</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Achado laboratorial durante testagem protocolar</td>
                  <td>Atleta n&#227;o hospitalizado, sem sintomas debilitantes</td>
                  <td>Atleta hospitalizado ou com sintomas debilitantes</td>
                  <td>Sintomas cardiovasculares ou altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas em exames complementares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exame f&#237;sico detalhados em busca de sinais e sintomas cardiovasculares avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica comparativa a exame anterior &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o teste de esfor&#231;o em busca de altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de acometimento card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td>Completa avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-laboratorial por especialista, incluindo ECG, teste de esfor&#231;o, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, e considerar imagem por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e Holter 24 na suspeita de miocardite</td>
                  <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica especializada, conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais sobre miocardite no atleta</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Assintom&#225;tico/sintom&#225;tico leve: avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exame f&#237;sico detalhados em busca de sinais e sintomas cardiovasculares, avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica comparativa a exame anterior &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o e teste ergom&#233;trico em busca de altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de acometimento card&#237;aco;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Sintom&#225;tico moderado/grave: completa avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-laboratorial por especialista, incluindo ECG, teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, e considerar imagem por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e Holter 24h na suspeita de miocardite;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Suspeita de miocardite: associada &#224; completa avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-laboratorial por especialista, a imagem por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca deve ser solicitada para diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Em caso de achados cl&#237;nicos sugestivos de miocardite ou <bold>&#8805;</bold>1 exame complementar alterado em qualquer perfil, o atleta deve ser avaliado por especialista e submetido a seguimento conforme diretrizes atuais de miocardite.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A retomada do esporte n&#227;o precedida por avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiovascular dos atletas acometidos pela COVID-19 parece imprudente, expondo-os ao risco de morte s&#250;bita. Ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dados conclusivos quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a da pr&#225;tica esportiva de alto rendimento nesta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica pois, ao serem expostos a esfor&#231;o intenso, podem apresentar efeitos adversos de eventual les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Eventos card&#237;acos podem ocorrer durante partidas, treinos ou mesmo em repouso, o que acarreta grande responsabilidade aos clubes e organiza&#231;&#245;es esportivas, que devem resguardar a si e aos seus integrantes, promovendo adequado rastreio de sequelas card&#237;acas, principalmente a miocardite. Destaca-se a necessidade de estudos que demonstrem an&#225;lises de dados provenientes de exames cl&#237;nicos e complementares desta popula&#231;&#227;o, gerando assim possibilidade de protocolos realmente seguros. At&#233; o surgimento destes, deve-se considerar as evid&#234;ncias j&#225; existentes quanto &#224; miocardite no atleta.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sports in Covid-19 Times: Heart Alert</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3419-0888</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Perillo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Contesini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6387-5600</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Ghorayeb</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8571-5627</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5328-0777</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bassaneze</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1523-9850</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Lorena Christine Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1429-2329</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Al&#244;</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3719-3603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Clea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7056-7593</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorayeb</surname>
            <given-names>Nabil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de S&#227;o Mateus, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Marcos Perillo Filho &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Cardiologia do Esporte - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, Vila Mariana, Sao Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: perillo.m@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19, Betacoronavirus/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Sport</kwd>
        <kwd>Athlete</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Sports competitions were taking place everywhere in 2019, but the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has changed the sports scenario around the globe lately. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 (a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus) pandemic and social isolation was adopted by several governments, prohibiting sporting events. Whereas public authorities have started the process of relaxing social isolation, medical experts have been discussing the best way to evaluate athletes who had COVID-19 aiming a safe return to sports practice. The lack of clinical and epidemiological data regarding cardiac involvement in COVID-19 cases, especially for the oligosymptomatic, non-hospitalized ones, and the unknown consequences of potential cardiac injury, turn this task into a challenge. According to the amount of time passed by, a better understanding of the outcomes and these recommendations may change.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart and COVID-19</title>
          <p>One of the main characteristics of COVID-19 is its high contagion power and rapid spread, in addition to the potential cardiovascular involvement, seen in up to 22% of hospitalized patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> with a mortality rate of up to 4.5 times greater in cardiac patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> After respiratory complications and Sepsis, cardiovascular disease is the 3<sup>rd</sup> leading cause of death associated with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Comparing with other viral infections that cause myocarditis, these have much lower rates (&lt;1%) of cardiovascular involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A study with rabbits found the development of biventricular dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and myocarditis through histopathology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In humans, the viral RNA was found in the cardiac muscle in up to 35% of the cases of a series of autopsies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> COVID-19 might manifest itself in several ways, asymptomatic, mildly symptomatic (not debilitating), moderately symptomatic (debilitating) or severely symptomatic (hospitalized).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thus, the clinical presentation of athletes diagnosed with COVID-19 in their assessment to return to play may not raise suspicion of cardiovascular involvement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial Injury</title>
          <p>Signs of myocardial injury, such as increased cardiac biomarkers, mainly troponin, are present in 8 to 12% of cases in general and in up to 33% of critically ill patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> being identified as independent prognostic factor of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The mechanisms of injury can be common to any severe infection, such as increased inflammatory response, but also by direct action of the virus in the cardiac tissue. Some studies call into question the ability of the virus to generate direct damage to myocytes by not detecting the virus in these cells, leading to the belief that its aggression results from the combination of several factors, such as exacerbated inflammatory response and microvascular involvement,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> generating disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombosis and infarction of large and small vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ECA2), consequently increasing angiotensin-II levels and its deleterious effects, where ECA2 receptor expression is greater (cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and pericytes, cells located in the external part of the capillary and venular endothelium), playing an important role in myocardial microcirculation damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocarditis</title>
          <p>There is a great concern about the occurrence of myocarditis in athletes and, without proper specialized cardiological evaluation, they might be exposed to high volume and intensity of exercise during the subacute or chronic phase of the disease and, at this stage, malignant arrhythmias may occur during or even after exertion. It is estimated that 7 to 20% of sudden deaths in young athletes are due to myocarditis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and its diagnosis often requires complementary exams, besides clinical and electrocardiographic examination. Studies report a high rate of cardiac events in athletes with a greater area of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), even with normal echocardiographic evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Myocarditis is clinically heterogeneous, one of its main findings is the development or worsening of ventricular dysfunction after viral infection. Data from an analysis of 150 patients in Wuhan in China, indicates a probable incidence of 7% of myocarditis in patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> At the chronic phase of myocarditis between the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> week, lymphocytic infiltration occurs, perpetuating myocyte damage by the humoral immune response and the interstice receives intense collagen deposit, leading to the formation of fibrosis, which may lead to dilation, dysfunction and myocardial insufficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sports Return</title>
          <p>When potential myocardial damage by COVID-19 is not considered, athletes recovered from COVID-19 with positive IgG serology may be eligible to return to their activities, according to institutional protocols. However, as well described in the literature, it is recommended that individuals diagnosed with myocarditis do not practice intense physical activity for at least 3 to 6 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Therefore, even after recovery, life-threatening pro-arrhythmic sequelae may exist in the athlete&#8217;s heart. Systematic assessment is crucial for adequate risk stratification to avoid unexpected outcomes and an unnecessary period of absence with consequent loss of performance and skills, as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The kinetics of viral clearance of COVID-19 has been studied and its remaining period in the human body is still unknown. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for more than 2 months after the first symptoms and signs may occur, despite antibodies being detected on the 10<sup>th</sup> day.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Thus, although it is postulated that this delayed detection is due to remnants of viral RNA, it is still unknown whether athletes with positive IgG antibodies, firstly considered immune, could be transmitting the virus to their contacts and for how long. Based on that, a minimum period of 14 days of isolation after infection is necessary, being prudent to evaluate the athlete for resumption only after 7 days without symptoms.</p>
          <p>Sports organizations from numerous countries have started to resume collective training and even competitions, such as football, despite limited evidence, proposing wide testing protocols, periods of absence and exams to be performed in case of proven contact with SARS-CoV-2. Among the various protocols, there is no consensus on the mandatory and ideal way of post-infection cardiovascular evaluation. The WHO highlights five risk factors to sporting events organization:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (1) whether the event will be based in a country with local transmission of COVID-19; (2) whether there will be a single or multiple headquarters; (3) whether athletes and spectators will be from countries with active transmission of the disease; (4) whether a large number of participants belong at-risk groups (e.g.: older than 65 years or with comorbidities); (5) whether the competition involves modalities with high risk of COVID-19 spread (e.g.: contact sports). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the measures proposed to minimize the risk of dissemination at sporting events.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Measures to minimize the risk of dissemination of COVID-19 at sporting events. Carmody S, Murray A, Borodina M, et al. When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk Assessment and factors to consider, posted April 30, 2020. BJSM.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0303-00652-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac Assessment</title>
          <p>Assessment limited to clinical examination, ECG and biomarkers might be insufficient for myocarditis diagnosis, because the athletes could be oligosymptomatic without new ECG findings and presenting high baseline troponin levels due to training, showing no correlation with LGE on CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In the evaluation of 670 patients with suspected myocarditis, the presence of LGE was not necessarily accompanied by electrocardiographic abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The use of imaging methods is essential in this assessment, giving information about ventricular dysfunction, segmental contractility abnormalities and pericardial effusion by echocardiogram evaluation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and in addition to these, LGE and edema by CMR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Suggestive findings of myocarditis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2">SUGGESTIVE FINDINGS OF MYOCARDITIS</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Electrocardiogram</td>
                    <td>New ECG findings: low voltage, AV block, arrhythmia, PR deviation, bundle branch block, ST deviation, T wave inversion beyond V1-V2 in Caucasians and V1-V4 in Afro-Caribbeans</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stress Test</td>
                    <td>ST deviation, arrhythmia, inadequate chronotropic/hemodynamics response, exercise intolerance, loss of functional capacity, symptoms</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Echocardiogram</td>
                    <td>Ventricular disfunction, wall motion abnormalities, pericardial effusion, dilatation</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>24-hour Holter</td>
                    <td>Arrhythmia, AV block, ST deviation</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</td>
                    <td>Ventricular disfunction, wall motion abnormalities, myocardial edema, late gadolinium enhancement</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>For accurate diagnosis, risk stratification and better follow-up, CMR should be used in the suspicion of myocarditis, because in addition to a better assessment of ventricular function, it is also able to identify abnormalities of cardiac tissue, detecting the presence of edema and fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> By this method, special attention should be paid to the presence of LGE, associated with a two-fold higher probability of major cardiac events (MACE), as well as their location, distribution and pattern. A greater association with MACE was demonstrated with the pattern of septal and midwall fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>CMR with T1 and T2 mapping technique is promising while assessing edema and extracellular expansion at different stages of the disease, improving accuracy of the method, especially after 2 weeks when T2 could normalize in isolation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The expansion of cellular volume, assessed by T1 mapping, when greater than 10%, was associated with a four times greater risk of death, but it is still challenging to differentiate active inflammation from chronic fibrosis by this technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Proposal of Cardiac Evaluation of Athletes Affected by Covid-19</title>
          <p>Implementing or not this protocol is the responsibility of organizations, federations, clubs and medical entities, while assessing the feasibility will take into account the local and institutional reality, in terms of accessibility and costs. The proposed flowchart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">figure 2</xref>) systematizes the evaluation from serological testing to the management of suspected cases of myocarditis by COVID-19, which must be evaluated according to updated recommendations about myocarditis in athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This article defines as mildly symptomatic those treated out of hospital without debilitating symptoms, dyspnea, chest pain or pneumonia. In this case, due to the absence of severe symptoms, it is considered that there was no significant inflammatory response and its potential deleterious effects, which makes the occurrence of myocarditis unlikely. Individuals who had pneumonia or other debilitating symptoms, but were also treated out of hospital, are considered moderately symptomatic, and those treated in hospital are considered severely symptomatic. Both profiles require evaluation for signs of myocarditis, as well in cases with a prior history or persistence of cardiovascular symptoms.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Athletes cardiac evaluation flowchart.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-03-0303-00652-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Only athletes without evidence of contact with SARS-CoV-2 (negative RT-PCR, IgM and IgG) are considered eligible for immediate resumption of sports. For those currently asymptomatic with evidence or history of symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, their symptoms profile during the infection must be evaluated and the following measures are recommended (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">table 2</xref>):</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Symptoms profile</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="4" scope="col">SYMPTOMS PROFILE OF ATHLETES WITH PREVIOUS COVID-19</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Asymptomatic</td>
                    <td align="left">Mild Symptoms</td>
                    <td align="left">Moderate/Severe Symptoms</td>
                    <td align="left">Myocarditis Suspicion</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Laboratory finding during protocol testing</td>
                    <td>Non-hospitalized, without debilitating symptoms</td>
                    <td>Hospitalized or without debilitating symptoms</td>
                    <td>Cardiovascular symptoms or suggestive findings in complementary exams</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Detailed clinical evaluation and physical examination in search of cardiovascular symptoms and signs Electrocardiographic evaluation comparing to previous exam Stress test in search of suggestive findings of cardiac involvement</td>
                    <td>Comprehensive clinical and laboratory evaluation by a specialist, including ECG, stress test, transthoracic echocardiogram; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and 24-hour Holter should be considered in the suspicion of myocarditis</td>
                    <td>Cardiac evaluation according to updated recommendations about myocarditis in athletes</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic: detailed clinical evaluation and physical examination in search of cardiovascular signs and symptoms, comparative ECG prior to infection and stress test in search of signs of cardiac involvement;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Moderately/severely symptomatic: comprehensive clinical and laboratory evaluation by a specialist, including ECG, stress test, transthoracic echocardiogram; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and 24-hour Holter should be considered in the suspicion of myocarditis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspected myocarditis: associated with comprehensive clinical and laboratory evaluation by a specialist, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging must be performed for diagnosis and risk stratification.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>In the case of clinical findings suggestive of myocarditis or &#8805;1 abnormal complementary exam in any profile, the athlete must be evaluated by a specialist and submitted to follow-up according to existing recommendations about myocarditis in athletes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Resumption of sports practice not preceded by adequate pre-participation cardiac evaluation in athletes affected by COVID-19 may be a thoughtless decision which exposes them to the risk of sudden cardiac death. There is still no conclusive data regarding the safety of high-performance sports in this specific population because during vigorous exercise, they might present malignant arrhythmias secondary to myocardial injury with bad outcomes. Sports teams and organizations are responsible for taking care of their athletes and staff, promoting adequate screening for cardiac sequelae (especially myocarditis), because cardiac events can occur during matches, training or even at rest. Further studies are needed to demonstrate data analysis from clinical and complementary exams in this population, which should base the recommendations for a safe return to sports practice. So far, we should consider the risk of myocarditis in athletes with previous diagnosis of COVID-19 and follow the current recommendations for evaluating athletes with myocarditis.</p>
      </sec>
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