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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FpVkP7zLW8QpxzsSrc3TtCb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000900273</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200372</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200372</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarcadores de Les&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica e Complica&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas Associadas &#224; Mortalidade em Pacientes com COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8779-0727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4884-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0194-7397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Campus Arapiraca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Arapiraca</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Al</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas &#8211; Campus Arapiraca, Arapiraca, Al &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Ricardo Martins-Filho &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Rua Claudio Batista, s/n. CEP 49060-108, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>saqmartins@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Martins-Filho PR, Santos VS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Martins-Filho PR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Martins-Filho PR, Barreto-Filho JAS, Santos VS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>273</fpage>
      <lpage>277</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>4</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O SARS-CoV-2 &#233; um v&#237;rus de RNA emergente associado &#224; doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria aguda grave conhecida como COVID-19. Embora a COVID-19 seja predominantemente uma doen&#231;a pulmonar, alguns pacientes apresentam graves danos cardiovasculares. Realizamos uma s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias quantitativas de dados cl&#237;nicos, biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas ao &#243;bito hospitalar em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Buscamos nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e Google Scholar para identificar estudos que comparassem dados cl&#237;nicos, biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas entre pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes da COVID-19. Os tamanhos dos efeitos foram apresentados como diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ou diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e raz&#227;o de risco para vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Foi utilizado um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios para agrupar os resultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos seis estudos retrospectivos que relataram dados de 1.141 pacientes (832 sobreviventes e 309 n&#227;o sobreviventes). Verificamos que condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares subjacentes; eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina card&#237;aca I de alta sensibilidade; N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B e creatina quinase-MB; e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas foram associadas ao aumento do risco de &#243;bito em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A confirma&#231;&#227;o de que condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares subjacentes, eleva&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 e descompensa&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular aguda s&#227;o preditores de mortalidade na infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 deve incentivar novas pesquisas para esclarecer poss&#237;veis mecanismos e testar tratamentos adequados. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):273-277)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O coronav&#237;rus 2, da s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), &#233; um novo coronav&#237;rus que causa uma doen&#231;a infecciosa emergente com envolvimento pulmonar not&#225;vel, conhecida como COVID-19. Al&#233;m da hip&#243;tese de que pacientes card&#237;acos s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 por desregula&#231;&#227;o dos receptores ACE2, relatos individuais preliminares t&#234;m demonstrado que pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via apresentam maior risco de desfechos adversos. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes que apresentam qualquer marcador cl&#237;nico ou biol&#243;gico de envolvimento card&#237;aco agudo durante a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 t&#234;m menor probabilidade de sobreviver.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o envolvimento card&#237;aco agudo, seja cl&#237;nico ou revelado por biomarcadores, tenha sido descrito como uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum entre pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19, e esteja associado a um maior risco de &#243;bito hospitalar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> as evid&#234;ncias atualmente dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o baseadas em estudos individuais com dados potencialmente sobrepostos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Portanto, uma s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias pode ajudar a confirmar esses achados. Neste estudo, realizamos uma s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias quantitativas de dados cl&#237;nicos, biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas ao &#243;bito hospitalar em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise foram conduzidas de acordo com as diretrizes de Itens de Relat&#243;rio Preferidos para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Meta-An&#225;lises (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em vista da necessidade urgente para esta revis&#227;o, registro de PROSPERO n&#227;o foi solicitado.</p>
      <p>Buscamos nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e Google Scholar identificar estudos que comparassem dados cl&#237;nicos, biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas entre pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes da COVID-19. Inclu&#237;mos apenas os estudos com dados cl&#237;nicos que relataram, no m&#237;nimo, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de troponina card&#237;aca I de alta sensibilidade (TnI-as). Considerou-se que os pacientes apresentavam les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda quando os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TnI-as estavam acima do limite superior de refer&#234;ncia (LSR) do percentil 99. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi definida quando o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (NT-proBNP) excedia a faixa normal, e na presen&#231;a de sintomas associados, como dispneia, ortopneia e edema nos membros inferiores. A arritmia foi definida como taquicardia ventricular r&#225;pida, com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 30 segundos, induzindo instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e/ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e bradicardia clinicamente significativa na eletrocardiografia. N&#243;s exclu&#237;mos as publica&#231;&#245;es com relatos potencialmente sobrepostos baseados na cole&#231;&#227;o de dados e localiza&#231;&#227;o, bem como estudos nos quais a extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel. No caso de dados potencialmente sobrepostos, n&#243;s selecionamos o estudo com as informa&#231;&#245;es mais completas.</p>
      <p>Os relatos foram selecionados em duas etapas, triagem de t&#237;tulos e resumos e subsequente obten&#231;&#227;o e triagem dos artigos em texto completo. Foram realizadas as buscas entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2020 e 14 de abril de 2020, sem restri&#231;&#245;es de idioma. As listas de refer&#234;ncias de todos os estudos e revis&#245;es eleg&#237;veis tamb&#233;m foram avaliadas para identificar estudos adicionais para inclus&#227;o. Foram utilizados os seguintes termos de pesquisa: &#8220;COVID-19&#8221;, &#8220;SARS-CoV-2&#8221; e &#8220;coronav&#237;rus&#8221;. Todos os relatos de COVID-19, independentemente do tema cardiovascular, foram revisados.</p>
      <p>Os dados das publica&#231;&#245;es foram extra&#237;dos por dois autores e verificados quanto &#224; precis&#227;o. O nosso resultado de interesse foi o &#243;bito hospitalar. Foram consideradas vari&#225;veis independentes os dados cl&#237;nicos (idade, sexo e comorbidades existentes), biomarcadores de les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas (TnI-as, NT-proBNP e creatina quinase-MB [CK-MB]) e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (les&#227;o card&#237;aca aguda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmias).</p>
      <p>A Ferramenta de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Qualidade de Estudos de Coorte e Transversais Observacionais dos Institutos Nacionais da Sa&#250;de dos EUA (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools) foi utilizada para avaliar a qualidade de cada estudo. Esta ferramenta &#233; composta por 14 itens que avaliam a representatividade e sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra, a descri&#231;&#227;o e a mensura&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o, o acompanhamento dos participantes e o tratamento das vari&#225;veis confundidoras. Os achados foram discutidos qualitativamente. As discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por discuss&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os tamanhos dos efeitos foram apresentados como diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (DM) ou diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada (DMP) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e como raz&#227;o de risco (RR) para vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Para calcular DM e DMP, as m&#233;dias e os desvios padr&#245;es (DP) dos biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram obtidos de cada estudo. Se as m&#233;dias e os DP n&#227;o foram diretamente relatados na publica&#231;&#227;o, foram utilizados m&#233;todos indiretos de extrair estimativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Quando os dados n&#227;o foram apresentados em tabelas ou no texto e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel entrar em contato com os autores, os dados foram extra&#237;dos usando o software de digitaliza&#231;&#227;o de gr&#225;ficos WebPlotDigitizer (dispon&#237;vel em http://arohatgi.info/WebPlotDigitizer). Nem todos os estudos relataram dados sobre todas as vari&#225;veis preditoras, e a an&#225;lise agrupada foi estimada a partir dos dados dispon&#237;veis para cada vari&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Foi utilizado um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios para agrupar os resultados, e p &lt;0,05 bicaudal foi usado para determinar a signific&#226;ncia. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Cohen foi utilizada para interpretar a magnitude do tamanho do efeito dos biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. DMP &gt; 0,8 foi considerada de grande tamanho de efeito. A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica foi quantificada pelo &#237;ndice I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , e potencial vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi analisado para TnI-as, utilizando o teste de regress&#227;o de Egger e inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de gr&#225;ficos de funil. Devido ao n&#250;mero pequeno de estudos que relataram dados para NT-proBNP e CK-MB, a an&#225;lise de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi realizada para estes. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando Review Manager 5.3 (Cochrane IMS, Copenhague, Dinamarca).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a triagem de 8.091 t&#237;tulos e resumos, 31 artigos foram avaliados em texto completo para elegibilidade. Foram exclu&#237;dos 25 estudos, dos quais sete foram por causa de dados potencialmente sobrepostos. Foram inclu&#237;dos seis estudos retrospectivos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> fornecendo dados de 1.141 pacientes (633 de sexo masculino e 508 de sexo feminino), com infec&#231;&#227;o confirmada por SARS-CoV-2, 832 sobreviventes e 309 n&#227;o sobreviventes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os detalhes dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e dados cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com COVID-19, incluindo &#243;bitos hospitalares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Autores</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Desenho</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Localiza&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Cole&#231;&#227;o de dados</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Tamanho da amostra</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Idade*</th>
                <th colspan="2">Sexo</th>
                <th rowspan="3">&#211;bitos hospitalares</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Sobreviventes</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Masculino</th>
                <th>Feminino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Zhou et al, 2020<sup>1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                <td align="center">Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital</td>
                <td align="center">Dez 29, 2019 a Jan 31, 2020</td>
                <td align="center">191</td>
                <td align="center">56,3 (15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">137</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cao et al, 2020<sup>7</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                <td align="center">Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University</td>
                <td align="center">Jan 3, 2020 a Fev 1, 2020</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">52,7 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chen et al, 2020<sup>8</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                <td align="center">Tongji Medical College of Wuhan</td>
                <td align="center">Jan 13, 2020 a Fev 28, 2020</td>
                <td align="center">274</td>
                <td align="center">58,7 (19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">171</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Guo et al, 2020<sup>9</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                <td align="center">Seventh Hospital of Wuhan</td>
                <td align="center">Jan 23, 2020 a Fev 23, 2020</td>
                <td align="center">187</td>
                <td align="center">58,5 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Wang et al, 2020<sup>10</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                <td align="center">Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University</td>
                <td align="center">Jan 1, 2020 a Fev 6, 2020</td>
                <td align="center">339</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">166</td>
                <td align="center">173</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Zhang et al, 2020<sup>11</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                <td align="center">Wuhan No.1 Hospital</td>
                <td align="center">Dez 25, 2019 a Fev 15, 2020</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">70,6 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Dados relatados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos &#233; mostrado na e-Tabela 1 no conte&#250;do digital suplementar. Todos os estudos tinham objetivos e crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade claramente definidos, recrutaram sujeitos da mesma popula&#231;&#227;o e descreveram as defini&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de exposi&#231;&#227;o e dos desfechos. No entanto, os estudos n&#227;o foram capazes de determinar se o tamanho da amostra era representativo da popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, nenhum dos estudos realizou an&#225;lise para ajuste de fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os resultados da metan&#225;lise mostraram diferen&#231;as na idade entre os grupos. N&#227;o sobreviventes de COVID-19 eram mais velhos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os sobreviventes (DM = 14,3 anos, IC 95% 9,2 a 19,4). Sexo masculino (RR = 1,3, IC 95% 1,2 a 1,4), a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o existente (RR = 1,7, IC 95% 1,2 a 2,4) e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (RR = 3,3, IC 95% 1,4 a 7,8) tamb&#233;m foram associados ao aumento do risco de mortalidade.</p>
      <p>A metan&#225;lise dos biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica demonstraram um grande aumento de TnI-as (DMP = 1,0, IC 95% 0,8 a 1,2), NT-proBNP (DMP = 1,1, IC 95% 0,7 a 1,4) e CK-MB (DMP = 1,0, IC 95% 0,2 a 1,8) em pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes. Valores elevados de TnI-as acima do LSR do percentil 99 foram associados a um aumento de 8 vezes no risco de &#243;bito hospitalar (RR = 8,0, IC 95% 2,2 a 28,5). N&#227;o foram observadas evid&#234;ncias de vieses de publica&#231;&#227;o substancial para TnI-as. Foi verificado que as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, incluindo les&#227;o card&#237;aca aguda (RR = 8,9, IC 95% 4,2 a 19,3), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (RR = 5,1, IC 95% 2,5 a 10,7) e arritmias (RR = 4,9, IC 95% 1,2 a 10,9) eram fatores de risco para &#243;bito relacionado &#224; COVID-19. Compara&#231;&#245;es de dados cl&#237;nicos, biomarcadores da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas entre n&#227;o sobreviventes e sobreviventes da COVID-19 s&#227;o exibidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os gr&#225;ficos de floresta e os gr&#225;ficos de funil s&#227;o apresentados no conte&#250;do digital suplementar (e-Figuras 1 &#8211; 3).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de dados cl&#237;nicos, biomarcadores da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas entre n&#227;o sobreviventes e sobreviventes da COVID-19</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th>DM (IC 95%) entre sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes</th>
                <th>DMP (IC 95%) entre sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes</th>
                <th>RR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>I<sup>2</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">14,3 (9,2 a 19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">88%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (1,2 a 1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comorbidades</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (1,2 a 2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">74%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 (1,4 a 7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TnI-as</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,8 a 1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">42%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TnI-as (&gt; percentil 99)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (2,2 a 28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">93%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,7 a 1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CK-MB</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,2 a 1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">81%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o card&#237;aca aguda</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 (4,2 a 19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">79%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 (2,5 a 10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmias</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 (1,2 a 19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">85%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DM: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; DMP: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada; RR: raz&#227;o de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. Resultados positivos para DMP indicam n&#237;veis aumentados de biomarcadores em pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A vigil&#226;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares associados &#224; COVID-19 parece bem justificada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Este estudo confirma e quantifica melhor a associa&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas agudas com o &#243;bito hospitalar em pacientes com COVID-19. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o envolvimento card&#237;aco agudo &#233; provocado principalmente pela SARS-CoV-2 ou se &#233; um envolvimento card&#237;aco multifatorial inespec&#237;fico de uma infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Tem sido proposto que o SARS-CoV-2 possa induzir a les&#227;o card&#237;aca por m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos, incluindo invas&#227;o viral direta de cardiomi&#243;citos e subsequente miocardite, uma vez que part&#237;culas virais t&#234;m sido identificadas nas c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, altera&#231;&#245;es na TnI ao longo do tempo e a aus&#234;ncia de sinais t&#237;picos na ecocardiografia e no ECG em pacientes com COVID-19 sugeriram que a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com COVID-19 esteja mais provavelmente relacionada &#224;s consequ&#234;ncias sist&#234;micas da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outros mecanismos plaus&#237;veis que t&#234;m sido sugeridos para explicar a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina nesse cen&#225;rio incluem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio tipo 1 e, principalmente, tipo 2 devido &#224; s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo, sepse, tempestade de citocinas e at&#233; s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Portanto, a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 pode induzir novas les&#245;es card&#237;acas e/ou atuar como um fator precipitante para agravar as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares subjacentes e levar ao &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>Nesta metan&#225;lise, analisamos biomarcadores bem estabelecidos para o diagn&#243;stico de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a previs&#227;o de desfechos. A eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI-as, NT-proBNP e CK-MB foi associada ao aumento do risco de &#243;bito em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
      <p>O manejo de pacientes com biomarcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e descompensa&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular aguda &#233; principalmente baseado em cuidados de suporte e abordagem individualizada para melhor orientar o tratamento. Infelizmente, n&#227;o temos evid&#234;ncias para orientar o uso adequado de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, anticoagulantes, betabloqueadores, inibidores da ECA e estatinas neste cen&#225;rio cr&#237;tico, e devemos adaptar o conhecimento atual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Por exemplo, foi recentemente sugerido que os inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona possam ser delet&#233;rios ou ben&#233;ficos para pacientes com COVID-19,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> mas ainda n&#227;o temos as evid&#234;ncias definitivas para esta decis&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo devem ser tratados com cautela. Suas limita&#231;&#245;es principais s&#227;o as seguintes: (1) Os estudos s&#227;o limitados a uma &#250;nica regi&#227;o e isto reduziu a nossa capacidade de verificar poss&#237;vel variabilidade populacional; (2) houve heterogeneidade moderada a alta entre os estudos e (3) os estudos n&#227;o realizaram an&#225;lise para ajuste de fatores confundidores e seus resultados foram baseados em modelos univariados padr&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise confirma que as condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares subjacentes, a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 e a descompensa&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular aguda s&#227;o preditores de mortalidade na infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer os poss&#237;veis mecanismos de les&#227;o cardiovascular e testar tratamentos adequados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Injury Biomarkers and Cardiac Complications Associated with Mortality in Patients with COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8779-0727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4884-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0194-7397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas &#8211; Campus Arapiraca, Arapiraca, Al &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Paulo Ricardo Martins-Filho &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Rua Claudio Batista, s/n. CEP 49060-108, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: saqmartins@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Martins-Filho PR, Santos VS; Data acquisition and Statistical analysis: Martins-Filho PR; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Martins-Filho PR, Barreto-Filho JAS, Santos VS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging RNA virus associated with a severe acute respiratory disease known as COVID-19. Although COVID-19 is predominantly a pulmonary disease, some patients have severe cardiovascular damage. We performed a quantitative evidence synthesis of clinical data, myocardial injury biomarkers, and cardiac complications associated with in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We searched the databases PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify studies comparing clinical data, myocardial injury biomarkers, and cardiac complications between non-survivors and survivors of COVID-19. Effect sizes were reported as mean difference or standardized mean difference for continuous variables and risk ratio for dichotomous variables with 95% confidence intervals. A random effects model was used to pool the results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Six retrospective studies reporting data from 1,141 patients (832 survivors and 309 non-survivors) were included. We found that underlying cardiovascular conditions; elevation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and creatine kinase-MB; and cardiac complications were associated with increased risk of death for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The confirmation that underlying cardiovascular conditions, elevation of myocardial injury biomarkers during COVID-19 infection, and acute cardiovascular decompensation are predictors for mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection must encourage new research to clarify potential mechanisms and test appropriate treatments. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):273-277)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that leads to an emerging infectious disease with remarkable pulmonary involvement, known as COVID-19. In addition to the hypothesis that cardiac patients are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection via ACE2 receptor dysregulation, preliminary individual reports have shown that patients with previous cardiovascular disease are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes. Moreover, patients who present any clinical or biological marker of acute cardiac involvement during COVID-19 infection are less likely to survive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although acute cardiac involvement, whether clinical or revealed by biomarkers, has been described as a common condition among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and it is associated with a higher risk of in-hospital death,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> current available evidence is based on individual studies with potentially overlapping data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Therefore, a synthesis of evidence can help confirm these findings. In this study, we performed a quantitative evidence synthesis of clinical data, myocardial injury biomarkers, and cardiac complications associated with in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Given the urgent need for this review, PROSPERO registration was not sought.</p>
        <p>We searched the databases PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify studies comparing clinical data, myocardial injury biomarkers, and cardiac complications between non-survivors and survivors of COVID-19. We included only studies with clinical data that provided, at least, concentrations of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI). Patients were considered to have acute myocardial injury if serum levels of hs-cTnI were above the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile upper reference limit (URL). Heart failure was defined when the serum level of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) exceeded the normal range and in the presence of associated symptoms, such as dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Arrhythmia was defined as rapid ventricular tachycardia lasting more than 30 seconds, inducing hemodynamic instability and/or ventricular fibrillation, and clinically significant bradycardia on electrocardiography. We excluded publications with potentially overlapping reports based on data collection and setting and studies from which data extraction was not possible. In the event of potentially overlapping data, we selected the study with the most complete information.</p>
        <p>Reports were screened in two stages, screening of titles and abstracts followed by the retrieval and screening of full-text articles. Searches were performed from January 1, 2020 to April 14, 2020, without language restrictions. The reference lists of all eligible studies and reviews were also evaluated to identify additional studies for inclusion. The following search terms were used: &#8220;COVID-19&#8221;, &#8220;SARS-CoV-2&#8221;, and &#8220;coronavirus&#8221;. All COVID-19 reports, irrespective of cardiovascular topic, were reviewed.</p>
        <p>Data from publications were extracted by two authors and crosschecked for accuracy. Our outcome of interest was in-hospital death. Clinical data (age, sex, and existing comorbidities), myocardial injury biomarkers (hs-cTnI, NT-proBNP, and creatine kinase-MB [CK-MB]), and cardiac complications (acute cardiac injury, heart failure, and arrhythmias) were considered independent variables.</p>
        <p>The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies of the National Institutes of Health (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools) was used to grade the quality of each study. This tool is composed of 14 items that evaluate the representativeness and selection of the sample, description and measurement of exposure, follow-up of participants, and treatment of confounding factors. The findings were discussed qualitatively. Disagreements were resolved by discussion.</p>
        <p>Effect sizes were reported as mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous variables and risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous variables with 95% confidence intervals (CI). To calculate MD and SMD, means and standard deviations (SD) of myocardial injury biomarkers were obtained for each study. If the means and SD were not directly reported in the publication, indirect methods of extracting estimates were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> When data were not presented in tables or in the text and the authors could not be reached, data were extracted using WebPlotDigitizer graph digitization software (available at http://arohatgi.info/WebPlotDigitizer). Not all studies reported data on all predictor variables, and the pooled analysis was estimated from the data available for each variable.</p>
        <p>A random effects model was used to pool the results, and 2-tailed p &lt; 0.05 was used to determine significance. Cohen&#8217;s classification was used to interpret magnitude of the effect size for myocardial injury biomarkers. SMD &gt; 0.8 was considered a large effect size. Statistical heterogeneity was quantified by the I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> index, and potential for publication bias was analyzed for hs-cTnI using Egger&#8217;s regression test and visual inspection of funnel plots. Because of the small number of studies reporting data for NT-proBNP and CK-MB, analysis of publication bias was not performed. Analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.3 (Cochrane IMS, Copenhagen, Denmark).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>After screening 8,091 titles and abstracts, 31 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 25 studies were excluded, seven of which were due to potentially overlapping data. Six retrospective studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> were included, providing data from 1,141 patients (633 male and 508 female) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 832 survivors and 309 non-survivors. Details of included studies are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of included studies and clinical data of patients with COVID-19, including in-hospital deaths</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Authors</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Design</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Setting</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Data collection</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Sample size</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Age*</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Sex</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">In-hospital deaths</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Survivors</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Male</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Zhou et al, 2020<sup>1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                  <td align="center">Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital</td>
                  <td align="center">Dec 29, 2019 to Jan 31, 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">191</td>
                  <td align="center">56.3 (15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">119</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">137</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cao et al, 2020<sup>7</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                  <td align="center">Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University</td>
                  <td align="center">Jan 3, 2020 to Feb 1, 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">52.7 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chen et al, 2020<sup>8</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                  <td align="center">Tongji Medical College of Wuhan</td>
                  <td align="center">Jan 13, 2020 to Feb 28, 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">274</td>
                  <td align="center">58.7 (19.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">171</td>
                  <td align="center">103</td>
                  <td align="center">113</td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Guo et al, 2020<sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                  <td align="center">Seventh Hospital of Wuhan</td>
                  <td align="center">Jan 23, 2020 to Feb 23, 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">58.5 (14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">144</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wang et al, 2020<sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                  <td align="center">Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University</td>
                  <td align="center">Jan 1, 2020 to Feb 6, 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">339</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">166</td>
                  <td align="center">173</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Zhang et al, 2020<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                  <td align="center">Wuhan No.1 Hospital</td>
                  <td align="center">Dec 25, 2019 to Feb 15, 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">70.6 (13.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Data reported in mean and standard deviation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The risk of bias of the studies is showed in e-Table 1 in the supplemental digital content. All studies had clear objectives and eligibility criteria, recruited subjects from the same population, and described the definitions of exposure factors and outcomes. However, studies have not been able to determine whether the sample size was representative for the population. In addition, none of the studies performed analysis for adjustment of confounding factors.</p>
        <p>Results of meta-analysis showed differences in age between groups. Non-survivors of COVID-19 were older compared to survivors (MD = 14.3 years, 95% CI 9.2 to 19.4). Male sex (RR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.4), the presence of existing hypertension (RR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.4), and cardiovascular disease (RR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.4 to 7.8) were also associated with increased risk of mortality.</p>
        <p>The meta-analysis of myocardial injury biomarkers showed a large increase in hs-cTnI (SMD = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.2), NT-proBNP (SMD = 1.1, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.4), and CK-MB (SMD = 1.0, 95% CI 0.2 to 1.8) in non-survivor patients. Elevated hs-cTnI values above the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile URL were associated with 8-fold increase in the risk of in-hospital death (RR = 8.0, 95% CI 2.2 to 28.5). No evidence of substantial publication bias was observed for hs-cTnI. Cardiac complications, including acute cardiac injury (RR = 8.9, 95% CI 4.2 to 19.3), heart failure (RR = 5.1, 95% CI 2.5 to 10.7), and arrhythmias (RR= 4.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 10.9) were found to be risk factors for COVID-19 related death. Comparisons of clinical data, myocardial injury biomarkers, and cardiac complications between non-survivors and survivors of COVID-19 are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Forest plots and funnel plots are shown in the supplemental digital content (e-Figures 1 &#8211; 3).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of clinical data, myocardial injury biomarkers, and cardiac complications between non-survivors and survivors of COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th>MD (95% CI) between non-survivors and survivors</th>
                  <th>SMD (95% CI) between non-survivors and survivors</th>
                  <th>RR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>I<sup>2</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Clinical</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">14.3 (9.2 to 19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">88%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (1.2 to 1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comorbidities</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (1.2 to 2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">74%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular disease</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3 (1.4 to 7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">70%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Myocardial injury biomarkers</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-cTnI</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.8 to 1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">42%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-cTnI (&gt; 99th percentile)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 (2.2 to 28.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">93%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.7 to 1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.2 to 1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">81%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac complications</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute cardiac injury</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9 (4.2 to 19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">79%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1 (2.5 to 10.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">75%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9 (1.2 to 19.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">85%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>MD: mean difference; SMD: standardized mean difference; RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval. Positive results for SMD indicate increased levels of biomarkers in non-survivor patients.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Surveillance of cardiovascular events associated with COVID-19 seems very warranted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This study confirms and better quantifies the association between myocardial injury biomarkers and/or acute cardiac complications with in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19. However, it remains unclear whether acute cardiac involvement is primarily provoked by SARS-CoV-2 or whether it is a multifactorial non-specific cardiac involvement of a severe systemic infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> It has been proposed that SARS-CoV-2 may lead to cardiac injury via multiple mechanisms including direct viral invasion of cardiomyocytes and subsequent myocarditis, since viral particles have been identified in myocardial cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, changes in cTnI over time and the absence of typical signs on echocardiography and ECG in patients with COVID-19 have suggested that myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 is more likely related to systemic consequences of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Other plausible mechanisms that have been suggested to explain troponin elevation in this scenario include type 1 and, mainly, type 2 myocardial infarction due to acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, cytokine storm, and even Takotsubo syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 infection may either induce new cardiac injuries and/or act as a precipitating factor to worsen underlying cardiovascular diseases and lead to death.</p>
        <p>In this meta-analysis, we analyzed well-established biomarkers for myocardial injury diagnosis and outcome prediction. Elevation of hs-cTnI, NT-proBNP, and CK-MB were associated with increased risk of death in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
        <p>Management of patients with myocardial injury biomarkers and acute cardiovascular decompensation is primarily based on supportive care and individualized approach to better guide treatment. Unfortunately, we do not have evidence to guide the proper use of antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, &#946;-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins in this critical scenario, and we must adapt the current knowledge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> For instance, it has recently been suggested that renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors could be deleterious or beneficial for patients with COVID-19,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> but we lack definitive evidence for this decision.</p>
        <p>The findings of this study should be treated with caution. Its main limitations include the following: (1) Studies are limited to a single region and this has reduced our ability to verify possible population variability; (2) there was a moderate to high between-study heterogeneity, and (3) studies did not perform analysis for adjustment of confounding factors and their results were based on standard univariate models.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis confirms that underlying cardiovascular conditions, elevation of myocardial injury biomarkers during COVID-19 infection, and acute cardiovascular decompensation are predictors for mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are needed to clarify potential mechanisms of cardiovascular injury and test appropriate treatments.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
