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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cCSYtw9hmpkTPXJQwyhdvYJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000900270</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190780</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190780</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento Medicamentoso da Hipertens&#227;o: Do Trio de Ouro ao Octeto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Di&#243;genes Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6652-1533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-936X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o e Cardiologia Preventiva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">PROCAPE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o e Cardiologia Preventiva, PROCAPE, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Wilson Nadruz &#8226; UNICAMP - Cidade Universit&#225;ria Zeferino Vaz. CEP 13083-872, Campinas, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>wilnj@fcm.unicamp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Feitosa ADM, Mota-Gomes M, Passarelli J&#250;nior O, Barroso WKS, Miranda RD, Barbosa ECD, Brand&#227;o AA, Nadruz W; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Feitosa ADM, Nadruz W; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mota-Gomes M, Passarelli J&#250;nior O, Barroso WKS, Miranda RD, Barbosa ECD, Brand&#227;o AA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Audes Di&#243;genes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa - Servier, Novartis, EMS e Omron (palestras e patroc&#237;nio em congressos) Marco Mota Gomes - Biolab, Torrent, Abbott, Novartis, Astra, Libbs, Omron e Servier (palestras, separatas e patroc&#237;nio em congressos) Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso - Servier, Novartis, EMS, Bayer, Amgen, OMRON (palestras, patroc&#237;nio em congressos e pesquisa cl&#237;nica) Roberto Dischinger Miranda - Servier, Boehringer, Sanofi, Biolab, Bayer (estudo cl&#237;nico, palestras, separata e patroc&#237;nio em congresso) Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa - Servier, Medley, EMS e Torrent (palestras, separatas e patroc&#237;nio em congressos) Andrea A. Brand&#227;o - Servier, Libbs, Novartis, EMS (palestras e patroc&#237;nio em congressos).</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>270</fpage>
      <lpage>272</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Perda de Peso</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>306154/2017-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de Financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) envolve diversas op&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, o que pode dificultar a uniformiza&#231;&#227;o de condutas, contribuindo assim para o insucesso terap&#234;utico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, entretanto, diversos estudos e diretrizes de HA de v&#225;rias sociedades sugeriram classes medicamentosas preferenciais para o tratamento da HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Com base nessas evid&#234;ncias, o presente artigo tem como objetivo propor um algoritmo de tratamento medicamentoso simples e pr&#225;tico que possa ser utilizado em pacientes que tenham desde HA est&#225;gio 1 at&#233; HA refrat&#225;ria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>O octeto medicamentoso para tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</italic></title>
          <p>
            <italic>TIAZ: diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico/tipo tiaz&#237;dico; iSRA: inibidor do sistema renina-angiotensina; BCC: bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio; &#946;B: betabloqueador; &#945;2A: agonista alfa-2 central; &#945;1B: bloqueador alfa-1 adren&#233;rgico; VD: vasodilatador arterial direto. *Caso n&#227;o haja controle da press&#227;o arterial com TIAZ, iSRA e BCC, e o TIAZ for hidroclorotiazida, substituir o TIAZ por clortalidona ou indapamida. Se a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular for &lt;30 mL/min, substituir TIAZ por diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a, como furosemida. &#8224;Se n&#227;o houver toler&#226;ncia &#224; espironolactona, especialmente por efeitos antiandrog&#234;nicos, considerar substituir esta medica&#231;&#227;o por amilorida. &#8225;&#946;B est&#225; indicado como escolha inicial caso existam indica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, tais como angina, p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia ou controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</italic>
          </p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0270-90780-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento combina mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida (incluindo a redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio, controle do peso, realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica, modera&#231;&#227;o no consumo de &#225;lcool e aboli&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo), descontinua&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias que desencadeiam hipertens&#227;o e adi&#231;&#227;o sequencial de anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> De acordo com as diretrizes atuais de HA, as classes anti-hipertensivas a serem preferencialmente iniciadas no tratamento do paciente hipertenso incluem o chamado <italic>trio de ouro:</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> um inibidor do sistema renina-angiotensina (iSRA) (inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou um bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II), um bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio (BCC) ou um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico/tipo tiaz&#237;dico (TIAZ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O in&#237;cio do tratamento na maioria dos pacientes compreende dois medicamentos, com o intuito de otimizar a efici&#234;ncia e a previsibilidade do controle da press&#227;o arterial (PA). Por outro lado, a monoterapia est&#225; reservada para pacientes de baixo risco com HA em est&#225;gio 1, pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos de alto risco ou pacientes idosos fr&#225;geis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As combina&#231;&#245;es de dois medicamentos habitualmente preferidas s&#227;o um iSRA com um BCC ou um iSRA com um TIAZ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> embora em pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular a combina&#231;&#227;o de iSRA com BCC pare&#231;a ser superior &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o de iSRA com TIAZ na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Caso a meta press&#243;rica preconizada n&#227;o seja atingida com dois medicamentos, o uso de tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos deve compreender preferencialmente os componentes do <italic>trio de ouro.</italic> Se a PA n&#227;o for controlada com o uso dessas 3 classes, sendo a hidroclorotiazida o TIAZ utilizado, o controle pode ser melhorado substituindo-se a hidroclorotiazida por outro TIAZ de longa a&#231;&#227;o mais potente (clortalidona ou indapamida).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a, como a furosemida, deve substituir o TIAZ se a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular for &lt;30 mL/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os betabloqueadores (&#946;B), que no passado eram considerados classes iniciais preferenciais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> perderam espa&#231;o como primeira escolha no tratamento da HA de acordo com as diretrizes mais recentes. Assim, os &#946;B est&#227;o indicados como monoterapia ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com outras medica&#231;&#245;es quando existirem indica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, tais como angina, p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia ou controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O controle inadequado da PA mesmo com o uso de 3 classes de f&#225;rmacos deve ser confirmado pela medida ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) ou medida residencial da PA (MRPA) e ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de causas de HA pseudorresistente (principalmente baixa ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e posologia inadequada).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Pacientes que est&#227;o com PA n&#227;o controlada usando doses m&#225;ximas de 3 ou mais classes de medica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo iSRA, BCC e TIAZ, em quem a pseudorresist&#234;ncia foi exclu&#237;da, s&#227;o considerados portadores de HA resistente. Al&#233;m disso, aqueles tomando 4 classes de medica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo iSRA, BCC e TIAZ, e que estejam com PA controlada, s&#227;o considerados como hipertensos resistentes controlados. J&#225; aqueles com PA n&#227;o controlada usando doses m&#225;ximas de 5 ou mais classes de medica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo TIAZ de longa a&#231;&#227;o e espironolactona, s&#227;o considerados portadores de HA refrat&#225;ria. Nos casos de HA resistente ou refrat&#225;ria, &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares para investiga&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e causas secund&#225;rias de HA e, se necess&#225;rio, estabelecer um tratamento espec&#237;fico para a causa secund&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que, na aus&#234;ncia de controle de PA com uso otimizado e concomitante de iSRA, BCC e TIAZ, a quarta classe anti-hipertensiva a ser utilizada deve envolver o bloqueio da aldosterona por meio do uso de baixas doses de um antagonista de receptor mineralocorticoide, como a espironolactona 25 ou 50 mg/dia, conforme mostrado em diversos estudos e em metan&#225;lises.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Contudo, nem todos os pacientes toleram a espironolactona devido especialmente a efeitos colaterais antiandrog&#234;nicos, resultando em sensibilidade mam&#225;ria ou ginecomastia, disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til nos homens e irregularidades menstruais nas mulheres. Nesse contexto, resultados do estudo PATHWAY-2 sugerem que a amilorida, um diur&#233;tico poupador de pot&#225;ssio, na dose de 10 ou 20 mg/dia, &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto a espironolactona na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, podendo constituir uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica em substitui&#231;&#227;o &#224; espironolactona nos pacientes com HA resistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Entretanto, &#233; v&#225;lido ressaltar que a amilorida, de forma isolada e na dosagem citada, n&#227;o &#233; dispon&#237;vel atualmente no Brasil.</p>
    <p>O estudo ReHOT comparou os efeitos da espironolactona com um agonista alfa-2 central (clonidina) em hipertensos resistentes. Embora n&#227;o tenham sido encontradas diferen&#231;as no desfecho prim&#225;rio (taxa de controle da PA no consult&#243;rio ou da MAPA) entre a espironolactona e a clonidina, resultados de an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias mostraram redu&#231;&#245;es maiores na PA de 24 horas com a espironolactona, refor&#231;ando a op&#231;&#227;o da espironolactona como o quarto f&#225;rmaco preferencial no tratamento da HA resistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contudo, as redu&#231;&#245;es de PA com clonidina tamb&#233;m foram substanciais, e colocam esta medica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m como uma boa op&#231;&#227;o a ser acrescentada &#224; espironolactona caso n&#227;o haja controle da PA.</p>
    <p>O estudo PATHWAY-2 tamb&#233;m investigou o uso de um &#946;B (bisoprolol) ou um bloqueador alfa-1 adren&#233;rgico (doxazosina) como alternativas &#224; espironolactona. Essas medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram t&#227;o eficazes quanto a espironolactona, mas reduziram significativamente a PA <italic>versus</italic> o placebo quando adicionadas ao tratamento de base na HA resistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Deste modo, devem ser acrescentadas posteriormente &#224; espironolactona. Como o estudo ALLHAT havia mostrado que a monoterapia com doxazosina foi substancialmente inferior &#224; monoterapia com clortalidona na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, especialmente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> consideramos que um bloqueador alfa-1 adren&#233;rgico deva ser uma das &#250;ltimas escolhas para o tratamento do hipertenso resistente.</p>
    <p>Por fim, poucos estudos avaliaram o impacto anti-hipertensivo de vasodilatadores diretos, como hidralazina ou minoxidil, na HA resistente. No entanto, como esta classe pode provocar reten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quidos e taquicardia de forma muitas vezes exuberante, tamb&#233;m fica habitualmente reservada como uma das &#250;ltimas escolhas a ser considerada no tratamento da HA resistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resumo, com base nas evid&#234;ncias supracitadas, propomos um octeto medicamentoso estruturado para tratamento da HA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Na base do tratamento de todo o paciente hipertenso est&#227;o as mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e os componentes do <italic>trio de ouro</italic> (iSRA, BCC e TIAZ). A espironolactona deve ser preferencialmente utilizada como quarta subst&#226;ncia, caso n&#227;o haja controle com as medica&#231;&#245;es anteriores. Posteriormente, podem ser acrescentados agonistas alfa-2 centrais e &#946;B, sendo que as &#250;ltimas medica&#231;&#245;es a serem acrescentadas seriam os vasodilatadores e os bloqueadores alfa-1 adren&#233;rgicos.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Audes D. M. Feitosa pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq (306154/2017-0).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pharmacological Treatment of Hypertension: From the Golden Trio to the Octet</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Di&#243;genes Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6652-1533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-936X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o e Cardiologia Preventiva, PROCAPE, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Wilson Nadruz &#8226; UNICAMP - Cidade Universit&#225;ria Zeferino Vaz. Postal Code 13083-872, Campinas, SP - Brazil E-mail: wilnj@fcm.unicamp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Feitosa ADM, Mota-Gomes M, Passarelli J&#250;nior O, Barroso WKS, Miranda RD, Barbosa ECD, Brand&#227;o AA, Nadruz W; Writing of the manuscript: Feitosa ADM, Nadruz W; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mota-Gomes M, Passarelli J&#250;nior O, Barroso WKS, Miranda RD, Barbosa ECD, Brand&#227;o AA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Audes Di&#243;genes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa - Servier, Novartis, EMS e Omron (lectures and sponsorship in congresses) Marco Mota Gomes - Biolab, Torrent, Abbott, Novartis, Astra, Libbs, Omron e Servier (lectures, offprints and sponsorship in congresses) Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso - Servier, Novartis, EMS, Bayer, Amgen, OMRON (lectures, sponsorship in congresses and clinical research) Roberto Dischinger Miranda - Servier, Boehringer, Sanofi, Biolab, Bayer (clinical study, lectures, offprints and sponsorship in congresses) Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa - Servier, Medley, EMS e Torrent (lectures, offprints and sponsorship in congresses) Andrea A. Brand&#227;o - Servier, Libbs, Novartis, EMS (lectures and sponsorship in congresses).</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Weight Loss</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The treatment of hypertension comprises numerous pharmacological options, which may hinder patient management standardization, thus contributing to therapeutic failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, in more recent years, several studies and guidelines from diverse hypertension and cardiology societies have suggested preferential pharmacological classes to treat hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Based on this evidence, the present report aims to propose a simple and practical pharmacological treatment algorithm that can be applied to patients ranging from stage 1 to refractory hypertension cases ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Structured octet for the treatment of hypertension.</italic></title>
            <p>
              <italic>THIAZ: thiazide-type/thiazide-like diuretic; RASI: renin angiotensin system inhibitor; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; &#946;B: Beta-blocker; &#945;2A: central alpha-2 agonist; &#945;1B: alpha-1 adrenergic blocker; VD: direct vasodilator. *When BP control is not achieved with THIAZ, RASI and CCB, and the THIAZ is hydrochlorothiazide, substitute this latter drug by a long-acting THIAZ (chlortalidone or indapamide). If glomerular filtration rate &lt;30 mL/min, substitute THIAZ by a loop diuretic, such as furosemide. &#8224;If spironolactone is not tolerated, particularly due to anti-androgenic side effects, consider substituting this drug by amiloride. &#8225;&#946;B is indicated as the first choice for the initial treatment when there are specific indications, such as angina, post-myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmia or heart rate control.</italic>
            </p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0270-90780-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertension treatment combines lifestyle changes (including salt intake reduction, weight control, physical activity performance , alcohol intake moderation, and smoking cessation), discontinuation of substances that may increase blood pressure (BP), and sequential addition of antihypertensive medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> According to current hypertension guidelines, antihypertensive classes that should be preferentially initiated for the treatment of hypertensive patients include the so-called <italic>golden trio</italic>: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (RASI) (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker), a calcium-channel blocker (CCB) or a thiazide-type/thiazide-like diuretic (THIAZ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In most hypertensive patients, treatment initiation usually includes the combination of two pharmacological classes, an approach that aims to optimize BP control efficiency and predictability. Conversely, monotherapy has been recommended for stage 1 hypertensive patients with low cardiovascular risk, pre-hypertensive patients and frail elderly patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The usual preferred dual combinations comprise a RASI plus a CCB or a RASI plus a THIAZ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> although in patients with high cardiovascular risk the combination of RASI plus CCB seems to be superior to the combination of RASI plus THIAZ in reducing adverse cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> If BP control is not achieved with two pharmacological classes, the use of three drugs should be instituted, preferentially comprising the <italic>golden trio</italic> components. When these three drugs are used, but BP control is not achieved and hydrochlorothiazide is the prescribed THIAZ, this latter drug should be substituted by a long-acting THIAZ (chlortalidone or indapamide).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition, a loop diuretic, such as furosemide, should replace the THIAZ if glomerular filtration rate is &lt;30 mL/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Beta-blockers (&#946;B), which were considered a preferential initial class for hypertension treatment in the past,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> have not been recommended as a first-choice class to treat hypertension according to more recent guidelines. Therefore, &#946;B have been indicated as monotherapy or in combination with other classes when there are specific indications, such as angina, post-myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmia or heart rate control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The inadequate control of BP with the use of three drug classes should be confirmed by ambulatory or home BP monitoring, after excluding causes of pseudo-resistant hypertension (mainly poor medication adherence and inadequate dosage).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Patients with uncontrolled BP using maximal dosages of three or more antihypertensive classes, including RASI, CCB and THIAZ, and in which pseudo-resistance was ruled out, are considered as having resistant hypertension, whereas those who have controlled BP while taking four antihypertensive classes, including RASI, CCB and THIAZ, are considered as having controlled resistant hypertension. Patients with uncontrolled BP using maximal dosages of five or more antihypertensive classes, including a long-acting THIAZ and spironolactone, are considered as having refractory hypertension. It is noteworthy that patients with resistant or refractory hypertension should undergo further investigation of end-organ damage and investigation/treatment of secondary causes of hypertension.</p>
      <p>Growing evidence has suggested that, in the absence of BP control with optimized and concomitant use of RASI, CCB and THIAZ, the fourth antihypertensive class to be instituted should be an aldosterone antagonist, particularly low-dose spironolactone (25-50 mg/day), as demonstrated in several studies and meta-analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, spironolactone may not be tolerated by some patients, due to its anti-androgenic side effects, resulting in gynecomastia or breast tenderness, impotence in men, and menstrual irregularities in women. In this regard, the results of the PATHWAY-2 trial suggested that 10-20 mg/day of amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic, is as effective as spironolactone in reducing BP in resistant hypertensive patients, thus constituting an alternative to spironolactone in the treatment of resistant hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, it should be noted that amiloride, as an isolated formulation and at the aforementioned dosage, is not currently available in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The ReHOT study compared the effects of spironolactone <italic>versus</italic> a central alpha-2 agonist (clonidine) in resistant hypertensive patients. Although there were no differences in the primary endpoint (BP control during office and ambulatory BP monitoring) achieved by spironolactone or clonidine, results of the secondary analysis showed greater 24-hour BP reduction with spironolactone, reinforcing the use of spironolactone as the fourth preferential drug for the treatment of resistant hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, BP reductions achieved by clonidine were also substantial, which may establish this drug as a good option to be added to spironolactone when BP control has not been attained.</p>
      <p>The PATHWAY-2 trial also investigated the BP effects of a &#946;B (bisoprolol) or an alpha-1 adrenergic blocker (doxazosin) as alternative medications to spironolactone. These drugs were not as effective as spironolactone, but significantly reduced BP <italic>versus</italic> placebo when added to baseline antihypertensive medications in resistant hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, a &#946;B or an alpha-1 adrenergic blocker should be added subsequently to spironolactone in patients with uncontrolled BP. However, because the ALLHAT study showed that doxazosin was markedly inferior to chlortalidone in preventing cardiovascular events, particularly heart failure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> we suggest that an alpha-1 adrenergic blocker should be one of the last antihypertensive classes to be added to the treatment of patients with resistant hypertension.</p>
      <p>Few studies have evaluated the impact of direct vasodilators, such as hydralazine or minoxidil, in the treatment of resistant hypertension. In addition, this antihypertensive class may cause marked fluid retention and tachycardia, and therefore should be considered as one of last choices in the treatment of resistant hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, based on the abovementioned data, we propose a structured octet for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Lifestyle changes and components of the <italic>golden trio</italic> (RASI, CCB and THIAZ) comprise the bottom of the treatment algorithm. Spironolactone should be preferentially used as the fourth antihypertensive class when there is no adequate BP control with the latter medications. Then, central alpha-2 agonists and &#946;B may be added, while direct vasodilators and alpha-1 adrenergic blockers should be considered as the last options to be instituted for hypertension treatment.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the Doctoral thesis of Audes D. M. Feitosa, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq (306154/2017-0).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
