<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fr7TB5nb4ZMFGR7Vg8chpnm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000900261</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200559</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200559</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Insufici&#234;ncia Valvar A&#243;rtica por Ecocardiografia: Conceitos B&#225;sicos e Novos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8750-7880</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alsidawi</surname>
            <given-names>Said</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Minneapolis Heart Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Abbott Northwestern Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minneapolis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minnesota</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Said Alsidawi &#8226; Minneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern Hospital - 300 E 28 st Minneapolis Minnesota 55407-1139, Estados Unidos E-mail: <email>said.alsidawi@allina.com</email> , <email>saidalsidawi@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>261</fpage>
      <lpage>262</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Velocidade do Fluxo Sangu&#237;neo</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O ecocardiograma continua sendo o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico e classifica&#231;&#227;o das cardiopatias valvares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> apesar do avan&#231;o de outras modalidades de imagem. A insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica (IA) &#233; um dist&#250;rbio valvar comum<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> que tamb&#233;m pode ser um dos mais desafiadores para quantificar-se com precis&#227;o. O ecocardiograma ajuda a avaliar a gravidade da IA utilizando v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas bidimensionais, tridimensionais e de Doppler colorido, mas o mais importante &#233; que oferece uma oportunidade &#250;nica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, que &#233; extremamente importante na classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IA.</p>
    <p>No artigo intitulado: &#8220;Integral velocidade-tempo da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica: um novo marcador ecocardiogr&#225;fico na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> os autores testaram, como prova de conceito, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a integral velocidade-tempo (IVT) da IA e a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica em uma an&#225;lise multivariada e mostraram a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a IVT da IA e a gravidade da IA, independente do di&#226;metro e volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Eles tamb&#233;m mostraram que a IVT da IA &#233; um m&#233;todo que pode ser facilmente obtido e reproduzido para avaliar a gravidade da IA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros m&#233;todos comumente utilizados, como a &#193;rea de Superf&#237;cie da Isovelocidade Proximal (PISA). Este estudo apresenta um conceito interessante e promissor que aumentar&#225; o n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a ao avaliar a gravidade da IA. Tamb&#233;m faz sentido fisiologicamente, pois os pacientes com IA grave t&#234;m um gradiente diast&#243;lico menor entre a aorta e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final mais alta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica mais baixa) que teoricamente resultar&#227;o em um valor menor de IVT da IA devido &#224; r&#225;pida equaliza&#231;&#227;o press&#227;o entre a aorta e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar, por&#233;m, que existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es para este estudo. Primeiro, h&#225; uma falta de padr&#227;o ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IA, al&#233;m da &#8220;opini&#227;o de especialistas&#8221;. Segundo, o grupo com IA grave &#233; provavelmente composto de dois grupos separados: o grupo IA grave aguda e o grupo IA grave cr&#244;nica. &#201; importante distinguir esses dois grupos, pois a IA grave, bem compensada e cr&#244;nica &#233; provavelmente hemodinamicamente semelhante &#224; IA moderada, com um valor de IVT da IA maior do que aqueles com IA grave aguda. A falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da IA e o meio-tempo de press&#227;o neste estudo confirma que o grupo com IA grave &#233; provavelmente uma mistura de pacientes com cronicidade vari&#225;vel. Terceiro, alguns jatos de IA ser&#227;o muito desafiadores para obter uma amostra por Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua, dada sua excentricidade. Isso &#233; principalmente significante em pacientes com v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rticas bic&#250;spides ou unic&#250;spides que tendem a ter jatos regurgitantes muito exc&#234;ntricos. Por fim, ser&#225; necess&#225;rio um acompanhamento cl&#237;nico para avaliar a sobrevida, a necessidade de cirurgia valvar a&#243;rtica ou outros eventos adversos com base no valor da IVT da IA para verificar a utilidade do conceito.</p>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A introdu&#231;&#227;o de novos conceitos ou t&#233;cnicas que ajudam na classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IA &#233; um recurso valioso. A IVT da IA &#233; um conceito promissor que &#233; fisiologicamente correto e parece ser reproduz&#237;vel. Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos maiores para avaliar melhor seu papel e, mais importante, seu valor progn&#243;stico e correla&#231;&#227;o com os resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>&#201; indispens&#225;vel, no entanto, ter em mente que &#233; muito improv&#225;vel que encontremos um marcador ecocardiogr&#225;fico &#250;nico que seja um padr&#227;o ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IA. Os ecocardiografistas devem manter a mente aberta e integrar todos os dados dispon&#237;veis para chegar a uma conclus&#227;o final. Isso inclui o seguinte:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos (press&#227;o de pulso ampla, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sintomas)</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o bidimensional e tridimensional da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia valvar quanto ao n&#250;mero de folhetos, perfura&#231;&#245;es, vegeta&#231;&#227;o, prolapso da c&#250;spide etc.) e c&#226;maras card&#237;acas (tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e VR, tamanho do AE)</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Doppler colorido (Vena Contracta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> largura do jato comparado &#224; largura da VSVE, avalia&#231;&#227;o PISA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> quando poss&#237;vel e quantifica&#231;&#227;o 3D com Doppler colorido<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> )</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Doppler espectral (densidade do sinal do jato, meio-tempo de press&#227;o, IVT da IA, IVT da VSVE, IVT valvar a&#243;rtica, padr&#227;o de influxo mitral, estimativa da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, etc.).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Entretanto, como em outras les&#245;es valvares, ecocardiografistas e estagi&#225;rios devem evitar diagnosticar a gravidade da IA com base apenas no Doppler colorido, mesmo que seja tentador faz&#234;-lo inicialmente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o das consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas da IA deve ser um componente-chave da avalia&#231;&#227;o. Por exemplo, &#233; improv&#225;vel que o diagn&#243;stico de IA grave com tamanho diast&#243;lico final normal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sem revers&#227;o do fluxo diast&#243;lico na aorta tor&#225;cica descendente ou abdominal ou com uma press&#227;o de pulso normal seja preciso e deve ser reavaliado.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outras modalidades para avaliar a gravidade da IA pode ser necess&#225;ria quando os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos forem inconclusivos ou contradit&#243;rios. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) tem um papel importante e promissor na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IA, especialmente com jatos exc&#234;ntricos ou vazamentos valvares periprot&#233;ticos. Ajuda a avaliar a fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante, utilizando imagens de contraste de fase e o tamanho e a fun&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito com boa precis&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A tomografia computadorizada (TC) card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m pode ser &#250;til para identificar vazamentos periprot&#233;ticos e orientar procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e percut&#226;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Finalmente, um aortograma bem executado, realizado no laborat&#243;rio de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o, pode ser muito valioso quando outras modalidades de teste s&#227;o inconclusivas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster e, Grayburn P, et al. Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(4):303&#8208;71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>e</surname>
              <given-names>Foster</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>303</fpage>
          <lpage>371</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello B, Erwin 3rd JP, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159&#8208;e95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erwin</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleisher</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>e1159</fpage>
          <lpage>e1e95</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Abell&#225;n-Huerta J, Bonaque-Gonz&#225;lez JC, Rubio-Pat&#243;n R, Garc&#237;a-G&#243;mez J, Egea-Beneyto S, Soria-Arcos F, et al. Velocity-Time Integral of Aortic Regurgitation: A Novel Echocardiographic Marker in the Evaluation of Aortic Regurgitation Severity. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):253-260.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abell&#225;n-Huerta</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonaque-Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubio-Pat&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a-G&#243;mez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egea-Beneyto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soria-Arcos</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Velocity-Time Integral of Aortic Regurgitation: A Novel Echocardiographic Marker in the Evaluation of Aortic Regurgitation Severity</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>260</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Assessment of severity of aortic regurgitation using the width of the vena contracta: A clinical color Doppler imaging study. Circulation. 2000;102(5):558&#8208;64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tribouilloy</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of severity of aortic regurgitation using the width of the vena contracta: A clinical color Doppler imaging study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>558</fpage>
          <lpage>564</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Fett SL, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Application of the proximal flow convergence method to calculate the effective regurgitant orifice area in aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(4):1032&#8208;9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tribouilloy</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fett</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Application of the proximal flow convergence method to calculate the effective regurgitant orifice area in aortic regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1032</fpage>
          <lpage>1039</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Pirat B, Little SH, Igo SR, Igo SR, McCulloch M, Nose Y, et al. Direct measurement of proximal isovelocity surface area by real-time three-dimensional color Doppler for quantitation of aortic regurgitant volume: an in vitro validation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(3):306&#8208;13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pirat</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Little</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Igo</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Igo</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCulloch</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nose</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Direct measurement of proximal isovelocity surface area by real-time three-dimensional color Doppler for quantitation of aortic regurgitant volume: an in vitro validation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>306</fpage>
          <lpage>313</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Kammerlander AA, Wiesinger M, Duca F, Aschauer S, Binder C, Tufaro CZ, et al. Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Aortic Regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(8 Pt 1):1474&#8208;83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kammerlander</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiesinger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duca</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aschauer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Binder</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tufaro</surname>
              <given-names>CZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Aortic Regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <supplement>Pt 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1474</fpage>
          <lpage>1483</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Lesser JR, Han BK, Newell M, Schwartz RS, Pedersen W, Sorajja P. Use of cardiac CT angiography to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of aortic prosthetic paravalvular leak: a practical guide. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2015;9(3):159&#8208;64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lesser</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newell</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sorajja</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of cardiac CT angiography to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of aortic prosthetic paravalvular leak: a practical guide</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>164</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Integral Velocidade-Tempo da Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica: Um Novo Marcador Ecocardiogr&#225;fico na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade da Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Aortic Valve Regurgitation by Echocardiography: Basic and New Concepts</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8750-7880</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alsidawi</surname>
            <given-names>Said</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern Hospital,Minneapolis, Minnesota &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Said Alsidawi &#8226; Minneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, 800 E 28th St, Minneapolis, MN 55407 Email: Saidalsidawi@hotmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Regurgitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Fow Velocity</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Echocardiography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and grading of valvular heart diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> despite the development of other imaging modalities. Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) is a common valvular disorder,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> which can also be one of the most challenging to accurately quantify. Echocardiography helps in assessing the severity of AR utilizing multiple two-dimensional, three-dimensional and color Doppler techniques, but most importantly, offers a unique opportunity for hemodynamic evaluation, which is extremely important when grading the severity of AR.</p>
      <p>In the article entitled: &#8220;Velocity-time integral of aortic regurgitation: a novel echocardiographic marker in the evaluation of aortic regurgitation severity&#8221;, the authors tested, as a proof of concept, the correlation between AR velocity-time integral (VTI) and the severity of aortic valve regurgitation in a multivariate analysis and showed the inverse correlation between AR VTI and AR severity, regardless of left ventricular diameter, volume, heart rate, diastolic blood pressure or left ventricular ejection fraction. They also showed that AR VTI is an easily obtainable and reproducible method to assess AR severity when compared to other commonly used methods, such as Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA). This study introduces an interesting and promising concept that will add to confidence level when assessing AR severity. It also makes physiological sense, as patients with severe AR will have a smaller diastolic gradient between the aorta and the left ventricle (higher left ventricular end diastolic pressure and lower diastolic blood pressure), which will theoretically result in a smaller AR VTI value due to rapid equalization of pressure between the aorta and the left ventricle.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting, however, that there are a few limitations to this study. First, there is a lack of a gold standard for the assessment of AR severity other than an &#8220;expert opinion&#8221;. Second, the severe AR group is probably consisted of two separate groups: the acute severe AR group and the chronic severe AR group. It is important to distinguish between these two groups as chronic, well compensated, severe AR is likely to be hemodynamically similar to moderate AR with a larger AR VTI value, when compared to those with acute severe AR. The lack of association between AR severity and pressure half time in this study supports the fact that the severe AR group is probably a mix of patients with variable chronicity. Third, some AR jets will be very challenging to sample by continuous wave Doppler, given their eccentricity. This is mainly notable in patients with bicuspid or unicuspid aortic valves, which tend to have very eccentric regurgitant jets. Finally, a clinical follow-up to assess survival, need for aortic valve surgery or other adverse events based of AR VTI value will be needed to verify the utility of the concept.</p>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Introducing new concepts or techniques that can help grading AR severity is a valuable resource. AR VTI is a promising concept that is physiologically sound and appears reproducible. Larger clinical trials will be needed to further assess its role and, more importantly, its prognostic value and correlation with clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>It is imperative, however, to keep in mind that it is very unlikely that we will find a single echocardiographic marker that will be a gold standard when assessing AR severity. The echocardiographist has to keep an open mind and integrate all available data to come to a final conclusion. This includes the following:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Clinical data (wide pulse pressure, heart rate, symptoms)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Two-dimensional and three-dimensional evaluation of the aortic valve (valve anatomy assessing for number of leaflets, perforations, vegetation, cusp prolapse etc...) and cardiac chambers (LV and RV size and function, LA size)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Color Doppler (Vena Contracta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> jet width compared to LVOT width, PISA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> evaluation when feasible and 3D color Doppler quantification<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> )</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Spectral Doppler (Jet signal density, pressure half time, AR VTI, LVOT VTI, aortic valve VTI, mitral inflow pattern, right ventricular systolic pressure estimation etc&#8230;).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>However, as with other valve lesions, echocardiographists and trainees should refrain from diagnosing AR severity based on color Doppler alone, even if it is tempting to do so initially. Assessing the hemodynamic consequences of AR should be a key component of the evaluation. For example, diagnosing severe AR in the setting of a normal left ventricular end diastolic size, without diastolic flow reversal in the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta, or with a normal pulse pressure is unlikely to be accurate and should be reassessed.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, utilizing other modalities to assess AR severity might be needed when echocardiographic and clinical data are inconclusive or contradictory. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has an important and promising role in assessing AR severity, especially with eccentric jets or peri-prosthetic valvular leaks. It helps assess the regurgitant fraction utilizing phase-contrast imaging and left and right ventricular size and function with good accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Cardiac Computed Tomography (CT) can also be helpful to identify peri-prosthetic leaks and guide surgical and percutaneous procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Finally, a well-performed aortogram carried out in the catheterization laboratory can be very valuable, when other testing modalities are inconclusive.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editoral related to the article: Velocity-Time Integral of Aortic Regurgitation: A Novel Echocardiographic Marker in the Evaluation of Aortic Regurgitation Severity</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
