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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6XL8DvfYjrSxyzjytp3zsKs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000900226</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200758</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200758</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Minieditorial: Compet&#234;ncia Progn&#243;stica Distinta entre Modelo Cl&#237;nico e Anat&#244;mico nas S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas: Compara&#231;&#227;o por Tipo de Desfecho</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho / Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Coury Pedrosa &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho / Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad &#8211; UFRJ - Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>coury@hucff.ufrj.br</email> , </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>226</fpage>
      <lpage>228</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
        <kwd>Organiza&#231;&#227;o e Administra&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados M&#233;dicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipamentos para Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Eventos cardiovasculares, principalmente o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no Brasil. Em alguns pa&#237;ses europeus (por exemplo, Fran&#231;a, Portugal, It&#225;lia), as taxas de mortalidade em 30 dias por infarto diminu&#237;ram nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, chegando a valores t&#227;o baixos quanto 3% a 5%. Isso reflete a organiza&#231;&#227;o da log&#237;stica da sa&#250;de, incluindo atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar, protocolos unificados, treinamento, regula&#231;&#227;o central e compromisso com o atendimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, as taxas de mortalidade em 30 dias variam de 3% a 5% em centros avan&#231;ados e 30% naqueles centros nos quais o atendimento n&#227;o aplica as diretrizes recomendadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa disparidade geralmente reflete um sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica ainda deficiente que carece de fluxogramas diagn&#243;sticos, protocolos institucionais, regula&#231;&#227;o central ou profissionais capazes de interpretar o diagn&#243;stico de infarto utilizando um eletrocardiograma (ECG). Infelizmente, ainda verificamos que muitos centros carecem de equipamentos nos setores de emerg&#234;ncia (desfibrilador, materiais de intuba&#231;&#227;o, ventiladores, eletrocardiografias, drogas vasoativas, monitores card&#237;acos, marcapassos tempor&#225;rios e drogas fibrinol&#237;ticas) e unidades coronarianas, al&#233;m da falta de profissionais qualificados para fornecer o melhor tratamento.</p>
    <p>O reconhecimento de que as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) constituem uma doen&#231;a heterog&#234;nea em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico foi fundamental para a correta identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos de maior risco, que necessitam de interven&#231;&#227;o mais intensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que nem todos os pacientes com SCA pertencem a categorias de risco alto ou muito alto; h&#225; uma porcentagem consider&#225;vel composta por pacientes jovens sem fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos que podem ser adequadamente classificados em categorias de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou mesmo baixo. Portanto, &#233; importante identificar os pacientes de maior risco que necessitam de tratamento mais intensivo. Estudos cl&#237;nicos importantes contribu&#237;ram para a evolu&#231;&#227;o da abordagem em pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Atualmente, o foco emergente no envolvimento de fatores socioecon&#244;micos no risco cardiovascular tem sido constantemente relatado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Viana et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> apresentaram um estudo que comparou a capacidade preditiva dos escores SYNTAX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e GRACE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> em predizer resultados isqu&#234;micos n&#227;o-fatais (infarto ou angina refrat&#225;ria) e morte cardiovascular durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA. Eles chamam aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que eventos isqu&#234;micos n&#227;o-fatais recorrentes representam o fen&#244;meno de instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, enquanto a morte ap&#243;s um evento isqu&#234;mico resulta da gravidade do insulto e da resist&#234;ncia do paciente. A natureza fisiopatol&#243;gica diferente desses tipos de eventos pode fazer com que os dados cl&#237;nicos e anat&#244;micos tenham capacidades progn&#243;sticas diferentes, dependendo do tipo de desfecho. Se isso for verdade, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o do valor progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#8220;desfechos cardiovasculares&#8221; seria comprometida, tornando necess&#225;rio individualizar a previs&#227;o de cada modelo para o tipo de desfecho. Considerando a justificativa da escassez de estudos dessa natureza relatados na literatura com o objetivo de responder a essa pergunta, os autores realizaram um estudo serial de casos consecutivos entre 2007 e 2014 em um hospital terci&#225;rio no Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar e comparar o valor progn&#243;stico de dados cl&#237;nicos e anat&#244;micos em rela&#231;&#227;o a resultados fatais e n&#227;o-fatais em pacientes com SCA. Os pacientes admitidos consecutivamente com SCA submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana foram recrutados. O escore SYNTAX foi utilizado como modelo anat&#244;mico e o escore GRACE como modelo cl&#237;nico. Dos 365 pacientes analisados, a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 64 &#177; 14 anos, sendo 58% do sexo masculino, 19% dos quais com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Doen&#231;a coronariana triarterial ou doen&#231;a da coron&#225;ria esquerda estava presente em 36% da amostra.</p>
    <p>A mediana do escore SYNTAX foi 9 (IIQ = 2,5&#8211;20) e a mediana do escore GRACE foi de 117 (IIQ = 90&#8211;144). Ao analisar os tercis de risco previstos pelo escore SYNTAX, 81% dos pacientes apresentaram valor baixo (0 a 22), 10% apresentaram valor intermedi&#225;rio (23 a 32) e apenas 8,5% apresentaram valor alto (&#8805; 33). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore GRACE, 44% apresentaram baixo risco (&lt;109), 28% risco intermedi&#225;rio (110 a 139) e 29% alto risco (&#8805; 140). Entre os 365 indiv&#237;duos, houve uma incid&#234;ncia de 4,4% de &#243;bito hospitalar e 11% de desfechos isqu&#234;micos n&#227;o-fatais. Para morte cardiovascular, ambos os escores - SYNTAX e GRACE - apresentaram capacidade discriminat&#243;ria, com estat&#237;stica-C semelhante: 0,80 (IC95%: 0,70-0,92) e 0,89 (IC95% 0,81-0,96), respectivamente, com p = 0,19. Quanto aos desfechos isqu&#234;micos n&#227;o-fatais, o escore SYNTAX apresentou um valor preditivo (estat&#237;stica-C = 0,64; IC 95% 0,55-0,73); entretanto, o escore GRACE n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com esse tipo de desfecho (estat&#237;stica-C) = 0,50; IC95%: 0,40-0,61), com p = 0,027.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os autores prop&#245;em um refinamento adicional na previs&#227;o de risco em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Tanto o paradigma cl&#237;nico (GRACE) quanto o anat&#244;mico (SYNTAX) demonstraram ter uma boa capacidade preditiva de morte. Entretanto, apenas o modelo anat&#244;mico foi capaz de prever eventos n&#227;o-fatais recorrentes. Essa demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que os escores comumente utilizados no manejo cl&#237;nico de pacientes com SCA pode ter predile&#231;&#227;o por desfechos diferentes n&#227;o foi descrita na literatura at&#233; o momento.</p>
    <p>No entanto, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses resultados deve considerar a presen&#231;a de um erro do tipo &#946; nesta an&#225;lise, devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com eventos de morte (19 &#243;bitos em 365 pacientes). Os fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o-controlados e a incerteza introduzida por uma grande diferen&#231;a no terceiro tercil foram observados em ambos os escores para o evento de morte. O desenho do presente estudo (s&#233;rie de casos), com coleta retrospectiva de dados, representa uma amostra parcial da popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes hospitalizados por SCA, compreendendo uma subpopula&#231;&#227;o submetida &#224; angiografia coronariana, n&#227;o representando, portanto, o cen&#225;rio real da popula&#231;&#227;o de SCA atendida em hospital, mas um subgrupo selecionado com o melhor progn&#243;stico para o qual o m&#233;dico assistente indicou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma angiografia coronariana. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada com base em relatos, e os dados de imagem n&#227;o foram obtidos pela revis&#227;o das imagens e dos achados. Por fim, estudou-se uma popula&#231;&#227;o em diferentes est&#225;gios evolutivos p&#243;s-SCA, sendo adotado o exame de angiografia coronariana como refer&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, reconhecemos que, apesar de sua utilidade, os escores de risco tendem a superestimar o mesmo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> al&#233;m de apresentar poder limitado de discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos de alto e baixo risco. Eles superestimam o risco porque &#224;s vezes s&#227;o derivados da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e outras vezes de popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas. H&#225; uma dificuldade em estratificar o risco por meio de escores, uma vez que a maioria dos eventos continua ocorrendo em pacientes considerados de baixo risco ou risco intermedi&#225;rio. As limita&#231;&#245;es dos escores de risco resultam da fisiopatologia da pr&#243;pria SCA. Estudos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana, estudos de coorte longitudinal com popula&#231;&#245;es jovens, al&#233;m de estudos realizados em aut&#243;psias, demonstraram que a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao risco de aterosclerose ocorre precocemente, varia em intensidade ao longo da vida e inclui fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais n&#227;o considerados nos escores. Uma &#250;nica medida de fatores de risco no indiv&#237;duo adulto com SCA falha na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao risco dependente do tempo. O risco da doen&#231;a seria expresso com mais precis&#227;o, devido &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa a todos esses determinantes de risco ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; importante observar que, no processo din&#226;mico do estabelecimento do risco no paciente no qual h&#225; suspeita e / ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de SCA, os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o de suma import&#226;ncia, conseguindo identificar, sem qualquer outro recurso, os pacientes de maior risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte ou eventos isqu&#234;micos recorrentes. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica continuada &#233; sempre essencial, seja devido a complica&#231;&#245;es abruptas que exigem mudan&#231;as r&#225;pidas de conduta ou &#224; necessidade de crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos ajustados ao caso. A cria&#231;&#227;o e atualiza&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas que podem predizer o risco de resultados adversos em momentos bem definidos no tempo s&#227;o necess&#225;rias, principalmente em termos de custo-efetividade.</p>
    <p>Utilizando apenas elementos cl&#237;nicos, podemos definir pacientes de alto risco para eventos card&#237;acos maiores, tanto a curto quanto a longo prazo, pelas caracter&#237;sticas de seus sintomas, hist&#243;rico pessoal e exame f&#237;sico. No entanto, quatro vari&#225;veis sempre parecem significativas ao tentar prever a morte ap&#243;s SCA. Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas: idade, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (expressa pela creatinina s&#233;rica), hist&#243;rico de IAM pr&#233;vio, diabetes mellitus - que indica uma disfun&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica global caracterizada por glicemia elevada - e os dados de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Portanto, na presen&#231;a de SCA, na maioria dos casos, &#233; a suspeita cl&#237;nica inicial que fornece a melhor terapia e o progn&#243;stico. Nas atuais condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, a avalia&#231;&#227;o na chegada do paciente ao hospital &#233; a que apresenta maior possibilidade de efetividade junto &#224; doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Novamente, enfatizamos que esses &#8220;escores&#8221; devem servir como guias, e n&#227;o como &#8220;amarras&#8221;, para o nosso julgamento cl&#237;nico, com o &#250;ltimo sendo capaz de fazer uso das informa&#231;&#245;es existentes para escolher a melhor alternativa para o paciente. Esses escores devem estar abertos a interpreta&#231;&#245;es e op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento que podem ser limitadas por recursos financeiros. Um diagn&#243;stico precoce, juntamente com um bom tratamento e reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, promove uma boa recupera&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>Em nosso contexto, mudan&#231;as na melhora organizacional, bem como na educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, profissionais do atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia e coordena&#231;&#227;o com agentes do sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico ou privado resultar&#227;o em uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade por SCA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Short Editorial: Distinct Prognostic Competence between the Clinical and Anatomical Models in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Comparison by Type of Outcome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho / Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Roberto Coury Pedrosa &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho / Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad &#8211; UFRJ - Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: coury@hucff.ufrj.br,</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Organizationa and Administration</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Equipment</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular events, especially acute myocardial infarction, are the main causes of death in Brazil. In some European countries (e.g., France, Portugal, Italy), the 30-day mortality rates due to infarction have declined in recent decades to as low as 3% to 5%. This reflects the organization of healthcare logistics, including pre-hospital care, unified protocols, training, central regulation, and commitment to care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, the 30-day mortality rates vary from 3% to 5% in advanced centers and 30% in those where care does not apply the recommended guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This disparity usually reflects a still deficient public healthcare system that lacks diagnostic flowcharts, institutional protocols, central regulation, or professionals who are able to interpret the diagnosis for infarction using an electrocardiogram (ECG). Unfortunately, we still find that many centers lack equipment in emergency sectors (defibrillator, intubation materials, ventilators, electrocardiographs, vasoactive drugs, cardiac monitors, temporary pacemakers, and fibrinolytic drugs) and coronary units, as well as the lack of qualified professionals to provide the best treatment.</p>
      <p>The recognition that acute coronary syndromes (ACS) constitute a heterogeneous disease in relation to prognosis was fundamental for the correct identification of individuals at higher risk, who require more intensive intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It has been shown that not all patients with ACS belong to high or very high risk categories; there is a considerable percentage consisting of young patients without classic risk factors that can be adequately classified into intermediate or even low risk categories. Thus, it is important to identify those patients at higher risk who need more intensive treatment. Important clinical studies have contributed to the evolution of the approach to patients with ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Currently, the emerging focus on the involvement of socioeconomic factors in cardiovascular risk has been constantly reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this edition, Viana et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> presented a study that compared the predictive capacity of the SYNTAX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and GRACE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> scores for the prediction of non-fatal ischemic outcomes (infarction or refractory angina) and cardiovascular death during hospitalization of patients with ACS. They draw attention to the fact that recurrent non-fatal ischemic events represent the phenomenon of atherosclerotic plaque instability, while death after an ischemic event results from the severity of the insult and the patient&#8217;s resistance. The different pathophysiological nature of these types of events can cause the clinical and anatomical data to have different prognostic capacities, depending on the type of outcome. If this is true, the generalization of the prognostic value in relation to the &#8220;cardiovascular outcomes&#8221; would be compromised, making it necessary to individualize the prediction of each model for the type of outcome. Considering the justification of the scarcity of studies of this nature reported in the literature aimed at answering this question, the authors performed a serial study of consecutive cases between 2007 and 2014 in a tertiary hospital in Brazil, with objective of evaluating and comparing the prognostic value of clinical and anatomical data in relation to fatal and non-fatal outcomes in patients with ACS. Patients consecutively admitted with ACS submitted to coronary angiography were recruited. The SYNTAX score was used as an anatomical model and the GRACE score as a clinical model. Of the 365 analyzed patients, the mean age was 64 &#177; 14 years, with 58% male individuals, 19% of whom had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Coronary heart disease with triple vessel or left main coronary artery disease was present in 36% of the sample.</p>
      <p>The median SYNTAX score was 9 (IQR = 2.5&#8211;20) and the median GRACE score was 117 (IQR = 90&#8211;144). When analyzing the risk tertiles predicted by the SYNTAX score, 81% of the patients had a low value (0 to 22), 10% showed an intermediate value (23 to 32) and only 8.5% had a high value (&#8805; 33). Regarding the GRACE score, 44% showed low risk (&lt;109), 28% intermediate risk (110 to 139) and 29% high risk (&#8805; 140). Among the 365 individuals, there was an incidence of 4.4% of hospital death and 11% of non-fatal ischemic outcomes. For cardiovascular death, both scores - SYNTAX and GRACE - showed discriminatory capacity, with similar C-statistics: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70&#8211;0.92) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.81&#8211; 0.96), respectively, with p = 0.19. As for non-fatal ischemic outcomes, the SYNTAX score had a predictive value (C-statistic = 0.64; 95% CI 0.55&#8211;0.73); however, the GRACE score did not show an association with this type of outcome (C-statistic) = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.40&#8211;0.61), with p = 0.027. In conclusion, the authors propose a further refinement in risk prediction in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Both the clinical paradigm (GRACE) and the anatomical one (SYNTAX) were shown to have a good predictive capacity for death. However, only the anatomical model was able to predict recurrent non-fatal events. This demonstration that the scores commonly used in the clinical management of patients with ACS may have a predilection for different outcomes has not been described in the literature to date.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the interpretation of these results should consider the presence of a type &#946; error in this analysis, because of the small number of patients with death events (19 deaths in 365 patients). The non-controlled confounding factors and the uncertainty introduced by a large difference in the third tertile were observed in both scores for the death event. The design of the present study (case series), with a retrospective data collection, represents a partial sample of the population of patients hospitalized for ACS, comprising a subpopulation submitted to coronary angiography, therefore not representing the real scenario of the ACS population treated in this hospital, but a selected subgroup with the best prognosis for which the attending physician indicated the performance of a coronary angiography. Data analysis was performed based on reports, and the imaging data were not obtained by reviewing the images and findings. Finally, a population in different post-ACS evolutionary stages was studied, as the coronary angiography exam was adopted as the reference.</p>
      <p>Likewise, we recognize that, despite their usefulness, risk scores tend to overestimate risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> besides presenting limited power of discrimination between high and low risk individuals. They overestimate risk because they are sometimes derived from the general population, and sometimes from specific populations. There is a difficulty in stratifying risk by means of scores, since most events continue to occur in patients considered to be at low or intermediate risk. The limitations of risk scores result from the pathophysiology of ACS itself. Mendelian randomization studies, longitudinal cohort studies with young populations, in addition to autopsy studies, demonstrated that exposure to the risk of atherosclerosis occurs early, varies in intensity throughout life and includes genetic and environmental factors not taken into account in the scores. A single measure of risk factors in the adult individual with ACS fails to quantify the exposure to time-dependent risk. The risk of disease would be expressed more precisely, due to the cumulative exposure to all these risk determinants throughout life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is important to note that, in the dynamic process of establishing risk in the patient in which ACS is suspected and / or confirmed, clinical criteria are of paramount importance, managing to identify, without any other resource, the patients at highest risk for the occurrence of death or recurrent ischemic events. Continued clinical evaluation is always essential, whether due to abrupt complications that require rapid changes in conduct or the need for clinical criteria adjusted to the case. The formulation and updating of the evaluation of clinical variables that can predict the risk of adverse results at well-defined points in time are necessary, particularly in terms of cost-effectiveness.</p>
      <p>Using only clinical elements, we can define high-risk patients for major cardiac events, both in the short and long term, by the characteristics of their symptoms, their personal history and physical examination. Nevertheless, four variables always seem significant when trying to predict death after ACS. Clinical variables: age, renal dysfunction (expressed by serum creatinine), history of previous AMI, diabetes mellitus - which indicates a global physiological dysfunction characterized by elevated blood glucose - and the left ventricular dysfunction data.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in the presence of ACS, in most cases, it is the initial clinical suspicion that provides the offer of the best therapy as well as the prognosis. In the current socio-economic conditions, the evaluation at the patient&#8217;s arrival at the hospital is the one that ultimately has the greatest possibility of effectiveness along with the disease.</p>
      <p>Again, we emphasize that these &#8220;scores&#8221; should serve as guides, and not as &#8216;strings&#8217; for our clinical judgment, with the latter being able to make use of the existing information to choose the best alternative for the patient. Such scores must be open to interpretations and treatment options that may be limited by financial resources. An early diagnosis together with good treatment and cardiac rehabilitation promote good patient recovery.</p>
      <p>In our context, changes in the organizational improvement, as well as in patient education, professionals in the emergency department, and coordination with agents in the public or private health system will result in a significant decrease in mortality due to ACS.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
