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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S7QZdJF6LdN7bXyrRWYm4GQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000900197</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190161</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190161</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Discord&#226;ncia entre Diretrizes Internacionais sobre Crit&#233;rios de Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria de Morte S&#250;bita na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1175-5540</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Piva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2150-6337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5950-632X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garbin</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Iahnke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Faculdade de Medicina , Porto Alegre , RS - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Beatriz Piva e Mattos &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mattos BP, Scolari FL e Garbin HI; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mattos BP, Scolari FL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>197</fpage>
      <lpage>204</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para morte s&#250;bita (MS) na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) baseia-se em algoritmos distintos propostos pela diretriz norte-americana, <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> 2011 e europeia, <italic>ESC</italic> 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Analisar o modelo <italic>ESC</italic> 2014 na determina&#231;&#227;o do risco de MS e indica&#231;&#227;o de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria na CMH por meio de confronta&#231;&#227;o com a normativa norte-americana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Foi avaliada uma coorte de pacientes com CMH, calculado o escore <italic>ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic> e analisada a concord&#226;ncia dos crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI entre as duas diretrizes pelo coeficiente de Kappa. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Em 90 pacientes consecutivos, seguidos por 6&#177;3 anos, o escore calculado foi de 3,2&#177;2,5%. Os preditores que mais contribu&#237;ram para o c&#225;lculo nas faixas de baixo (1,88% [1,42-2,67]), m&#233;dio (5,17% [4,89-5,70]) e alto risco (7,82% [7,06-9,19]) foram espessura parietal m&#225;xima do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (1,60% [1,25-2,02] <italic>;</italic> 3,20% [3,18-3,36] <italic>;</italic> 4,46% [4,07-5,09]), di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (0,97% [0,83-1,21]; 1,86% [1,67-2,40]; 2,48% [2,21-3,51]) e idade (-0,91% [0,8-1,13]; -1,90% [1,12-2,03]; -2,34% [1,49-2,73]). O modelo europeu reduziu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de CDI em 32 (36%) pacientes. Entre os 43 (48%) em classe IIa pela <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> , 8 (18%) migraram para IIb e 24 (56%) para III. Baixa concord&#226;ncia foi identificada entre as duas sistematiza&#231;&#245;es, Kappa = 0,355, p = 0,0001. Dos 8 (9%) pacientes com MS ou choque apropriado, 4 (50%) atingiram indica&#231;&#227;o IIa pela <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> , mas nenhum pela <italic>ESC</italic> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Baixa concord&#226;ncia foi identificada entre as diretrizes analisadas. O novo modelo reduziu as indica&#231;&#245;es de CDI, notadamente em classe IIa, mas deixou desprotegida a totalidade de pacientes com MS ou choque apropriado. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):197-204)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="4"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) representa a doen&#231;a cardiovascular de origem gen&#233;tica mais prevalente, com acometimento de um em cada 200 indiv&#237;duos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A morte s&#250;bita (MS), atualmente estimada em 0,5 a 1% ao ano, incide em qualquer faixa et&#225;ria, embora predomine entre jovens e atletas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para MS na CMH constitui a base para indica&#231;&#227;o de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI), &#250;nica modalidade considerada capaz de modificar o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em pacientes com parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pr&#233;via a indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; consensual; contudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, permanecem interroga&#231;&#245;es. Cinco fatores individualizados em estudos longitudinais e validados em metan&#225;lise s&#227;o reconhecidos como preditores independentes de MS: hist&#243;ria familiar, s&#237;ncope inexplicada, espessura parietal m&#225;xima do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EPMVE) &#8805; 30 mm, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) e resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No consenso <italic>American College of Cardiology (ACC)/European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</italic> 2003, a indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI era baseada no n&#250;mero de indicadores de risco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios foram atualizados na diretriz <italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/American Heart Association (AHA)</italic> 2011 em que foram incorporados fatores modificantes: muta&#231;&#245;es malignas, realce tardio &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM), aneurismas apicais e obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Novo modelo matem&#225;tico-estat&#237;stico, adotado pela <italic>ESC</italic> em 2014, possibilita, com uma calculadora <italic>online</italic> , estimar o risco absoluto e a mortalidade em 5 anos por meio da atribui&#231;&#227;o de pesos aos quatro primeiros preditores independentes mencionados acrescidos por gradiente da via de sa&#237;da do VE, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e idade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em decorr&#234;ncia, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar o impacto do modelo <italic>ESC</italic> 2014 na determina&#231;&#227;o do risco de MS e indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em uma coorte de pacientes com CMH por meio da confronta&#231;&#227;o com os crit&#233;rios pr&#233;vios propostos por <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> 2011.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Foi analisada, retrospectivamente, uma coorte de 108 indiv&#237;duos registrados no ambulat&#243;rio de CMH de um hospital universit&#225;rio de atendimento terci&#225;rio, entre mar&#231;o de 2007 e mar&#231;o de 2018. Os pacientes foram submetidos a eletrocardiograma em repouso, eletrocardiograma Holter e ecocardiograma, acrescidos por RM (n = 40; 45%). Estudo gen&#233;tico-molecular foi realizado em 18 (20%) indiv&#237;duos, cujos resultados foram previamente publicados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico foi estabelecido de acordo com crit&#233;rios definidos em diretrizes vigentes <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> com base na identifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia do VE detectada ao ecocardiograma e/ou RM pela presen&#231;a de EPMVE &#8805;15 mm medida em qualquer segmento, com raz&#227;o septo/parede posterior &#8805;1,3 na aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara e outras condi&#231;&#245;es capazes de produzir altera&#231;&#245;es semelhantes. Foram exclu&#237;dos 18 casos por apresentarem per&#237;odo de seguimento &lt;12 meses ou hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou taquicardia ventricular com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Os seguintes desfechos foram considerados para an&#225;lise: 1) MS: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular documentada, &#243;bito at&#233; 1 hora do in&#237;cio de novos sintomas ou durante a noite sem agravamento cl&#237;nico pr&#233;vio; 2) choque apropriado pelo CDI por taquicardia ventricular ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para morte s&#250;bita</title>
        <p>Os seguintes preditores foram pesquisados: 1) idade; 2) hist&#243;ria familiar de MS em primeiro grau, em &lt;40 anos de idade ou em qualquer idade com diagn&#243;stico confirmado da doen&#231;a; 3) EPMVE medida ao ecocardiograma bidimensional; 4) s&#237;ncope inexplicada nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses; 5) TVNS definida por tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos extrassist&#243;licos ventriculares sucessivos com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8805;120 batimentos e dura&#231;&#227;o &lt;30s; 6) resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio expressa pela incapacidade de elevar a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 25 mmHg ou queda &#8805;10 mmHg no pico do exerc&#237;cio; 7) di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo determinado ao ecocardiograma uni ou bidimensional; 8) gradiente m&#225;ximo na via de sa&#237;da do VE em repouso ou sob manobra de Valsalva com Doppler cont&#237;nuo. Os seguintes modificantes de risco foram valorizados: 1) obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE &#8805;30 mmHg; 2) realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio &#224; RM card&#237;aca; 3) aneurisma apical do VE; 4) muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica maligna.</p>
        <p>O escore <italic>ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic> para estimativa de risco de MS em 5 anos foi calculado pela seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mi>Probabilidade</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>em</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>anos</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#8211;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>998</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>exp</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>&#237;ndice</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>progn&#243;stico</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <disp-formula id="e2">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mi>&#205;ndice</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>progn&#243;stico</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>15939858</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>EPMVE</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>mm</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#8211;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>00294271</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:msup>
              <mml:mi>EPMVE</mml:mi>
              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
            </mml:msup>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:msup>
              <mml:mi>mm</mml:mi>
              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
            </mml:msup>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0259082</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>di&#226;metro</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>do</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>&#225;trio</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>esquerdo</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>mm</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>00446131</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>gradiente</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>m&#225;ximo</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>na</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>via</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>de</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>sa&#237;da</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>do</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>VE</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>repouso</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>Valsalva</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>mmHg</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>4583082</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>hist&#243;ria</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>familiar</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>de</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>MS</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>82639195</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>TVNS</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>71650361</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>s&#237;ncope</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>inexplicada</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#8211;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>01799934</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>idade</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>na</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>avalia&#231;&#227;o</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>anos</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>&#205;ndice progn&#243;stico = [0,15939858 &#215; EPMVE(mm)] &#8211; [0,00294271 &#215; EPMVE <sup>2</sup> (mm <sup>2</sup> )] + [0,0259082 &#215; di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo(mm)] + [0,00446131 x gradiente m&#225;ximo na via de sa&#237;da do VE (repouso/Valsalva)(mmHg)] + [0,4583082 &#215; hist&#243;ria familiar de MS] + [0,82639195 &#215; TVNS] + [0,71650361 &#215; s&#237;ncope inexplicada] &#8211; [0,01799934 &#215; idade na avalia&#231;&#227;o(anos)].</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o de cardiodesfibrilador autom&#225;tico implant&#225;vel</title>
        <p>Os seguintes crit&#233;rios para indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foram comparados:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Diretriz <italic>ACCF</italic> / <italic>AHA</italic> 2011: Classe IIa &#8211; hist&#243;ria familiar de MS em 1&#186; grau ou espessura parietal m&#225;xima do VE &#8805;30 mm ou s&#237;ncope inexplicada recente; Classe IIa &#8211; TVNS ou resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio associada a outros fatores ou modificantes de risco; Classe IIb &#8211; TVNS ou resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio isoladas; Classe III &#8211; aus&#234;ncia dos fatores anteriormente citados.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Diretriz <italic>ESC 2014</italic>:  Classe IIa &#8211; <italic>HCM-Risk-SCD</italic> &#8805;6%; Classe IIb &#8211; &lt;6% e &#8805;4%; Classe III &#8211; &lt;4%.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados quantitativos foram apresentados por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou por meio de medianas e intervalos interquart&#237;licos (percentis 25 e 75) para distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. A normalidade dos dados foi testada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica foram aferidas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncias (ANOVA One-Way), vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas pelos testes qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher e diferen&#231;as entre as categorias por meio dos res&#237;duos ajustados. O coeficiente Kappa foi determinado para analisar a concord&#226;ncia entre as indica&#231;&#245;es para implante de CDI entre as diretrizes <italic>ACCF</italic> / <italic>AHA</italic> 2011 e <italic>ESC</italic> 2014. Os percentuais atingidos por cada um dos preditores que comp&#245;e o escore <italic>ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic> foram calculados pela m&#233;dia ponderada da varia&#231;&#227;o de cada preditor na equa&#231;&#227;o sobre a soma das varia&#231;&#245;es desses preditores. A estimativa de sobrevida da amostra foi determinada por meio de curva de Kaplan-Meier. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 70 indiv&#237;duos para um valor esperado de Kappa = 0,3, se considerada a ocorr&#234;ncia de concord&#226;ncia entre as sistematiza&#231;&#245;es, Kappa = 0, para poder de 90% e p &lt; 0,05. Os dados foram processados no <italic>software SPSS</italic> vers&#227;o 20.0 ( <italic>SPSS Inc</italic> ., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo foi constitu&#237;da por 90 pacientes consecutivos com CMH, com idade m&#233;dia de 62&#177;12 anos, 85 (94%) &#8805;40 anos e 56 (62%) do sexo feminino. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . No per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 6&#177;3 anos, 15 (17%) implantaram CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de MS. Dois (2%) pacientes apresentaram choque apropriado, 6 (7%) MS e 6 (7%) morte por outras causas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de 90 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th>62&#177;12</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &gt;40 anos (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (94%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (62%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Classe funcional NYHA</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I/II (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (83%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III/IV (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (12%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Terap&#234;utica</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (78%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarona (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (22%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Verapamil/diltiazem (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (27%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Ecocardiograma</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">44&#177;7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">43&#177;6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">34&#177;5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura diast&#243;lica do septo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">19&#177;4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">11&#177;2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71&#177;9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/E&#180;</td>
                  <td align="center">16&#177;8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do VE em repouso (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do VE sob Valsalva (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">36&#177;38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Fatores de risco para MS</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de MS*</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (26%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVNS*</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (19%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ncope*</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (18%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resposta anormal da PA ao exerc&#237;cio*</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EPMVE &gt;30 mm*</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obstru&#231;&#227;o VSVE &#8805;30 mmHg <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">44 (49%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realce tardio &#224; RM&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (12%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aneurisma apical de VE <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Muta&#231;&#227;o maligna <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>N&#250;mero de fatores de risco</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (47%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (35%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;2</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (18%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Preditores independentes; <sup>&#8224;</sup> Fatores modificantes; NYHA: New York Heart Association; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MS: morte s&#250;bita; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; EPMVE: espessura parietal m&#225;xima do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PA: press&#227;o arterial; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados evolutivos de 90 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica seguidos por 6&#177;3 anos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca Classe III/IV</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">20 (22%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (32%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abla&#231;&#227;o alco&#243;lica do septo (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miectomia cir&#250;rgica (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marca-passo (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante de CDI (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choque apropriado CDI (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte s&#250;bita (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte por outras causas (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A sobrevida livre de MS ou choque apropriado pelo CDI no per&#237;odo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 5 anos foi de 93% e, em 10 anos, de 92%. A sobrevida livre de morte por todas as causas em 5 e 10 anos foi de 80%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para morte s&#250;bita pelo escore <italic>ESC HCM-risk SCD</italic></title>
        <p>O escore <italic>ESC HCM-risk-SCD</italic> foi, em m&#233;dia, de 3,2&#177;2,5% na amostra, estimado como baixo (&lt;4%) em 67 (75%), m&#233;dio (&#8805;4% e &lt;6%) em 11 (12%) e alto (&gt;6%) em 12 (13%). A an&#225;lise comparativa dos indicadores de MS valorizados nas duas normativas entre as tr&#234;s faixas de risco identificou que TVNS [3 (4%) <italic>vs.</italic> 6 (54%) <italic>vs.</italic> 8 (67%), p = 0,0001], s&#237;ncope [6 (9%) <italic>vs.</italic> 3 (27%) <italic>vs.</italic> 7 (58%), p = 0,0001] e EPMVE mais elevada (17&#177;3mm <italic>vs.</italic> 21&#177;2mm <italic>vs.</italic> 21&#177;8mm, p = 0,002) foram predominantes entre aqueles com maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o. Os demais preditores n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Choque apropriado pelo CDI ou MS foi semelhante entre os pacientes das faixas de baixo, m&#233;dio e alto risco [6 (8,8%) <italic>vs.</italic> 2 (18,2%) <italic>vs.</italic> 0 (0%), p = 0,22].</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos preditores de morte s&#250;bita nas tr&#234;s faixas de risco da diretriz <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> 2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Risco de MS</th>
                  <th rowspan="4">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&lt;4%</th>
                  <th>&#8805;4%-&lt;6</th>
                  <th>&#8805;6%</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>(n = 67; 75%)</th>
                  <th>(n = 11; 12%)</th>
                  <th>(n = 12; 13%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">64&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">60&#177;17</td>
                  <td align="center">57&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,156</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de MS</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EPMVE &#8805;30 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVNS</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resposta anormal da PA ao exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,595</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realce tardio &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,822</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obstru&#231;&#227;o VSVE &#8805;30 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,649</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">48&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">48&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,545</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura parietal m&#225;xima do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">17&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center">21&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">21&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente m&#225;ximo VSVE (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">33&#177;42</td>
                  <td align="center">45&#177;39</td>
                  <td align="center">40&#177;44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>MS: morte s&#250;bita; EPMVE: espessura parietal m&#225;xima do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; PA: press&#227;o arterial; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta os percentuais atingidos por cada um dos preditores que comp&#245;e o escore <italic>ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic> nas tr&#234;s categorias de risco para MS. Os fatores que mais contribu&#237;ram para o c&#225;lculo do escore nas faixas de baixo, m&#233;dio e alto risco foram EPMVE, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e idade. Gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do VE, hist&#243;ria familiar de MS, TVNS e s&#237;ncope evidenciaram menor contribui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos preditores de morte s&#250;bita para o c&#225;lculo do <italic>escore ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Baixo risco</th>
                  <th colspan="2">M&#233;dio risco</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Alto risco</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">&lt;4%</th>
                  <th colspan="2">&#8805;4% - &lt;6%</th>
                  <th colspan="2">&#8805; 6%</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mediana</th>
                  <th>p25 - p75</th>
                  <th>Mediana</th>
                  <th>p25 - p75</th>
                  <th>Mediana</th>
                  <th>p25 - p75</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,88%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 - 2,67</td>
                  <td align="center">5,17%</td>
                  <td align="center">4,89 - 5,70</td>
                  <td align="center">7,82%</td>
                  <td align="center">7,06 - 9,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura parietal m&#225;xima do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 - 2,02</td>
                  <td align="center">3,20%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,18 - 3,36</td>
                  <td align="center">4,46%</td>
                  <td align="center">4,07 - 5,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do AE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 - 1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67 - 2,40</td>
                  <td align="center">2,48%</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21 - 3,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01 - 0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15 - 0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 - 1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de MS</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVNS</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 1,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 - 1,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,91%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 - 1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,90%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 - 2,03</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,34%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49 - 2,73</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>ESC: European Society of Cardiology; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; MS: morte s&#250;bita; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes <italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association</italic> 2011 e <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> 2014</title>
        <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> 2011, 43 (48%) pacientes receberam indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI Classe IIa, tr&#234;s (3%) Classe IIb e 44 (49%) Classe III. Com base na diretriz <italic>ESC</italic> 2014, 12 (14%) pacientes constitu&#237;ram recomenda&#231;&#227;o Classe IIa, 11 (12%) Classe IIb e 67 (74%) Classe III. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos graus de indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI entre as duas sistematiza&#231;&#245;es revelou baixa concord&#226;ncia (Kappa = 0,355, p = 0,0001). O escore <italic>ESC HCM-risk-SCD</italic> reduziu a classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o de CDI em 32 (36%) pacientes, manteve em 57 (63%) e acrescentou <italic>status</italic> para implante em somente um (1%). Dos 43 (48%) indiv&#237;duos que receberam indica&#231;&#227;o IIa pela <italic>ACCF/AHA 2011</italic> , 32 (74%) tiveram a recomenda&#231;&#227;o reduzida pela <italic>ESC 2014</italic> , 8 (18%) para IIb e 24 (56%) para III. Apenas 11(26%) conservaram a indica&#231;&#227;o Classe IIa. Dos 44 pacientes (49%) em Classe III pela <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> 2011, 43 (98%) mantiveram a contraindica&#231;&#227;o pela sistematiza&#231;&#227;o europeia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o resumo do estudo e seus principais resultados.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel entre as diretrizes <italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association</italic> 2011 e <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> 2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3"><italic>ESC</italic> 2014</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>IIa</th>
                  <th>IIb</th>
                  <th>III</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n (%)</th>
                  <th>12 (14%)</th>
                  <th>11 (12%)</th>
                  <th>67 (74%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <italic>ACCF/AHA 2011</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td>IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (56%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (98%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">Kappa = 0,355, P = 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>ACCF/AHA: American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association; ESC: European Society of Cardiology.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Discord&#226;ncia entre diretrizes ACCF/AHA 2011 e ESC 2014 sobre crit&#233;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</italic></title>
              <p>
                <italic>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, CDI = cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, ACCF= American College of Cardiology Foundation, AHA = American Heart Association, ESC = European Society of Cardiology, VE=ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, TVNS, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada, PA=press&#227;o arterial. <sup>1</sup> Fator modificador: 1. Obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE &#8805;30 mmHg; 2. Realce tardio com gadol&#237;neo &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; 3. Aneurisma apical do VE; 4. Muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica maligna.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0197-90161-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O escore <italic>ESC</italic> foi de 3&#177;1,7% nos 8 (9%) pacientes que sofreram MS ou choque apropriado. Quatro (50%) apresentavam indica&#231;&#227;o Classe IIa para implante do dispositivo pela <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> 2011, mas nenhum atingiu esse grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o pela <italic>ESC</italic> 2014 <italic>,</italic> ainda que 2 (25%) pacientes tenham permanecido em Classe IIb.</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco que na amostra caracterizaram recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa pela <italic>ACCF/AHA 2011</italic> conjuntamente associaram-se &#224; perda de indica&#231;&#227;o na reestratifica&#231;&#227;o pela <italic>ESC</italic> (p = 0,05). Hist&#243;ria familiar de MS e TVNS adicionada &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da de VE foram os preditores que apresentaram maior perda de recomenda&#231;&#227;o de CDI pela diretriz europeia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Perfil de risco para morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e indica&#231;&#227;o Classe IIa de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel pela <italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association</italic> 2011: reestratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pela <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> 2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3"><italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> 2011/ <italic>ESC</italic> 2014</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>IIa 2011/IIa 2014</th>
                  <th>IIa 2011/IIb 2014</th>
                  <th>IIa 2011/III 2014</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n = 11 (26%)</th>
                  <th>n = 8 (19%)</th>
                  <th>n = 24 (55%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFMS isolada</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (76%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ncope isolada</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (45%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ncope + HFMS</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFMS + EPMVE &#8805;30mm</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVNS + obstru&#231;&#227;o VSVE</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (33%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resposta anormal PA + obstru&#231;&#227;o VSVE + realce tardio</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">P = 0,05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>
                  <italic>HFMS: hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita; EPMVE: espessura parietal m&#225;xima do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PA: press&#227;o arterial; ACCF: American College of Cardiology Foundation. AHA: American Heart Association; ESC: European Society of Cardiology.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, confrontamos, pela primeira vez, os crit&#233;rios para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de MS propostos pela <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> 2011 e <italic>ESC</italic> 2014 em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de portadores de CMH com base em uma coorte de pacientes ambulatoriais n&#227;o referenciados. Nossos resultados demonstram baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as duas sistematiza&#231;&#245;es quanto aos crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. O escore <italic>ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic> reduziu a classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o para implante em rela&#231;&#227;o a <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> em 36% dos pacientes. Entre aqueles situados em Classe IIa pela diretriz norte-americana, 74% tiveram o grau de indica&#231;&#227;o reduzido pela <italic>ESC</italic> e 56% configuraram contraindica&#231;&#227;o para implante de CDI, sendo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o mantida em apenas 26%. O escore europeu acrescentou indica&#231;&#227;o em somente 1% dos pacientes. Na quase totalidade dos casos em que o implante n&#227;o foi recomendado pela diretriz norte-americana, a contraindica&#231;&#227;o foi mantida pelos crit&#233;rios da <italic>ESC</italic> . O novo modelo excluiria da Classe IIa os 8 (9%) pacientes que sofreram MS ou choque apropriado pelo CDI durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, ainda que 25% desses tenham permanecido em Classe IIb.</p>
      <p>A CMH &#233; uma cardiopatia de car&#225;ter arritmog&#234;nico, cujo substrato histopatol&#243;gico constitu&#237;do por hipertrofia, desorganiza&#231;&#227;o celular, fibrose e doen&#231;a da microcircula&#231;&#227;o favorece o desenvolvimento de arritmias ventriculares fatais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para MS baseia-se em dados observacionais coletados de popula&#231;&#245;es muito selecionadas. &#201; considerada complexa em decorr&#234;ncia do car&#225;ter heterog&#234;neo da doen&#231;a e julgada ainda imperfeita pelo fato de muitos &#243;bitos ocorrerem na aus&#234;ncia de preditores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A limita&#231;&#227;o oferecida pelos algoritmos de 2003 e 2011 foi demonstrada em um registro internacional que evidenciou aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a nas taxas de choques apropriados entre os pacientes com um, dois, tr&#234;s ou mais predisponentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> An&#225;lise posterior de valida&#231;&#227;o desses crit&#233;rios verificou que a incid&#234;ncia de MS e choque apropriado n&#227;o divergiu entre pacientes com um ou nenhum preditor e que os algoritmos iniciais teriam poder limitado para discriminar indiv&#237;duos com maior ou menor predisposi&#231;&#227;o e implicariam em n&#250;mero substancial de implantes desnecess&#225;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, foi avaliada uma coorte de CMH com faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada e caracter&#237;sticas de baixo risco: 78% mantiveram-se em classe funcional I/II, 47% n&#227;o apresentavam fatores predisponentes para MS e 35% evidenciavam apenas um. Portadores de CMH &#8805;60 anos de idade exibem taxas mais reduzidas de morbimortalidade e MS, mesmo na presen&#231;a de preditores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A sobrevida livre de MS ou choque apropriado pelo CDI atingiu 93% em 5 anos e 92% em 10 anos, sendo que, no per&#237;odo, apenas 9% dos indiv&#237;duos desenvolveram esses eventos. Estudo longitudinal, multic&#234;ntrico, demonstra resultados semelhantes e destaca que a CMH, quando convenientemente tratada, apresenta reduzida mortalidade na fase adulta, com sobrevida m&#233;dia em 10 anos semelhante &#224; esperada na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore <italic>ESC HCM-risk-SCD</italic> , de 3,2&#177;2,5%, caracterizou risco reduzido de MS em 75% dos pacientes. TVNS, s&#237;ncope e maior EPMVE foram mais frequentes na faixa de alto risco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais. Nesse estudo, determinamos os percentuais atingidos por cada um dos preditores integrantes do escore nas tr&#234;s categorias de risco com objetivo de discriminar aqueles que atingiram maior peso e que pudessem justificar a baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as duas diretrizes. Verificou-se que os fatores que mais contribu&#237;ram para o c&#225;lculo, por terem alcan&#231;ado valores mais elevados nas faixas de baixo, m&#233;dio e alto risco, foram EPMVE, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e idade, a qual tem efeito subtrativo. Esses achados podem justificar a baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as duas diretrizes, visto que EPMVE como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e idade n&#227;o constam da normativa norte-americana. Hist&#243;ria familiar de MS e s&#237;ncope isoladas, que na <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> constituem indica&#231;&#227;o para implante, evidenciaram menor contribui&#231;&#227;o para o c&#225;lculo do escore.</p>
      <p>Os fatores de risco que na amostra caracterizaram indica&#231;&#227;o IIa para CDI pela <italic>ACCF/AHA</italic> , notadamente, hist&#243;ria familiar de MS e TVNS adicionada &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE, associaram-se &#224; perda de recomenda&#231;&#227;o pela <italic>ESC,</italic> atingindo <italic>status</italic> de contraindica&#231;&#227;o em 55% dos casos. Nossos resultados sugerem que a perda de recomenda&#231;&#227;o para implante de CDI proporcionada pelo escore europeu se relaciona sobretudo a situa&#231;&#245;es em que a indica&#231;&#227;o pela diretriz norte-americana est&#225; fundamentada na presen&#231;a de um preditor isolado ou em associa&#231;&#227;o a fatores modificantes. Esses achados s&#227;o justificados pelo fato de que o modelo europeu define preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com base no conjunto de fatores de risco e n&#227;o na presen&#231;a de um s&#243; indicador.</p>
      <p>O escore <italic>ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic> foi validado de modo independente em popula&#231;&#245;es de tr&#234;s continentes em estudos observacionais que, em sua maioria, demonstram que o novo modelo contribui para o aprimoramento da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e do processo decis&#243;rio na CMH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Outras an&#225;lises assinalam a pouca sensibilidade do escore para o reconhecimento dos pacientes mais suscet&#237;veis, a maior capacidade de identificar casos sem indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI e o registro de taxas similares de eventos nas tr&#234;s faixas de risco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Nosso estudo corrobora esses achados ao demonstrar que o modelo europeu reduz as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de CDI em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz norte-americana, deixa desprotegida a totalidade de pacientes que sofreram MS ou choque apropriado e estabelece maior concord&#226;ncia nos casos de contraindica&#231;&#227;o de implante do dispositivo. Contudo, a metan&#225;lise de seis estudos, com 7.291 pacientes, demonstra que, na maioria dos casos, a suscetibilidade &#224; MS em 5 anos foi adequadamente estimada pelo escore ESC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore europeu fundamenta a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para MS por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o de um r&#237;gido modelo matem&#225;tico-estat&#237;stico em uma doen&#231;a complexa de evolu&#231;&#227;o imprevis&#237;vel. Limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas podem existir na depend&#234;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo pelo respectivo di&#226;metro, da obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da pela manobra de Valsalva e pela exclus&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, realce tardio e aneurismas apicais do VE. Embora restri&#231;&#245;es possam ser admitidas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu desempenho, particularmente no alto risco, o escore europeu merece assimila&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica como forma validada de orientar decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. A determina&#231;&#227;o dos percentuais atingidos pelos preditores integrantes da f&#243;rmula caso a caso poder&#225; contribuir para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de resultados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Na presente an&#225;lise, a normativa norte-americana asseguraria prote&#231;&#227;o a um n&#250;mero maior de indiv&#237;duos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio europeu. Todavia, poderia resultar em implantes desnecess&#225;rios e exporia essa popula&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao dispositivo, tais como infec&#231;&#245;es e choques inapropriados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos validados igualmente em popula&#231;&#245;es de menor risco, com o objetivo de possibilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de novos fatores predisponentes e o refinamento dos crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de MS nessa doen&#231;a.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo baseia-se na avalia&#231;&#227;o de uma coorte bem documentada de CMH de um &#250;nico centro com menor grau de sele&#231;&#227;o e faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e as reduzidas taxas de eventos indicam tratar-se de pacientes de menor risco, distintos daqueles que integram a maioria dos estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o. Esses aspectos podem limitar as conclus&#245;es a popula&#231;&#245;es com esse perfil. Contudo, os casos inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o t&#227;o representativos da doen&#231;a quanto aqueles de maior risco e mais suscet&#237;veis a complica&#231;&#245;es, selecionados em centros de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No estudo de uma coorte de CMH de menor risco e faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada, baixa concord&#226;ncia foi identificada entre os crit&#233;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de MS estabelecidos pelas diretrizes <italic>ACCF/AHA 2011 e ESC 2014.</italic> O escore <italic>ESC HCM-Risk-SCD</italic> reduziu as indica&#231;&#245;es para implante de CDI na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, notadamente naqueles situados em Classe IIa na sistematiza&#231;&#227;o norte-americana, mas deixou desprotegida a totalidade de pacientes que sofreram MS ou choque apropriado. A maior contribui&#231;&#227;o para o c&#225;lculo do escore de preditores n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na normativa <italic>ACCF/AHA 2011</italic> poderia justificar, em parte, a discord&#226;ncia entre as duas diretrizes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Discrepancy between International Guidelines on the Criteria for Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1175-5540</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Piva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2150-6337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5950-632X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garbin</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Iahnke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Beatriz Piva e Mattos &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: PMattos BP, Scolari FL, Garbin HI; Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mattos BP, Scolari FL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is based on different algorithms proposed by the 2011 ACCF/AHA and 2014 ESC guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To analyze the 2014 ESC model for SCD risk stratification and primary prevention ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator) in HCM in comparison to the North American guideline.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>An HCM cohort was evaluated and the ESC HCM-Risk SCD score was calculated. Agreement of ICD recommendations criteria between the two guidelines was analyzed with Kappa coefficient. P&lt;0.05 was adopted for the statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In 90 consecutive patients followed for 6&#177;3 years, the mean calculated ESC risk score was 3.2&#177;2.5%. The risk predictors that have mainly contributed to the score calculation in the low (1.88% [1.42&#8211;2.67]), intermediate (5.17% [4.89&#8211;5.70]) and high-risk (7.82% [7.06&#8211;9.19]) categories were: maximal left ventricular wall thickness (1.60% [1.25&#8211;2.02]; 3.20% [3.18&#8211;3.36]; 4.46% [4.07&#8211;5.09]), left atrial diameter (0.97% [0.83&#8211;1.21]; 1.86% [1.67-2.40]; 2.48% [2.21&#8211;3.51]) and age (-0.91% [0.8&#8211;1.13]; -1.90% [1.12&#8211;2.03]; -2.34% [1.49&#8211;2.73]). The European model decreased the ICD recommendations in 32 (36%) patients. Among the 43 (48%) individuals with class IIa recommendation under the 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline, 8 (18%) were downgraded to class IIb and 24 (56%) to class III. Low agreement was found between the two systems: Kappa=0.355 and p=0.0001. In 8 (9%) patients with SCD or appropriate shock, 4 (50%) met class IIa indication with the 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline, but none achieved this class of recommendation with the 2014 ESC model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Low agreement was found between the two strategies. The novel ESC model decreased the ICD recommendations, especially in those with class IIa recommendation, but left unprotected all patients with SCD or appropriate shock. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):197-204)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy,Hypertrophic/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Heredity</kwd>
        <kwd>Death,Sudden, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators,Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) represents the most prevalent form of genetic heart disease, affecting one in 200 individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sudden cardiac death (SCD), presently estimated at 0.5 to 1%/year, occurs at any age, although it predominates in young subjects and athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The risk stratification for SCD is the basis for the recommendation of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in HCM, the only approach considered to be able to modify the disease prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> There is a consensus about the recommendation in patients with prior cardiac arrest. However, many questions persist regarding primary prevention. Five risk factors identified in longitudinal studies and validated in meta-analyses are recognized as independent predictors of SCD: family history, unexplained syncope, maximal left ventricular wall thickness (MLVWT) &#8805;30 mm, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and abnormal blood pressure response to exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In the 2003 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Consensus, the ICD recommendation was based on the number of risk markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The criteria were updated in the 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/American Heart Association (AHA) guideline, in which modifying factors were included: malignant mutations, late gadolinium enhancement, left ventricular (LV) apical aneurysms and outflow tract obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A novel mathematical and statistical prediction model endorsed by ESC in 2014 and accessible with an online calculator provides an estimate of the absolute risk and five-year mortality rate, applying different weights to the former five independent predictors mentioned above, in addition to LV outflow gradient, left atrial diameter and age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the 2014 ESC model on the SCD risk stratification and the recommendations of ICD primary prevention compared to the previously proposed 2011 ACCF/AHA criteria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>A cohort of 108 subjects followed at a dedicated HCM outpatient clinic of a tertiary center from March 2007 to March 2018 was retrospectively studied. All patients were submitted to rest electrocardiogram, 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was applied to 40 (45%) subjects. Molecular-genetic testing was performed in 18 (20%) patients, whose results were previously published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Diagnosis was established according to the current guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> based on the identification of unexplained LV hypertrophy detected on echocardiogram and/or magnetic resonance imaging by the presence of MLVWT &#8805;15 mm measured at any segment, with septum/posterior wall ratio &#8805;1.3 in the absence of chamber dilation or other conditions capable of producing a similar pattern of hypertrophy. Eighteen cases were excluded due to a follow-up period &lt;12 months or previous history of cardiopulmonary arrest, ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic impairment. The following outcomes were considered for the analysis: 1. Sudden cardiac death: documented ventricular fibrillation, death one hour from the onset of symptoms or at night without previous clinical worsening; 2. Appropriate ICD shock for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution and performed under the principles of the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death</title>
          <p>The following predictors were assessed: 1. Age; 2. Family history of SCD in first-degree relatives, &lt;40 years old or at any age with previous diagnosis of the disease; 2. MLVWT measured on echocardiogram; 4. Unexplained syncope within the past 6 months; 5. NSVT defined as three or more successive premature ventricular beats at a heart rate &#8805;120 beats/min lasting &#8804;30 s; 6. Abnormal blood pressure response to exercise defined as &lt;25 mmHg rise and/or 10 mmHg drop of maximal systolic blood pressure during peak exercise; 7. Left atrial diameter obtained on M-mode or two-dimensional echocardiogram; 8. Maximum left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient at rest or with Valsalva maneuver using continuous wave Doppler. The following risk modifiers were considered: 1. LVOT gradient &#8805; 30 mmHg; 2. Late gadolinium enhancement on CMR; 3. LV apical aneurysm; 4. Malignant genetic mutations.</p>
          <p>The probability of SCD in 5 years was calculated with the ESC HCM-Risk SCD equation as follows:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mi>Probability</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>of</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>SCD</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>in</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>years</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>&#8211;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:msup>
                <mml:mn>998</mml:mn>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>exp</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mi>Prognostic</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
                  <mml:mi>index</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msup>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <disp-formula id="e2001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mi>Prognostic</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>index</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>15939858</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>maximal</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>wall</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>thickness</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>mm</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>00294271</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>maximal</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>wall</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:msup>
                <mml:mi>thickness</mml:mi>
                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
              </mml:msup>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:msup>
                <mml:mi>mm</mml:mi>
                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
              </mml:msup>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0259082</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>left</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>atrial</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>diameter</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>mm</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>00446131</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>maximal</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>rest</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>Valsalva</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>gradient</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>mm</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>Hg</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>4583082</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>family</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>history</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>SCD</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>82639195</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>NSVT</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>71650361</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>unexplained</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>syncope</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>01799934</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>age</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>at</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>clinical</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>evaluation</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>years</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Prognostic index = [0.15939858 x maximal wall thickness (mm)] - [0.00294271 x maximal wall thickness<sup>2</sup>(mm<sup>2</sup>)] + [0.0259082 x left atrial diameter (mm)] + [0.00446131 x maximal (rest/Valsalva) LVOT gradient (mm Hg)] + [0.4583082 x family history SCD] + [0.82639195 x NSVT] + [0.71650361 x unexplained syncope] - [0.01799934 x age at clinical evaluation (years)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recommendations of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy</title>
          <p>The following criteria for primary prevention ICD were compared:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>2011 ACCF/AHA guideline: Class IIa - A family history of SCD in a first-degree relative or MLVWT &#8805; 30 mm or unexplained syncope. Class IIa - NSVT or abnormal blood pressure response to exercise associated with other risk factors or modifiers; Class IIb: Isolated NSVT or abnormal blood pressure response to exercise; Class III &#8211; absence of the previously mentioned risk factors.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>2014 ESC guideline: Class IIa &#8211; HCM Risk-SCD &#8805;6%; Class IIb - &lt;6% and &#8805;4%; Class III - &lt;4%.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation and non-normally distributed data presented as median and interquartile ranges (percentile 25 and 85). Continuous variables were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. Continuous variables were compared with Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), categorical variables with chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test and differences among categories with standardized adjusted residual analysis. The Kappa coefficient was calculated to determine the agreement between the 2011 ACCF/AHA and the 2014 ESC guidelines for primary prevention ICD. The percentages achieved by each of the risk predictors included in the ESC HCM Risk-SCD score were calculated with the weighted average of the variation of each predictor in the equation over the sum of the variations of these predictors. The estimated survival of the sample was determined using the Kaplan-Meier curve. The sample size was estimated at 70 individuals for an expected Kappa=0.3, considering the occurrence of agreement between the guidelines, Kappa=0 for 90% power and p&lt;0.05. SPSS software version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for the analyses. All comparisons were two-tailed and p&lt;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>The study population comprised 90 consecutive patients with HCM, mean age 62&#177;12 years, 85 (94%) &#8805;40 years and 56 (62%) females. The clinical characteristics of the study patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> . Along the follow-up period of 6&#177;3 years, 15 (17%) patients received an ICD for SCD primary prevention. Two (2%) patients experienced appropriate shock, 6 (7%) experienced SCD and 6 (7%) had death unrelated to HCM ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of 90 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Age (years)</th>
                    <th>62&#177;12</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age &gt;40 years (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (94%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female sex (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (62%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>NYHA functional class</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I/II (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (83%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III/IV (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (17%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (12%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Treatment</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Betablockers (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (78%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amiodarone (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (22%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Verapamil/diltiazem (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (27%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Echocardiogram</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">44&#177;7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">43&#177;6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">34&#177;5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Septal diastolic thickness (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">19&#177;4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV posterior wall diastolic thickness (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">11&#177;2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">71&#177;9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/E&#180;</td>
                    <td align="center">16&#177;8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVOT gradient at rest (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">28&#177;31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVOT gradient with Valsalva maneuver (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">36&#177;38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>SCD risk factors</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of SCD*</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (26%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSVT*</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (19%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Syncope*</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (18%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal BP response to exercise *</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (10%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLVWT &gt;30 mm*</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVOT gradient &#8805;30 mmHg<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">44 (49%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LGE on CMR<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">11 (12%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV apical aneurysm<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Malignant mutation<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Number of SCD risk factors</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (47%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (35%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;2</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (18%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Independent predictors<sup>&#8224;</sup>Modifying factors; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; SCD: sudden cardiac death; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; BP: blood pressure; MLVWT: left ventricle maximal wall thickness; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; CMR; cardiac magnetic resonance.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular outcomes in 90 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients during a 6&#177;3-year follow-up</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Heart failure class III/IV</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (22%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (32%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alcohol septal ablation (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (10%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Surgical myectomy (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dual-chamber pacemaker (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICD implantation (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (17%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Appropriate ICD shock (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sudden cardiac death (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HCM non-related death (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; HC:= hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Five and ten-year SCD or ICD appropriate shock free survival rates were 93% and 92%, respectively, in the period. Five and ten-year all-cause death-free survival in five and ten years was 80%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ESC HCM risk-SCD score for sudden cardiac death risk stratification</title>
          <p>The mean calculated ESC HCM risk-SCD was 3.2&#177;2.5% in the sample and it was estimated as low (&lt;4%) in 67 (75%) patients, intermediate (&#8805;4%&#8211;&lt;6%) in 11 (12%) and high (&gt;6%) in 12 (13%). The comparative analysis of SCD markers adopted in the two guidelines between the three risk ranges showed that NSVT [3 (4%) vs. 6 (54%) vs. 8 (67%), p=0.0001], syncope [6 (9%) vs. 3 (27%) vs. 7 (58%), p=0.0001] and increased MLVWT (17&#177;3mm vs. 21&#177;2mm vs. 21&#177;8 mm, p=0.002) were predominant in higher risk. The other predictors do not differ between the groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). SCD or appropriate ICD shock rates were similar between low, medium and high-risk patients [6 (8.8%) vs. 2 (18.2%) vs. 0 (0%), p=0.22].</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of sudden cardiac death predictors in the three risk categories of the 2014 European Society of Cardiology guideline</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">ESC HCM Risk-SCD score</th>
                    <th rowspan="4">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>&lt;4%</th>
                    <th>&#8805;4%-&lt;6</th>
                    <th>&#8805;6%</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>(n=67;75%)</th>
                    <th>(n=11;12%)</th>
                    <th>(n=12;13%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">64&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">60&#177;17</td>
                    <td align="center">57&#177;13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.156</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of SCD</td>
                    <td align="center">14(21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(36%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.177</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Syncope</td>
                    <td align="center">6(9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(58%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLVWT &#8805;30 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.264</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSVT</td>
                    <td align="center">3(4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(54%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(67%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal BP response to exercise</td>
                    <td align="center">8(12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1(8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.595</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LGE on CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">8(12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(17%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.822</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVOT &#8805;30 mmHg</td>
                    <td align="center">31(46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (64%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.649</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">46&#177;7</td>
                    <td align="center">48&#177;9</td>
                    <td align="center">48&#177;8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.545</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLVWT (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">17&#177;3</td>
                    <td align="center">21&#177;2</td>
                    <td align="center">21&#177;8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximal LVOT gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">33&#177;42</td>
                    <td align="center">45&#177;39</td>
                    <td align="center">40&#177;44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SCD: sudden cardiac death, MLVWT: maximal left ventricular wall thickness; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; BP: blood pressure; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; CMR; cardiac magnetic resonance; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> presents the percentages achieved by each of the variables included in the ESC HCM Risk-SCD score in the three risk categories. The risk factors that have mainly contributed to the score calculation in the low, intermediate and high-risk levels were MLVWT, left atrial diameter and age. LVOT obstruction, family history of SCD, NSVT and syncope reached lower weights.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Contribution of sudden cardiac death risk predictors for the ESC HCM Risk-SCD score calculation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Low risk</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Intermediate risk</th>
                    <th colspan="2">High risk</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">&lt;4%</th>
                    <th colspan="2">&#8805;4% - &lt;6%</th>
                    <th colspan="2">&#8805; 6%</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Median</th>
                    <th>p25 - p75</th>
                    <th>Median</th>
                    <th>p25 - p75</th>
                    <th>Median</th>
                    <th>p25 - p75</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ESC HCM Risk-SCD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.88%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42-2.67</td>
                    <td align="center">5.17%</td>
                    <td align="center">4.89-5.70</td>
                    <td align="center">7.82%</td>
                    <td align="center">7.06-9.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLVWT</td>
                    <td align="center">1.60%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25-2.02</td>
                    <td align="center">3.20%</td>
                    <td align="center">3.18-3.36</td>
                    <td align="center">4.46%</td>
                    <td align="center">4.07-5.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial diameter</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83-1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.67-2.40</td>
                    <td align="center">2.48%</td>
                    <td align="center">2.21-3.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVOT gradient</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01-0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15-0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02-1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of SCD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-0.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-0.70</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSVT</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-0.00</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">1.64%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-1.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Syncope</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-0.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-1.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.91%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8 - 1.13</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.90%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12-2.03</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.34%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49-2.73</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ESC: European Society of Cardiology; MLVWT: maximal left ventricular wall thickness; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; SCD: sudden cardiac death; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Comparison between the 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association and the 2014 European Society of Cardiology guidelines</p>
          <p>According to the 2011 ACCF/AHA criteria, 43 (48%) patients received class IIa recommendation for ICD, 3 (3%) class IIb and 44 (49%) class III. In the 2014 ESC guideline, 12 (14%) patients received class IIa recommendation for ICD therapy, 11 (12%) class IIb, and 67 (74%) class III. Comparison of the classes of ICD recommendations showed low agreement (Kappa=0.355, p=0.0001) between the two guidelines. The ESC HCM risk-SCD score decreased the ICD recommendations in 32 (36%) patients, maintained in 57 (63%) and provided an additional recommendation in only one (1%). Of the 43 (48%) individuals with class IIa recommendation under the 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline, the ESC risk score decreased the class of recommendation for ICD therapy in 32 (74%) patients, 8 (18%) for class IIb and 24 (56%) for class III. Only 11 (26%) remained in class IIa recommendation. Of the 44 (49%) patients in class III with the 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline, the European model determined an ICD unwarranted in 43 (98%) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows the study summary and its main findings.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of implantable cardioverter defibrillator recommendations between the 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association and the 2014 European Society of Cardiology guidelines</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">2014 ESC</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>IIa</th>
                    <th>IIb</th>
                    <th>III</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">n (%)</th>
                    <th>12 (14%)</th>
                    <th>11 (12%)</th>
                    <th>67 (74%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">2011 ACCF/AHA</td>
                    <td>IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">43(48%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(18%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24(56%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">3(3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3(100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">44(49%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">43(98%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="4">Kappa=0.355, P=0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ACCF/AHA: American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association; ESC: European Society of Cardiology.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Discrepancy between the 2011 ACCF/AHA and the 2014 ESC guidelines on sudden cardiac death primary prevention in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</italic></title>
                <p>
                  <italic>ICD = implantable cardioverter defibrillator, SCD = sudden cardiac death, HCM = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ACCF= American College of Cardiology Foundation, AHA = American Heart Association, ESC = European Society of Cardiology, NSVT = non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, BP = blood pressure;<sup>1</sup>Modifier factors: 1. Left ventricular outflow tract gradient &#8805;30 mmHg; 2. Late gadolineum enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance; 3.Left ventricular apical aneurysm; 4. Malignant genetic mutation.</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0197-90161-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The mean calculated ESC risk score was 3&#177;1.7% in the 8 (9%) patients experiencing SCD or appropriate shock. Four (50%) had class IIa recommendation for device implantation with the 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline, but none achieved this class of recommendation with the 2014 ESC model, although 2 (25%) remained in class IIb.</p>
          <p>The combination of risk factors that received class IIa recommendation with the 2011 ACCF/AHA strategy was associated with a downgrade in ICD recommendation with the 2014 ESC model (p=0.05). Family history of SCD and NSVT associated with LVOT obstruction were the predictors that showed the greatest decrease of ICD class recommendation under the European guideline ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sudden cardiac death risk profile in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in class IIa for implantable cardioverter defibrillator with the 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guideline: restratification with the 2014 European Society of Cardiology model</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">2011 ACCF/AHA / 2014 ESC</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>IIa2011/IIa2014</th>
                    <th>IIa2011/IIb2014</th>
                    <th>IIa2011/III2014</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n = 11 (26%)</th>
                    <th>n = 8 (19%)</th>
                    <th>n = 24 (55%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Isolated family history of SCD</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (76%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Isolated syncope</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (45%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (45%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Syncope + family history of SCD</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of SCD + MLVWT &#8805;30mm</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSVT + LVOT obstruction</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (17%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (33%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal BP response + LVOT obstruction + LGE on CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">P = 0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ACCF: American College of Cardiology Foundation; AHA: American Heart Association; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; SCD: sudden cardiac death; MLVWT: maximal left ventricular wall thickness; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; BP: blood pressure; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, for the first time, we compared the SCD primary prevention criteria established by the 2011 ACCF/AHA and the 2014 ESC guidelines in a Brazilian HCM population based on a non-referred outpatient clinical cohort. Our results demonstrate low agreement between the two systems regarding the recommendations for primary prevention ICD. The ESC/HCM Risk-SCD score has lowered the class of implant recommendation over ACCF/AHA in 36% of the patients. Among those in class IIa in the North American guideline, the ESC risk score decreased the class of device recommendation in 74% of the patients, determined an ICD unwarranted in 56% and maintained the recommendation in only 26%. The European risk score has added recommendation in only 1% of the patients. In almost all cases, in which the implantation was not recommended with the North American guideline, the European criteria reassured the decision. The new model has excluded, from class IIa, the 8 (9%) patients experiencing SCD or ICD appropriate shock along the observation period, although 25% of them remained in class IIb.</p>
        <p>HCM is an arrhythmogenic heart disease, whose histopathological substrate characterized by hypertrophy, cell disarray, fibrosis and coronary microvascular disease favors the occurrence of lethal ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Risk stratification for SCD is based on observational data obtained in very selected populations. It is considered complex, due to the heterogeneous character of the disease, and imperfect because many deaths occur in the absence of risk predictors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The limitations offered by the 2003 and 2011 algorithms have been demonstrated in an international registry showing no difference in appropriate shock rates between patients with one, two, three or more predictors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A posterior validation analysis of these criteria reports that the incidence of SCD and appropriate discharge do not differ between patients with none or only one predictor and that the initial algorithms have limited power to discriminate between high and low risk and could result in unnecessary implants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study evaluated a HCM cohort with more advanced age and low risk profile: 78% of the patients remained in functional class I/II, 47% presented no risk factors and 35% showed only one. HCM patients aged &#8805;60 demonstrate reduced morbidity-mortality and SCD rates, even in the presence of risk predictors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Five and ten-year SCD and ICD appropriate shock-free survival rates achieved 93% and 92%, respectively, and only 9% of the patients experienced these events along the period. A multicenter longitudinal study presents similar results and supports that HCM, when conveniently treated, shows reduced mortality in adulthood with a ten-year survival rate similar to that expected in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The mean calculated ESC HCM risk-SCD score of 3.2&#177;2.5 characterized 75% of the patients as low risk. NSVT, syncope and increased MLVWT were more frequent in high-risk patients compared to others.</p>
        <p>In this study, we determine the percentages achieved by each one of the score predictors in the tree risk categories with the purpose of discriminating those that reached more weight in order to justify the low agreement between the two guidelines. We ascertained that the factors that have mainly contributed to the calculation and reached increased values in the low, intermediate and high-risk levels were MLVWT, left atrial diameter and age, the latter with a subtractive effect. These findings may justify the low agreement between the two guidelines, considering that MLVWT as a continuous variable, left atrial diameter and age are not included in the North American strategy. Family history of SCD or syncope, both considered as an ACCF/AHA recommendation for ICD therapy, showed lower contribution to the score calculation.</p>
        <p>The combination of risk factors characterized as ACCF/AHA class IIa recommendation for ICD in the sample, mainly family history of SCD and NSVT added to LVOT obstruction, was associated to a decrease of device recommendations with the ESC risk score, reaching an ICD unwarranted in 55% of the cases. Our results suggest that the downgrade in ICD recommendations provided by the ESC model is mainly related to cases in which the recommendation with the North American guideline is based on the presence of a single predictor associated or not with a modifying risk factor. These findings are justified by the fact that the European model defines primary prevention on the basis of a set of risk factors and not on the presence of a single marker.</p>
        <p>The ESC HCM risk-SCD score has been independently validated in the populations of three continents in observational studies mostly showing that the new model contributes to the improvement of risk stratification and clinical decision-making.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Other studies point out the sensitivity of low score for the recognition of high-risk patients, the capacity to identify cases with an ICD unwarranted and the similar event rates observed in the three risk levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Our study supports these findings demonstrating that the European model decreases the ICD recommendations compared to the North American guideline, leaves all patients with SCD or appropriate shock unprotected and establishes major agreement in cases not requiring implantation. Nevertheless, the metanalysis of six studies conducted with 7,291 patients demonstrates that in most cases, the five-year SCD risk is properly estimated with the ESC score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The European score settles the stratification for SCD using a rigid statistical model in a complex disease with unpredictable course. Methodological limitations may depend on left atrial evaluation with diameter, LVOT obstruction with Valsalva maneuver, and on exclusion of myocardial ischemia, late gadolinium enhancement and LV apical aneurysm. Although restrictions may be admitted to its performance, particularly in high-risk patients, the European score should be assimilated in clinical practice as a validated tool to guide therapeutic decisions. The assessment of the percentages achieved by the variables in the formula in each case may contribute to the interpretation of results in clinical practice. In the present study, the North American approach would protect a higher number of individuals than the European criteria, although it could result in unnecessary implants and could expose these populations to device complications such as infections and inappropriate shocks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Prospective studies equally validated in lower risk populations are necessary to identify new predisposing factors that may improve the indications of primary prevention ICD.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The present study is based on the evaluation of a well-documented single-center HCM cohort comprising a less selected and older population. The clinical characteristics and the reduced event rates show the low-risk profile of the study patients, who differ from those included in the majority of the validation cohorts. These aspects may limit our conclusions to populations presenting the same characteristics. However, the study cases are as representative of the disease as those selected in referral centers with higher risk and more prone to complications.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In the study of an older low-risk HCM cohort, we found low agreement between the SCD primary prevention criteria established by the 2011 ACCF/AHA and the 2014 ESC guidelines. The ESC HCM risk-SCD score has decreased the ICD recommendation in the study population, especially in those with class IIa under the North American system and left all patients presenting SCD or appropriate shock in the period unprotected. The major contribution for the score calculation of the risk predictors not included in the 2011 ACCF/AHA strategy may justify in some way the discrepancy between the two guidelines.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
