<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Snb7QShNjrjgCfXbHkTpHLw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000900184</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190349</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190349</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dieta Intermitente Atenua a Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Causada pelo Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Basilio</surname>
            <given-names>Priscilla Gois</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Priscila Cayres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7930-1428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolini Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9789-2487</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Rabelo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1065-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zagatto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9477-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8862-945X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ota</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1546-963X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Abdalla dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8895-9456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Estudo do M&#250;sculo Estriado</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Estudo do M&#250;sculo Estriado (LEME/INISA), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul,Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia e Desempenho Esportivo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bauru</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia e Desempenho Esportivo (LAFIDE), Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP),Bauru, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP),Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Anhanguera de Campo Grande</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Anhanguera de Campo Grande,Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior &#8226; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de, Laborat&#243;rio de Estudo do M&#250;sculo Estriado (LEME/INISA) - Av. Costa e Silva, s/n. CEP 79070-900, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com</email> , <email>silvio.oliveira-jr@ufms.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Basilio PG, Oliveira-Junior SA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Basilio PG, Oliveira APC, Castro ACF, Carvalho MR, Zagatto AM, Martinez PF, Ota GE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Zagatto AM, Martinez PF, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Reis FA, Oliveira-Junior SA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Okoshi K, Oliveira-Junior SA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira-Junior SA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Basilio PG, Oliveira-Junior SA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Zagatto AM, Martinez PF, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Reis FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>184</fpage>
      <lpage>193</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A influ&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas como restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de enfermidades card&#237;acas tem sido documentada em estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar a influ&#234;ncia da combina&#231;&#227;o entre dieta intermitente e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a capacidade funcional, metabolismo glic&#234;mico e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram utilizados 60 ratos Wistar machos distribu&#237;dos em quatro grupos: Controle (C), Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico (EF), Dieta Intermitente (DI) e Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Dieta Intermitente (EDI). Durante 12 semanas, enquanto C e EF foram tratados diariamente com dieta comercial padr&#227;o ad libitum, DI e EDI receberam dieta similar em dias alternados com dias de jejum. Os grupos EF e EDI foram submetidos a protocolo de corrida em esteira rolante. Posteriormente, foram analisadas capacidade funcional, comportamento nutricional e metabolismo glic&#234;mico. Al&#233;m da morfologia do cora&#231;&#227;o, a express&#227;o proteica das prote&#237;nas <italic>extracellular signal-regulated kinase</italic> (ERK) e <italic>c-Jun N-terminal kinase</italic> (JNK) no cora&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por Western-blot. A an&#225;lise dos resultados foi feita por meio de <italic>Two-Way</italic> ANOVA e teste de Student-Newman-Keuls. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aumentou a capacidade funcional nos grupos EF e EDI, e acarretou fibrose card&#237;aca. A combina&#231;&#227;o entre dieta intermitente e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resultou em menor &#225;rea sob a curva de glicemia e menores medidas de &#225;rea e interst&#237;cio card&#237;aco no EDI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EF. A express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas ERK e JNK foi similar entre os grupos (p&gt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Dieta intermitente se associa com melhor toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica e atenua o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca decorrente do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):184-193)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Dieta Saud&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Restri&#231;&#227;o Cal&#243;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Corrida</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Glicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de Financiamento. O presente estudo teve apoio financeiro da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) e Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Classicamente, a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica &#233; popularmente adotada como interven&#231;&#227;o para melhorar a sa&#250;de, visando a promo&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cios funcionais ao organismo e maior longevidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudos experimentais t&#234;m mostrado respostas controversas no aspecto cardiovascular, pois a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica se mostrou associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e danos morfol&#243;gicos no mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Alguns pesquisadores constataram que a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica resultou em les&#245;es de ultraestrutura miofibrilar e mudan&#231;as no tr&#226;nsito intracelular de c&#225;lcio, relacionadas com dist&#250;rbios do sistema &#946;-adren&#233;rgico, contribuindo, assim, para disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As modifica&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas envolveram tamb&#233;m dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras ventriculares, degenera&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos, fibrose intersticial e edema mitocondrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, ap&#243;s 12 semanas de experimento, o modelo intermitente de restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica esteve pouco associado com danos morfol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o promoveu disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica de 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Na restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica intermitente, o alimento &#233; disponibilizado ad <italic>libitum</italic> em intervalos alternados com per&#237;odos de jejum, cada qual com dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 a 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> S&#227;o escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos desse tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o. No aspecto molecular, inclusive, a participa&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas cinases ativadas do mit&#243;geno (MAPK), importantes agentes do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> n&#227;o foi ainda estudada em modelos de restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica. As MAPKs incluem tr&#234;s subtipos principais, <italic>extracellular signal-regulated</italic> (ERK), <italic>c-Jun N-terminal</italic> (JNK) e p38 (p38K), que regulam a transcri&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica de diversos mensageiros envolvidos na sobrevida, apoptose, diferencia&#231;&#227;o celular e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por sua vez, a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; amplamente difundida como medida de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Entretanto, diferentes estudos experimentais mostraram resultados controversos, evidenciando que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o afetou e, inclusive, reduziu o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram encontradas evid&#234;ncias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia de protocolos de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em esteira rolante sobre o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica intermitente.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influ&#234;ncia da combina&#231;&#227;o entre restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica intermitente e pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre o desempenho f&#237;sico ao esfor&#231;o e indicadores morfol&#243;gicos e moleculares de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Como hip&#243;tese inicial do presente estudo, admite-se que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico amplia o desempenho f&#237;sico e atenua a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica decorrente da restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica intermitente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O projeto cient&#237;fico foi analisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais (CEUA/UFMS; Protocolo 615/2014), estando em conformidade com os regimentos do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais e Protocolo Experimental</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados 60 ratos da linhagem <italic>Wistar (Rattus novergicus albinus)</italic> , machos, com 60 dias de idade, procedentes do Biot&#233;rio Central da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). A defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral baseou-se em estudo pr&#233;vio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e considerou a probabilidade de recusa ao exerc&#237;cio e/ou instinto de fuga durante o teste de esfor&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Utilizando-se de amostragem casual simples, os animais foram distribu&#237;dos em quatro grupos: Controle (C), Dieta Intermitente (DI), Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico (EF) e Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Dieta Intermitente (EDI). Enquanto CT e EF foram tratados diariamente com ra&#231;&#227;o ad <italic>libitum</italic> (Nuvilab<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brasil), os grupos DI e EDI receberam tratamento similar, administrado em dias alternados com dias de jejum.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m do suporte nutricional, os animais dos grupos EF e EDI foram submetidos a um protocolo de corrida em esteira rolante ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ) elaborado de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Foram realizadas cinco sess&#245;es semanais de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e o per&#237;odo experimental perdurou por 12 semanas. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas coletivas com duas a tr&#234;s unidades por caixa, sob temperatura ambiente de 22&#177;2 <sup>&#186;</sup>C, umidade de 55&#177;5%, ciclos de ilumina&#231;&#227;o claro/escuro de 12 horas e &#225;gua sob livre acesso.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em esteira rolante, segundo per&#237;odo, velocidade m&#233;dia e dura&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Per&#237;odo</th>
                  <th>Velocidade (m/min)</th>
                  <th>Dura&#231;&#227;o (min)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1&#170; &#8211; 3&#170; semana</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">40&#8211; 60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4&#170; &#8211; 6&#170; semana</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7&#170; &#8211; 9&#170; semana</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10&#170; &#8211; 12&#170; semana</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">15&#8211; 25</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</title>
        <p>Para analisar a capacidade funcional, ao t&#233;rmino do experimento, realizou-se teste incremental de est&#225;gios m&#250;ltiplos conforme estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O teste foi iniciado com aquecimento de 5 minutos &#224; velocidade de 5 m/min. Ap&#243;s 1 min de intervalo, cada animal foi submetido a um esfor&#231;o progressivo, com velocidade inicial de 6 m/min, seguido por incrementos de 3 m/min, que perdurou por 3 minutos. O protocolo foi finalizado quando o animal atingisse a exaust&#227;o ou quando a coordena&#231;&#227;o entre as passadas se apresentasse dificultada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para avaliar a resposta de lactato, 25 &#181;l de sangue foram coletadas da cauda do animal em repouso e ap&#243;s cada est&#225;gio de esfor&#231;o. O sangue coletado foi imediatamente armazenado em tubo Eppendorf contendo 50 &#181;l de fluoreto de s&#243;dio (NaF) a 1%. As amostras de sangue foram refrigeradas ap&#243;s a coleta e, em seguida, mantidas em freezer (-20 &#176;C) at&#233; a an&#225;lise, que foi realizada em analisador eletroqu&#237;mico YSI 150 Sport ( <italic>Yellow Springs Instruments</italic> &#174;, Ohio, EUA) com erro-padr&#227;o da medida de &#177;2%.</p>
        <p>Os resultados foram dados em mmol/l e a determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bico de lactato (LL) foi realizada por plotagem gr&#225;fica do comportamento das concentra&#231;&#245;es durante o teste. O LL foi determinado pelo momento de quebra da linearidade em fun&#231;&#227;o do aumento de carga, obtido mediante inspe&#231;&#227;o visual. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pela velocidade no limiar de lactato (VLL), dist&#226;ncia percorrida, concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato sangu&#237;neo no limiar de lactato (LacLL) e no momento da exaust&#227;o (LacE), determinados durante o teste de esfor&#231;o. Al&#233;m disso, para melhor detalhar a cin&#233;tica de lactato, considerou-se tamb&#233;m a varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (%) de n&#237;veis de lactato, obtida a partir das medidas de lactato LacLL e LacE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Metab&#243;lica</title>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise do metabolismo glic&#234;mico, os animais foram submetidos a jejum por 8&#8211;12 horas e amostras sangu&#237;neas provenientes da art&#233;ria caudal foram utilizadas para a dosagem de glicose na condi&#231;&#227;o basal. A seguir, realizou-se administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de glicose a 20% (Glicose Monohidratada, Merck, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), em dosagem equivalente a 2 g/kg. Os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos foram ent&#227;o avaliados ap&#243;s 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 180 minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Para tanto, utilizou-se do glicos&#237;metro ACCU-CHEK GO KIT (Roche Diagnostic Brazil Ltda, SP, Brasil).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Nutricional</title>
        <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o nutricional envolveu ingest&#227;o alimentar (IA), ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica (IC) e efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica. A IA foi avaliada diariamente e a IC foi calculada pela seguinte f&#243;rmula: IA &#215; (valor cal&#243;rico da dieta).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A massa corporal foi mensurada semanalmente, utilizando-se uma balan&#231;a digital. A varia&#231;&#227;o ponderal foi obtida a partir da diferen&#231;a entre os valores de massa corporal inicial e final, segundo momento de an&#225;lise. Para analisar a capacidade de convers&#227;o da energia ingerida em massa corporal, considerou-se a efici&#234;ncia alimentar (EA), obtida a partir da rela&#231;&#227;o entre varia&#231;&#227;o ponderal total (g) e energia total ingerida (kcal).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo experimental os animais foram mantidos em jejum por um per&#237;odo de oito horas, submetidos a anestesia intraperitoneal com cloridrato de cetamina (50 mg/kg/ip; Dopalen&#174;, Sespo Ind&#250;stria e Com&#233;rcio Ltda &#8211; Divis&#227;o Vetbrands, Jacare&#237;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e cloridrato de xilazina (10 mg/kg/ip; Anasedan&#174;, Sespo Ind&#250;stria e Com&#233;rcio Ltda &#8211; Divis&#227;o Vetbrands, Jacare&#237;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia por decapita&#231;&#227;o, foram executadas toracotomia e laparotomia mediana para remo&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o e retirada de tecido adiposo branco dos compartimentos retroperitoneal e epididimal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Considerou-se a soma dos dois compartimentos em valores absolutos e relativos para a determina&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade corporal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Morfol&#243;gica do Cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para avaliar a morfologia macrosc&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o, foram mensuradas as massas de &#225;trios (MA) e dos ventr&#237;culos direito (MVD) e esquerdo (MVE) em valores absolutos e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa corporal final (MCF) e o comprimento da t&#237;bia. Posteriormente, foram retiradas amostras do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo a partir de incis&#227;o transversal a 6 mm do &#225;pice. Os fragmentos foram imersos em solu&#231;&#227;o tamponada de formol a 10%, na qual foram mantidos por 48 horas. Cada fragmento mioc&#225;rdico foi ent&#227;o submetido a &#225;gua corrente e mantidos sob solu&#231;&#227;o de etanol a 70% por mais 48 horas. Ap&#243;s a etapa de fixa&#231;&#227;o, os materiais foram compactados em blocos de parafina. Foram confeccionadas l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas com sec&#231;&#245;es teciduais de 4 a 7 &#956;m de espessura, submetidas &#224; colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e <italic>picro-sirius</italic> red (PSR). Para a an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica dos cardiomi&#243;citos, foram consideradas medidas de &#225;rea cardiomiocit&#225;ria e fra&#231;&#227;o intersticial de col&#225;geno do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para a tomada de medidas de &#225;reas, foram consideradas l&#226;minas coradas em HE; para cada animal, foram amostrados pelo menos 100 cardiomi&#243;citos. As l&#226;minas coradas por PSR foram utilizadas somente para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno do meio intersticial mioc&#225;rdico. Fixado o campo de imagem, os componentes do tecido card&#237;aco foram identificados segundo a cor real&#231;ada. Os filamentos de col&#225;geno refletiram a cor vermelha enquanto os cardiomi&#243;citos revelaram a colora&#231;&#227;o amarela. A fra&#231;&#227;o intersticial de col&#225;geno correspondeu &#224; medida relativa (%) do conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno sobre toda a extens&#227;o tecidual. Um m&#237;nimo de 20 campos foi utilizado e regi&#245;es perivasculares foram desconsideradas.</p>
        <p>Como instrumental anal&#237;tico, os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram projetados em aumento de 40X com o aux&#237;lio de microsc&#243;pio (LEICA DM LS) acoplado a uma c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo que projeta imagens digitais em um microcomputador IBM equipado com programa analisador de imagens <italic>Image Pro-plus</italic> (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da Express&#227;o de MAPK</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o proteica de MAPK foram determinados por meio de procedimentos de Western blot, utilizando-se anticorpos prim&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., CA, EUA): p-JNK (sc-6254), total JNK1/2 (sc-137019), p-ERK1/2 (sc-16982), total ERK 1 (sc-93). Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na obtidos foram normalizados pela express&#227;o de GAPDH (6C5, sc-32233). Os m&#233;todos de prepara&#231;&#227;o tecidual e condi&#231;&#245;es de eletroforese s&#227;o detalhados em estudos previamente publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos resultados, utilizou-se o software Sigma Stat. Para estudar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; normalidade, utilizou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os resultados param&#233;tricos foram apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e foram analisados com emprego de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de duas vias ( <italic>Two-Way</italic> ANOVA) complementada com teste de compara&#231;&#245;es de Student-Newman-Keuls. Os resultados de &#225;rea celular foram distribu&#237;dos em categorias segundo intervalo de medidas, utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Sturges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Posteriormente, realizou-se an&#225;lise de propor&#231;&#227;o absoluta e relativa com emprego de teste de propor&#231;&#245;es multinomiais de Goodman.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Todas as conclus&#245;es estat&#237;sticas foram discutidas ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Na 1, s&#227;o mostrados os valores da dist&#226;ncia total (m) e velocidade final (m/min) obtidos no teste de esfor&#231;o, que foi realizado no final do per&#237;odo experimental. Ambos os grupos exercitados, EF e EDI, apresentaram maiores valores de dist&#226;ncia total e velocidade final, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos seus respectivos controles, C e DI. O efeito da dieta n&#227;o foi significativo nas compara&#231;&#245;es efetuadas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A e 1B</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Medidas de desempenho obtidas no teste de esfor&#231;o, em m&#233;dia &#177; erro-padr&#227;o; (A) Dist&#226;ncia Percorrida; (B) Velocidade; C: grupo Controle; DI: grupo Dieta Intermitente; EF: grupo Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico; EDI: grupo Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Dieta Intermitente. * p&lt;0,001 vs. C; &#8224; p&lt;0,001 vs. DI; Two-Way ANOVA e teste de Student-Newman-Keuls.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0184-90349-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando-se as medidas finais de lactato, referente ao momento de exaust&#227;o (LacE), verificou-se efeito significativo (p=0,04) do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (C e DI: 8,16&#177;0,94; EF e EDI: 5,34&#177;0,88 mmol.L<sup>-1</sup>), sem ocorr&#234;ncia de intera&#231;&#227;o fatorial. O limiar de lactato (LL) foi similar entre os grupos (C: 2,51&#177;1,18; DI: 3,90&#177;0,64; EF: 2,70&#177;0,23; EDI: 3,04&#177;1,33 mmol.L<sup>-1</sup>). A varia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de lactato entre o ponto de inflex&#227;o e o momento final do teste foi maior (p=0,04) nos grupos sedent&#225;rios (C e DI: 156&#177;19; EF e EDI: 98&#177;18%).</p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , s&#227;o mostrados os valores referentes &#224; &#225;rea sob a curva de toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica. Considerando-se o efeito isolado da dieta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> ), constatou-se que a restri&#231;&#227;o intermitente se associou com menor &#225;rea de resposta glic&#234;mica. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao efeito isolado do exerc&#237;cio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C</xref> ). No delineamento original ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ), o grupo EDI mostrou menor valor de &#225;rea sob a curva glic&#234;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EF. N&#227;o foram constatadas diferen&#231;as nas demais compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Medidas de &#225;rea sob a curva de toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica (ACG). (A) efeito isolado da dieta intermitente; CT: dieta controle ad libitum; DI: dieta intermitente; * p&lt;0,05 versus CT. (B) efeito combinado: C, ratos sedent&#225;rios sob dieta controle ad libitum; DI: ratos sedent&#225;rios sob dieta intermitente; EF: ratos exercitados sob dieta controle ad libitum; EDI: ratos exercitados sob dieta intermitente, &#8224; p&lt;0,05 versus EF; (C) efeito isolado do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico; SD: grupos sedent&#225;rios; EF: grupos exercitados. Two-Way ANOVA e teste de Student-Newman-Keuls</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0184-90349-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis nutricionais, as medidas de ingest&#227;o alimentar e consumo cal&#243;rico foram menores nos grupos DI e EDI, quando comparados aos respectivos controles. Como fatores isolados, dieta intermitente e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resultaram em reduzida efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica e menor ganho de massa corporal. Embora o grupo DI tenha mostrado menor massa corporal que o C, os valores de adiposidade n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas nutricionais e de morfologia card&#237;aca segundo grupo (dieta x exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="4">Grupo</th>
                <th colspan="3">Fatores (p-valor)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>C n=15</th>
                <th>DI n=15</th>
                <th>EF n=15</th>
                <th>EDI n=15</th>
                <th>Dieta</th>
                <th>Condi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="7">
                  <bold>Nutricionais</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>IA (g/dia)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23,30 &#177; 0,88</td>
                <td align="center">17,64 &#177; 1,00 *</td>
                <td align="center">22,88 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">17,88 &#177; 0,77 &#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,682</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IC (kcal/dia)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">84,81 &#177; 3,20</td>
                <td align="center">64,20 &#177; 3,63 *</td>
                <td align="center">83,23 &#177; 2,38</td>
                <td align="center">65,10 &#177; 2,80 &#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,665</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ICT (kcal/dia)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7124 &#177; 269</td>
                <td align="center">5393 &#177; 305 *</td>
                <td align="center">6980 &#177; 192</td>
                <td align="center">5468 &#177; 236 &#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,602</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>EE (kcal/g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,023 &#177; 0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,019 &#177; 0,004 *</td>
                <td align="center">0,020 &#177; 0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,017 &#177; 0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
                <td align="center">0,581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MC (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">395 &#177; 46</td>
                <td align="center">344 &#177; 37 *</td>
                <td align="center">374 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">349 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,400</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VM (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">71,0 &#177; 17,8</td>
                <td align="center">42,8 &#177; 12,0 *</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 &#177; 15,2</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 &#177; 13,6 &#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">0,498</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Adiposidade (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,11 &#177; 0,51</td>
                <td align="center">1,91 &#177; 0,77</td>
                <td align="center">1,89 &#177; 0,72</td>
                <td align="center">1,89 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,584</td>
                <td align="center">0,508</td>
                <td align="center">0,578</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="10">
                  <bold>Morfologia Card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>MA (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,059 &#177; 0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,052 &#177; 0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,066 &#177; 0,013</td>
                <td align="center">0,055 &#177; 0,015 &#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
                <td align="center">0,422</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MVD (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,134 &#177; 0,017</td>
                <td align="center">0,118 &#177; 0,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,145 &#177; 0,040</td>
                <td align="center">0,130 &#177; 0,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
                <td align="center">0,950</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MVE (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,482 &#177; 0,066</td>
                <td align="center">0,404 &#177; 0,041 *</td>
                <td align="center">0,469 &#177; 0,060</td>
                <td align="center">0,436 &#177; 0,059</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,509</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MA/MC (mg/g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,152 &#177; 0,030</td>
                <td align="center">0,152 &#177; 0,026</td>
                <td align="center">0,177 &#177; 0,036</td>
                <td align="center">0,155 &#177; 0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,247</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
                <td align="center">0,227</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MVD/MC (mg/g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,345 &#177; 0,033</td>
                <td align="center">0,346 &#177; 0,101</td>
                <td align="center">0,380 &#177; 0,076</td>
                <td align="center">0,368 &#177; 0,063</td>
                <td align="center">0,774</td>
                <td align="center">0,135</td>
                <td align="center">0,737</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MVE/MC (mg/g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
                <td align="center">0,437</td>
                <td align="center">0,457</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MA/CT (g/cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,015 &#177; 0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,013 &#177; 0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,017 &#177; 0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,014 &#177; 0,004 &#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,227</td>
                <td align="center">0,328</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MVD/CT (g/cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,034 &#177; 0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,030 &#177; 0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,036 &#177; 0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,032 &#177; 0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
                <td align="center">0,246</td>
                <td align="center">0,982</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MVE/CT (g/cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,121 &#177; 0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,104 &#177; 0,009 *</td>
                <td align="center">0,117 &#177; 0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,109 &#177; 0,015</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,892</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cora&#231;&#227;o (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,674 &#177; 0,083</td>
                <td align="center">0,574 &#177; 0,063 *</td>
                <td align="center">0,680 &#177; 0,086</td>
                <td align="center">0,621 &#177; 0,058 &#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
                <td align="center">0,292</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IA: ingest&#227;o alimentar di&#225;ria; IC: ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica di&#225;ria; ICT: ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica total; EE: efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica; MC: massa corporal; VM: varia&#231;&#227;o relativa de massa corporal; MA: massa de &#225;trios; MVD: massa de ventr&#237;culo direito; MVE: massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MA/MC: rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa de &#225;trios e massa corporal; MVD/MC: rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa de ventr&#237;culo direito e massa corporal; MVE/MC: rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e massa corporal; MA/CT: rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa de &#225;trios e comprimento da t&#237;bia; MVD/CT: rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa de ventr&#237;culo direito e comprimento da t&#237;bia; MVE/CT: rela&#231;&#227;o entre massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e comprimento da t&#237;bia. * p&lt;0,05, comparado ao grupo C; &#8224; p&lt;0,05 vs. grupo EF; Two-Way ANOVA e teste de Student-Newman-Keuls.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando-se os resultados de morfologia card&#237;aca, a dieta intermitente, <italic>per se</italic> , resultou em menores valores de massa de &#225;trios (0,063&#177;0,002 vs. 0,053&#177;0,002 g; p=0,006) e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em medidas absolutas (0,475&#177;0,011 vs. 0,420&#177;0,011 mg; p&lt;0,001) e nas rela&#231;&#245;es com o comprimento tibial. Al&#233;m disso, a dieta reduziu a massa do cora&#231;&#227;o (0,677&#177;0,013 vs. 0,597&#177;0,013 g; p&lt;0,001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , s&#227;o mostradas as medidas descritivas de morfometria do mioc&#225;rdio. A combina&#231;&#227;o entre dieta intermitente e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resultou em menores valores de &#225;rea celular no grupo EDI, que se mostrou diferente dos grupos EF e DI (C: 248&#177;46; DI: 255&#177;21; EF: 260&#177;30; EDI: 225&#177;26 &#956;m<sup>2</sup>). Considerando-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o categ&#243;rica de cardiomi&#243;citos, a maior parte dos resultados situou-se nas duas primeiras classes, delimitadas at&#233; 327,5 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>. No entanto, o grupo EDI revelou maior frequ&#234;ncia de fibras na 1&#170; classe de valores (at&#233; 190,1 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>), comparado os demais grupos (p&lt;0,05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>(A) &#193;rea seccional transversa do cardiomi&#243;cito (ASC); &#8224; p&lt;0,05 versus DI; &#8225; p&lt;0,05 versus EF. Two-Way ANOVA e teste de Student-Newman-Keuls. (B) Distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias de cardiomi&#243;citos segundo intervalo de classes de ASC; Classes: 1 (52,7&#9508;190,1 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>), 2 (190,1&#9508;327,6 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>), 3 (327,6&#9508;465,0 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>), 4 (465,0&#9508;602,4 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) e 5 (602,4&#9508;739,9 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>); * p&lt;0,05 versus C; &#8224; p&lt;0,05 versus DI; &#8225; p&lt;0,05 versus EF. Teste de Goodman para contrastes dentro e entre popula&#231;&#245;es multinomiais. C: Controle; DI: Dieta Intermitente; EF: Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico; EDI: Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Dieta Intermitente.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0184-90349-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno, observou-se intera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre dieta e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (p=0,01). O grupo EF exibiu maior fra&#231;&#227;o intersticial de col&#225;geno em rela&#231;&#227;o ao C (C: 5,32&#177;1,02; DI: 5,25&#177;0,66; EF: 7,31&#177;2,94; EDI: 4,43&#177;0,79%), enquanto o EDI apresentou menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno que o EF ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A-B</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>(A) Se&#231;&#245;es transversas do mioc&#225;rdio coradas com picro-sirius red, segundo o grupo; C: grupo Controle; DI: grupo Dieta Intermitente; EF: grupo Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico; EDI: grupo Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Dieta Intermitente. (B) Fra&#231;&#227;o intersticial de col&#225;geno (FIC); * p&lt;0,05 versus C; &#8225; p&lt;0,05 versus EF. Two-Way ANOVA e teste de Student-Newman-Keuls</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0184-90349-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> , s&#227;o apresentados os valores de express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas MAPK ERK e JNK no mioc&#225;rdio. N&#227;o foram constatadas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas MAPK, entre os grupos experimentais.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas MAPK do mioc&#225;rdio, segundo grupo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Prote&#237;nas</th>
                <th colspan="4">Grupo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>C n=6</th>
                <th>DI n=6</th>
                <th>EF n=6</th>
                <th>EDI n=6</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>p-ERK/ERK</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 1,59</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,48</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p-ERK/GAPDH</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 1,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 &#177; 0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ERK/GAPDH</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p-JNK/JNK</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 &#177; 0,61</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p-JNK/GAPDH</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>JNK/GAPDH</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0,32</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Two-Way ANOVA (p&gt;0,05).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Dietas restritivas v&#234;m sendo comumente utilizadas para reduzir o risco de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como obesidade, diabetes tipo 2, dislipidemia e enfermidades cardiovasculares. No presente estudo, a dieta intermitente se associou com maior consumo alimentar e energ&#233;tico nos dias de oferta, menor ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica total e menores medidas de massa corporal. Maior consumo alimentar decorrente da dieta intermitente pode ser explicado por altera&#231;&#245;es na sensa&#231;&#227;o de saciedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O hipot&#225;lamo &#233; um dos principais respons&#225;veis pela homeostase corporal, exercendo diversas fun&#231;&#245;es, dentre elas, a promo&#231;&#227;o de saciedade. Sabe-se que altera&#231;&#245;es no hipot&#225;lamo lateral levam &#224; afagia (inani&#231;&#227;o), enquanto desordens no hipot&#225;lamo medial conduzem &#224; hiperfagia (aumento do apetite). Outros estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> mostraram que a dieta intermitente acarretou maior consumo alimentar nos dias de oferta, como apresentado no presente trabalho. Da mesma forma, Dorighello et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> mostraram que a restri&#231;&#227;o intermitente resultou em menor ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica total, corroborando nossos achados. A vig&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o afetou as respostas do consumo alimentar e cal&#243;rico decorrentes da dieta. Buthani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> em estudo com humanos, demonstraram que volunt&#225;rios exercitados, mesmo apresentando aumento de fome, n&#227;o exibiram significativo aumento da ingest&#227;o alimentar.</p>
      <p>Segundo a hip&#243;tese inicial do presente estudo, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em esteira rolante atenua prov&#225;veis desordens metab&#243;licas e o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca decorrentes da restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica intermitente. Al&#233;m de reduzir a efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica, a dieta intermitente modificou a toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica, o que pode estar associado com melhor sensibilidade &#224; a&#231;&#227;o insulin&#234;mica. A insulina tem propriedades lipog&#234;nicas sobre o tecido adiposo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> fato que poderia explicar porque os grupos sob dieta intermitente, mesmo com massa corporal inferior, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas de adiposidade corporal, quando comparados aos respectivos controles ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). A insulina aumenta sua libera&#231;&#227;o quando h&#225; maior oferta de nutrientes, como no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial. A melhora da sensibilidade &#224; insulina pela ado&#231;&#227;o da dieta intermitente foi encontrada tamb&#233;m em estudo recente com ratos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por sua vez, a combina&#231;&#227;o entre dieta intermitente e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resultou em menor adiposidade corporal no EDI. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico promove adapta&#231;&#245;es e ajustes de natureza cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, neural e hormonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No contexto hormonal, a secre&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios &#233; tamb&#233;m alterada pelo exerc&#237;cio. No estudo de Evans et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio durante 12 meses resultou em melhora na sensibilidade &#224; insulina, com diminui&#231;&#227;o de 19,4% da &#225;rea da curva de toler&#226;ncia oral a glicose, em idosos. Portanto, a intera&#231;&#227;o entre dieta e exerc&#237;cio pode ter potencializado os efeitos hormonais do metabolismo insulin&#234;mico, como sustentado pelos achados nos grupos EF e EDI.</p>
      <p>Apesar das repercuss&#245;es no metabolismo glic&#234;mico, a dieta intermitente n&#227;o interferiu na capacidade funcional. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bio, a mensura&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de lactato &#233; um dos par&#226;metros mais utilizados para estimar a capacidade aer&#243;bia e tem se mostrado um eficaz &#237;ndice de avalia&#231;&#227;o desta capacidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O limiar de lactato pode ser definido como a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio em que a concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de lactato tem um aumento abrupto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, o protocolo de corrida resultou em melhor desempenho funcional dos grupos EF e EDI, o que foi sustentado por menores valores de lactato final (LacE), menor varia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de lactato e maiores valores de velocidade e dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante o teste final. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico promoveu melhora da capacidade funcional, como j&#225; demonstrado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No aspecto cardiovascular, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico acarretou remodela&#231;&#227;o intersticial do mioc&#225;rdio. Intrigantemente, a restri&#231;&#227;o intermitente promoveu reten&#231;&#227;o desses efeitos do exerc&#237;cio, o que foi sustentado por menores valores de morfometria macro e microsc&#243;pica tecidual no EDI. Entre os fatores estimulantes da prolifera&#231;&#227;o e estimula&#231;&#227;o do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, incluem-se dist&#250;rbios nutricionais, angiotensina, aldosterona, endotelinas, citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e catecolaminas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Com a sobrecarga f&#237;sica prolongada, ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais no mioc&#225;rdio, com o intuito de melhorar o desempenho do cora&#231;&#227;o no bombeamento de sangue e na capacidade do sistema cardiovascular de fornecer oxig&#234;nio aos m&#250;sculos recrutados durante o esfor&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Entre essas adapta&#231;&#245;es do exerc&#237;cio, inclui-se a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, desenvolvida para compensar a demanda hemodin&#226;mica, e a fibrose intersticial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Nessa perspectiva, o aumento de col&#225;geno intersticial encontrado no grupo EF, pode se configurar como ind&#237;cio do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular fisiol&#243;gica, ainda que os achados morfol&#243;gicos n&#227;o tenham confirmado a hipertrofia. Alguns fatores podem restringir a precis&#227;o da morfometria microsc&#243;pica, incluindo-se variabilidade do &#226;ngulo de corte tecidual, estado contr&#225;til heterog&#234;neo das fibras card&#237;acas, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Tais condi&#231;&#245;es podem ter contribu&#237;do para a n&#227;o detec&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia card&#237;aca derivada do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>Por sua vez, restri&#231;&#227;o intermitente acarretou menores valores de morfologia macro e microsc&#243;pica, sem afetar a express&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas ERK e JNK. As altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas carreadas por esses pept&#237;deos envolvem s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas e crescimento celular, com instala&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia e fibrose intersticial, as quais podem ser associadas ao processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a ativa&#231;&#227;o de MAPK &#233; tamb&#233;m subordinada &#224; a&#231;&#227;o de fatores de crescimento, como horm&#244;nio do crescimento e insulina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> os quais t&#234;m sua secre&#231;&#227;o regulada pelo comportamento nutricional. Apesar disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dieta intermitente e altera&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de MAPK. Em estudo pr&#233;vio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> a dieta intermitente reduziu a hipertrofia card&#237;aca e a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ratos infartados, embora n&#227;o tenha alterado a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de pept&#237;deos fetais.</p>
      <p>Com o presente estudo, tem-se, portanto, a comprova&#231;&#227;o de que a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca derivada do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foi amenizada pela dieta intermitente. Entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar se esse potencial profil&#225;tico da interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica pode ser utilizado na revers&#227;o de processos patol&#243;gicos, como na hipertens&#227;o arterial e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Da mesma forma, o impacto de outros modelos experimentais, incluindo-se 25 e 50% de restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> deve ser melhor estudado em futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es. Tais fatos trazem limita&#231;&#245;es em termos de repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para os resultados da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de dieta intermitente e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico se associa com maior toler&#226;ncia glic&#234;mica. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, isoladamente, causa remodela&#231;&#227;o intersticial do mioc&#225;rdio, que &#233; atenuada pela interven&#231;&#227;o com dieta intermitente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Weindruch R. The retardation of aging by caloric restriction: studies in rodents and primates. Toxicol Pathol. 1996;24(6):742-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weindruch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The retardation of aging by caloric restriction: studies in rodents and primates</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Pathol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>742</fpage>
          <lpage>745</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Anderson RM, Shanmuganayagam D, Weindruch R. Caloric restriction and aging: studies in mice and monkeys. Toxicol Pathol. 2009;37(1):47-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shanmuganayagam</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weindruch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Caloric restriction and aging: studies in mice and monkeys</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Pathol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD. Extending healthy life span &#8211; from yeast to humans. Science. 2010;328(5976):321-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Partridge</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extending healthy life span &#8211; from yeast to humans</article-title>
          <source>Science</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>328</volume>
          <issue>5976</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>326</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Colman RJ, Beasley TM, Allison DB, Weindruch R. Attenuation of sarcopenia by dietary restriction in rhesus monkeys. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(6):556-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Colman</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beasley</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allison</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weindruch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Attenuation of sarcopenia by dietary restriction in rhesus monkeys</article-title>
          <source>J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>556</fpage>
          <lpage>559</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Dal Pai V, Dal Pai-Silva M, Matsubara LS, Cicogna AC. Mechanical, biochemical, and morphological changes in the heart from chronic food-restricted rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001;79(9):754-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dal Pai</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dal Pai-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicogna</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanical, biochemical, and morphological changes in the heart from chronic food-restricted rats</article-title>
          <source>Can J Physiol Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>754</fpage>
          <lpage>760</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Guo Z, Mitchell-Raymundo F, Yang H, Ikeno Y, Nelson J, Diaz V, et al. Dietary restriction reduces atherosclerosis and oxidative stress in the aorta of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 2002;123(8):1121-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell-Raymundo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikeno</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diaz</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary restriction reduces atherosclerosis and oxidative stress in the aorta of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice</article-title>
          <source>Mech Ageing Dev</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1121</fpage>
          <lpage>1131</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Gut AL, Okoshi MP, Padovani CR, Aragon FF, Cicogna AC. Myocardial dysfunction induced by food restriction is related to calcium cycling and beta-adrenergic systems changes. Nutr Res. 2003;23(7):911-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gut</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padovani</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragon</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicogna</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial dysfunction induced by food restriction is related to calcium cycling and beta-adrenergic systems changes</article-title>
          <source>Nutr Res</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>911</fpage>
          <lpage>919</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Sugizaki MM, Carvalho RF, Aragon FF, Padovani CR, Okoshi K, Okoshi MP, et al. Myocardial dysfunction induced by food restriction is related to morphological damage in normotensive middle-aged rats. J Biomed Sci. 2005;12(4):641-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragon</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padovani</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial dysfunction induced by food restriction is related to morphological damage in normotensive middle-aged rats</article-title>
          <source>J Biomed Sci</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>641</fpage>
          <lpage>649</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Sugizaki MM, Pai-Silva MD, Carvalho RF, Padovani CR, Bruno A, Nascimento AF, et al. Exercise training increases myocardial inotropic response in food restricted rats. Int J Cardiol. 2006; 112(2):191-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pai-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padovani</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruno</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training increases myocardial inotropic response in food restricted rats</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>191</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Cicogna AC, Padovani CR, Georgette JC, Aragon FF, Okoshi MP. Effects of protein-calorie restriction on mechanical function of hypertrophied cardiac muscle. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1999; 72(4):431-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cicogna</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padovani</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Georgette</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragon</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of protein-calorie restriction on mechanical function of hypertrophied cardiac muscle</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>431</fpage>
          <lpage>440</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Pinotti MF, Leopoldo AS, Pai-Silva MD, Sugizaki MM, Nascimento AF, Leopoldo APL, et al. A comparative study of myocardial function and morphology during fasting/refeeding and food restriction in rats. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2010;19(5):e175&#8211;82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinotti</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pai-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>APL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A comparative study of myocardial function and morphology during fasting/refeeding and food restriction in rats</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Pathol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e175</fpage>
          <lpage>e182</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Ahmet I, Tae HJ, De Cabo R, Lakatta EG, Talan MI. Effects of calorie restriction on cardioprotection and cardiovascular health. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011;51(2):263-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmet</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tae</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Cabo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lakatta</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talan</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of calorie restriction on cardioprotection and cardiovascular health</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>271</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Wang Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in heart development and diseases. Circulation. 2007;116(12):1413-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mitogen-activated protein kinases in heart development and diseases</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1413</fpage>
          <lpage>1423</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Rose BA, Force T, Wang Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in the heart: angels versus demons in a heart-breaking tale. Physiol Rev. 2010;90(4):1507-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rose</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Force</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in the heart: angels versus demons in a heart-breaking tale</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Rev</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1507</fpage>
          <lpage>1546</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Sugizaki MM, Leopoldo AP, Conde SJ, Campos DS, Damato R, Leopoldo AS. Upregulation of mRNA myocardium calcium handling in rats submitted to exercise and food restriction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(1):46-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conde</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damato</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Upregulation of mRNA myocardium calcium handling in rats submitted to exercise and food restriction</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>46</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Pagan LU, Damatto RL, Cezar MDM, Bonomo C, Campos DHS, Gomes MJ, et al. Long-term low intensity physical exercise attenuates heart failure development in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;36(1):61-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pagan</surname>
              <given-names>LU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damatto</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cezar</surname>
              <given-names>MDM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonomo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DHS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term low intensity physical exercise attenuates heart failure development in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>Cell Physiol Biochem</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Palmer BM, Thayer AM, Snyder SM, Moore RL. Shortening and [Ca2+] dynamics of left ventricular myocytes isolated from exercise-trained rats. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998;85(6):2159-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palmer</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thayer</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snyder</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Shortening and [Ca2+] dynamics of left ventricular myocytes isolated from exercise-trained rats</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2159</fpage>
          <lpage>2168</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Broderick TL, Driedzic WR, Gillis M, Jacob J, Belke T. Effects of chronic food restriction and exercise training on the recovery of cardiac function following ischemia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(1):B33-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Broderick</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Driedzic</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacob</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belke</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of chronic food restriction and exercise training on the recovery of cardiac function following ischemia</article-title>
          <source>J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>B33</fpage>
          <lpage>B37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Weiner RB, Baggish AL. Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;54(5):380-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weiner</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baggish</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>380</fpage>
          <lpage>386</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Emter CA, McCune SA, Sparagna GC, Radin MJ, Moore RL. Low-intensity exercise training delays onset of decompensated heart failure in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289(5):H2030-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Emter</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCune</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sparagna</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radin</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low-intensity exercise training delays onset of decompensated heart failure in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>H2030</fpage>
          <lpage>H2038</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Carvalho JF, Masuda MO, Pompeu FAMS. Method for diagnosis and control of aerobic training in rats based on lactate threshold. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2005;140(4):409-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masuda</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pompeu</surname>
              <given-names>FAMS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Method for diagnosis and control of aerobic training in rats based on lactate threshold</article-title>
          <source>Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>409</fpage>
          <lpage>413</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Mendes OC, Sugizaki MM, Campos DS, Damatto RL, Leopoldo AS, Lima-Leopoldo AP, et al. Exercise tolerance in rats with aortic stenosis and ventricular diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(1):44-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mendes</surname>
              <given-names>OC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damatto</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise tolerance in rats with aortic stenosis and ventricular diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>44</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Oliveira Jr SA, Okoshi K, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Campos DH, Martinez PF, et al. Nutritional and cardiovascular profiles of normotensive and hypertensive rats kept on a high fat diet. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(5):526-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nutritional and cardiovascular profiles of normotensive and hypertensive rats kept on a high fat diet</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>526</fpage>
          <lpage>533</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Oliveira-Junior SA, Martinez PF, Guizoni DM, Campos DH, Fernandes T, Oliveira EM, et al. AT1 receptor blockade attenuates insulin resistance and myocardial remodeling in rats with diet-induced obesity. Plos One. 2014;9(1):e86447.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guizoni</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>AT1 receptor blockade attenuates insulin resistance and myocardial remodeling in rats with diet-induced obesity</article-title>
          <source>Plos One</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e86447</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Martins F, Campos DHS, Pagan LU, Martinez PF, Okoshi K, Okoshi MP, et al. High-fat diet promotes cardiac remodeling in an experimental model of obesity. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(5):479-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DHS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagan</surname>
              <given-names>LU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High-fat diet promotes cardiac remodeling in an experimental model of obesity</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>479</fpage>
          <lpage>486</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Martinez PF, Okoshi K, Zornoff LAM, Carvalho RF, Oliveira Junior SA, Lima ARR, et al. Chronic heart failure-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, necrosis, and changes in myogenic regulatory factors. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(12):BR374-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>ARR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic heart failure-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, necrosis, and changes in myogenic regulatory factors</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Monit</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>BR374</fpage>
          <lpage>BR383</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976;72(1-2):248-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bradford</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding</article-title>
          <source>Anal Biochem</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>248</fpage>
          <lpage>254</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Norman GR. Biostatistics - The bare essentials, Mosby, St. Louis, 1998.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Norman</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Biostatistics - The bare essentials</source>
          <publisher-name>Mosby</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>St. Louis</publisher-loc>
          <year>1998</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Goodman LA. On the multivariate analysis of three dichotomous variables. Am J Sociol. 1965;71(3):290-301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>On the multivariate analysis of three dichotomous variables</article-title>
          <source>Am J Sociol</source>
          <year>1965</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>290</fpage>
          <lpage>301</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Chausse B, Solon C, Caldeira da Silva CC, Masselli Dos Reis IG, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA, et al. Intermittent fasting induces hypothalamic modifications resulting in low feeding efficiency, low body mass and overeating. Endocrinology. 2014;155(7):2456-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chausse</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solon</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caldeira da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masselli Dos Reis</surname>
              <given-names>IG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manchado-Gobatto</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gobatto</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intermittent fasting induces hypothalamic modifications resulting in low feeding efficiency, low body mass and overeating</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinology</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>155</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>2456</fpage>
          <lpage>2466</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Chausse B, Vieira-Lara MA, Sanchez AB, Medeiros MH, Kowaltowski AJ. Intermittent fasting results in tissue - specific changes in bioenergetics and redox state. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 6;10(3):e0120413.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chausse</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira-Lara</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medeiros</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kowaltowski</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intermittent fasting results in tissue - specific changes in bioenergetics and redox state</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <month>03</month>
          <day>6</day>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0120413</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Dorighello GG, Rovani JC, Luhman CJ, Paim BA, Raposo HF, Vercesi AE, et al. Food restriction by intermittent fasting induces diabetes and obesity and aggravates. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(6):979-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dorighello</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rovani</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luhman</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paim</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raposo</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vercesi</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Food restriction by intermittent fasting induces diabetes and obesity and aggravates</article-title>
          <source>Br J Nutr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>979</fpage>
          <lpage>986</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Aggour E, Calvo Y, Trepanowski JF, et al. Effect of exercising while fasting on eating behaviors and food intake. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhutani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klempel</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kroeger</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggour</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calvo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trepanowski</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of exercising while fasting on eating behaviors and food intake</article-title>
          <source>J Int Soc Sports Nutr</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">50</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 2001;414(6865):799-806.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saltiel</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahn</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>414</volume>
          <issue>6865</issue>
          <fpage>799</fpage>
          <lpage>806</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Baumeier C, Kaiser D, Heeren J, Scheja L, John C, Weise C, et al. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting alter hepatic lipid droplet proteome and diacylglycerol species and prevent diabetes in NZO mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1851(5):566-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baumeier</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaiser</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heeren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scheja</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>John</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weise</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting alter hepatic lipid droplet proteome and diacylglycerol species and prevent diabetes in NZO mice</article-title>
          <source>Biochim Biophys Acta</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>1851</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>566</fpage>
          <lpage>576</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Azevedo PS, Polegato BF, Minicucci MF, Paiva SA, Zornoff LA. Cardiac remodeling: concepts, clinical impact, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacologic treatment. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106(1):62-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polegato</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac remodeling: concepts, clinical impact, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacologic treatment</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Souza FR, Resende ES, Lopes L, Gon&#231;alves A, Chagas R, Fidale T, et al. Hypertrophic response of the association of thyroid hormone and exercise in the heart of rats. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(2):187-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resende</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chagas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fidale</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertrophic response of the association of thyroid hormone and exercise in the heart of rats</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>187</fpage>
          <lpage>190</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Gerdes AM. Cardiac myocyte remodeling in hypertrophy and progression to failure. J Card Fail. 2002; 8(6):264-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gerdes</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac myocyte remodeling in hypertrophy and progression to failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>264</fpage>
          <lpage>268</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Okoshi K, Cezar MDM, Polin MAM, Paladino Jr JR, Martinez PF, Oliveira Jr SA, et al. Influence of intermittent fasting on myocardial infarction-induced cardiac remodeling. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019;19:126.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cezar</surname>
              <given-names>MDM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polin</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paladino</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of intermittent fasting on myocardial infarction-induced cardiac remodeling</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cardiovasc Disord</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <size units="pages">126</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; relacionado &#224; disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Priscilla Gois Bas&#237;lio pela Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve apoio financeiro da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) e Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intermittent Fasting Attenuates Exercise Training-Induced Cardiac Remodeling</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Basilio</surname>
            <given-names>Priscilla Gois</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Priscila Cayres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7930-1428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolini Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9789-2487</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Rabelo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1065-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zagatto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9477-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8862-945X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ota</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1546-963X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Abdalla dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8895-9456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laboratory of Striated Muscle Study (LEME/ INISA), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, S&#227;o Paulo State University, UNESP, Bauru, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Botucatu Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Anhanguera de Campo Grande, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Adress: Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior &#8226; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de, Laborat&#243;rio de Estudo do M&#250;sculo Estriado (LEME/INISA) - Av. Costa e Silva, s/n. Postal Code 79070-900, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil <bold>.</bold> E-mail: oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com, silvio.oliveira-jr@ufms.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Basilio PG, Oliveira-Junior SA; Data acquisition: Basilio PG, Oliveira APC, Castro ACF, Carvalho MR, Zagatto AM, Martinez PF, Ota GE; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Zagatto AM, Martinez PF, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Reis FA, Oliveira-Junior SA; Statistical analysis: Okoshi K, Oliveira-Junior SA; Obtaining financing: Oliveira-Junior SA; Writing of the manuscript: Basilio PG, Oliveira-Junior SA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Zagatto AM, Martinez PF, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Reis FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The effects of non-pharmacological interventions such as calorie restriction and exercise training on health and prevention of cardiovascular diseases have been investigated in clinical and experimental studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To analyze the influence of intermittent fasting and exercise training on functional fitness, glycemia and cardiac remodeling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Wistar rats (n=60) were randomly divided into four groups: control, exercise training (ET), intermittent fasting (IF) and exercise training plus intermittent fasting (ETI). Over 12 weeks, control and ET animals were fed daily a standard commercial diet ad <italic>libitum</italic> , while IF and ETI animals were fed every other day. In addition, the ET and ETI groups were submitted to a running protocol on a treadmill. After this period, functional fitness, nutritional parameters and blood glucose levels were analyzed. In addition to heart morphology, myocardial protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was assessed by Western-blot. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. The level of significance considered was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Exercise training increased functional fitness in the ET and ETI groups and promoted cardiac fibrosis. The combination of intermittent fasting and exercise training resulted in a smaller area under the blood glucose curve and reduced cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and interstitial collagen fraction in the ETI group compared to ET. ERK and JNK expression levels were similar among groups (p&gt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Intermittent fasting is associated with improved glucose tolerance and attenuates cardiac remodeling induced by exercise training (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):184-193)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Calorie Restriction</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Running</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Promotion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Classically, calorie restriction is a popular intervention for health improvement, promoting multiple functional benefits and increasing human longevity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, experimental studies have reported controversial changes in cardiovascular parameters in response to calorie restriction, which was found to be associated with contractile dysfunction and myocardial morphological damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Some researchers demonstrated that calorie restriction promoted ultrastructural injuries to cardiac myofibrils and changes in intracellular calcium handling; these responses were related to &#946;-adrenergic system disorders and myocardial contractile dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Other morphological changes included ventricular chamber dilation, cardiomyocyte necrosis, interstitial fibrosis and mitochondrial swelling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, intermittent fasting (IF) intervention, a model of calorie restriction, was associated with few morphological changes and did not promote myocardial dysfunction after a period of 12 weeks compared to 50% calorie restriction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this dietary approach, food is available ad <italic>libitum</italic> at intervals alternating with fasting periods, each lasting 12 to 24 hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, the effects of IF on the heart remain unknown. At the molecular level, the association of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), important mediators of cardiac remodeling,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> has not been studied in calorie restriction models. MAPKs include three main subtypes, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase (p38K), which regulate the gene transcription of several messengers involved in survival, apoptosis, cell differentiation and cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regular exercise training is widely used as a procedure of health promotion and prevention of different cardiovascular conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, different experimental studies have reported controversial results, showing that exercise training intervention did not affect or even reduced myocardial performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Moreover, potential effects of treadmill training on cardiac remodeling in IF models have yet to be clarified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of IF and exercise training on functional fitness and morphological and molecular parameters of myocardial remodeling. Our initial hypothesis is that exercise training increases functional fitness and attenuates myocardial remodeling induced by IF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (CEUA/UFMS; Protocol 615/2014), and was in accordance with the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Animal Experimentation (COBEA).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals and Experimental Design</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats ( <italic>Rattus norvegicus albinus</italic> ; n=60), aged 30, obtained from the Animal Center of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande/MS, Brazil, were used. The sample size was based on a previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and considered the probability of exercise refusal and/or escape instinct during the test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The animals were randomly divided into four groups: control, intermittent fasting (IF), exercise training (ET) and exercise training plus intermittent fasting (ETI). The control and ET groups were fed daily ( <italic>ad libitum</italic> ) a standard commercial diet (Nuvilab&#174;, Brazil), while IF and ETI received a similar dietary intervention every other day (intermittent fasting).</p>
          <p>Besides nutritional support, animals of the ET and ETI groups were also submitted to a treadmill running protocol ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), according to previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Five weekly exercise sessions of physical exercise were held and the experimental period lasted 12 weeks. The animals were kept in cages with two to three experimental units per box at an ambient temperature of 22&#177;2 &#186;C, humidity of 55&#177;5%, 12-hour light/dark cycle and free access to water.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Description of the treadmill exercise protocol</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Period</th>
                    <th>Speed (m/min)</th>
                    <th>Duration (min)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Week 1&#8211;3</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">40&#8211;60</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Week 4&#8211;6</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Week 7&#8211;9</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Week 10&#8211;12</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">15&#8211;25</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of Functional Fitness</title>
          <p>Functional fitness was analyzed at the end of the experiment using a multistage incremental test, according to previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The test was started with a 5-minute warm-up at a speed of 5 m/min. After an interval of 1 min, each animal was submitted to progressive effort at an initial speed of 6 m/min, followed by increments of 3 m/min, lasting 3 min. The protocol was interrupted when the animal had reached exhaustion or when coordination between steps was difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For the evaluation of lactate levels, 25 &#181;l of blood was collected from the animal&#8217;s tail at rest and after each exercise stage. The blood samples were immediately transferred to Eppendorf tubes containing 50 &#181;l of 1% sodium fluoride (NaF), refrigerated, and stored in a freezer (-20 &#176;C) until the time of analysis. Lactate was measured in an YSI 150 Sport electrochemical analyzer (Yellow Springs Instruments&#174;, Ohio, USA), with standard error of the measurement of &#177; 2%.</p>
          <p>The results are reported in mmol/L. The anaerobic lactate threshold (LT) was determined by graphically plotting lactate concentrations during the test. The LT was determined from the time of linearity breaking as a function of load increase, obtained by visual inspection. Functional capacity was assessed by the speed at the lactate threshold (SLT), distance covered and blood lactate concentration at the lactate threshold (LacLT) and at exhaustion (LacE), determined during the exercise test. In addition, for a more detailed analysis of lactate kinetics, the relative variation (%) in lactate levels was also obtained from the LacLT and LacE values.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metabolic Characterization</title>
          <p>For analysis of glycemia, the animals were fasted for 8&#8211;12 hours and blood samples were collected from the caudal artery to measure glucose at baseline. Next, a 20% glucose solution (Glucose Monohydrate, Merck, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) was administered intraperitoneally at a dosage of 2 g/kg. Blood glucose levels were then evaluated after 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Glucose was measured with an Accu-Chek Go glucose meter (Roche Diagnostic Brazil Ltda., S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nutritional Characterization</title>
          <p>Nutritional characterization consisted of the measurement of food intake, calorie intake, and feed efficiency. Food intake was measured daily and calorie intake was calculated from food intake &#215; energy density of the diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Body weight (BW) was measured once a week using a digital scale. BW gain was obtained as the difference between initial and final BW. To analyze the ability to convert ingested energy into BW, feed efficiency was calculated as the ratio between total BW variation (g) and total calorie intake (kcal).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>After the experimental period, the animals were fasted for 8 hours and anesthetized by intraperitoneal administration of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg; Dopalen&#174;, Sespo Ind&#250;stria e Com&#233;rcio Ltda &#8212; Vetbrands Division, Jacare&#237;/SP, Brazil) and xylazine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg; Anasedan&#174;, Sespo Ind&#250;stria e Com&#233;rcio Ltda &#8212; Vetbrands Division, Jacare&#237;/SP, Brazil). After euthanasia by decapitation, thoracotomy and median laparotomy were performed in order to remove heart and white adipose tissue from the retroperitoneal and epididymal compartments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The sum of the two adipose sites in absolute and relative values was considered for the determination of body adiposity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characterization of Cardiac Morphology</title>
          <p>To assess macroscopic morphology, the atrial and left and right ventricular weights were measured in absolute values and compared to BW and tibia length. Samples of the left ventricle were obtained through a transverse incision 6 mm from the apex. The myocardial fragments were immersed in 10% buffered formaldehyde for 48 hours. Each tissue specimen was then rinsed under running water and stored in 70% ethanol solution for more 48 hours. After the fixation step, the specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks. Histological slides were prepared from 4&#8211;7 &#181;m thick tissue cross-sections and stained with hematoxylin/eosin and picrosirius red. For the morphometric analysis of cardiomyocytes, the cardiomyocyte area and the myocardial interstitial collagen fraction were measured as described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Hematoxylin/eosin-stained slides were used for the measurement of cardiomyocyte area. At least 100 cardiomyocytes were sampled per animal. Picrosirius red-stained slides were used to determine interstitial collagen fraction. Once the image field was fixed, components of the cardiac tissue were identified according to the highlighted color. Collagen filaments appeared red, while cardiomyocytes appeared yellow. The interstitial collagen fraction corresponds to the percentage of collagen content throughout the tissue specimen. A minimum of 20 fields were used and perivascular regions were disregarded.</p>
          <p>For myocardial morphometry, the histological sections were analyzed at a 40-fold magnification with a microscope (LEICA DM LS) coupled to a digital video camera on an IBM microcomputer, equipped with the image analyzer program Image Pro-plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of MAPK Expression</title>
          <p>MAPK protein expression levels were determined using Western blot procedures and specific primary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., CA, USA): p-JNK (sc-6254), total JNK1/2 (sc -137019), p-ERK1/2 (sc-16982), total ERK 1 (sc-93). The protein levels obtained were normalized to the expression of GAPDH (6C5, sc-32233). The sample preparation methods and electrophoresis conditions have been described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The Sigma-Stat software was used for data analysis. Firstly, the results were subjected to normality analysis by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Since the variables had a parametric distribution, measures are presented as mean and standard-deviation and were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA), complemented by the Student-Newman-Keuls comparison test. The cross-sectional area results of cardiomyocytes were divided into categories according to the measurement range using Sturges formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Absolute and relative proportions were analyzed using the Goodman multiple proportions test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The results of the functional fitness exercise on a treadmill [total distance (m) and final speed (m/min)] are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> . Exercise groups ET and ETI achieved greater total distance and final speed than control and IF animals. Intermittent fasting did not affect functional fitness (p&gt;0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1A and 1B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Functional fitness measurements expressed as mean &#177; standard error; (A) distance covered; (B) final speed; Control: sedentary rats receiving the control diet ad libitum; IF: sedentary rats undergoing intermittent fasting; ET: rats exercising and receiving the control diet ad libitum; ETI: rats exercising while intermittent fasting. * p&lt;0.05 vs. control; &#8224; p&lt;0.05 vs. IF (two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0184-90349-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding results of lactate measurements, exercise training exerted a statistically significant effect (p=0.04) on LacE (control and IF: 8.16&#177;0.94; ET and ETI: 5.34&#177;0.88 mmol&#215;L<sup>-1</sup>), without the occurrence of factor interaction. The LT was similar among groups (control: 2.51&#177;1.18; IF: 3.90 &#177; 0.64; ET: 2.70&#177;0.23; ETI: 3.04&#177;1.33 mmol&#215;L<sup>-1</sup>). The variation in lactate levels between the inflection point and the end of the test was greater (p=0.04) in the sedentary groups (control and IF: 156&#177;19; ET and ETI: 98&#177;18%).</p>
        <p>The areas under the glucose tolerance curve are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> . Considering the individual effect of dietary intervention ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> ), intermittent fasting was associated with smaller areas of glycemic response. There were no significant differences in the individual effect of exercise training ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C</xref> ). On the other hand, ETI animals showed a smaller area under the glucose curve than ET ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ). No differences were found for the other statistical comparisons.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Area under the glucose tolerance curve (AUC), according to condition and dietary intervention. (A) Individual effect of intermittent fasting; CT: groups submitted to control diet; IF: groups submitted intermittent fasting; *p&lt;0.05 vs. CT. (B) Combined effect. Control: sedentary rats receiving the control diet ad libitum; IF: sedentary rats undergoing intermittent fasting; ET: rats exercising and receiving the control diet ad libitum; ETI: rats exercising while intermittent fasting; &#8224; p&lt;0.05 vs. ET. (C) Individual effect of physical exercise training. SD: sedentary groups; ET: exercised groups Two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0184-90349-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>With respect to nutritional variables, food consumption and caloric intake were lower in the IF and ETI groups compared to the respective controls. As individual factors, intermittent fasting and exercise training were associated with reduced energy efficiency and lower BW gain. Although BW gain was lower in the IF group compared to control, adiposity levels were similar between the groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Nutritional characteristics and cardiac morphology</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Group</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Factor (p-value)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Control n=15</th>
                  <th>IF n=15</th>
                  <th>ET n=15</th>
                  <th>ETI n=15</th>
                  <th>Diet</th>
                  <th>Exercise</th>
                  <th>Interaction</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">
                    <bold>Nutritional variables</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FC (g/day)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23.30 &#177; 0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">17.64 &#177; 1.00 *</td>
                  <td align="center">22.88 &#177; 0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">17.88 &#177; 0.77 &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.682</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CI (kcal/day)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">84.81 &#177; 3.20</td>
                  <td align="center">64.20 &#177; 3.63 *</td>
                  <td align="center">83.23 &#177; 2.38</td>
                  <td align="center">65.10 &#177; 2.80 &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.665</td>
                  <td align="center">0.121</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TCI (kcal/day)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7124 &#177; 269</td>
                  <td align="center">5393 &#177; 305 *</td>
                  <td align="center">6980 &#177; 192</td>
                  <td align="center">5468 &#177; 236 &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.602</td>
                  <td align="center">0.100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FE (kcal/g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.023 &#177; 0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019 &#177; 0.004 *</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020 &#177; 0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017 &#177; 0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050</td>
                  <td align="center">0.581</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BW (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">395 &#177; 46</td>
                  <td align="center">344 &#177; 37 *</td>
                  <td align="center">374 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">349 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.400</td>
                  <td align="center">0.202</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BWV (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">71.0 &#177; 17.8</td>
                  <td align="center">42.8 &#177; 12.0 *</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5 &#177; 15.2</td>
                  <td align="center">37.4 &#177; 13.6 &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  <td align="center">0.498</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Adiposity (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.11 &#177; 0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">1.91 &#177; 0.77</td>
                  <td align="center">1.89 &#177; 0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">1.89 &#177; 0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.584</td>
                  <td align="center">0.508</td>
                  <td align="center">0.578</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="10">
                    <bold>Morphological variables</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AW (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.059 &#177; 0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">0.052 &#177; 0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066 &#177; 0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">0.055 &#177; 0.015 &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                  <td align="center">0.422</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVW (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.134 &#177; 0.017</td>
                  <td align="center">0.118 &#177; 0.034</td>
                  <td align="center">0.145 &#177; 0.040</td>
                  <td align="center">0.130 &#177; 0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  <td align="center">0.950</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVW (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.482 &#177; 0.066</td>
                  <td align="center">0.404 &#177; 0.041 *</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469 &#177; 0.060</td>
                  <td align="center">0.436 &#177; 0.059</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.509</td>
                  <td align="center">0.138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AW/BW (mg/g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.152 &#177; 0.030</td>
                  <td align="center">0.152 &#177; 0.026</td>
                  <td align="center">0.177 &#177; 0.036</td>
                  <td align="center">0.155 &#177; 0.048</td>
                  <td align="center">0.247</td>
                  <td align="center">0.136</td>
                  <td align="center">0.227</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVW/BW (mg/g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.345 &#177; 0.033</td>
                  <td align="center">0.346 &#177; 0.101</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380 &#177; 0.076</td>
                  <td align="center">0.368 &#177; 0.063</td>
                  <td align="center">0.774</td>
                  <td align="center">0.135</td>
                  <td align="center">0.737</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVW/BW (mg/g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.202</td>
                  <td align="center">0.437</td>
                  <td align="center">0.457</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AW/tibia (g/cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.015 &#177; 0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013 &#177; 0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017 &#177; 0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014 &#177; 0.004 &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  <td align="center">0.227</td>
                  <td align="center">0.328</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVW/tibia (g/cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.034 &#177; 0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030 &#177; 0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036 &#177; 0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032 &#177; 0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.065</td>
                  <td align="center">0.246</td>
                  <td align="center">0.982</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVW/tibia (g/cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.121 &#177; 0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.104 &#177; 0.009 *</td>
                  <td align="center">0.117 &#177; 0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.109 &#177; 0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.892</td>
                  <td align="center">0.170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart weight (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.674 &#177; 0.083</td>
                  <td align="center">0.574 &#177; 0.063 *</td>
                  <td align="center">0.680 &#177; 0.086</td>
                  <td align="center">0.621 &#177; 0.058 &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.172</td>
                  <td align="center">0.292</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>FC: daily food consumption; CI; daily calorie intake; TCI: total calorie intake; FE: feed efficiency; BW: body weight; BWV: body weight variation; AW: atrial weight; RVW: right ventricle weight; LVW: left ventricle weight; AW/BW: atrial-body weight ratio; RVW/BW: right ventricle-body weight ratio; LVW/BW: left ventricle-body weight ratio; AW/tibia: atrial weight-tibia length ratio; RVW/tibia: right ventricle weight-tibia length ratio; LVW/Tibia: left ventricle weight-tibia length ratio; * p&lt;0.05 vs. Control; &#8225; p&lt;0.05 vs. ET (two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Analysis of cardiac morphology results showed that intermittent fasting <italic>per se</italic> was associated not only with lower atrial weight (0.063&#177;0.002 vs. 0.053&#177;0.002 g; p=0.006), but also with reduced left ventricle weight, in absolute terms (0.475&#177;0.011 vs 0.420&#177;0.011 mg; p&lt;0.001) and compared to the tibia length. In addition, intermittent fasting reduced heart weight (0.677&#177;0.013 vs. 0.597&#177;0.013 g; p&lt;0.001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Descriptive measurements of myocardial morphometry are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> . The combination of intermittent fasting and exercise training resulted in a significantly smaller cellular area in the ETI group compared to the ET and IF groups (control: 248&#177;46; IF: 255&#177;21; PE: 260&#177;30; PIF: 225&#177;26 &#956;m<sup>2</sup>). Considering the frequency distribution of cardiomyocytes, most results were classified within the first two classes, delimited to 327.5 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>. However, the ETI group showed a higher proportion of fibers in the 1<sup>st</sup>class of values (up to 190.1 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) compared to the other groups (p&lt;0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>(A) Cross-sectional area of the cardiomyocytes (CSA); &#8224; p&lt;0.05 versus IF; &#8225; p&lt;0.05 vs. ET. Two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. (B) Frequency distribution of cardiomyocytes according to CSA class. Classes: I (52.7&#9508;190.1 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>), II (190.1&#9508;327.6 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>), III (327.6&#9508;465.0 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>), IV (465.0&#9508;602.4 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) and V (602.4&#9508;739.9 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>); * p&lt;0.05 vs. Control; &#8224; p&lt;0.05 vs. IF; &#8225; p&lt;0.05 vs. ET. Goodman test for contrasts within and between multinomial populations. Control, sedentary rats receiving the control diet ad libitum; IF: sedentary rats undergoing intermittent fasting; ET: rats exercising and receiving the control diet ad libitum; ETI: rats exercising while intermittent fasting.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0184-90349-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A statistically significant interaction between intermittent fasting and exercise training was obtained in the interstitial collagen fraction analysis (p=0.01). The fraction of interstitial collagen was greater in the ET group compared to control (control: 5.32&#177;1.02; IF: 5.25&#177;0.66; ET: 7.31&#177;2.94; ETI: 4.43&#177;0.79%), while ETI exhibited a lower concentration of interstitial collagen than ET ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A-B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>(A) Myocardial cross-sections stained with picrosirius red according to group. Control (C), sedentary rats receiving the control diet ad libitum; IF, sedentary rats undergoing intermittent fasting; ET: rats exercising and receiving the control diet ad libitum; ETI: rats exercising while intermittent fasting. (B) Interstitial collagen fraction (ICF); * p&lt;0.05 vs. Control; &#8225; p&lt;0.05 vs. ET. Two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0184-90349-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Tables 3</xref> shows the myocardial expression levels of MAPK-ERK and JNK. No differences were found in the expression of MAPK proteins between the groups (p&gt;0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Protein levels of MAPK isoforms in myocardial tissue</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Protein</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Group</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Control n=6</th>
                  <th>IF n=6</th>
                  <th>ET n=6</th>
                  <th>ETI n=6</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>p-ERK/ERK</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 1.59</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.48</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p-ERK/GAPDH</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86 &#177; 0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ERK/GAPDH</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p-JNK/JNK</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 &#177; 0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p-JNK/GAPDH</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>JNK/GAPDH</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.46</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.42</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.31</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.32</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Two-Way ANOVA (p&gt;0.05).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Restrictive dietary interventions are commonly used to reduce susceptibility to chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, intermittent fasting was associated with higher food and energy intake on the days the diet was offered, as well as with lower total caloric intake and lower BW measurements. Higher food intake due to intermittent fasting can be explained by changes in satiety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The hypothalamus is an important regulator of body homeostasis and promotes several adjustments, including satiety induction. Changes in the lateral hypothalamus result in aphagia (starvation), whereas alterations in the medial hypothalamus are associated with hyperphagia (increased appetite). As observed here, other studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> have shown that intermittent fasting increases food intake during feeding days. Likewise, Dorighello et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> demonstrated that intermittent restriction reduced total calorie intake, in agreement with our findings. The period of exercise training did not affect food or calorie intake in the ETI group. Buthani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> in a study on humans, showed that trained volunteers, even with increased hunger, did not exhibit a significant increase in food intake.</p>
        <p>According to our initial hypothesis, exercise training on a treadmill attenuates metabolic disorders and cardiac remodeling induced by intermittent fasting. In addition to reducing energy efficiency, intermittent fasting modified glucose tolerance, which may be associated with better insulin sensitivity. The fact that insulin promotes lipogenic effects in the adipose tissue<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> may explain why the groups undergoing intermittent fasting did not show significant differences in body adiposity compared to the respective controls ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). Insulin release increases in the presence of greater nutrient availability, such as during the postprandial period. Improvement in insulin sensitivity by adopting an intermittent fasting regime was also found in a recent study on mice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, the combination of intermittent fasting and exercise training reduced body adiposity in the ETI group. Exercise training promotes cardiorespiratory, neural and hormonal adaptations and adjustments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Within the endocrine context, hormone secretion is also altered by exercise. In the study by Evans et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> aerobic exercise for 12 months improved insulin sensitivity, with a 19.4% decrease in the area under the oral glucose tolerance curve in older adults. Therefore, the interaction between intermittent fasting and exercise training may have potentiated hormonal effects of insulin metabolism, as supported by the findings obtained for the ET and ETI groups.</p>
        <p>Despite glycemic effects, intermittent fasting did not alter functional fitness. Lactate measurement is one of the parameters most used to estimate aerobic capacity and has been effective to describe functional fitness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The lactate threshold can be defined as the exercise intensity at which the blood lactate concentration suddenly increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In this respect, the running protocol improved functional fitness in the ET and ETI groups, which was supported by lower final lactate values (LacE), less variation in lactate levels and higher speed and distance covered during the final test. Therefore, exercise training was associated with improved aerobic fitness, as previously demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding cardiovascular features, exercise training promoted myocardial interstitial remodeling. Intriguingly, intermittent fasting attenuated these exercise-induced effects, as demonstrated by lower values of tissue macro- and microscopic morphometry in the ETI group. Multiple factors stimulate myocardial remodeling, such as nutritional disorders, angiotensin, aldosterone, endothelin, inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Morphological and functional changes occur in response to prolonged exercise training in order to improve cardiac performance, including the blood volume pumped and oxygen supply to peripheral muscles recruited during exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> These adaptive alterations induced by exercise training include left ventricular hypertrophy to compensate for hemodynamic demand and interstitial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Within this context, increased interstitial collagen found in the ETI group may be an indicator of the physiological ventricular remodeling process, although no myocardial hypertrophy was observed. Indeed, some factors can restrict the accuracy of microscopic morphometry, such as tissue sectioning angle and the heterogeneous contractile state of cardiac fibers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> These factors may have contributed to the lack of detection of cardiac hypertrophy induced by exercise training.</p>
        <p>Intermittent fasting resulted in lower values of macro and microscopic morphology, which were not associated with changes of MAPK protein expression. The phenotypic changes induced by these peptides involve protein synthesis and cell growth, triggering hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, which may be associated with myocardial remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In addition, MAPK activation is also subordinated to the action of multiple growth factors, such as growth hormone and insulin,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> whose secretion is regulated by nutritional behavior. However, it was not possible to verify association between intermittent fasting and changes in MAPK protein expression. In a previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> intermittent fasting attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular dilation in infarcted rats, although it did not alter the gene expression of fetal peptides.</p>
        <p>The present findings provide evidence of cardiac remodeling induced by exercise training, which was attenuated by intermittent fasting. However, it is not possible to confirm whether the potential effect of dietary restriction is able to reverse pathological processes, such as arterial hypertension and acute myocardial infarction. Likewise, the impact of other experimental models, such as 25 and 50% calorie restriction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> should be further investigated in future studies because they add limitations to the clinical outcomes of the present investigation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The combination of intermittent fasting and exercise training intervention is associated with improved glucose tolerance. Exercise training alone promotes myocardial interstitial remodeling, which is attenuated by intermittent fasting.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is related to the thesis of master submitted by Priscilla Gois Bas&#237;lio, from Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Financial code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT), and Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
