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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WGqvnyMQ7LShPbY4j9mHsvL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000900172</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200540</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200540</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesidade, Sobrepeso, Adiposidade Corporal e Risco Cardiovascular em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; Av. Universit&#225;ria Hospital Das Cl&#237;nicas. CEP 74605-220, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>sebbabarroso@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>172</fpage>
      <lpage>173</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A obesidade e o sobrepeso s&#227;o considerados um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica global e que contribuem fortemente para v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT), dentre elas a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> (DM), doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e c&#226;ncer. S&#227;o estimados mais de 1.9 bilh&#245;es de adultos com sobrepeso, o que representa 39% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, e 13% de adultos obesos. A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de estimou, para 2019, mais de 38 milh&#245;es de crian&#231;as abaixo dos cinco anos com sobrepeso ou obesidade. A obesidade na inf&#226;ncia est&#225; associada a maior chance de morte prematura, aumento do risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial, DM e c&#226;ncer. Al&#233;m disso, crian&#231;as obesas apresentam marcadores precoces de DCV, aumento do risco de fraturas, dificuldades respirat&#243;rias e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A obesidade, como fator de risco independente para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> est&#225; relacionada com a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de apolipoprote&#237;nas B (ApoB) e consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A presen&#231;a de obesidade e dislipidemias durante a inf&#226;ncia reflete o desenvolvimento de morbidades cardiovasculares na idade adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O excesso de adiposidade corporal est&#225; relacionado com a presen&#231;a de dislipidemia, identificada a partir do aumento dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total s&#233;rico e lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa e alta densidade. Ainda, entendendo que a dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica podem ter o seu in&#237;cio na inf&#226;ncia e podem estar acompanhadas da obesidade, elas deve ser analisadas como fatores de risco associados &#224; presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria (DAC) na fase adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de ApoB e baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de ApoA1 t&#234;m sido identificadas como marcadores bioqu&#237;micos para aterosclerose mesmo em idades mais precoces,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> estando associadas com circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, adiposidade e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As apolipoprote&#237;nas A1 e B s&#227;o prote&#237;nas essenciais para o metabolismo das part&#237;culas de lipoprote&#237;nas e seus n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos s&#227;o reconhecidos como preditores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos pode auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o do aumento do risco e ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o precoce. T&#234;m, portanto, a capacidade de adicionar informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que v&#227;o al&#233;m daquelas obtidas pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do LDL e HDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em adultos, as altas taxas de ApoB est&#227;o associadas fortemente com a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e obesidade e s&#227;o melhores preditoras de risco cardiovascular que as medidas tradicionais de lip&#237;deos sangu&#237;neos. Na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem, o perfil lip&#237;dico convencional n&#227;o &#233; um bom preditor de DAC na idade adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica &#8220;Adiposidade corporal e apolipoprote&#237;nas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes: metan&#225;lise de estudos prospectivos&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> a ApoB foi registrada como um marcador cardiometab&#243;lico associado com a massa corporal entre adolescentes e crian&#231;as, indicando altera&#231;&#227;o no perfil das apolipoprote&#237;nas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A relev&#226;ncia desse estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> pode ser destacada n&#227;o s&#243; pelo achado cl&#237;nico, definindo rela&#231;&#245;es entre morbidades e biomarcadores, mas tamb&#233;m pelo fato de ter sido direcionado para a popula&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Os resultados sensibilizam para a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento coletivo para problemas de magnitude global como a obesidade e as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>A inclus&#227;o das apolipoprote&#237;nas na avalia&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico, como biomarcadores sens&#237;veis para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, pode ser &#250;til como estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento e detec&#231;&#227;o precoce, al&#233;m da constru&#231;&#227;o de indicadores para a vigil&#226;ncia da sa&#250;de nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Adiposidade Corporal e Apolipoprote&#237;nas em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes: Metan&#225;lise de Estudos Prospectivos</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesity, Overweight, Body Adiposity and Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address:Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; Av. Universit&#225;ria Hospital Das Cl&#237;nicas. Postal Code 74605-220, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: sebbabarroso@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Synrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Obesity and overweight are considered a global public health problem and contribute strongly to several chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer. More than 1.9 billion overweight adults are estimated, representing 39% of the world population, and 13% of obese adults. The World Health Organization estimated, for 2019, more than 38 million overweight or obese children under the age of five. Childhood obesity is associated with higher chances of premature death, increased risk of high blood pressure, DM and cancer. Besides, obese children have early CVD markers, increased risk of fractures, breathing difficulties and insulin resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Obesity, as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> is related to increased levels of apolipoproteins B (ApoB) and consequent endothelial dysfunction. The presence of obesity and dyslipidemia during childhood reflects the development of cardiovascular morbidities in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Excess of body adiposity is related to the presence of dyslipidemia, identified from the increase in the levels of total serum cholesterol and low and high-density lipoproteins. Also, assuming that atherogenic dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic disease can start in childhood and be accompanied by obesity, they must be analyzed as risk factors associated with the presence of coronary heart disease (CAD) in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>High concentrations of ApoB and low concentrations of ApoA1 have been identified as biochemical markers for atherosclerosis even at earlier ages,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> being associated with waist circumference, adiposity and family history of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apolipoproteins A1 and B are essential proteins for the metabolism of lipoprotein particles and their serum levels are recognized as risk predictors for atherosclerotic disease. Evaluation of plasma levels can help to identify increased risk and to adopt early intervention strategies. Therefore, they can add clinical information that goes beyond that obtained by the evaluation of LDL and HDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In adults, high rates of ApoB are strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity and are better predictors of cardiovascular risk than traditional blood lipid measurements. In the young population, the conventional lipid profile is not a good predictor of CAD in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the systematic review &#8220;Body adiposity and apolipoproteins in children and adolescents: meta-analysis of prospective studies&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ApoB was recorded as a cardiometabolic marker associated with body mass among adolescents and children, indicating changes in the profile of apolipoproteins in this population.</p>
      <p>The relevance of this study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> is due not only to the clinical finding, defining relationships between morbidities and biomarkers, but also to the fact that it was aimed at a population of children and adolescents. The findings raise awareness of the need for strategies for collective coping of problems of global magnitude, such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>The inclusion of apolipoproteins in the standard evaluation of the lipid profile, such as sensitive biomarkers for risk identification, can be useful as a screening and early detection strategy, in addition to the development of indicators for health monitoring in this population.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial: Body Adiposity and Apolipoproteins in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
