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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Kczjx33Tbcq9j5Rj9tpDVBB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000900163</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190331</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190331</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adiposidade Corporal e Apolipoprote&#237;nas em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes: Metan&#225;lise de Estudos Prospectivos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9033-5151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela dos Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Ribas de Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucivalda Pereira Magalh&#227;es de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Valterlinda Alves de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9644-7194</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Carla de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Emile Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marl&#250;cia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia,Salvador, BA - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriela dos Santos de Jesus &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rua Ara&#250;jo Pinho, Canela, n&#186; 32. CEP 40110-150, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gabriela.nutsantos@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jesus GS, Costa PRF, Oliveira LPM, Queiroz VAO, Cunha CM, Pereira EM, Oliveira, AM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jesus GS, Oliveira LPM, Queiroz VAO, Cunha CM, Pereira EM, Oliveira, AM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jesus GS, Costa PRF, Pereira EM, Oliveira, AM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Jesus GS, Costa PRF, Oliveira, AM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Jesus GS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jesus GS, Costa PRF, Oliveira LPM, Queiroz VAO, Cunha CM, Oliveira, AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>163</fpage>
      <lpage>171</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Excesso de adiposidade corporal e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o problemas mundiais com crescente preval&#234;ncia em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, sendo necess&#225;rio investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o destes, afim de construir estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar influ&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de apolipoprote&#237;nas B e A1 (ApoB e ApoA1) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Busca sistem&#225;tica nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science, Ovid e Science Direct de coortes consideradas eleg&#237;veis, avaliando-se qualidade metodol&#243;gica e risco de vi&#233;s; estudos combin&#225;veis, com boa qualidade e baixo risco de vi&#233;s foram analisados com metan&#225;lise; a medida sum&#225;ria utilizada foi a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia ponderada e seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> 8 artigos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, incluindo indiv&#237;duos com m&#233;dia de idade variando de 9 a 15,7 anos. Para a metan&#225;lise, inclu&#237;ram-se 4 artigos, com total de 7.974 crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Observou-se aumento m&#233;dio de 4,94 mg/dL (IC 95%: 4,22 a 5,67 mg/dL) nos n&#237;veis de ApoB naqueles com excesso de adiposidade. Para a ApoA1, identificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de -8,13 mg/dL (IC 95%: - 9,09 a -7,17 mg/dL) nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos desse marcador em indiv&#237;duos com maior adiposidade corporal. Al&#233;m disso, a influ&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal sobre os n&#237;veis de ApoA1 e ApoB foi maior entre adolescentes do que entre crian&#231;as.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O excesso de adiposidade corporal influenciou tanto na redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de ApoA1 quanto no aumento dos n&#237;veis de ApoB em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, e tais altera&#231;&#245;es foram mais relevantes entre adolescentes.(Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia crescente de excesso de adiposidade corporal em crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Segundo um editorial da revista The Lancet,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos t&#234;m maior risco de desenvolver doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT) na vida adulta, como obesidade, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, diabetes tipo 2, acidente vascular cerebral; al&#233;m de problemas sociais e psicol&#243;gicos, como falta de autoestima e estigmatiza&#231;&#227;o. Assim, esfor&#231;os para o enfrentamento da elevada ocorr&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal se justificam pela rela&#231;&#227;o com desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), uma das DCNT respons&#225;veis pela alta carga de morbidade em todo o mundo. Os fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de DCV s&#227;o nomeados fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> sendo eles excesso de adiposidade, glicemia alta, altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas (colesterol LDL e triglicer&#237;deos altos, colesterol HDL baixo), press&#227;o arterial elevada, tabagismo e inatividade f&#237;sica.</p>
      <p>O excesso de adip&#243;citos estimula c&#233;lulas, citocinas e prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias a produzirem outras c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, interleucina 6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa, que provocam inflama&#231;&#227;o e promovem disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Al&#233;m desta via, h&#225; a&#231;&#227;o das Apolipoprote&#237;nas B (ApoB), que se aderem &#224;s c&#233;lulas endoteliais, favorecendo maior express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o ao endot&#233;lio, e tais efeitos t&#234;m resposta sobre forma&#231;&#227;o de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e outros eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias indicam que o excesso de adiposidade se correlaciona fortemente com dist&#250;rbio lip&#237;dicas, como eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ApoB e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de apolipoprote&#237;na A1 (ApoA1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Apesar destas evid&#234;ncias bem estabelecidas em adultos, ainda &#233; incipiente tal conhecimento quanto a crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar estudos longitudinais que avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ApoB e ApoA1 em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e Sele&#231;&#227;o dos Artigos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise, realizado segundo as diretrizes do <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gias de Pesquisa e Crit&#233;rios de Elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Dois investigadores independentes identificaram os artigos nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science, Ovid e Science Direct no per&#237;odo de 16 de dezembro de 2016 a 20 de julho de 2017 utilizando descritores segundo o proposto no Medical Subject Headings (MESH): exposi&#231;&#227;o (adiposidade corporal e termos correlatos: &#8220;obesity&#8221; OR &#8220;overweight&#8221; OR &#8220;Abdominal obesity&#8221; OR &#8220;Central obesity&#8221; OR &#8220;Waist circumference&#8221;), e o desfecho (n&#237;veis de apoB e ApoA1 e termos correlatos: Apolipoprotein OR ApoB OR &#8220;Apo B&#8221; OR &#8220;Apoprotein B&#8221;; ApoA OR &#8220;Apo A&#8221; OR &#8220;Apoprotein A&#8221;). Os descritores foram combinados com operadores booleanos &#8220;or&#8221; e &#8220;and&#8221; em todas as bases de dados. A defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia de busca considerou a quest&#227;o da investiga&#231;&#227;o, estruturada pelo acr&#244;nimo Popula&#231;&#227;o, Exposi&#231;&#227;o, Compara&#231;&#227;o e &#8220;Outcome/Desfecho&#8221; (PECO). Somente os termos para os componentes Exposi&#231;&#227;o (E) e Desfecho (O) foram definidos, com a finalidade de evitar especificidade indesejada, restringindo a sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para a inclus&#227;o do artigo no estudo foram: estudos originais conduzidos em humanos, com delineamento observacional prospectivo que envolvessem crian&#231;as e adolescentes com idades entre 5 e 19 anos e que analisassem a rela&#231;&#227;o entre adiposidade e n&#237;veis de ApoB e ApoA1.</p>
        <p>Os estudos deveriam fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho, com ado&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia como medida de ocorr&#234;ncia e seu respectivo desvio-padr&#227;o. N&#227;o foram estabelecidas restri&#231;&#245;es quanto ao ano, local e idioma de publica&#231;&#227;o. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foi realizada com base nas informa&#231;&#245;es contidas no t&#237;tulo e no resumo, adotando-se os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade dispon&#237;veis em ficha padronizada. Artigos duplicados foram removidos manualmente. Na etapa seguinte, os artigos remanescentes foram lidos na &#237;ntegra.</p>
        <p>Em caso de discord&#226;ncias, um terceiro revisor foi chamado para reuni&#227;o de consenso. Houve busca manual nas listas de refer&#234;ncias dos artigos selecionados com o intuito de identificar poss&#237;veis estudos n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na busca eletr&#244;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos artigos conduzidos com gestantes, lactantes, indiv&#237;duos com DCV, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial e que tivessem se submetido a cirurgia bari&#225;trica. A literatura cinzenta &#8212; definida principalmente como resumos de congressos e confer&#234;ncias e <italic>reports</italic> acad&#234;micos, governamentais e da ind&#250;stria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> &#8212; foi inclu&#237;da apenas pela busca no Ovid. Os autores dos artigos que n&#227;o informaram a m&#233;dia das concentra&#231;&#245;es de ApoB e ApoA1 s&#233;rica e o desvio-padr&#227;o de acordo com a adiposidade foram contatados via endere&#231;o eletr&#244;nico e, n&#227;o havendo resposta, foram mantidos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e exclu&#237;dos da metan&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de Dados</title>
        <p>Dois revisores independentes leram todos os artigos eleg&#237;veis na &#237;ntegra e registraram em planilha padronizada aqueles que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios, levando em conta sobrenome do primeiro autor, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, tamanho da amostra, m&#233;dia de idade dos participantes, sexo e medida de adiposidade corporal, dados sobre condi&#231;&#227;o de presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de excesso de adiposidade ao final do seguimento, m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o de ApoB e ApoA1 s&#233;ricas dos participantes com e sem excesso de adiposidade ao final do seguimento da coorte.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco de Vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>Dois revisores independentes avaliaram o risco de vi&#233;s de acordo com a ferramenta <italic>Research Triangle Institute Item Bank</italic> (RTI &#8211; Item bank).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Essa ferramenta se organiza em 29 itens, destinados a avalia&#231;&#227;o de vi&#233;s em estudos observacionais, dos quais seis deles foram aplicados neste estudo: Q1 &#8211; desenho do estudo; Q2 &#8211; crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o expl&#237;citos; Q3 &#8211; crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o com medidas v&#225;lidas e confi&#225;veis; Q5 &#8211; igualdade da estrat&#233;gia para o recrutamento; Q6 &#8211; tamanho da amostra; Q7 &#8211; n&#237;vel de detalhe na descri&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o; e Q14 &#8211; exposi&#231;&#245;es avaliadas usando medidas v&#225;lidas e confi&#225;veis. Para todas as quest&#245;es, foram consideradas as respostas 1) sim, 2) n&#227;o ou 3) n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel. Considerou-se alto risco de vi&#233;s quando o estudo teve dois ou mais pontos negativos ou n&#227;o aplic&#225;veis; e baixo risco de vi&#233;s quando apresentou menos de dois pontos negativos ou n&#227;o aplic&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Qualidade Metodol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica foi avaliada pelos crit&#233;rios propostos na escala <italic>Newcastle-Ottawa</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que consta de tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios: 1. Sele&#231;&#227;o: neste dom&#237;nio, &#233; identificada a representatividade da amostra, determina&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o (artigo pode ser pontuado com at&#233; quatro estrelas); 2. Comparabilidade entre os grupos: artigo pode ser pontuado com at&#233; duas estrelas; 3. Desfecho: an&#225;lise dos desfechos, comprova&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o das perdas e adequa&#231;&#227;o do tempo do seguimento (artigo pode ser pontuado com at&#233; tr&#234;s estrelas), totalizando nove estrelas. Para este trabalho, foi adotado m&#237;nimo de seis estrelas para classificar um artigo com boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da metan&#225;lise, foram inclu&#237;dos quatro estudos. Segundo Higgins &amp; Green,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> a metan&#225;lise pode ser realizada a partir da combina&#231;&#227;o de dois ou mais estudos diferentes. Assim, os dados descritivos das vari&#225;veis de desfecho segundo a adiposidade corporal ao final do seguimento foram coletadas por dois autores independentes e digitadas em planilha do Excel<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        <p>A medida sum&#225;ria utilizada na metan&#225;lise foi a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia ponderada ( <italic>Weighted Mean Difference-WMD</italic> ) da ApoB e da ApoA1 entre indiv&#237;duos com e sem excesso de adiposidade corporal, e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC), apresentados em gr&#225;fico <italic>forest plot</italic> . Essa medida pode ser usada como estat&#237;stica sum&#225;ria em metan&#225;lises quando a medida do desfecho em todos os estudos est&#225; na mesma escala.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para calcular a WMD global, utilizaram-se modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, apropriados para os estudos com elevada heterogeneidade; tal modelo assume que os estudos tiveram condu&#231;&#227;o diferente, formando amostra aleat&#243;ria de popula&#231;&#227;o hipot&#233;tica, portanto n&#227;o h&#225; somente um valor que estime a medida de associa&#231;&#227;o, mas uma distribui&#231;&#227;o de valores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sabe-se que &#233; comum haver heterogeneidade em estudos observacionais e isso influencia a medida de associa&#231;&#227;o. Assim, o pressuposto da homogeneidade foi testado pelo teste Q-Cochran e a magnitude da heterogeneidade foi interpretada pelo percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos considerados, medido com a estat&#237;stica do I<sup>2</sup> (teste de inconsist&#234;ncia de Higgins). Um I<sup>2</sup> menor que 50% foi considerado indicativo de heterogeneidade moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em caso de alta heterogeneidade (I<sup>2</sup> maior do que 50 %), utilizou-se a metarregress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Considerando que foram inclu&#237;dos menos de dez estudos na metan&#225;lise, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel analisar vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o por meio do teste de Egger e pelo <italic>Funnel plot</italic> . No entanto, a busca abrangente, sens&#237;vel e sem restri&#231;&#227;o de idioma e ano contribuiu para diminuir o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para todas as an&#225;lises, adotou-se valor de p menor que 5% como estatisticamente significante. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no pacote estat&#237;stico Stata for Mac vers&#227;o 12 ( <italic>Stata Corp, College Station</italic> , TX, USA), usando o comando <italic>metan</italic> para obter a WMD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados da Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de Estudos</title>
          <p>Na busca sistem&#225;tica, foram identificados 7.116 artigos, dos quais 3.978 eram duplicados. Ap&#243;s leitura do t&#237;tulo, resumo e verifica&#231;&#227;o de elegibilidade, foram exclu&#237;dos 3.118 artigos. Assim, 20 artigos foram selecionados para leitura integral; destes, 12 foram exclu&#237;dos pelas seguintes raz&#245;es: n&#227;o apresentaram dados de ApoB, ApoA1 segundo excesso de adiposidade (tr&#234;s estudos); amostra composta por indiv&#237;duos com DCNT (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ou dislipidemia &#8211; nove estudos). No total, oito artigos foram eleitos para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e quatro apresentaram todas as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a exposi&#231;&#227;o e os desfechos, sendo, portanto, inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos Estudos</title>
          <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos oito estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Quanto &#224; origem, um estudo foi realizado no Jap&#227;o, dois na Austr&#225;lia, um nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, dois na Inglaterra, um na Su&#233;cia e um no Canad&#225;, tendo sido publicados entre 2001 e 2016. O tamanho da amostra variou de 59 a 7.589 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, totalizando 15.835 indiv&#237;duos, com m&#233;dia de idade de 9 a 15,7 anos. O tempo m&#237;nimo de seguimento foi de 12 meses e o m&#225;ximo de 144 meses, per&#237;odos suficientes para a ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Principais caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica *&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC); &#8224;Densitometria &#243;ssea de dupla absor&#231;&#227;o de raio-X (DXA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="13%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Autor e Ano</th>
                    <th>Local</th>
                    <th>M&#233;dia de idade</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Amostra por grupo de exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th>Amostra geral</th>
                    <th>Seguimento</th>
                    <th>Medida de adiposidade</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Com excesso de adiposidade</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Sem excesso de adiposidade</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Falaschetti et al. 2001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Inglaterra</td>
                    <td align="center">9,9 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">1.602</td>
                    <td align="center">5.987</td>
                    <td align="center">7.589</td>
                    <td align="center">120</td>
                    <td align="center">*IMC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Larsson et al. 2010</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Su&#233;cia</td>
                    <td align="center">10 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">115</td>
                    <td align="center">144</td>
                    <td align="center">120</td>
                    <td align="center">IMC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Benson et al. 2012</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">EUA</td>
                    <td align="center">12 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">87</td>
                    <td align="center">75</td>
                    <td align="center">162</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">IMC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Wilke et al. 2016</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Canad&#225;</td>
                    <td align="center">11,7 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">218</td>
                    <td align="center">412</td>
                    <td align="center">630</td>
                    <td align="center">48</td>
                    <td align="center">IMC e &#8224;DXA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Yamazaki 2008</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Jap&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">12 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td align="center">144</td>
                    <td align="center">Adiposidade Rebote</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Bogaert et al. 2003</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Austr&#225;lia</td>
                    <td align="center">8,6 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">59</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">IMC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Howe et al. 2010</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Inglaterra</td>
                    <td align="center">9,9 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">7.033</td>
                    <td align="center">120</td>
                    <td align="center">DXA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mehta et al. 2002</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Austr&#225;lia</td>
                    <td align="center">15,7 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">139</td>
                    <td align="center">120</td>
                    <td align="center">IMC</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>
                  <italic>Fonte: pr&#243;prio autor.</italic>
                </attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco de Vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>Os artigos foram avaliados utilizando-se seis quest&#245;es do RTI, sendo todos os oito artigos considerados de baixo risco de vi&#233;s. Todos adotaram desenho prospectivo (Q1), apresentaram parcialmente os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o (Q2), aferidos com medidas v&#225;lidas e confi&#225;veis (Q3), com alto n&#237;vel de detalhe na descri&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o (Q7), usando indicadores apropriados e medidas v&#225;lidas e confi&#225;veis para medi-la (Q14). Dois dos artigos utilizaram a estrat&#233;gia de recrutamento de participantes entre os grupos (Q5) e, em outros seis artigos, este item n&#227;o se aplicou por n&#227;o haver separa&#231;&#227;o por grupos. Somente um artigo21 n&#227;o declarou os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o (Q2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Qualidade Metodol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Dentre os oito estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, todos apresentaram boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica, alcan&#231;ando oito<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e sete estrelas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A principal limita&#231;&#227;o observada nos estudos com pontua&#231;&#227;o sete foi a aus&#234;ncia na descri&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de controle do estudo no quesito comparabilidade das coortes. Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica segundo a <italic>Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                    <th>Sele&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th>Comparabilidade das coortes com base no desenho ou an&#225;lise</th>
                    <th>Desfecho de cada estudo</th>
                    <th>Total de estrelas</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Benson et al. (2012)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">SP</td>
                    <td align="center">3 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bogaert et al. (2003)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">1 estrela</td>
                    <td align="center">3 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Falaschetti et al. (2001)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">SP</td>
                    <td align="center">3 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Howe et al. (2010)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">1 estrela</td>
                    <td align="center">3 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Larsson et al (2010)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">SP</td>
                    <td align="center">3 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mehta et al (2002)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">1 estrela</td>
                    <td align="center">3 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wilke et al. (2016)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">SP</td>
                    <td align="center">3 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yamazaki (2008)</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">SP</td>
                    <td align="center">3 estrelas</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados da Metan&#225;lise</title>
          <p>Esta metan&#225;lise incluiu dados de 7.974 indiv&#237;duos, cujos resultados est&#227;o apresetados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2 a 5</xref> . Ao avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal sobre os valores s&#233;ricos de ApoB, observou-se aumento m&#233;dio de 4,94 mg/dL (IC 95%: 4,22 a 5,67 mg/dL) nos n&#237;veis deste marcador bioqu&#237;mico em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de adiposidade corporal. Identificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de -8,13 mg/dL (IC 95%: &#8211; 9,09 a -7,17 mg/dL) nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ApoA1 em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com excesso de adiposidade corporal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Forest plot da influ&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal sobre a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia ponderada da ApoB em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Falaschetti et al. 1 e 3: correspondem a meninos com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente. Falaschetti et al. 2 e 4: correspondem a meninas com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Forest plot da influ&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal sobre a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia ponderada da ApoA1 em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Falaschetti et al. 1 e 3: correspondem a meninos com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente. Falaschetti et al. 2 e 4: correspondem a meninas com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Considerando a idade dos indiv&#237;duos acompanhados nos estudos originais, foi poss&#237;vel realizar uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo. Os resultados, descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> , indicam que o aumento m&#233;dio nos valores s&#233;ricos de ApoB em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de adiposidade corporal foi maior na popula&#231;&#227;o com idade maior ou igual a dez anos (adolescentes), quando comparados com os menores de dez anos (WMD 10,60mg/dL [IC 95%: 7,47 a 13,73] e 4,62mg/dL [IC 95%: 3,88 a 5,37], respectivamente).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Forest plot da influ&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal sobre a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia ponderada da ApoB, segundo idade de crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Falaschetti et al. 1 e 3: correspondem a meninos com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente. Falaschetti et al. 2 e 4: correspondem a meninas com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf04.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Tamb&#233;m para a ApoA1, observou-se que o excesso de adiposidade corporal esteve associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia &#224; maior redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos valores s&#233;ricos deste marcador em adolescentes com idade maior ou igual a dez anos (WMD igual a -10,43mg/dL [IC 95%: -14,35 a -6,51]), comparando-se com menores de dez anos (WMD igual a -7,99mg/dL [IC 95%: -8,98 a -6,99]) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Forest plot da influ&#234;ncia do excesso de adiposidade corporal sobre a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia ponderada da ApoA1 segundo idade de crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Falaschetti et al. 1 e 3: correspondem a meninos com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente. Falaschetti et al. 2 e 4: correspondem a meninas com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf05.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heterogeneidade e Metarregress&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os estudos apresentaram alta heterogeneidade, com I2 maior que 50%. As poss&#237;veis fontes de heterogeneidade foram investigadas por meio de metarregress&#227;o, incluindo as vari&#225;veis: sexo (IC 95% -0,76 a 0,71), m&#233;dia de idade (IC 95% -2,06 a 1,71), IMC m&#233;dio (IC 95% -0,17 a 0,33) e tamanho amostral (IC 95%: 0,12 a 0,36). Nenhuma dessas covari&#225;veis explicou a grade heterogeneidade entre os estudos (dados n&#227;o apresentados em tabela).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados indicaram que crian&#231;as e adolescentes com excesso de adiposidade t&#234;m perfil inadequado dos marcadores ApoB e ApoA1. Identificou-se, ainda, que essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mais acentuadas em adolescentes do que em crian&#231;as. Estas varia&#231;&#245;es nos valores s&#233;ricos das apolipoprote&#237;nas s&#227;o clinicamente importantes e indicam que crian&#231;as e adolescentes com excesso de adiposidade corporal tendem a apresentar perfil inadequado desses marcadores, o que pode predizer maior risco cardiovascular e comorbidades em ciclos mais avan&#231;ados da vida.</p>
      <p>Assim, com base nas evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sobre o assunto e com os resultados desta metan&#225;lise, deve-se considerar, para este grupo populacional, a probabilidade de maior risco cardiometab&#243;lico em ciclos posteriores da vida. Resultados de alguns estudos t&#234;m indicado associa&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de adiposidade corporal e aumento de part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas e diminui&#231;&#227;o das n&#227;o aterog&#234;nicas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Tem sido registrada, tamb&#233;m, m&#233;dia de ApoB mais alta em crian&#231;as com sobrepeso e obesidade em compara&#231;&#227;o a crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Neste mesmo estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre ApoB, espessura do tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico e triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;ricos, colocando a ApoB como marcador cardiometab&#243;lico com forte correla&#231;&#227;o com perfil de gordura corporal.</p>
      <p>A persist&#234;ncia e agravamento do risco da ApoB com o tempo tem sido observada em adultos jovens identificados com rela&#231;&#227;o IMC/Idade mais acentuada e maior volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica. Os autores observaram que esta associa&#231;&#227;o se tornou mais pronunciada 12 anos ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que o risco do excesso de adiposidade tende a permanecer ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As apoA1 e ApoB s&#227;o importantes prote&#237;nas estruturais e funcionais das part&#237;culas de lipoprote&#237;nas HDL e VLDL/LDL, respectivamente. Essas prote&#237;nas s&#227;o essenciais para a integridade dessas part&#237;culas durante o processamento e para conduzi-las ao seu destino metab&#243;lico. Quando h&#225; altera&#231;&#227;o da rota fisiol&#243;gica, as part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas s&#227;o direcionadas a &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas, comprometendo suas fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, a exemplo do encaminhamento do colesterol VLDL/LDL para a parede da art&#233;ria, levando a comprometimento patol&#243;gico, como ocorre com a etiologia da aterosclerose. O excesso de adiposidade corporal relaciona-se com elevada concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de ApoB. Esta part&#237;cula &#233; oxidada na parede do vaso, iniciando processo inflamat&#243;rio com ac&#250;mulo local de macr&#243;fagos, envolvendo res&#237;duos de LDL e ApoB no espa&#231;o subendotelial do vaso, e culminando em disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, forma&#231;&#227;o de ateromas e espessamento da parede vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de ApoB e LDL est&#227;o associadas a aterosclerose e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que crian&#231;as e adolescentes com concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de ApoB e baixas de ApoA1 podem apresentar sinais de aterosclerose em idades mais precoces do que aqueles da mesma idade com concentra&#231;&#245;es normais desses par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas destacam que a exposi&#231;&#227;o a esses fatores de risco nos primeiros ciclos da vida pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em per&#237;odos posteriores da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aplicabilidade da Evid&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>Sabe-se que as DCV t&#234;m grande impacto na morbimortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o, sendo, portanto, eventos que demandam substancial investimento p&#250;blico em assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de. Ao determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o robusta entre excesso de adiposidade e apolipoprote&#237;nas, investigada neste estudo, os resultados podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es importantes do ponto de vista da formula&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas para a preven&#231;&#227;o, rastreamento e detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de sujeitos em risco, favorecendo a constru&#231;&#227;o de medidas de enfrentamento deste problema de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Potenciais Vieses no Processo de Revis&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o, embora bem desenhada e conduzida, apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos de metan&#225;lise, principalmente no que se refere &#224; aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es, nos estudos prim&#225;rios, sobre as vari&#225;veis que permitissem investigar elevada heterogeneidade entre os estudos. Neste estudo, foi investigada a influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis idade, sexo, IMC m&#233;dio e tamanho da amostra na metarregress&#227;o, uma vez que somente para estas haviam informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis em todos os estudos. No entanto, sabe-se que a presen&#231;a de hipotireoidismo pode elevar os n&#237;veis de ApoB,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> sendo esta uma vari&#225;vel importante para avaliar poss&#237;veis causas da heterogeneidade, por&#233;m nenhum dos estudos identificados referiu sobre a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia desse dist&#250;rbio nos indiv&#237;duos avaliados.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero reduzido de estudos que abordassem este objeto limitou a possibilidade de an&#225;lise de risco de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>funnel plot</italic> . No entanto, alguns autores questionam a real utilidade deste instrumento para esta finalidade, considerando que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da sua assimetria &#233; subjetiva, podendo haver erros de interpreta&#231;&#227;o sobre o risco de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Soma-se a isso que algumas estimativas de efeito (OR ou diferen&#231;as de m&#233;dia) produzidas com o uso do <italic>funnel plot</italic> s&#227;o naturalmente correlacionadas com seus erros-padr&#245;es, podendo produzir assimetria esp&#250;ria e confus&#227;o com vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Muitos estudos identificados tinham desenho transversal, o que n&#227;o permitiu avaliar o fen&#244;meno de interesse, que &#233; naturalmente longitudinal. Estudos com desenho prospectivo, mas que dosaram ApoB e ApoA1 em um &#250;nico momento foram inclu&#237;dos, coma justificativa de que, em crian&#231;as menores de nove anos, essas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o eram clinicamente importantes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> situa&#231;&#227;o que pode levar a vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e subnotifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade da Evid&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;das na metan&#225;lise evid&#234;ncias de 4 estudos com 7.974 indiv&#237;duos acompanhados por 12 a 144 meses, tempo suficiente para ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es, esta metan&#225;lise foi bem delineada, apoiando-se no uso de ferramentas adequadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s, an&#225;lise da qualidade metodol&#243;gica e realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas que permitiram investigar poss&#237;veis fontes de heterogeneidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos achados sugerem que o excesso de adiposidade corporal influencia na redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de ApoA1 e aumento dos n&#237;veis de ApoB em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, sendo estas altera&#231;&#245;es ainda mais relevantes entre os adolescentes. No entanto, considerando o baixo n&#250;mero de estudos longitudinais identificados nesta metan&#225;lise, sugere-se realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos prospectivos que sejam capazes de identificar a influ&#234;ncia da adiposidade corporal sobre esses importantes marcadores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes, considerando seus efeitos negativos ao longo da vida.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Gabriela dos Santos de Jesus pela Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Body Adiposity and Apolipoproteins in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9033-5151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela dos Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Ribas de Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucivalda Pereira Magalh&#227;es de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Valterlinda Alves de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9644-7194</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Carla de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Emile Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marl&#250;cia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gabriela dos Santos de Jesus &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rua Ara&#250;jo Pinho, Canela, n&#186; 32. Postal Code 40110-150, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gabriela.nutsantos@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jesus GS, Costa PRF, Oliveira LPM, Queiroz VAO, Cunha CM, Pereira EM, Oliveira, AM; Acquisition of data: Jesus GS, Oliveira LPM, Queiroz VAO, Cunha CM, Pereira EM, Oliveira, AM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jesus GS, Costa PRF, Pereira EM, Oliveira, AM; Statistical analysis: Jesus GS, Costa PRF, Oliveira, AM; Obtaining financing: Jesus GS; Writing of the manuscript: Jesus GS, Costa PRF, Oliveira LPM, Queiroz VAO, Cunha CM, Oliveira, AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Excess Weight and Cardiovascular Diseases are health problems with increasing prevalence among children and adolescents, hence the need to investigate the issues related to them to better deal with the problem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate the influence of excess adiposity on the levels of apolipoprotein B and A1 in children and adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science, Ovid and Science direct databases, searching for cohort eligible studies and evaluating their results, methodological quality and risk of bias; combinable studies with good quality and low risk of bias were evaluated by meta-analysis. The summary measure used was the weighted mean difference (WMD) with its respective 95% confidence interval.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>8 articles attended the eligibility criteria including individuals with age mean varying from 9 to 15.7 years of age. The meta-analysis included 4 articles with a total of 7,974 children and adolescents. It was observed a mean increase of 4,94mg/dL (95%CI: 4,22 to 5,67) in the ApoB levels in individuals with excess of body adiposity. For the ApoA1, we identified a mean reduction of -8,13mg/dL (95%CI: -9,09 to -7,17 mg/dL) in its levels in children and adolescents with higher body adiposity. Beside this, the influence of excess adiposity on the ApoB and ApoA1 levels was higher between adolescents than children.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The excess of body adiposity influenced both the reduction of ApoA1 values and the increase of ApoB levels, being these changes more relevant among adolescents. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist Circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The growing prevalence of excess body adiposity in children and adolescents is a worldwide health problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> According to an editorial published by The Lancet,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> obese children and adolescents are at increased risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood, such as obesity, heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, stroke; in addition to social and psychological problems, such as lack of self-esteem and stigmatization. Thus, efforts to face the high occurrence of excess body adiposity are justified by the link with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the NCDs responsible for the high burden of morbidity around the globe. The factors that contribute to the development of CVD are called cardiometabolic risk factors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and include excess adiposity, high blood glucose, lipid changes (LDL cholesterol and high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol), high blood pressure, smoking and physical inactivity.</p>
        <p>Excess of adipocytes stimulates cells, cytokines and pro-inflammatory proteins to produce other inflammatory cells, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;), which cause inflammation and promote endothelial dysfunction. There is also the action of Apolipoproteins B (ApoB), which adhere to endothelial cells and favor a greater expression of endothelium adhesion molecules, and such effects have a response on the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and other cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Evidence indicates that excess adiposity is strongly correlated with lipid disorders, such as elevated plasma ApoB levels and reduced apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Despite this well-established evidence in adults, such knowledge in regard to children and adolescents is still incipient. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate other longitudinal studies that assessed the influence of excess body adiposity on serum levels of ApoB and ApoA1 in children and adolescents.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Identification and Selection of Articles</title>
          <p>This is a systematic review with meta-analysis, carried out according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Search Strategies and Eligibility Criteria</title>
          <p>Two independent researchers searched the articles in the PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science, Ovid and Science Direct databases from December 16, 2016 to July 20, 2017 using descriptors as proposed in the Medical Subject Headings (MESH): exposure (body adiposity and related terms: &#8220;obesity&#8221; OR &#8220;overweight&#8221; OR &#8220;Abdominal obesity&#8221; OR &#8220;Central obesity&#8221; OR &#8220;Waist circumference&#8221;), and the outcome (ApoB and ApoA1 levels and related terms: Apolipoprotein OR ApoB OR &#8220;Apo B&#8221; OR &#8220;Apoprotein B&#8221;; ApoA OR &#8220;ApoA&#8221; OR &#8220;Apoprotein A&#8221;). The descriptors were combined with Boolean operators &#8220;or&#8221; and &#8220;and&#8221; in all databases. The search strategy considered the orienting question of investigation, structured by the acronym Population, Exposure, Comparison and Outcome (PECO). Only the terms for the Exposure (E) and Outcome (O) components were defined, in order to avoid unwanted specificity, restricting the selection of studies.</p>
          <p>The eligibility criteria for inclusion of an article in the study were: original studies conducted with humans, prospective observational design involving children and adolescents aged between 5 and 19 years old and analysis of the relationship between adiposity and ApoB and ApoA1 levels.</p>
          <p>The studies were supposed to provide information on exposure and outcome, with the adoption of mean as a measure of occurrence and respective standard deviation. There were no restrictions as to year, place and language of publication. The selection of articles was based on the information displayed in the heading and abstract, adopting the eligibility criteria available in a standardized form. Duplicates were removed manually. In the following step, the articles that were maintained were read in full.</p>
          <p>In case of disagreements, a third reviewer was invited for a consensus meeting. We performed manual search in the reference lists of the selected articles to identify possible studies not included in the electronic search.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion Criteria</title>
          <p>Studies conducted with pregnant women, nursing mothers, individuals with CVD, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and who had undergone bariatric surgery were excluded. The gray literature&#8212;defined mainly as abstracts of congresses and conferences, and academic, governmental and industry reports<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> &#8212;was included only in the search on Ovid. The authors of the articles that did not report the mean ApoB and ApoA1 serum levels and the standard deviation according to adiposity were contacted via email and, in case of no response, they were kept in the systematic review and excluded from the meta-analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Extraction</title>
          <p>Two independent reviewers read all the eligible articles in full and listed in a standardized spreadsheet the ones meeting the criteria, taking note of the first author&#8217;s surname, year of publication, sample size, mean age of participants, sex, and body fat measurement, data on presence or absence of excess adiposity in the end of follow-up, mean and standard deviation of serum ApoB and ApoA1 of participants with and without excess adiposity in the end of follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bias risk Assessment</title>
          <p>Two independent reviewers assessed the risk of bias according to the Research Triangle Institute Item Bank (RTI &#8211; Item bank).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This tool is organized into 29 items, aimed at assessing bias in observational studies, of which six of them were applied in this study: Q1 &#8211; study design; Q2 &#8211; explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria; Q3 &#8211; inclusion and exclusion criteria with valid and reliable measures; Q5 &#8211; equal recruitment strategy; Q6 &#8211; sample size; Q7 &#8211; level of detail in the description of the exhibition; and Q14 &#8211; exposures assessed using valid and reliable measures. For all questions, answers considered were 1) yes, 2) no or 3) not applicable. A high risk of bias was identified when the study had two or more negative or not applicable answers; and low risk of bias when it presented less than two negative points or not applicable.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methodological Quality Assessment</title>
          <p>Methodological quality was assessed using the criteria proposed in the Newcastle Ottawa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> scale, which consists of three domains: 1. Selection: in this domain, sample representativeness, determination of exposure and absence of selection bias are identified (article can be scored with up to four stars); 2. Comparability between groups: articles can be scored with up to two stars; 3. Outcome: analysis of outcomes, evidence of exposure, assessment of losses and adequacy of follow-up time (article can be scored with up to three stars), totaling nine stars. For this work, a minimum of six stars was adopted to classify an article with good methodological quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Four studies were selected to perform the meta-analysis. According to Higgins &amp; Green,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> the meta-analysis can be performed by combining two or more different studies. Thus, the descriptive data of the outcome variables according to body adiposity at the end of the follow-up were collected by two independent authors and input in an Excel<sup>&#174;</sup>spreadsheet.</p>
          <p>The simple measure used in the meta-analysis was the difference between the weighted mean (Weighted Mean Difference-WMD) of ApoB and ApoA1 between individuals with and without excess body adiposity, and respective confidence intervals (CI), afterwards put in a forest plot graph. This measure can be used as summary statistics in meta-analyses when the outcome measures in all studies are on the same scale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To calculate the global WMD, random effects models were used, appropriate for studies with high heterogeneity. This model assumes that studies were conducted differently, forming a random sample of hypothetical population, so there is not one value only that estimates the measure of association, but rather a distribution of values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is known that heterogeneity is common in observational studies and this influences the measure of association. Thus, the assumption of homogeneity was tested by the Q-Cochran test and the magnitude of heterogeneity was interpreted by the percentage of variation between the studies considered, measured with I<sup>2</sup>statistic (Higgins inconsistency test). An I<sup>2</sup>less than 50% was considered indicative of moderate heterogeneity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In case of high heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>greater than 50%), meta-regression was used.</p>
          <p>Considering that less than ten studies were included in the meta-analysis, it was not possible to analyze publication bias with the Egger test and the Funnel plot. However, the comprehensive, sensitive and unrestricted search based on language and year contributed to reduce publication bias.</p>
          <p>For all analyses, a p-value less than 5% was adopted as statistically significant. They were performed in the statistical package Stata for Mac version 12 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA), using the command &#8220;metan&#8221; to obtain the WMD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Results of the Systematic Review</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Selection of Studies</title>
            <p>In the systematic search, 7,116 articles were identified, of which 3,978 were duplicated. After reading heading and summary and verifying eligibility, 3,118 articles were excluded. Thus, 20 articles were selected for full reading, being 12 excluded for the following reasons: did not present data on ApoB, ApoA1 according to excess adiposity (three studies); sample composed of individuals with CNCD (hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome or dyslipidemia &#8211; nine studies). In total, eight articles were chosen for the systematic review. Four had all the information about exposure and outcomes and were, therefore, included in the meta-analysis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f01001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Flowchart of the systematic review.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Study Characteristics</title>
            <p>The main characteristics of the eight studies included in the systematic review are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . As to origin, one study was carried out in Japan, two in Australia, one in the United States of America, two in England, one in Sweden, and one in Canada, having been published between 2001 and 2016. The sample size ranged from 59 to 7,589 individuals of both sexes, totaling 15,835 individuals, with mean age of 9 to 15.7 years. The minimum follow-up time was 12 months and the maximum was 144 months, periods that are sufficient for the phenomenon to occur.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t1001">
                <label>Table 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Main characteristics of studies included in the systematic review *Body Mass Index (BMI); &#8224; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="13%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Author and year</th>
                      <th>Country</th>
                      <th>Mean age</th>
                      <th colspan="2">Sample by exposure group</th>
                      <th>General sample</th>
                      <th>Follow-up (months)</th>
                      <th>Adiposity measure</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td align="center"> </td>
                      <td align="center"> </td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>With excess adiposity</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>Without excess adiposity</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center"> </td>
                      <td align="center"> </td>
                      <td align="center"> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Falaschetti et al. 2001</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">England</td>
                      <td align="center">9.9 years</td>
                      <td align="center">1,602</td>
                      <td align="center">5,987</td>
                      <td align="center">7,589</td>
                      <td align="center">120</td>
                      <td align="center">* BMI</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Larsson et al. 2010</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">Sweden</td>
                      <td align="center">10 years</td>
                      <td align="center">29</td>
                      <td align="center">115</td>
                      <td align="center">144</td>
                      <td align="center">120</td>
                      <td align="center">BMI</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Benson et al. 2012</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">USA</td>
                      <td align="center">12 years</td>
                      <td align="center">87</td>
                      <td align="center">75</td>
                      <td align="center">162</td>
                      <td align="center">12</td>
                      <td align="center">BMI</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Wilke et al. 2016</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">Canada</td>
                      <td align="center">11.7 years</td>
                      <td align="center">218</td>
                      <td align="center">412</td>
                      <td align="center">630</td>
                      <td align="center">48</td>
                      <td align="center">BMI and &#8224;DXA</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Yamazaki 2008</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">Japan</td>
                      <td align="center">12 years</td>
                      <td align="center">19</td>
                      <td align="center">60</td>
                      <td align="center">79</td>
                      <td align="center">144</td>
                      <td align="center">Adiposity rebound</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Bogaert et al. 2003</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">Australia</td>
                      <td align="center">8.6 years</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">59</td>
                      <td align="center">12</td>
                      <td align="center">BMI</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Howe et al. 2010</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">England</td>
                      <td align="center">9.9 years</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">7.033</td>
                      <td align="center">120</td>
                      <td align="center">DXA</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Mehta et al. 2002</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">Australia</td>
                      <td align="center">15.7 years</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">139</td>
                      <td align="center">120</td>
                      <td align="center">BMI</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN1001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>Source: author.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Risk of Bias</title>
            <p>The articles were evaluated using six questions from RTI, with all eight articles considered to be at low risk of bias. All studies had adopted a prospective design (Q1), partially presented the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Q2), used valid and reliable measures (Q3), had a high level of detail in the description of the exposure (Q7), used appropriate indicators and valid and reliable means of measure (Q14). Two articles used the strategy of recruiting participants between groups (Q5) and, in six other articles, this item was not applied because there was no separation by groups. Only one article21 did not state the exclusion criteria (Q2).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Methodological Quality Assessment</title>
            <p>Among the eight studies included in the systematic review, all showed good methodological quality, reaching eight<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and seven stars.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The main limitation observed in studies with a score of seven was the lack of description of control factors in terms of comparability of cohorts. The results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t2001">
                <label>Table 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Evaluation of methodological quality of the studies included in the systematic review according to the Newcastle Ottawa Scale</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="20%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Study</th>
                      <th>Selection</th>
                      <th>Comparability of cohorts based on design or analysis</th>
                      <th>Outcome of each study</th>
                      <th>Total stars</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Benson et al. (2012)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">SP</td>
                      <td align="center">3 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">7</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Bogaert et al. (2003)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">1 star</td>
                      <td align="center">3 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">8</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Falaschetti et al. (2001)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">SP</td>
                      <td align="center">3 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">7</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Howe et al. (2010)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">1 star</td>
                      <td align="center">3 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">8</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Larsson et al (2010)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">SP</td>
                      <td align="center">3 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">7</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Mehta et al (2002)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">1 star</td>
                      <td align="center">3 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">7</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Wilke et al. (2016)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">SP</td>
                      <td align="center">3 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">7</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Yamazaki (2008)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">SP</td>
                      <td align="center">3 stars</td>
                      <td align="center">7</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Results of the Meta-analysis</title>
            <p>This meta-analysis included data from 7,974 individuals, whose outcomes are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2 to 5</xref> . When assessing the influence of excess body adiposity on serum ApoB values, an average increase of 4.94 mg/dL was observed (95%CI: 4.22 to 5.67 mg/dL) at the levels of this biochemical marker in individuals with excess body adiposity. An average reduction of -8.13 mg/dL (95%CI: -9.09 to -7.17 mg/dL) was identified in the serum levels of ApoA1 in children and adolescents with excess body adiposity ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">3</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Forest plot of the influence of excess body adiposity on the difference of weighted mean of ApoB in children and adolescents. Falaschetti et al. 1 and 3: correspond to overweight and obese boys, respectively. Falaschetti et al. 2 and 4: correspond to overweight and obese girls, respectively.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Forest plot of the influence of excess body adiposity on the difference of weighted mean of ApoA1 in children and adolescents. Falaschetti et al. 1 and 3: correspond to overweight and obese boys, respectively. Falaschetti et al. 2 and 4: correspond to overweight and obese girls, respectively.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Considering the age of the individuals followed up in the original studies, we could carry out a subgroup analysis. According to the results, described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> , the mean increase in serum ApoB values in individuals with excess body adiposity was greater in the population aged ten years or older (adolescents), when compared to those younger than ten years (WMD 10.60 mg/dL [95%CI: 7.47 to 13.73] and 4.62 mg/dL [95%CI: 3.88 to 5.37], respectively).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f04001">
                <label>Figure 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Forest plot of the influence of excess body adiposity on the difference from the weighted mean of ApoB, according to the age of children and adolescents. Falaschetti et al. 1 and 3: correspond to overweight and obese boys, respectively. Falaschetti et al. 2 and 4: correspond to overweight and obese girls, respectively.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Also for ApoA1, excess body adiposity was associated with a greater mean reduction in the serum values of this marker in adolescents aged ten years or older (WMD -10.43 mg/dL [95%CI: -14.35 to -6.51]), compared to children under ten years old (WMD -7.99 mg/dL [95%CI: -8.98 to -6.99]) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ) .</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f05001">
                <label>Figure 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Forest plot of the influence of excess body adiposity on the difference of the weighted mean of ApoA1 according to the age of children and adolescents. Falaschetti et al. 1 and 3: correspond to overweight and obese boys, respectively. Falaschetti et al. 2 and 4: correspond to overweight and obese girls, respectively.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-02-0163-90331-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Heterogeneity and Meta-regression</title>
            <p>The studies had high heterogeneity, with an I<sup>2</sup>greater than 50%. Possible sources of heterogeneity were investigated through meta-regression, including the variables: gender (95%CI -0.76 to 0.71), mean age (95%CI -2.06 to 1.71), mean BMI (95%CI -0.17 to 0.33) and sample size (95%CI: 0.12 to 0.36). None of these covariables could explain the wide heterogeneity between studies (data not shown in table).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results indicated that children and adolescents with excess body adiposity have an inadequate profile of ApoB and ApoA1 markers. These changes were also found to be more pronounced in adolescents than in children. These variations in serum values of apolipoproteins are clinically important and indicate that children and adolescents with excess body adiposity tend to present an inadequate profile of such markers, which can predict higher cardiovascular risk and comorbidities in future life cycles.</p>
        <p>Thus, based on the available evidence on the subject and the results of this meta-analysis, the likelihood of a higher cardiometabolic risk in later life cycles should be considered for this population group. Results of some studies have indicated an association between excess body adiposity and increase in atherogenic particles or decrease in non-atherogenic particles in children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> There has also been a higher mean of ApoB in overweight and obese children compared to eutrophic children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This same study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> found a positive correlation between ApoB, thickness of epicardial adipose tissue and serum triglycerides, placing ApoB as a cardiometabolic marker with a strong correlation with body fat profile.</p>
        <p>The persistence and worsening of the risk of ApoB over time has been observed in young adults identified with a more pronounced BMI/Age ratio and greater volume of epicardial fat. The authors observed that this association became more pronounced 12 years after exposure, suggesting that the risk of excess adiposity tends to remain throughout life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ApoA1 and ApoB are important structural and functional proteins of the HDL and VLDL/LDL lipoprotein particles, respectively. These proteins are essential for the integrity of particles during processing and to lead them to their metabolic destination. When there is a change in the physiological route, the atherogenic particles are directed to organs and systems, compromising their physiological functions, such as the forwarding of VLDL/LDL cholesterol to the artery wall, leading to pathological impairment, as occurs with the etiology of atherosclerosis. Excessive body adiposity is related to a high serum concentration of ApoB. This particle is oxidized on the vessel wall, giving raise to an inflammatory process with local accumulation of macrophages, involving LDL and ApoB residues in the subendothelial space of the vessel, and culminating in endothelial dysfunction, atheroma formation and thickening of the vascular wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>High concentrations of ApoB and LDL are associated with atherosclerosis and stroke in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Recent evidence indicates that children and adolescents with high ApoB and low ApoA1 concentrations may show signs of atherosclerosis at earlier ages than those of the same age with normal concentrations of these biochemical parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Scientific evidence highlights that exposure to these risk factors in the first cycles of life can contribute to the development of cardiovascular changes in later periods of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Applicability of Evidence</title>
          <p>It is known that CVDs have a great impact on the population&#8217;s morbidity and mortality, and therefore require substantial public investment in health care. When determining the robust relationship between excess adiposity and apolipoproteins&#8212;investigated in this study&#8212;, the results may have important implications from the point of view of formulating policies for the prevention, screening and early detection of subjects at risk, favoring the construction of measures to cope with this health problem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Potential Biases in the Review Process</title>
          <p>Although this investigation was well designed and conducted, it has limitations inherent to meta-analysis studies, especially with regard to the lack of information, in primary studies, on the variables that would allow investigating high heterogeneity between studies. In this study, the influence of the variables age, sex, mean BMI and sample size on the meta-regression was investigated, since only for these there was information available in all studies. It is known that the presence of hypothyroidism can raise ApoB levels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> an important variable to assess possible causes of heterogeneity; however, none of the studies included in our analysis referred to the presence or absence of this disorder in the individuals evaluated.</p>
          <p>The small number of studies addressing this object limited the possibility of analyzing the risk of publication bias by funnel plot. However, some authors question the real usefulness of this instrument for this purpose, considering that the interpretation of its asymmetry is subjective, and there may be errors of interpretation regarding the risk of publication bias. In addition, some effect estimates (OR or mean differences) produced using the funnel plot are naturally correlated with their standard errors, which can produce a false asymmetry and confusion with publication bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Many studies had a cross-sectional design, which did not allow the phenomenon of interest to be evaluated, which is naturally longitudinal. Studies with a prospective design, but which measured ApoB and ApoA1 in a single moment, were included under the justification that, in children under nine years old, these changes were not clinically important,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> a situation that can lead to selection and underreporting bias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of Evidence</title>
          <p>Evidence from 4 studies with 7,974 individuals followed for 12 to 144 months was included in the meta-analysis, enough time for the phenomenon to occur. Despite the limitations, this meta-analysis was well designed, based on the use of appropriate tools to assess the risk of bias, analyzing methodological quality and conducting statistical analyses that allowed investigating possible sources of heterogeneity.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our findings suggest that excess body adiposity influences the reduction of ApoA1 values and increase in levels of ApoB in children and adolescents, these changes being even more relevant among adolescents. However, considering the low number of longitudinal studies found in this meta-analysis, we suggest further prospective studies that can identify the influence of body adiposity on these important markers of cardiovascular risk in adolescents, considering their negative effects throughout life.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gabriela dos Santos de Jesus, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
