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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ByNQKFxXnwn8hgSnTqLT8cK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800142</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200427</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200427</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-Cov-2 e Tromboembolismo Pulmonar &#8211; Comportamento Pr&#243; - Tromb&#243;tico da COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Hellen Dutra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baumworcel</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Cerqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1645-1186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcez</surname>
            <given-names>Juliane Dantas Seabra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas/Rede D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas/Rede D&#8217;Or, S&#227;o Luiz, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa &#8226; Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas/Rede D&#8217;Or - S&#227;o Luiz, Av. Gon&#231;alo Prado Rollemberg, 211, Sala 208. CEP 49010-410, Aracaju, SE - Brasil E-mail: <email>acssousa@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Passos HD, Sousa ACS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Passos HD; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Passos HD, Alves MC, Baumworcel L, Vieira JPC, Garcez JDS, Sousa ACS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>142</fpage>
      <lpage>145</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria Aguda Grave</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A COVID-19, causada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus, o qual foi batizado pela OMS de &#8220;SARS-CoV-2&#8221; (sigla em ingl&#234;s para <italic>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus</italic> 2) espalhou-se pelo planeta com uma velocidade surpreendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, o seu risco de alastramento (R<sub>0</sub>) tem sido de aproximadamente 3.0, o que explica a sua r&#225;pida dissemina&#231;&#227;o por todos os Estados da Uni&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portadores de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e os imunodeprimidos t&#234;m maior probabilidade de desfechos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma incid&#234;ncia relativamente alta de doen&#231;a tromb&#243;tica e tromboemb&#243;lica tem sido observada em portadores de COVID-19, provavelmente decorrente de efeitos diretos do SARS-CoV-2 ou por mecanismos indiretos da pr&#243;pria infec&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas entre terapias contra COVID-19 e agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios ou anticoagulantes, e a interrup&#231;&#227;o inadvertida de drogas anticoagulantes podem, tamb&#233;m, contribuir para o estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico encontrado nesta doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>Descri&#231;&#227;o de caso de paciente diagnosticado com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 evoluindo com tromboembolismo pulmonar sem evid&#234;ncia de trombose perif&#233;rica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es contidas neste relato cl&#237;nico foram obtidas mediante revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, registro de exames complementares e revis&#227;o de literatura.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente I.M.S., do sexo masculino, de 66 anos, procurou o setor de urg&#234;ncia de um hospital geral em Aracaju &#8211; SE, Brasil, em 28/03/2020, com quadro de congest&#227;o nasal, tosse seca, astenia, n&#225;usea e febre (chegando a 40&#186; C), iniciados h&#225; oito dias, que havia se intensificado nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas. Referiu ter realizado implantes dent&#225;rios na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no in&#237;cio de mar&#231;o e retornado a Aracaju dia 18/03/2020. Nega comorbidades significativas, alergias ou uso regular de medicamentos. Cirurgia pr&#233;via de osteoss&#237;ntese de &#250;mero esquerdo h&#225; 16 anos, ex-tabagista (cessou h&#225; &gt; 10 anos), &#233; praticante regular, de atividade f&#237;sica. Ao exame f&#237;sico, chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o apenas a presen&#231;a de roncos difusos e sibilos inspirat&#243;rios na ausculta pulmonar. Encontrava-se eupneico, acian&#243;tico e est&#225;vel do ponto de vista hemodin&#226;mico. Foi, ent&#227;o, aventada a hip&#243;tese de COVID-19 e solicitados: 1) exames laboratoriais de rotina, evidenciando-se apenas prote&#237;na C reativa discretamente elevada, com demais par&#226;metros dentro da normalidade (incluindo marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica); 2) RT-PCR por swab orofar&#237;ngeo; e 3) realizada tomografia do t&#243;rax ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ) que evidenciou &#225;reas com atenua&#231;&#227;o em vidro fosco, predominando em periferia e sendo mais evidente em segmentos inferiores, acometendo menos que 50% do par&#234;nquima pulmonar. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) foi considerado dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade, com ritmo sinusal e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 65bpm.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Tomografia de t&#243;rax sem contraste da admiss&#227;o hospitalar: &#225;reas com atenua&#231;&#227;o em vidro fosco, predominando em periferia, sendo mais evidente em segmentos inferiores, acometendo menos que 50% do par&#234;nquima pulmonar.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0142-00427-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Por se tratar de idoso com acometimento pulmonar, o paciente foi internado em isolamento, na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, com o diagn&#243;stico de pneumonia viral, provavelmente por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
      <p>Foi iniciada terapia com Oseltamivir 150mg/dia, Azitromicina 500mg/dia e Ceftriaxona 2g/dia e associado profilaxia para trombose venosa com enoxaparina 40mg/dia. Ap&#243;s 24h de interna&#231;&#227;o, o paciente evoluiu com piora progressiva do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio, culminando em insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, sendo necess&#225;ria a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal no segundo dia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Apresentou, tamb&#233;m, quadro cl&#237;nico de choque, recorrendo ao uso de droga vasoativa.</p>
      <p>Diante da piora hemodin&#226;mica e com o resultado da RT-PCR negativo para SARS-CoV-2, foi solicitado um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) para afastar endocardite infecciosa. O ETE, realizado dia 02/04/2020, revelou: a) aumento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o qual apresentava hipocinesia difusa predominantemente da parede &#226;ntero-apical e septo apical, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau 1 e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global de grau moderada, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 41%; b) aumento de c&#226;maras direitas, com hipocinesia difusa do ventr&#237;culo direito, e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global de grau moderado pela an&#225;lise subjetiva; c) hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de grau leve a moderado (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar, estimada em 48 mmHg); d) altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas das valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral; e) aus&#234;ncia de vegeta&#231;&#245;es e/ou trombos. Foi ent&#227;o levantada a hip&#243;tese de miopericardite, todavia, o ECG e os marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica eram normais. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o, de grande valia nestas circunst&#226;ncias, foi postergada em decorr&#234;ncia do quadro infeccioso vigente.</p>
      <p>Posteriormente, constatou-se eleva&#231;&#227;o exponencial do d&#237;mero-D plasm&#225;tico e da prote&#237;na C reativa, enquanto os n&#237;veis de troponinas e do NT-pr&#243;-BNP permaneciam dentro das faixas normais, conforme pode ser apreciado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Vale ressaltar que o resultado negativo do RT-PCR pode ser explicado, em parte, porque a amostra para o teste foi colhida no nono dia do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, quando, sabidamente, a elimina&#231;&#227;o viral est&#225; em queda. Tendo em vista, forte suspeita de COVID-19, foi mantido o esquema de antibi&#243;tico e solicitado teste sorol&#243;gico, cujo resultado foi positivo para a doen&#231;a (IgG - / IgM + SARS-Cov-2).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tempo de Interna&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>D-d&#237;mero (ug)</th>
                <th>Troponina (ug/ml)</th>
                <th>NT - ProBNP (ug/ml)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">288</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,012</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">449</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,012</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">1220</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,012</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">2310</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">2240</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">5000</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">5000</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,012</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">4030</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>13&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">2210</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>17&#186; dia</td>
                <td align="center">1590</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">416</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Diante das altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e da significativa eleva&#231;&#227;o do d&#237;mero-D (5000 ug), foi solicitado um duplex <italic>scan</italic> de membros inferiores, sendo o resultado negativo para trombose venosa. Foi ent&#227;o realizado angiotomografia do t&#243;rax ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ), a qual revelou falha de enchimento da por&#231;&#227;o distal da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita com extens&#227;o para os ramos segmentares do lobo superior direito compat&#237;vel com tromboembolismo pulmonar. Diante desta confirma&#231;&#227;o, foi institu&#237;da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com enoxaparina 120 mg/dia e, ap&#243;s 72 h, o esquema foi substitu&#237;do por rivaroxabana 30 mg/dia, em decorr&#234;ncia da melhora hemodin&#226;mica e programa&#231;&#227;o do desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Angiotomografia de t&#243;rax &#8211; Seta amarela: identifica falha de enchimento na por&#231;&#227;o distal da art&#233;ria pulmonar com extens&#227;o aos ramos segmentares do lobo superior direito, compat&#237;vel com tromboembolismo pulmonar.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0142-00427-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente evoluiu com melhora progressiva a partir do oitavo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, coincidindo com a queda dos n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero-D, conforme visto no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref> , sendo extubado no d&#233;cimo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o. Recebeu alta quatro dias ap&#243;s, em uso de rivaroxabana 30mg/dia por mais 17 dias e, conclu&#237;dos 21 dias, 20mg/dia por tr&#234;s a seis meses, a ser definido ap&#243;s reavalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Curva de evolu&#231;&#227;o do D-d&#237;mero durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0142-00427-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares t&#234;m sido apresentadas de forma expressiva e vari&#225;vel na vig&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo novo coronavirus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais grave da COVID-19, observam-se altos n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero-D, que tem sido associado a aumento da mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos sugerem que a resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica exacerbada juntamente com hip&#243;xia possam causar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aumento da atividade pr&#243;-coagulante, contribuindo para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. Esse estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico associado &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#233; comumente chamado de coagulopatia induzida pela sepse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todavia, vale ressaltar que os dados dispon&#237;veis sobre risco tromb&#243;tico s&#227;o bastante limitados, sendo a maior parte dos eventos descritos em estudos baseados em s&#233;ries de casos da China, Holanda e Fran&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, a maioria dos especialistas concorda que o sinal para aumento do risco tromb&#243;tico &#233; suficiente para recomendar a profilaxia farmacol&#243;gica do tromboembolismo venoso em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. Tem sido recomendado, ainda, considerar anticoagula&#231;&#227;o no cen&#225;rio de pacientes cr&#237;ticos em terapia intensiva, mesmo sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ou de imagem de trombose, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o risco de sangramento e poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio na interrup&#231;&#227;o da cascata pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tica, segundo opini&#227;o de especialistas e s&#233;rie de casos, necessitando-se de estudos prospectivos para sua confirma&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o do D-d&#237;mero nas formas graves da COVID-19 e a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de sintomas respirat&#243;rios da doen&#231;a de base &#224;s do tromboembolismo pulmonar dificultam o diagn&#243;stico deste &#250;ltimo de maneira precoce. Especial aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada a altera&#231;&#245;es como: hipoxemia refrat&#225;ria, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, surgimento de taquicardia sinusal n&#227;o explicada pelo quadro cl&#237;nico atual e disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito para o diagn&#243;stico de trombose pulmonar e in&#237;cio da terapia anticoagulante adequada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-Cov-2 se apresenta com um fen&#243;tipo vari&#225;vel, sendo frequentes os relatos de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e a presen&#231;a de um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, por mecanismos ainda n&#227;o totalmente elucidados. Deve-se, portanto, ficar atento para a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias da COVID-19, com a eventual ocorr&#234;ncia de embolia pulmonar, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de trombose venosa profunda demonstrada. Ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos para elucida&#231;&#227;o do(s) mecanismo(s) fisiopatol&#243;gicos(s) das afec&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas na COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Aos profissionais de sa&#250;de engajados na defesa da vida, na luta contra o coronav&#237;rus. Parafraseando Winston Churchill, &#8220;ao final desta guerra, nunca tantos deveram tanto a t&#227;o poucos.&#8221;</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>O consentimento informado foi obtido do participante inclu&#237;do no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>SARS-Cov-2 Infection and Pulmonary Thromboembolism &#8211; The Prothrombotic State in COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Hellen Dutra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baumworcel</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Cerqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1645-1186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcez</surname>
            <given-names>Juliane Dantas Seabra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas/Rede D&#8217;Or, S&#227;o Luiz, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa &#8226; Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas/Rede D&#8217;Or - S&#227;o Luiz, Av. Gon&#231;alo Prado Rollemberg, 211, Sala 208. Postal Code 49010-410, Aracaju, SE - Brazil E-mail: acssousa@terra.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Passos HD, Sousa ACS; Data acquisition: Passos HD; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Passos HD, Alves MC, Baumworcel L, Vieira JPC, Garcez JDS, Sousa ACS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The COVID-19 caused by new coronavirus, named by the World Health Organization as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread all over the world with astonishing speed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, the spread risk (R0) of COVID-19 has been 3.0, which explains its rapid dissemination all over the states.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Individuals with cardiovascular diseases, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and immunosuppressed patients are at higher risk for adverse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A relatively high incidence of thrombotic and thromboembolic disease has been observed in COVID-19 carriers, probably due to direct effects of the SARS-CoV-2 or indirect mechanisms of the infection. Interactions between COVID-19 therapies and antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants and the inadvertent use of anticoagulants may contribute to the prothrombotic state of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>Here we describe a patient diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 progressing with pulmonary thromboembolism and no evidence off peripheral thrombosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The data here reported were obtained by review of electronic medical records, complementary tests, and literature review.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>Patient I.M.S., male, aged 66 years, self-referred to the emergency department of a general hospital in Aracaju, Brazil, on March 28, 2020, with nasal congestion, dry cough, asthenia, nausea and fever (40<sup>o</sup>C) for eight days, with worsening in the last 48 hours. The patient reported having been to Rio de Janeiro for a dental implant surgery in the beginning of March and returned to Aracaju on March 18, 2020. History of osteosynthesis of the left humerus 16 years before, former smoker (quit &gt; 10 years ago), physically active. On physical examination, the only abnormal finding was diffuse inspiratory snoring and siblings on pulmonary auscultation. The patient had normal skin color and breathing, and hemodynamically stable. The hypothesis of COVID-19 was raised and the following tests were performed: 1) laboratory routine tests, showing slightly elevated C-reactive protein levels and the other parameters within normal ranges (including myocardial injury markers); 2) RT-PCR by oropharyngeal swab; and 3) chest tomography ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) which revealed ground-glass opacities, mainly in peripheral areas and more evidently in lower segments, affecting less than 50% of the pulmonary parenchyma. Electrocardiogram (ECG) with normal sinus rhythm and heart rate of 65 bpm.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Chest computed tomography without contrast on hospital admission. Ground-glass opacities, mainly in peripheral areas and more evidently in lower segments, affecting less than 50% of the pulmonary parenchyma.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0142-00427-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Since the patient was an elderly man and had impaired pulmonary function, the patient stayed in isolation of an intensive care unit, with diagnosis of viral pneumonia, probably caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
        <p>A therapy with Oseltamivir (150 mg/day), Azithromycin 500 mg/day and Ceftriaxone 2g/day was initiated, combined with prophylactic enoxaparin 40mg/day for venous thrombosis. After 24 hours of hospitalization, the patient showed progressive worsening of respiratory function, culminating with acute respiratory failure, requiring orotracheal intubation on the second day of hospitalization. The patient also developed shock, and vasoactive drug was used.</p>
        <p>With worsening of hemodynamics and the negative RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed to rule out the possibility of infectious endocarditis. The TEE, performed on April 02, 2020, revealed: a) enlargement of the left ventricle, which showed diffuse hypokinesis predominantly of the antero-apical wall and apical septum, grade 1 diastolic function and moderated global diastolic dysfunction, with ejection fraction of 41%; b) enlargement of the right chambers, with diffuse hypokinesis of the right ventricle, and moderate global systolic dysfunction by subjective evaluation; c) mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 48 mmHg); d) degenerative changes of aortic and mitral valves; e) absence of vegetations and/or thrombus. The hypothesis of myopericarditis was then raised, but both electrocardiographic findings and myocardial lesion markers were normal. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, which is a valuable test in these situations, was delayed due to ongoing infection.</p>
        <p>Subsequently, an exponential increase in D-dimer and C-reactive protein levels was observed, while troponin and NT-pro-BNP levels remained within normal ranges, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . It is worth pointing out that the negative RT-PCR may be explained, at least in part, by the fact that the specimens were collected on the ninth day of symptom onset, when virus release is known to be falling. Due to the high suspicion of COVID-19, the regimen of antibiotics was maintained; also, a serological test was ordered, which yielded a positive result for the disease (IgG - / IgM + SARS-Cov-2).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; D-dimer, troponin, and NT-ProBNP levels during hospitalization</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Hospitalization day</th>
                  <th>D-dimer (ug)</th>
                  <th>Troponin (ug/ml)</th>
                  <th>NT - ProBNP (ug/ml)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 1</td>
                  <td align="center">288</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 2</td>
                  <td align="center">449</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.012</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 3</td>
                  <td align="center">1220</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.012</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 4</td>
                  <td align="center">2310</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 5</td>
                  <td align="center">2240</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 6</td>
                  <td align="center">5000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 7</td>
                  <td align="center">5000</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 8</td>
                  <td align="center">4030</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 13</td>
                  <td align="center">2210</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day 17</td>
                  <td align="center">1590</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">416</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Considering the echocardiographic changes and significant elevation of D-dimer (5,000 ug), a lower extremity venous duplex scan was performed to investigate venous thrombosis, and the result was negative. Computed tomography angiography of the chest was then carried out ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ), which revealed filling defect of the distal right pulmonary artery, extending to segmental branches of the right upper lobe, compatible with pulmonary thromboembolism. Then, an anticoagulation was initiated with enoxaparin 120 mg/day for 72 hours, substituted with rivaroxaban 30 mg/day due to improvement in hemodynamics and mechanical ventilation weaning plan.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Computed tomography angiography of the chest: (yellow arrow) filling defect of the distal right pulmonary artery, extending to segmental branches of the right upper lobe, compatible with pulmonary thromboembolism.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0142-00427-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>From the eight day on, the patient showed progressive improvement with concomitant decrease in dimer-D levels, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> . The patient was extubated on the tenth day of hospitalization. Four days after, the patient was discharged, with rivaroxaban 30mg/day for further 17 days and when 21 days are completed, 20mg/day for 3-6 months, according to outpatient follow-up visits.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>There have been remarkable and variable cardiovascular complications of the coronavirus infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In severe manifestations of COVID-19, increased D-dimer and its association with increased mortality have been observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Studies have suggested that an exacerbate systemic inflammatory response plus hypoxia may cause endothelial dysfunction and increased procoagulant activity, contributing to thrombus formation. This prothrombotic state, associated with systemic infection, is commonly known as sepsis-induced coagulopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is worth mentioning that the data available on thrombotic risk are limited; most of the cases reported have been derived from case series in China, Holland and Fance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, most experts agree that one sign of increased thrombotic risk is sufficient to recommend pharmacological prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients hospitalized for COVD-19. In addition, anticoagulation should be considered in critically ill patients under intensive therapy, even with no clinical or imaging evidence of thrombosis, taking into consideration the risk of bleeding and potential benefit of interrupting the prothrombotic cascade, based on experts&#8217; opinion and case series. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The elevations in D-dimer levels in severe forms of COVD-19 and superposition of respiratory symptoms over pulmonary thromboembolism symptoms make it difficult to early diagnose the latter. Special attention must be paid to refractory hypoxemia, electrocardiographic alterations, sinus tachycardia that is not explained by current clinical condition and left ventricular dysfunction for diagnosis of pulmonary thrombosis and initiation of adequate anticoagulant therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The SARS-Cov-2 infection has a variable phenotype, with common manifestations of cardiovascular complications and a prothrombotic state, by mechanisms not fully elucidated. Attention should be given to superposition of respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 and eventual occurrence of pulmonary embolism, even in the absence of evidence of deep venous thrombosis. Further studies are still needed to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of thromboembolic events in COVID-19.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Graph 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>D-dimer profile during hospital course.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0142-00427-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>To the healthcare professionals engaged in the defense of life, against the Coronavirus. Paraphrasing Winston Churchill, &#8220;never was so much owed by so many to so few.&#8221;</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>Informed consent was obtained from the participant included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
