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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QKwRRhX6h3RbWD6WH4V4hJm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800134</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190689</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190689</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso Apropriado das Novas Diretrizes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica na Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Atletas. Nem Sempre &#233; o que Parece Ser</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2875-9863</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Suaide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva &#8226; Av. Juru&#225;, 434. CEP 06455-010, Barueri , SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>csuaide@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva CES</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>134</fpage>
      <lpage>138</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diretrizes</kwd>
        <kwd>Esportes</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A correta avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela ecocardiografia tem sido sempre um grande desafio para os cardiologistas que trabalham com o m&#233;todo. Em parte, pelas mudan&#231;as frequentes nas diretrr izes decorrentes da grande quantidade de novas informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito de t&#227;o complexo assunto, em parte por certa confus&#227;o gerada pelas pr&#243;prias diretrizes, muitas vezes contradit&#243;rias ou pouco explicativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, estamos caminhando para um maior entendimento do que ocorre nessa importante fase do ciclo card&#237;aco. A &#250;ltima diretriz de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica publicada em 2016, apesar de ainda apresentar algumas incoer&#234;ncias e nos deixar com algumas d&#250;vidas em determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, veio esclarecer diversos pontos e corrigiu algumas distor&#231;&#245;es da diretriz anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Como sempre acontece na medicina, toda vez que temos alguma mudan&#231;a de paradigma, ou uma nova entidade cl&#237;nica &#233; descoberta, passamos inicialmente por uma fase de exagero no diagn&#243;stico seguida por uma fase de descr&#233;dito para finalmente atingirmos o equil&#237;brio com a maturidade e o conhecimento adquirido com o tempo. Foi assim com o prolapso da valva mitral, que apresentava incid&#234;ncia de mais de 35% em mulheres jovens no in&#237;cio dos anos 1970 e que hoje sabemos ser de aproximadamente 2,4% sem diferen&#231;a entre os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O mesmo ocorreu com o diagn&#243;stico de n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o ventricular e diversas outras entidades cl&#237;nicas e, porque n&#227;o dizer, com o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Quantos idosos absolutamente saud&#225;veis n&#227;o foram diagnosticados com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve (grau I) por apresentar apenas invers&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A no fluxo mitral ao Doppler? Almeida et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> verificaram o impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da diretriz de 2009 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; de 2016 no diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o (1000 indiv&#237;duos com mais de 45 anos) e encontraram apenas 1,4% de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica onde haveria 38,2% usando a diretriz anterior.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, com essa nova diretriz parece que chegamos a esse equil&#237;brio e com a aplica&#231;&#227;o correta de seus crit&#233;rios diminu&#237;mos significativamente esse exagero no diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, principalmente na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa. Entretanto, talvez ainda deixemos de fazer esse diagn&#243;stico, felizmente em n&#250;mero bem menor de casos, em outras situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Particularmente em atletas, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica precisa ser avaliada com mais aten&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio &#233; um forte est&#237;mulo para a adapta&#231;&#227;o muscular e h&#225; bastante evid&#234;ncias que comprovam que o mesmo &#233; respons&#225;vel por mudan&#231;as na forma e no d&#233;bito card&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As adapta&#231;&#245;es impostas ao cora&#231;&#227;o dependem, evidentemente, do tipo de exerc&#237;cio realizado. Assim, didaticamente falando, atletas que realizam exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia (din&#226;micos) e que trabalham em altas frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas, como os maratonistas ou nadadores, sofrem adapta&#231;&#245;es diferentes daqueles que fazem exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos (est&#225;ticos) onde a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; mais baixa e h&#225; predominante aumento da press&#227;o arterial, como ocorre com halterofilistas. Na pr&#225;tica, grande parte dos exerc&#237;cios s&#227;o mistos como ocorre com ciclistas e remadores, por exemplo.</p>
    <p>No primeiro grupo (maratonistas), onde o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pode chegar a at&#233; dez vezes o valor de repouso, o cora&#231;&#227;o precisa se adaptar de diversas maneiras, seja partindo de uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal muito baixa (bradicardia), seja aumentando seu volume sist&#243;lico (hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica), seja tornando mais efetiva a sua fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba extraindo o m&#225;ximo de suas fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. A di&#225;stole desses atletas precisa ser extremamente eficiente porque em alta frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ela se encurta e o cora&#231;&#227;o tem pouco tempo para se encher. Por isso, assim que a valva mitral se abre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo precisa se encher rapidamente, apresentar um relaxamento extremamente eficaz e &#8220;sugar&#8221; a maior quantidade de sangue poss&#237;vel para gerar uma s&#237;stole efetiva. Isso explica a ampla onda E do fluxo mitral ao Doppler seguida de uma pequena onda A (pois sobra pouco sangue para entrar no ventr&#237;culo na teledi&#225;stole) gerando um padr&#227;o de fluxo semelhante em morfologia ao padr&#227;o restritivo, mas que reflete, na realidade, uma di&#225;stole supranormal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>&#192; esquerda corte apical de 4 c&#226;maras ao eco bidimensional. &#192; direta padr&#227;o do fluxo mitral ao Doppler em atleta jovem. AAE = ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; E/A VM: rela&#231;&#227;o E/A da valva mitral; T.Des. VM: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E do fluxo mitral; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0134-90689-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No segundo grupo (halterofilistas) onde o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; submetido a altas press&#245;es, sem grande aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, observamos um predominante aumento da espessura mioc&#225;rdica, sem dilata&#231;&#227;o (hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, rigidez aumentada e tempo de relaxamento prolongado levando ao aumento do tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E e invertendo a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A do fluxo mitral) .</p>
    <p>Essas situa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o extremas e os exemplos did&#225;ticos, mas na realidade, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em atletas &#233; muitas vezes bem mais complexa do que isso. Vamos mostrar atrav&#233;s de dois exemplos cl&#237;nicos como a utiliza&#231;&#227;o racional das novas diretrizes associada &#224;s t&#233;cnicas avan&#231;adas de ecocardiografia e &#224; hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica dos pacientes podem chegar a um diagn&#243;stico correto e mais refinado da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Exemplo 1: masculino, 16 anos, jogador de futebol (o mesmo paciente da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Analisando somente o padr&#227;o de fluxo mitral desse atleta temos uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/A de 2,25 e um tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE) de 138ms, o que caracterizaria um padr&#227;o de fluxo mitral do tipo restritivo, n&#227;o compat&#237;vel com a cl&#237;nica de um jovem esportista. Prosseguindo a investiga&#231;&#227;o, observamos ao Doppler tecidual o valor da onda e&#8217; septal de 0,17m/s e da onda e&#8217; lateral de 0,18m/s. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; foi de 7,01 a velocidade do refluxo tric&#250;spide de 1,33m/s e o volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo de 27,9ml/m<sup>2</sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Todas as medidas dentro da normalidade, configurando ent&#227;o um padr&#227;o de fluxo mitral do tipo supranormal, frequentemente encontrado em jovens e atletas.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Doppler tecidual do anel mitral (superior, esquerda); corte apical de 4 c&#226;maras ao eco bidimensional (superior direita); curva do Doppler cont&#237;nuo do refluxo tric&#250;spide (inferior esquerda); corte apical de 2 c&#226;maras ao eco bidimensional (inferior direita). AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; E&#8217;L: velocidade da onda e&#8217; lateral; E&#8217;S: velocidade da onda e&#8217; septal; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Vol AE: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0134-90689-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Exemplo 2: masculino, 48 anos, fisiculturista e corredor. O estudo inicial com ecocardiograma tridimensional n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica significativa. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica observou-se rela&#231;&#227;o E/A de 1,12, velocidades de e&#8217; septal e lateral estimadas em 0,05m/s e 0,07m/s, respectivamente, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; de 10,3, volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo de 17,9ml/m<sup>2</sup> e velocidade do refluxo tric&#250;spide de 2m/s ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Avaliando a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica desse paciente segundo as diretrizes de 2016, dos quatro crit&#233;rios maiores, apenas um encontra-se fora da normalidade (velocidades do anel mitral ao Doppler tecidual), o que classificaria a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica como normal.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Curva do fluxo mitral ao Doppler puls&#225;til (superior esquerda); curva do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral lateral (superior direita). E/A VM: rela&#231;&#227;o E/A da valva mitral; LAEDVindex(A-L): volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0134-90689-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Entretanto, chama &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o os valores alterados das velocidades do anel mitral em um atleta assintom&#225;tico. Aprofundando a anamnese, o paciente relatou que fazia uso constante de esteroides anabolizantes (propionato de testosterona 30mg, fempropionato de testosterona 60mg, isocaproato de testosterona 60mg, decanoato de testosterona 100mg - Durateston&#174;). Realizando ent&#227;o o estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela t&#233;cnica do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> verificou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (-15,4%) como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 4</xref> . Essa informa&#231;&#227;o modifica totalmente a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nesse paciente. O fato de ter disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica documentada pelo <italic>speckle tracking</italic> direciona a investiga&#231;&#227;o para o segundo algoritmo das diretrizes de 2016 (Pacientes com FE diminu&#237;da e pacientes com doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica e FE normal, ap&#243;s considerar dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos). Um valor do <italic>strain</italic> t&#227;o baixo nos leva a pensar em algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em decorr&#234;ncia do uso de esteroides, comprometendo as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Segundo as novas diretrizes, n&#227;o devemos ter disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica sem, ao menos, um grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica presente pela intrincada rela&#231;&#227;o entre elas. Esse n&#227;o &#233; um conceito novo. J&#225; em 2008, Lester et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ressaltavam que, &#8220;pelo o fato dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica serem derivados do Doppler, e os que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica serem derivados do estudo bidimensional podemos criar a ilus&#227;o de que &#233; poss&#237;vel ter disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica isolada&#8221;. Portanto, de acordo com as diretrizes de 2016, ao inv&#233;s de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal, diagnosticamos a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve nesse atleta.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela t&#233;cnica do speckle tracking. GLS: strain longitudinal global.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0134-90689-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de atletas competitivos e pessoas altamente ativas est&#225; em franco crescimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Relatos recentes extrapolam as causas de remodelamento card&#237;aco induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio para al&#233;m da estrutura ventricular passando a incluir altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> da morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e estrutura do &#225;trio esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Todas as formas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico vigoroso, seja em atletas profissionais ou pessoas altamente ativas, envolvem alguma combina&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio est&#225;tico e din&#226;mico. Os termos est&#225;tico e din&#226;mico se referem ao padr&#227;o de atividade muscular esquel&#233;tica e suas consequ&#234;ncias no sistema cardiovascular. A atividade est&#225;tica &#233; caracterizada por contra&#231;&#245;es curtas e vigorosas de determinados grupos musculares. Durante eventos de atividade est&#225;tica pura (ou predominante), como ocorre no levantamento ou arremesso de peso, observa-se aumento agudo na resist&#234;ncia vascular e na press&#227;o arterial. O principal papel do sistema cardiovascular nesses atletas &#233; conseguir manter o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco frente ao s&#250;bito e exagerado aumento da p&#243;s-carga. Em contraste, os exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos (de &#8220;endurance&#8221;) s&#227;o caracterizados por contra&#231;&#245;es e relaxamentos repetitivos, geralmente r&#237;tmicos, de grandes grupos musculares o que requer aumento no metabolismo oxidativo. A intensidade da atividade din&#226;mica pode ser quantificada pelo consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>). A resposta prim&#225;ria do sistema cardiovascular ao exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico &#233; aumentar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco para assegurar a chegada de nutrientes ao leito muscular em atividade. O aumento do d&#233;bito &#233; conseguido pelo aumento do volume sist&#243;lico e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de atletas profissionais ou pessoas altamente ativas deve ser normal ou aumentada e qualquer evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica deve nos levar a pensar em patologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Dados de uma grande meta-an&#225;lise sugerem que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico promove um aumento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em atletas por uma combina&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento proto-diast&#243;lico mais efetivo e aumento da complac&#234;ncia ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O tipo de atividade f&#237;sica tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es observadas na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de atletas. O exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico leva a um relaxamento ventricular mais efetivo, al&#233;m da dilata&#231;&#227;o biventricular, enquanto o exerc&#237;cio est&#225;tico pode estar relacionado a um certo grau de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> geralmente acompanhado de aumento da espessura mioc&#225;rdica e de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Por isso, &#233; fundamental que na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular dos atletas, profissionais, amadores ou &#8220;de finais de semana&#8221;, utilizemos todas as ferramentas dispon&#237;veis no arsenal da ecocardiografia. Sempre que poss&#237;vel a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o deve ser avaliada pela ecocardiografia tridimensional e a an&#225;lise criteriosa da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ( <italic>strain</italic> ) deve sempre ser realizada pela t&#233;cnica do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> , assim como avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica seguindo as &#250;ltimas diretrizes. O <italic>strain</italic> &#233; capaz de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es incipientes da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica muito antes que ocorra qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ao estudo bidimensional ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de algum comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico subjacente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, uma an&#225;lise detalhada da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica deve ser realizada seguindo as &#250;ltimas diretrizes.</p>
    <p>&#201; muito frequente observarmos atletas fazendo uso de f&#243;rmulas e esteroides anabolizantes sem qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o ou acompanhamento m&#233;dico e um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico completo pode detectar precocemente a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, e permitir um tratamento adequado evitando maiores danos ao mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Appropriate Use of Diastolic Function Guideline When Evaluating Athletes: It is not Always what it Seems to Be</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2875-9863</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Suaide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva &#8226; Av. Juru&#225;, 434. Postal Code 06455-010, Barueri , SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: csuaide@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva CES</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Guidelines as Topic</kwd>
        <kwd>Sports</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The complete echocardiographic evaluation of the diastolic function has always been a great challenge for cardiologists and sonographers, either because of frequent changes found in every new guideline, due to a great amount of recent information about this complex subject, or because of some confusion created by the guidelines themselves, which are many times contradictory or not explanatory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, we are moving towards a better understanding of what really happens on this important phase of the cardiac cycle. The last published guideline of 2016, despite presenting some inconsistencies and still not making certain situations clear, clarified several points and corrected some distortions of the previous one.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As usual in Medicine, every time we have a paradigm shift or a new clinical entity appears, we pass first through a moment of overdiagnosis followed by some discredit to finally reach a balance with the maturity and the knowledge acquired over time. The same happened with mitral valve prolapse, which showed an incidence of more than 30% in young women in the early 1970s, but nowadays it is known of about 2.5% in both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ventricular non-compaction and many other diseases followed the same pattern, as well as diastolic disfunction. How many healthy elderly people were diagnosed with mild diastolic disfunction (or grade I) due to presence of E/A inversion on spectral Doppler of the mitral inflow? Almeida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> tested the impact of using the 2009 guidelines against 2016 for diagnosing diastolic disfunction in 1,000 elderly individuals (over 45 y/o). They found that only 1.4% had some degree of diastolic disfunction according to the 2016 guideline. On the other hand, if the 2009 guideline had been used, this number would rise to 38.2%.</p>
      <p>Thus, with this new guideline, we seem to have come to this balance and by using the correct application of its criteria we can significantly reduce the excessive diagnosis of diastolic disfunction, mainly in the elderly. However, we may still fail to diagnose, fortunately in a much lower amount of cases, in another clinical situations. Particularly in athletes, diastolic function needs to be evaluated more carefully.</p>
      <p>Exercise is a strong stimulus for muscle adaptation, and there is plenty of evidence proving that it is responsible for changes in shape and cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The adaptations imposed to the heart depend, of course, on the type of performed exercise. Therefore, didactically, athletes that perform dynamic exercises and work out at a high heart rate, such as marathon runners or swimmers, suffer different adaptations from those who perform isometric (static) exercises, in which the heart rate is lower and there is predominant increase in blood pressure as it happens with bodybuilders. In practice, most exercises are mixed as in cyclists and rowers, for example.</p>
      <p>In the first group (marathon runners), in which the cardiac output can reach ten times the resting value, the heart needs to adapt in a variety of manners, whether starting from a very low basal heart rate (bradycardia), increasing left ventricular volume (eccentric hypertrophy) or even making its pump more effective, by extracting the maximum of its diastolic and systolic functions. The diastole of these athletes must be extremely efficient because tachycardia shortens this phase and the heart has much less time to be filled. Thus, as soon as the mitral valve opens, the left ventricle must fill up quickly, show an extremely effective relaxation and &#8220;suck&#8221; as much blood as possible to generate an effective systole. It explains the big E wave on mitral Doppler followed by a small A wave (because there is little blood left to fill the ventricle on the end of diastole), thus showing a flow pattern similar to restrictive, but reflecting, in fact, a supernormal diastole<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Left: Apical four-chamber view on 2D echo. Right: Doppler mitral flow on a young athlete. LAA: left atrial appendage; RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; E/A VM: mitral valve E/A ratio; T.Des. VM: mitral valve deceleration; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle..</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0134-90689-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the second group (bodybuilders), in which the heart is subjected to high pressures without increasing its frequency too much, we can find predominant increase in wall thickness without dilatation (concentric hypertrophy, augmented muscle stiffness, and longer relaxation period leading to a prolonged deceleration time of mitral E wave and an inverted E/A ratio).</p>
      <p>These situations are exaggerations, and the examples used herein are only for better understanding, but in the real world, diastolic evaluation in athletes is usually much more complex. We will show, with two clinical examples, how the rational use of the new guideline along with advanced echocardiographic techniques and clinical history can lead to a correct and refined analysis of diastolic function on this population.</p>
      <p>Example 1: 16-year-old male soccer player (same patient of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). If we look only for the mitral flow pattern of this athlete, we will find an E/A ratio of 2.25 and an E wave deceleration time of 138 ms, which could resemble a restrictive pattern that is incompatible with the status of a young athlete. Tissue Doppler velocity shows septal e&#8217; of 0.17 m/s and lateral e&#8217; of 0.18 m/s. It leads to an E/e&#8217; ratio of 7.01. Tricuspid regurgitation velocity was 1.33 m/s and there was left atrium volume indexed of 27.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). All measurements were within the normal limits, setting up a supernormal mitral flow pattern often found in youth and athletes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02001">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>A) mitral annular tissue Doppler; B) apical four-chamber view on 2D echo bidimensional; C) continuous Doppler of tricuspid regurgitation; D) apical two-chamber view on 2D echo. LAA: left atrial appendage; RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; E&#8217;L: lateral e&#8217; velocity; E&#8217;S: septal e&#8217; velocity; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; Vol AE: left atrium indexed volume.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0134-90689-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Example 2: 48-year-old male bodybuilder and runner. Initial 3D echo study did not show any significant abnormalities. The diastolic evaluation showed an E/A ratio of 1.12, a septal and lateral e&#8217; velocity of 0.05 and 0.07 m/s, respectively, an E/e&#8217; ratio of 10.3, indexed left atrium volume of 17.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>and tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity of 2 m/s ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). After analysis of these data, according to the 2016 guideline, only one criterium, out of four, was not normal (mitral septal and lateral annulus velocity), which should lead to a normal diastolic function.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03001">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>A) pulsed Doppler curve of mitral valve; B) tissue Doppler curve of mitral lateral annulus. E/A VM: mitral valve E/A ratio; LAEDVindex(A-L): left atrium indexed volume.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0134-90689-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>However, attention was drawn to abnormal mitral annulus velocity in an asymptomatic athlete. After a more careful anamnesis, the patient reported that he was on anabolic androgenic steroids (testosterone propionate 30 mg, testosterone phenpropionate 60 mg, testosterone isocaproate 60 mg, testosterone decanoate 100 mg &#8211; Durateston&#174;). After evaluation of the myocardial deformation with speckle tracking, we found an abnormal global longitudinal strain value of -15.4%. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ). This finding completely modifies the diastolic function analysis on this patient. Documented systolic disfunction lead to the second algorithm of 2016 guideline (patients with depressed LVEFs and patients with myocardial disease and normal LVEF after consideration of clinical and other 2D data). Such a low strain value points to some degree of myocardial impairment caused by the steroids, compromising both systolic and diastolic functions. According to this guideline, we should not expect to have systolic disfunction without, at least, some degree of diastolic disfunction, due to the intricated relationship between them. This has not been a new concept. Since 2008 Lester et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> reported that: &#8220;traditionally, parameters of diastolic function have been derived from Doppler and those of systolic function from two-dimensional variables. This may create the illusion that individuals have isolated diastolic dysfunction&#8221;. Thus, instead of normal diastolic function, according to the 2016 guideline, this athlete already has mild diastolic disfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04001">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Quantification of myocardial strain by speckle tracking.GLS: global longitudinal strain</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0134-90689-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Extremely active people and competitive athlete populations are increasing day by day.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recent reports extrapolate the causes of cardiac remodeling induced by exercises beyond the ventricular structure, including now changes in diastolic function,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> right ventricle morphology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and left atrium structure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>All forms of vigorous physical exercise, whether in professional athletes or in highly active people, involve a combination of static and dynamic exercises. Static and dynamic refer to the skeletal muscular activity pattern and its consequence in the cardiovascular system. Static activity is characterized by vigorous short contractions of certain muscular groups. During pure static activity events (or predominantly), like in weightlifting/throwers, we find an acute increase in vascular resistance and blood pressure. The main purpose of cardiovascular system in these athletes is to preserve the cardiac output in face of the sudden and exaggerated increase in afterload. In contrast, dynamic exercises (endurance) are characterized by repetitive contractions and relaxations, often rhythmic, of big muscular groups that require an increase in the oxidative metabolism. The dynamic activity intensity can be quantified by the oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>). The primary response of the cardiovascular system to dynamic exercise is to increase the cardiac output to ensure the arrival of nutrients to the active muscular bed. Increase of cardiac output is reached by increasing both stroke volume and heart rate and decreasing peripheral vascular resistance.</p>
      <p>Diastolic function in athletes and in highly active people should be normal or increased, and any pieces of diastolic disfunction evidence should alert us for any pathology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Large metanalysis data pointed that exercises promote an increase in diastolic function through the combination of a more effective early diastolic relaxation and increased ventricular compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The type of physical activity is also related to the changes observed in athletes&#8217; diastolic function. Dynamic exercises lead to a more effective ventricular relaxation besides biventricular enlargement, while static exercises may be related to a certain degree of diastolic disfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which usually happens with an increase in wall thickness and left ventricular concentric hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it is essential while evaluating ventricular function in athletes, whether they are professionals, amateurs or only &#8220;weekend players,&#8221; that we use all available tools in the echocardiographic arsenal. Ejection fraction should always be quantified by 3D echo, and evaluation of myocardial deformation (strain measurement) should be taken with the speckle tracking technique. Strain quantification can show incipient impairment in systolic function much earlier than any change in ejection fraction or 2D echocardiographic contractile abnormality could be verified. Routine evaluation of myocardial deformation would allow the detection of some underlying myocardial injury in this population. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of diastolic function must be done according to the recent guideline.</p>
      <p>It is quite common to find athletes on formulas and anabolic androgenic steroids without any prescription or medical advice, and a complete echocardiographic evaluation could detect early ventricular systolic and diastolic disfunction, thus allowing correct treatment to avoid any larger myocardial damage.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
