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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tq8bTnyGR3qp5LsLwbmZMHQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200370</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200370</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Imagem Cardiovascular e Procedimentos Intervencionistas em Pacientes com Infec&#231;&#227;o pelo Novo Coronav&#237;rus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Higa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerri</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CardioEco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CardioEco -Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba , PR - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Curitiba , PR - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley - Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251. CEP 01246-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>Isabela.bispo@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Costa IBSS, Rochitte CE, Campos CM, Barberato SH, Oliveira GMM, Lopes MACQ, Nomura CH, Abizaid AA, Hajjar LA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Costa IBSS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costa IBSS, Rochitte CE, Campos CM, Barberato SH, Lopes MACQ, Hajjar LA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa IBSS, Rochitte CE, Oliveira GMM, Lopes MACQ, Nomura CH, Abizaid AA, Cerri G, Kalil Filho R, Hajjar LA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>111</fpage>
      <lpage>126</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A pandemia da doen&#231;a causada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19) trouxe grandes desafios para o sistema de sa&#250;de devido ao aumento exponencial do n&#250;mero de pacientes acometidos. A racionaliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos e a indica&#231;&#227;o correta e criteriosa de exames de imagem e procedimentos intervencionistas tornaram-se necess&#225;rias, priorizando a seguran&#231;a do paciente, do ambiente e dos profissionais da sa&#250;de. Esta revis&#227;o visa auxiliar e orientar os profissionais envolvidos na realiza&#231;&#227;o desses exames e procedimentos a faz&#234;-los de forma eficaz e segura.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Infecciosas Emergentes</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Orienta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exames M&#233;dicos/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas e Procedimentos Diagn&#243;sticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="56"/>
        <page-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A COVID-19, doen&#231;a causada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus (SARS-CoV-2), &#233; um grande desafio atual para a sociedade. Sua r&#225;pida dissemina&#231;&#227;o fez com que se tornasse uma pandemia, tendo atingido em poucos meses 185 pa&#237;ses, resultando em 4.995.127 infectados (20 de maio) e 328.079 mortes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As estat&#237;sticas brasileiras demonstram n&#250;meros em ascens&#227;o, apesar da subnotifica&#231;&#227;o pela indisponibilidade de testes, tendo-se registrado at&#233; o momento 291.579 infectados e 18.859 mortes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia mais efetiva para controlar a transmiss&#227;o da doen&#231;a &#233; o isolamento, com medidas como quarentena e distanciamento social. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os hospitais, cl&#237;nicas e consult&#243;rios t&#234;m seguido recomenda&#231;&#245;es de sociedades m&#233;dicas nacionais e internacionais no sentido de proteger ao m&#225;ximo os pacientes sem COVID-19 do risco de infec&#231;&#227;o e, ao mesmo tempo, propiciar manejo adequado &#224;queles com COVID-19. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nessa premissa, procedimentos considerados eletivos deveriam ser reagendados para momento oportuno. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O manejo adequado dos pacientes infectados compreende uma s&#233;rie de medidas que envolve a intera&#231;&#227;o entre diversos setores hospitalares e uma equipe multidisciplinar treinada. A grande maioria dos infectados que evoluem com a forma mais grave da COVID-19 apresenta comorbidades, sendo frequentes as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da COVID-19 ocorrem entre 7% e 40% dos casos, manifestando-se como inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, trombose, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, miocardite, arritmias e choque. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento dessas complica&#231;&#245;es tem implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas importantes, com elevada taxa de mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico e o seguimento dos pacientes com essas complica&#231;&#245;es, frequentemente s&#227;o necess&#225;rios exames de imagem, como eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT), tomografia computadorizada (TC) e, em alguns pacientes, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) e angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (ATAC). Esses exames n&#227;o devem ser realizados de rotina em todos os infectados, sendo sua indica&#231;&#227;o preferencialmente pautada no benef&#237;cio adicionado ao cuidado do paciente e levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a seguran&#231;a da equipe que conduzir&#225; o exame. O uso racional, respons&#225;vel e criterioso dos recursos faz com que o cl&#237;nico desempenhe papel importante na identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente que necessita do exame, na sele&#231;&#227;o adequada do exame e na interpreta&#231;&#227;o correta dos achados.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, esta revis&#227;o tem como objetivos: a) auxiliar na indica&#231;&#227;o dos exames cardiovasculares e procedimentos intervencionistas e na sua implementa&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para pacientes com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19; b) orientar os m&#233;dicos que realizar&#227;o os exames e os procedimentos a faz&#234;-los de forma segura, evitando a contamina&#231;&#227;o do ambiente e dos profissionais de sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Abordagem do Paciente Com Suspeita ou Confirma&#231;&#227;o de Covid-19</title>
      <p>A abordagem do paciente com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19 deve se iniciar pela caracteriza&#231;&#227;o adequada dos sinais e sintomas apresentados. Os pacientes com sintomas gripais leves (tosse, febre, dor de garganta) podem ser acompanhados em unidades de baixa complexidade ou em regime domiciliar. Aqueles com sintomas que denotem gravidade (satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio &lt;94% em ar ambiente, desconforto respirat&#243;rio, taquipneia, hipotens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda) devem ser encaminhados para centros especializados. No contato inicial, deve ser fornecida m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica para a pessoa sintom&#225;tica, que deve ser direcionada para sala espec&#237;fica, visando isolamento respirat&#243;rio, e deve receber material para higiene das m&#227;os, evitando o cont&#225;gio do ambiente e de outras pessoas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de risco deve incluir a avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de comorbidades cl&#237;nicas que sabidamente est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o mais grave da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o (HAS), doen&#231;a cardiovascular cr&#244;nica, diabetes mellitus (DM), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, ou ainda pacientes imunossuprimidos ou idosos, s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis a desenvolverem complica&#231;&#245;es, devendo ser considerados grupo de risco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com sintomas graves e/ou do grupo de risco s&#227;o mais propensos a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares relacionadas &#224; COVID-19. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Zhou et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> em uma coorte com 191 pacientes, observaram preval&#234;ncia elevada de HAS (30%), DM (19%), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC - 8%) e DPOC (3%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Dos 54 pacientes (28%) que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito, 67% apresentavam alguma comorbidade, 48% apresentavam HAS, 31% apresentavam DM e 24% apresentavam DAC. Idade avan&#231;ada foi preditor independente de mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro marcador importante de gravidade desses doentes &#233; a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de troponina, NT-proBNP e d&#237;mero-D. Os pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina evolu&#237;ram com formas mais graves da COVID-19, com incid&#234;ncia aumentada de s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo (SDRA) e morte. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina &#233; acompanhada de eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, tromb&#243;ticos e de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, e os pacientes com essa caracter&#237;stica t&#234;m maior chance de evoluir para quadros de fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda e choque. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o, os pacientes que apresentarem crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos ou laboratoriais sugestivos de maior gravidade devem ter sua fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular estudada por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, dosagem de biomarcadores e realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem, conforme descri&#231;&#227;o abaixo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os exames de imagem e os procedimentos intervencionistas mais comumente realizados s&#227;o descritos a seguir.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Ecocardiografia</title>
      <p>A ecocardiografia tem papel estabelecido no diagn&#243;stico, na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e na orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica em diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entretanto, como implica contato pr&#243;ximo entre o examinador e o paciente, traz alto risco de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2. A pandemia tornou urgente a reorganiza&#231;&#227;o dos laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; COVID-19 e assegurar a prote&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, m&#233;dicos e equipe de trabalho. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Dessa forma, o Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular / Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia lan&#231;ou um documento para auxiliar os profissionais durante esta pandemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De forma geral, a ecocardiografia n&#227;o deve ser realizada de rotina durante a pandemia, especialmente em pacientes com COVID-19 confirmada. Por outro lado, os profissionais da ecocardiografia continuar&#227;o sendo expostos em determinados cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos nos quais o ecocardiograma pode ser decisivo no diagn&#243;stico diferencial e no manejo cl&#237;nico dos pacientes mais graves. Sabe-se que a COVID-19 pode gerar manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares graves e que a doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via &#233; comum nos pacientes com COVID-19, estando associada com pior progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Precau&#231;&#245;es Gerais</title>
        <p>Todo e qualquer atendimento durante a pandemia deve seguir as seguintes recomenda&#231;&#245;es para minimizar os riscos de exposi&#231;&#227;o do profissional de sa&#250;de e dos pacientes &#224; COVID-19: (a) definir se o exame &#233; considerado essencial naquele momento; (b) realizar triagem pr&#233;via quanto ao risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o; (c) respeitar as normas gerais de higieniza&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os e restri&#231;&#227;o de contato; e (d) utilizar de forma rigorosa e racional o equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual (EPI) adequado, conforme o tipo do exame e o risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nos casos de baixo risco de COVID-19 (&#225;reas de baixo risco e teste negativo para o v&#237;rus), para os pacientes assintom&#225;ticos que ser&#227;o submetidos ao ETT, preconiza-se a criteriosa lavagem das m&#227;os e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de luvas e m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica para o ecocardiografista. &#201; recomend&#225;vel que o paciente de baixo risco use tamb&#233;m m&#225;scara durante o atendimento. Nos casos de moderado a alto risco (pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada), as normas de seguran&#231;a incluem higieniza&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os, uso de luvas, m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica (ou N95, caso dispon&#237;vel), avental, gorro e prote&#231;&#227;o ocular (&#243;culos ou escudo facial) para o examinador. A m&#225;scara &#233; obrigat&#243;ria para o paciente nesse caso. Na eventualidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE), &#233; obrigat&#243;ria a adi&#231;&#227;o da m&#225;scara N95 ou similar ao aparato anterior, configurando precau&#231;&#227;o a&#233;rea, uma vez que o procedimento &#233; capaz de gerar aeross&#243;is contendo grande quantidade de v&#237;rus. &#201; recomend&#225;vel tamb&#233;m utilizar prote&#231;&#227;o para os p&#233;s (botas ou prop&#233;s) e capa protetora para o transdutor, se poss&#237;vel. Em pacientes com COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada e sob ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva ou invasiva, a precau&#231;&#227;o a&#233;rea tamb&#233;m deve ser adotada para a execu&#231;&#227;o do ETT. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em pacientes internados, a prefer&#234;ncia &#233; fazer os ecocardiogramas necess&#225;rios &#224; beira do leito, com as medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o adequadas e com o menor n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de indiv&#237;duos no aposento. Devem ser feitas a limpeza e a desinfec&#231;&#227;o apropriadas das m&#225;quinas e transdutores logo ap&#243;s o uso, de acordo com as especifica&#231;&#245;es de cada fabricante. Integrantes do laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia acima de 60 anos de idade, portadores de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, imunodeprimidos e gestantes devem idealmente ser afastados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Indica&#231;&#245;es de Ecocardiografia em Pacientes de Baixo Risco para Covid-19</title>
        <p>Durante a pandemia, as solicita&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiografia em indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco de COVID-19 devem ser baseadas nas indica&#231;&#245;es de uso apropriado e devem ser realizadas somente se a informa&#231;&#227;o gerada pelo exame for essencial para o manejo do caso. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Todos os exames considerados eletivos devem ser adiados para quando as opera&#231;&#245;es voltarem ao normal, incluindo ETT, ETE, ecocardiograma sob estresse (ESE) e ecocardiograma fetal (EF). A urg&#234;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um ecocardiograma em paciente ambulatorial deve ser avaliada caso a caso, mas sugere-se ser urgente aquele exame cujo resultado possa prevenir um evento adverso ou uma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em espa&#231;o de tempo de 2 a 4 semanas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Como sugest&#245;es de recomenda&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiografia nesses cen&#225;rios, incluem-se: suspeita de nova cardiomiopatia francamente sintom&#225;tica [classe funcional III/IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA)]; piora de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preexistente com sintomas graves (s&#237;ncope, dor tor&#225;cica, classe funcional III/IV da NYHA); terapia do c&#226;ncer em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o cardiot&#243;xica com suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou queda pr&#233;via da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; suspeita de estenose a&#243;rtica grave sintom&#225;tica; alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de endocardite infecciosa em portador de pr&#243;tese valvar com sintomas agudos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia de rotina para seguimento de pacientes com sintomas n&#227;o graves ou daqueles n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para terapia cl&#237;nica, cir&#250;rgica ou invasiva urgente deve ser adiada ou cancelada. Em pacientes internados, as indica&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiograma de urg&#234;ncia em geral s&#227;o as mesmas que antes da pandemia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.3. Indica&#231;&#245;es de Ecocardiografia em Pacientes com Covid-19 Suspeita ou Confirmada</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia permanece um m&#233;todo crucial de imagem durante o surto de coronav&#237;rus e a considera&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;em quem&#8221;, &#8220;como&#8221; e &#8220;onde&#8221; empreg&#225;-la &#233; fundamental para diminuir os riscos de contamina&#231;&#227;o e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir cuidado m&#233;dico de alta qualidade. Alguns autores advogam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ETT em todos os pacientes com COVID-19 complicada (altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, aumento de troponinas, sintomas moderados a graves requerendo interna&#231;&#227;o), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> especialmente se houver doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via. Embora n&#227;o existam indica&#231;&#245;es formais fundamentadas em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas s&#243;lidas, enfatiza-se a import&#226;ncia de avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca frente &#224; potencial coincid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via e aguda nos pacientes com COVID-19 grave.</p>
        <p>Zhou et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> relataram que insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esteve presente em 23% dos pacientes com COVID-19 e se associou com maior mortalidade (51,9% versus 11,7%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> N&#227;o est&#225; claro se a taxa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca se deveu a exacerba&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#233;via, nova cardiomiopatia ou ambas. &#201; plaus&#237;vel que pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#233;via possam desenvolver profunda descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no contexto da COVID-19 grave, acompanhada de hipotens&#227;o e/ou choque cardiog&#234;nico. Aventam-se v&#225;rias possibilidades para a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda, como a&#231;&#227;o viral direta (miocardite), inj&#250;ria hip&#243;xica, efeito t&#243;xico pela &#8220;tempestade&#8221; de citocinas, vasoespasmo, trombose, <italic>stunning</italic> mioc&#225;rdico por cardiomiopatia de estresse ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Muito se tem discutido no meio cient&#237;fico a possibilidade de o SARS-CoV-2 causar miocardite. Em uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 68 mortes ocorridas em uma s&#233;rie de 150 pacientes com COVID-19, 53% foram atribu&#237;das &#224; insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, 7% &#224; miocardite com choque circulat&#243;rio, 33% &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas as anteriores, restando 5% de causa desconhecida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os autores empregaram dados cl&#237;nicos para diagnosticar miocardite fulminante, sem comprova&#231;&#227;o por bi&#243;psia. Da mesma forma, relatos de miocardite fulminante foram publicados em pacientes com ou sem febre que tiveram dor tor&#225;cica, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST sem obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, respondendo &#224; terapia salvadora com corticoide e imunoglobulinas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Embora nesses dois relatos a RMC tenha demonstrado achados compat&#237;veis com miocardite, n&#227;o houve constata&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica comprobat&#243;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No diagn&#243;stico diferencial com miocardite e cardiomiopatia de estresse, &#233; obviamente necess&#225;ria a inclus&#227;o das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, que tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido descritas em pacientes com COVID-19. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Acredita-se que a intensa resposta inflamat&#243;ria e as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas associadas com a doen&#231;a grave possam conferir maior risco de ruptura de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e/ou fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes suscet&#237;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Pelo acima exposto, mesmo em pacientes sem febre ou tosse, que cursam com manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tipicamente card&#237;aca, a COVID-19 deve entrar no diagn&#243;stico diferencial durante a pandemia e a ecocardiografia pode auxiliar no julgamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Arritmias card&#237;acas s&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es comuns em pacientes com COVID-19 hospitalizados, sendo descritas em 16,7% dos casos em coorte chinesa com 138 pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia pode ser &#250;til em alguns casos, especialmente para arritmias ventriculares malignas, ao diagnosticar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou cardiopatia estrutural preexistente.</p>
        <p>No contexto da pneumopatia grave e SDRA, torna-se importante avaliar hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito associada. Derrame peric&#225;rdico tem sido relatado como achado de exame em associa&#231;&#227;o com miocardite (miopericardite), em geral sem repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica significativa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Configuram-se assim alguns cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos em que a indica&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiografia em pacientes com COVID-19 parece ser justific&#225;vel: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Cardiomegalia na radiografia de t&#243;rax</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Arritmias clinicamente significativas</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dor tor&#225;cica com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponinas</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e/ou choque</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Suspeita de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma &#224; beira do leito no paciente grave internado em terapia intensiva na admiss&#227;o e durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o, devendo ser preferencialmente pelo m&#233;todo <italic>point-of-care</italic> . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.4. Protocolos Especiais Durante a Pandemia</title>
        <p><bold>3.4.1. Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico:</bold> deve-se diminuir o tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, direcionando para a suspeita diagn&#243;stica em quest&#227;o. Como a dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada do exame aumenta o risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o, diversas institui&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m recomendado o ecocardiograma focado em detrimento do ETT completo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Por outro lado, deve-se evitar a repeti&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria dos exames e, de acordo com a complexidade do caso, o ETT completo pode ser requerido para atender &#224; demanda cl&#237;nica. As imagens devem ser armazenadas para realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas <italic>off-line</italic> e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por eletrocardiograma pode ser dispensada. O ideal &#233; ter um ecocardi&#243;grafo exclusivo dedicado para uso em pacientes com COVID-19 e que deve permanecer nas &#225;reas contaminadas. Medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o adicionais podem ser empregadas, como cobrir o aparelho com papel filme e/ou a interposi&#231;&#227;o de barreira de acr&#237;lico (ou pl&#225;stico) entre o examinador e o paciente. Os aparelhos port&#225;teis ou ultrassom de bolso apresentam vantagens pela facilidade de cobrir, transportar e desinfetar, por&#233;m t&#234;m recursos diagn&#243;sticos limitados ( <italic>point-of-care</italic> ). O contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico pode ser &#250;til em alguns casos e seu emprego deve ser antecipado para evitar sa&#237;das e entradas adicionais do aposento para obt&#234;-lo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> fazendo-se a ressalva de n&#227;o usar em pacientes cr&#237;ticos com instabilidade circulat&#243;ria e grave comprometimento pulmonar.</p>
        <p><bold>3.4.2. Ecocardiograma focado ( <italic>point-of-care</italic> ):</bold> pode desempenhar importante papel no cuidado dos pacientes cr&#237;ticos em tempos de COVID-19. N&#227;o equivale ao ETT completo, por&#233;m &#233; capaz de confirmar ou excluir um diagn&#243;stico espec&#237;fico, facilitando decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Pode ser realizado por m&#233;dicos adequadamente treinados que j&#225; est&#227;o envolvidos no cuidado direto ao paciente na unidade de terapia intensiva, dessa forma contribuindo para diminuir a exposi&#231;&#227;o do profissional da ecocardiografia. De prefer&#234;ncia, aparelhos port&#225;teis ou ultrassom de bolso devem ser empregados para facilitar o acesso ao leito e posterior desinfec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p><bold>3.4.3. Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico:</bold> preocupa&#231;&#227;o especial existe com o ETE, pois o risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o do equipamento e dos profissionais de sa&#250;de por got&#237;culas e aeross&#243;is &#233; muito alto. Assim, o valor incremental do ETE sobre o ETT deve ser cuidadosamente analisado, evitando-se o ETE na maioria dos casos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Sempre que poss&#237;vel, outras alternativas devem ser consideradas, tais como repetir o ETT ou empregar outro m&#233;todo de imagem com menor contato entre o examinador e o paciente, como a TC e a RMC. Para se realizar o ETE de urg&#234;ncia em pacientes internados, usar EPI completo para precau&#231;&#227;o a&#233;rea e, se poss&#237;vel, capa protetora para o transdutor.</p>
        <p><bold>3.4.4. Ecocardiograma sob estresse:</bold> O ecocardiograma sob estresse f&#237;sico pode aumentar o risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o por got&#237;culas e deve ser adiado (em pacientes com baixo risco de COVID-19) ou n&#227;o realizado (pacientes com COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada). Em pacientes de baixo risco para COVID-19 que enfrentam situa&#231;&#245;es em que a indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; apropriada e o adiamento n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel ou n&#227;o recomend&#225;vel (por exemplo, pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia em paciente com c&#226;ncer e probabilidade pr&#233;-teste alta de DAC obstrutiva), o ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico deve ser preferido. Uma alternativa para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de casos selecionados de DAC cr&#244;nica durante a pandemia &#233; priorizar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ATAC.</p>
        <p><bold>3.4.5. Ecocardiograma fetal:</bold> as indica&#231;&#245;es apropriadas de EF permanecem as mesmas durante a pandemia, ou seja, gesta&#231;&#245;es com alto risco de cardiopatia fetal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Recomenda-se que os exames sejam feitos fora do ambiente hospitalar. Realiza&#231;&#227;o de rotina do EF em m&#227;es com COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada n&#227;o encontra respaldo no momento.</p>
        <p><bold>3.4.6. Ultrassom pulmonar:</bold> consiste em uma alternativa &#225;gil para avaliar o grau de envolvimento pulmonar e acompanhar o resultado de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas &#224; beira do leito. Na COVID-19, foram descritas altera&#231;&#245;es da linha pleural (espessamento, irregularidade e perda de continuidade), aparecimento e progress&#227;o das linhas B (focais, multifocais, confluentes) e consolida&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (&#225;rea patol&#243;gica desprovida de ar, frequentemente subpleural). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Embora essas anormalidades sejam inespec&#237;ficas e encontradas em outros tipos de pneumonia, t&#234;m valor no seguimento evolutivo da pneumonia da COVID-19. O derrame pleural parece ser infrequente e o aparecimento de linhas A &#233; observado na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Radiografia de T&#243;rax, Tomografia e Resson&#226;ncia Cardiovascular</title>
      <p>Os exames de imagem pulmonar e cardiovascular t&#234;m papel importante no diagn&#243;stico correto de complica&#231;&#245;es resultantes da COVID-19. A radiografia de t&#243;rax &#233; o exame mais utilizado nesses pacientes, mas por vezes &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de TC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A RMC pode ser necess&#225;ria em pacientes com suspeita de miocardite e/ou s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, algumas considera&#231;&#245;es sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o da TC e da RMC antes da indica&#231;&#227;o do exame devem ser feitas. Esses exames apresentam risco potencial significativo de contamina&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e profissionais, principalmente os riscos ligados ao transporte, mas tamb&#233;m &#224; contamina&#231;&#227;o direta durante o exame. A RMC e a TC s&#243; devem ser realizadas se as informa&#231;&#245;es esperadas forem auxiliar no manejo cl&#237;nico do paciente. Essas modalidades devem ser indicadas em pacientes est&#225;veis, cujo risco ao transporte seja m&#237;nimo, al&#233;m de em ambiente seguro, com respeito &#224;s regras de seguran&#231;a local e com os profissionais envolvidos no transporte e na aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens usando EPI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Radiografia de T&#243;rax</title>
        <p>A radiografia &#233; normalmente o primeiro exame de imagem a ser realizado nos pacientes com COVID-19 pelo baixo custo e facilidade de acesso, especialmente nos hospitalizados que n&#227;o podem ser transportados de forma segura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Esse exame apresenta baixa sensibilidade e as altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas para COVID-19, sendo comumente encontradas nas s&#237;ndromes gripais. Observam-se consolida&#231;&#245;es (47%), opacidades de baixa densidade (33%) e derrame pleural (3%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m localiza&#231;&#227;o predominantemente perif&#233;rica, ocorrendo com maior frequ&#234;ncia em 10 a 12 dias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> , encontram-se resumidos os principais achados na radiografia de t&#243;rax.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Radiografia de t&#243;rax e tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax na COVID-19. RX, radiografia; TC, tomografia computadorizada.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Tomografia Computadorizada do T&#243;rax</title>
        <p>A TC &#233; uma ferramenta auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico, sendo a confirma&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19 baseada nos exames sorol&#243;gicos ou de RT-PCR (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction</italic> ) viral. O uso da TC como <italic>screening</italic> deve ser desencorajado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Os pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas leves n&#227;o devem ser submetidos a TC. Seu uso em pacientes pouco sintom&#225;ticos e sem acesso &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes de RT-PCR ou sorol&#243;gicos &#233; incerto. Nos sintom&#225;ticos graves, internados, com condi&#231;&#245;es seguras para transporte, que envolvem o uso de m&#225;scara pelo paciente, a TC deve ser considerada quando h&#225; suspeita de complica&#231;&#245;es (tromboembolismo pulmonar, derrame pleural e sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> sumariza os achados e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da TC.</p>
        <p>O protocolo recomenda o uso de doses baixas de radia&#231;&#227;o, preferencialmente sem a administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste, que deve ser reservado para indica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como para excluir tromboembolismo pulmonar. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A TC pode ser normal nos primeiros dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o, o que n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico. A sensibilidade e a especificidade relatadas da TC para COVID-19 variam muito (60% a 98% e 25% a 53%, respectivamente), provavelmente devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva dos estudos publicados, incluindo a falta de crit&#233;rios rigorosos para diagn&#243;stico de imagens e diferen&#231;as de procedimento para confirmar a infec&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os achados da TC variam de acordo com o tempo da doen&#231;a. Na fase inicial, 57-98% dos pacientes v&#227;o apresentar opacidades em vidro fosco, geralmente bilaterais, perif&#233;ricas e arredondadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> De 5% a 36% dos pacientes v&#227;o apresentar pavimenta&#231;&#227;o em mosaico na fase de pico da doen&#231;a (5 a 8 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas). As consolida&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o presentes em 2% a 64% dos pacientes, comumente encontradas nos idosos e com a forma grave da doen&#231;a. Na fase mais tardia, observam-se a presen&#231;a de padr&#227;o reticular em 48% dos pacientes e a resolu&#231;&#227;o das consolida&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Outros achados de TC, mas com menor frequ&#234;ncia, s&#227;o: linhas subpleurais, broncogramas a&#233;reos, linfonodomegalias, espessamento e derrame pleurais e derrame peric&#225;rdico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Angiotomografia de Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias</title>
        <p>A ATAC pode ser utilizada nos pacientes com COVID-19 que evoluem com n&#237;veis elevados de troponina para exclus&#227;o de DAC. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, a ATAC pode ser de grande ajuda para excluir ou confirmar uma s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda se o quadro cl&#237;nico for incerto, substituindo a angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva e a exposi&#231;&#227;o a ela associada de todos os membros da equipe do laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco. Outro papel importante e emergente da ATAC na pandemia &#233; como substituta da ETE para descartar trombo no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo antes da cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, limitando a exposi&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiografista. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A Sociedade de Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular lan&#231;ou um guia de recomenda&#231;&#245;es para auxiliar os m&#233;dicos quando da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames de ATAC durante a pandemia, tendo em vista a necessidade de priorizar os exames urgentes e a TC de t&#243;rax nos pacientes com COVID-19. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Nas seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es, os exames s&#227;o considerados urgentes e devem ser realizados de 1 hora at&#233; 4 semanas: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Dor tor&#225;cica aguda com suspeita de DAC;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>DAC est&#225;vel em pacientes de risco para eventos ou preocupa&#231;&#227;o de anatomia coronariana;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Paciente com necessidade urgente de corre&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia estrutural;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda antes da revers&#227;o para ritmo sinusal;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiomiopatia em paciente com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste baixa de DAC, em que a ATAC mudar&#225; a conduta;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica de pr&#243;tese valvar, endocardite com acometimento perivalvar e suspeita de abscesso;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Novo tumor card&#237;aco com suspeita de etiologia maligna;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Necessidade de descartar trombo intracavit&#225;rio.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os procedimentos ambulatoriais considerados eletivos podem ser reagendados para momento oportuno, entre 4 e 8 semanas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Entretanto, &#233; recomend&#225;vel que se tenha cautela na avalia&#231;&#227;o de quais procedimentos podem ser adiados. Pode-se considerar o uso da telemedicina no aux&#237;lio &#224; decis&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> sumariza as recomenda&#231;&#245;es que podem auxiliar na decis&#227;o de realiza&#231;&#227;o ou adiamento dos exames.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Recomenda&#231;&#245;es da realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias durante a pandemia da COVID-19. ATAC: angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; COVID-19: doen&#231;a do coronav&#237;rus 2019; CVE: cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A ATAC deve ser considerada em pacientes est&#225;veis, sendo em geral necess&#225;ria a administra&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos para controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e vasodilatores coronarianos. Idealmente, deve-se optar por protocolos com baixa dose de radia&#231;&#227;o e de contraste. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Importante observar e descrever no laudo dos exames os achados pulmonares que possam auxiliar no manejo cl&#237;nico do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.4. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A RMC pode ter import&#226;ncia na investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular nova observada nos pacientes com COVID-19. Pacientes com troponinas positivas, disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e arritmia grave/altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o explicadas por outros m&#233;todos podem ser candidatos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de RMC.16 Miocardite e s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo s&#227;o etiologias sugeridas da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular relacionada ao SARS-CoV-2. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de miocardite segue o mesmo crit&#233;rio das outras etiologias, habitualmente utilizando-se os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de Lake Louise, nos quais observam-se a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global ou segmentar, edema mioc&#225;rdico, pericardite e/ou realce tardio de padr&#227;o n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pode estar preservada em alguns pacientes com miocardite. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> O protocolo recomendado deve ser o mais curto poss&#237;vel, objetivando responder &#224;s perguntas do cl&#237;nico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quanto aos exames eletivos, seu adiamento pode ser considerado se o m&#233;dico requisitante julgar que n&#227;o gera risco adicional &#224; sa&#250;de do paciente. &#201; necess&#225;rio que o m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pela realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame entre em contato com o solicitante para que a decis&#227;o de adiamento seja a op&#231;&#227;o mais segura para o paciente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Em se decidindo pela realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, o menor n&#250;mero de profissionais deve estar em contato com o paciente. Medidas de precau&#231;&#227;o devem ser tomadas durante todo o exame e o transporte. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os profissionais devem ser treinados para o uso correto de EPI. Se poss&#237;vel, deve haver apenas um aparelho dedicado aos pacientes com COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada. A limpeza do aparelho e da sala deve ser feita ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca durante a pandemia de COVID-19. COVID-19: doen&#231;a do coronav&#237;rus 2019; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Procedimentos Intervencionistas</title>
      <p>A pandemia pela COVID-19 representa um desgaste sem precedentes nos sistemas de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo, mais do que nunca exigindo efici&#234;ncia na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos e aumentando a busca por assist&#234;ncia justa, consistente, &#233;tica e eficiente. A decis&#227;o de realizar um procedimento de cardiologia intervencionista durante uma pandemia precisa levar em considera&#231;&#227;o os riscos de exposi&#231;&#227;o viral da equipe de sa&#250;de, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria de recursos e o potencial benef&#237;cio do m&#233;todo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Recursos Humanos</title>
        <p>Recomendamos que cada unidade tome as medidas apropriadas para separar trabalhadores em grupos para que poss&#237;veis quarentenas possam ser aplicadas a grupos dentro de cada unidade e n&#227;o &#224; unidade como um todo. Idosos (idade &gt; 65 anos), pessoas com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou pulmonar cr&#244;nica, DM ou HAS apresentam maior risco de doen&#231;a grave ap&#243;s a COVID-19. Portanto, pode ser desej&#225;vel minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o direta da equipe de sa&#250;de com essas caracter&#237;sticas a casos presumidos ou confirmados de COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Indica&#231;&#227;o de Procedimentos</title>
        <p>&#201; importante uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da urg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de um procedimento intervencionista durante o per&#237;odo de pandemia. Idealmente essa deve ser uma decis&#227;o conjunta entre o m&#233;dico que vai realizar o procedimento, o cardiologista cl&#237;nico e o paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Est&#225;vel</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil de risco deve ser individualizada, considerando caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, exames complementares e sintomatologia. De forma geral, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; que procedimentos eletivos para DAC est&#225;vel devam ser adiados durante a pandemia. Pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, como os avaliados no estudo ISCHEMIA, possuem evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel com tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado. Vale ressaltar que, no estudo ISCHEMIA, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada abaixo de 30ml/min/1,73m <sup>2</sup> de &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda recente, estenose de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda desprotegido de pelo menos 50%, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inferior a 35%, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de classe funcional III/IV da NYHA e angina inaceit&#225;vel, apesar do uso de terapia m&#233;dica otimizada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> No estudo ISCHEMIA, ficou demonstrada uma maior incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nos pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel que ficaram em tratamento conservador quando comparados aos pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, isso s&#243; ocorreu ap&#243;s o sexto m&#234;s de seguimento, corroborando o adiamento de procedimentos intervencionistas nesse subgrupo de pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda sem Supradesnivelamento de ST (SCASSST)</title>
        <p>Primeiramente &#233; importante ressaltar que 7-22% dos pacientes com COVID-19 apresentam quadro de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica com grande eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, podendo corresponder a infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio tipo 2 ou miocardite. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Deve-se tentar diferenciar infarto tipo 2 de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda &#8220;prim&#225;ria&#8221;, com considera&#231;&#227;o de adiamento da estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva no primeiro, principalmente se o paciente estiver hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Para a maioria dos pacientes com SCASSST e suspeita de COVID-19, ser&#225; poss&#237;vel realizar testes de diagn&#243;stico para COVID-19 antes do cateterismo card&#237;aco e permitir uma decis&#227;o mais consciente sobre o controle de infec&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes com SCASSST inst&#225;veis, cuja instabilidade se deva &#224; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, devem seguir fluxo de atendimento de urg&#234;ncia. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> prop&#245;e um fluxograma para atendimento de casos confirmados de SCASSST de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma proposto para tratamento de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. COVID-19: doen&#231;a do coronav&#237;rus 2019; SCASSST: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Agilidade na alta ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o provavelmente ser&#225; importante em termos de maximiza&#231;&#227;o da disponibilidade de leitos hospitalares e redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o do paciente dentro do hospital. Acompanhamento por telemedicina pode ser uma ferramenta adicional neste per&#237;odo em que se recomenda minimizar o deslocamento de pessoas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.5. Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel de ST (IAMCSST)</title>
        <p>O IAMCSST &#233; uma patologia de alta morbimortalidade e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP) deve ser considerada a terapia de escolha. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> No entanto, diante da atual sobrecarga imposta aos sistemas de sa&#250;de pela COVID-19, alguns centros t&#234;m recomendado a fibrin&#243;lise como primeira linha de tratamento do IAMCSST. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Esse &#233; um tema controverso, que deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a probabilidade de diagn&#243;stico para COVID-19, a gravidade cl&#237;nica do paciente, a disponibilidade de recursos e o tempo estimado para realiza&#231;&#227;o da ICPP.</p>
        <p>No momento da confec&#231;&#227;o deste manuscrito, recomendamos que a ICPP deva ser o tratamento de escolha para IAMCSST em portadores de COVID-19. Se os recursos ficarem limitados, a gravidade cl&#237;nica do paciente dificulte o transporte para o laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo e o tempo porta-bal&#227;o for inadequado, a equipe de cardiologia poder&#225; decidir usar trombol&#237;ticos para pacientes com COVID-19 e IAMCSST em vez de ICPP. Em centros hospitalares sem acesso a laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, a fibrin&#243;lise mant&#233;m-se como tratamento padr&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> prop&#245;e um algoritmo que leva em considera&#231;&#227;o o atendimento ao IAMCSST no cen&#225;rio atual de pandemia. Pela necessidade de atendimento emergencial do IAMCSST, sugerimos que todo paciente com IAMCSST seja considerado inicialmente como portador de COVID-19, priorizando-se o quadro cardiovascular at&#233; que a investiga&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o possa ser feita de forma adequada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma do atendimento de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Al&#233;m da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, considerar agilidade para reperfus&#227;o, tempo de isquemia, recursos dispon&#237;veis para atendimento adequado do paciente. Pela necessidade de atendimento emergencial, todo paciente com IAMCSST deve ser considerado como potencial portador de COVID-19 e tratado de acordo com as medidas de isolamento adequadas at&#233; investiga&#231;&#227;o do quadro infeccioso. EPIs: equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Vale ressaltar que pacientes com COVID-19 podem cursar com eleva&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, difusas ou localizadas, sem a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o obstrutiva que justifique a altera&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Aqueles com DAC obstrutiva apresentavam n&#237;veis mais elevados de troponina e d&#237;mero-D. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Dessa forma, recomenda-se cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, especialmente em pacientes com quadro pulmonar grave, para os quais as condi&#231;&#245;es de transporte n&#227;o sejam seguras. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma, desde que n&#227;o atrase a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ATAC quando indicada, pode ser considerada nesse cen&#225;rio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.6. Procedimentos para Tratamento de Cardiopatia Estrutural Durante a Pandemia:</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Troca valvar a&#243;rtica por cateter (TAVI):</bold> A estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a progressiva, que acomete um grupo de pacientes que pode ser muito idoso e estar j&#225; vulner&#225;vel &#224; morte por infec&#231;&#245;es. A import&#226;ncia e a urg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica da TAVI exigiriam tomada de decis&#227;o conjunta pela equipe multidisciplinar envolvida (cl&#237;nico, intervencionista, cirurgi&#227;o). Essa decis&#227;o deve pesar o risco de expor o paciente &#224; contamina&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 por estar fora de seu ambiente domiciliar e o risco de um evento agudo, potencialmente fatal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Encorajamos o acompanhamento pr&#243;ximo de pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de TAVI, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de telemedicina durante o per&#237;odo de pandemia. Pacientes com EA importante e que se encontram assintom&#225;ticos podem ser considerados para acompanhamento ambulatorial. Aqueles com fatores complicadores &#224; ecocardiografia (Vmax &gt; 5,0 m/s, &#225;rea valvar &lt; 0,7 cm <sup>2</sup> , gradiente m&#233;dio ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/aorta &gt; 60 mmHg), pacientes com quadro de s&#237;ncope, com redu&#231;&#227;o de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela EA e em classe funcional III/IV (NYHA), que s&#227;o considerados de maior risco para eventos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> idealmente n&#227;o devem ter a TAVI adiada. Comparada &#224; cirurgia aberta de troca valvar a&#243;rtica, a TAVI pode reduzir a demanda por unidade de terapia intensiva e por servi&#231;os anest&#233;sicos durante uma pandemia. Se a TAVI for realizada, a triagem pr&#233;-procedimento com PCR para COVID-19 pode ajudar na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco da equipe.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Clipe mitral:</bold> pacientes inst&#225;veis podem ser considerados para o clipe mitral se os recursos permitirem. Para aqueles de menor risco, o procedimento deve ser adiado.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Fechamentos de forame oval patente e defeito do septo atrial:</bold> recomenda-se o adiamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Fechamento de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo:</bold> recomenda-se o adiamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Outros procedimentos:</bold> recomenda-se o adiamento, a menos que haja necessidade urgente de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.7. Redu&#231;&#227;o da Propaga&#231;&#227;o da Infec&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p><bold>5.7.1. Redu&#231;&#227;o da propaga&#231;&#227;o de got&#237;culas:</bold> Isso envolve medidas como o uso de m&#225;scaras cir&#250;rgicas por pacientes com COVID-19 presumida ou confirmada. Todos os equipamentos n&#227;o essenciais ao procedimento devem ser removidos da sala ou cobertos antes de o paciente entrar. Al&#233;m disso, reduzir o n&#250;mero de pessoas que circulam na sala de procedimentos durante cada caso ser&#225; importante para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o e a transmiss&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o.50 A limpeza profunda e a desinfec&#231;&#227;o meticulosa ap&#243;s os procedimentos de cateterismo em pacientes com COVID-19 s&#227;o importantes para o controle da infec&#231;&#227;o. A desinfec&#231;&#227;o por luz ultravioleta tamb&#233;m pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia razo&#225;vel a ser empregada. Procedimentos de limpeza completos podem exigir tempo extra; portanto, se poss&#237;vel, esses casos devem ser o &#250;ltimo procedimento do dia. Quando poss&#237;vel, realizar os procedimentos &#224; beira do leito (marca-passo provis&#243;rio, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico) em pacientes com COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada, visando a minimizar a necessidade de remo&#231;&#227;o do paciente de uma sala de isolamento e evitar o risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o adicional atrav&#233;s do transporte para o laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>5.7.2. Pacientes que necessitam de intuba&#231;&#227;o, aspira&#231;&#227;o ou reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar:</bold> Intuba&#231;&#227;o, suc&#231;&#227;o e reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar ativa podem resultar em aerossoliza&#231;&#227;o de secre&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, aumentando a probabilidade de exposi&#231;&#227;o pessoal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Os pacientes que j&#225; est&#227;o intubados representam menos risco de transmiss&#227;o para a equipe j&#225; que sua ventila&#231;&#227;o &#233; gerenciada atrav&#233;s de circuito fechado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Pacientes com COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada e que requerem intuba&#231;&#227;o devem ser intubados antes da chegada ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo. Al&#233;m disso, pode ser necess&#225;rio diminuir o limiar para se considerar a intuba&#231;&#227;o em um paciente com problemas respirat&#243;rios lim&#237;trofes para evitar intuba&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia na sala de cateterismo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> A coopera&#231;&#227;o com as equipes de cuidados intensivos e anestesia no gerenciamento das vias a&#233;reas ser&#225; fundamental para evitar a propaga&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.8.Laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica Dedicado</title>
        <p>Uma sala dedicada para atendimento de casos suspeitos/positivos objetiva reduzir o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o para os profissionais de sa&#250;de e minimizar a contamina&#231;&#227;o por v&#237;rus de outras salas. Se houver mais de uma sala de procedimento dispon&#237;vel, deve-se ter uma dedicada &#224; COVID-19 e outra para os procedimentos &#8220;limpos&#8221;. Isso n&#227;o garante que o &#8220;laborat&#243;rio limpo&#8221; n&#227;o seja contaminado a qualquer momento, mas serve para minimizar os riscos e otimizar o fluxo do paciente (especialmente para aqueles com &#8220;baixo risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o&#8221;) no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica. &#201; recomend&#225;vel explorar com a engenharia do hospital se as salas de procedimento podem ter &#8220;press&#227;o negativa de ar&#8221;. O entendimento do sistema de ar condicionado &#233; importante, devido &#224; possibilidade de expor outras partes do hospital &#224; contamina&#231;&#227;o viral com um &#250;nico procedimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>5.8.1. Medidas de controle administrativo</bold>:  Deve-se restringir a entrada de fornecedores, visitantes, observadores, coordenadores de pesquisa e qualquer pessoal n&#227;o essencial ao laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica na medida do poss&#237;vel durante a pandemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>5.8.2. Abordagem ao Paciente:</bold> &#201; importante realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de infe&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 antes de submeter o paciente ao procedimento intervencionista. Recomenda-se organiza&#231;&#227;o para minimizar os tempos de espera nas &#225;reas comuns do hospital antes ou depois do procedimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Todos os pacientes devem ser interrogados quanto a sintomas respirat&#243;rios, febre ou contato pr&#243;ximo com casos suspeitos/positivos antes de entrar na sala; tamb&#233;m &#233; recomend&#225;vel medir a temperatura de todos os pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Abordagem do paciente sem confirma&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o por SAR-CoV-2:</bold> Dada a situa&#231;&#227;o atual e a possibilidade de tratar pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou n&#227;o diagnosticados, recomendamos medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o meticulosas. Os pacientes dever&#227;o utilizar m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica antes de entrar na sala. O cardiologista intervencionista deve tomar medidas de seguran&#231;a que incluem a higieniza&#231;&#227;o adequada das m&#227;os e o uso de avental est&#233;ril e imperme&#225;vel, luvas est&#233;reis, &#243;culos, touca que cubra os cabelos e m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica. Auxiliares, enfermeiras e circulantes devem utilizar &#243;culos, luvas, touca e m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Abordagem do paciente com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2:</bold> Os procedimentos que envolvam vias a&#233;reas e/ou manipula&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica devem ser considerados como de alto risco. Somente pessoal essencial deve entrar na sala e as portas permanecer&#227;o fechadas o tempo todo. Evite sair da sala com equipamento contaminado (avental, luvas, m&#225;scara) para pegar material ( <italic>stents</italic> , cateteres). Idealmente o material utilizado para o procedimento ficar&#225; fora de sala. Um circulante ficar&#225; somente fora da sala e entregar&#225; exclusivamente o material necess&#225;rio para o procedimento para outro circulante que ficar&#225; somente dentro da sala. Os medicamentos devem ser preparados antes que o paciente entre na sala.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O paciente usar&#225; m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica, que atua como uma barreira &#224;s secre&#231;&#245;es. O respons&#225;vel pela transfer&#234;ncia de um paciente com COVID-19 da maca para a mesa da sala de procedimentos deve usar EPI, incluindo bata imperme&#225;vel a fluidos, touca, luvas que cobrem o pulso, &#243;culos de prote&#231;&#227;o e m&#225;scara FFP2/N95. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> No final da transfer&#234;ncia, deve tirar a roupa conforme indicado abaixo, lembrando-se de nunca remover a m&#225;scara enquanto estiver dentro da sala. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>5.8.3. Paramenta&#231;&#227;o:</bold> O cardiologista intervencionista deve lavar as m&#227;os, usar avental imperme&#225;vel refor&#231;ado (se n&#227;o for imperme&#225;vel, &#233; necess&#225;rio adicionar um avental de pl&#225;stico), luvas duplas, &#243;culos plumb&#237;feros ou &#243;culos convencionais, barreira de prote&#231;&#227;o facial (escudo facial ou face <italic>shield</italic> ) e m&#225;scara de filtro de alta efici&#234;ncia do tipo FFP2/N95. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Os auxiliares, enfermeiros e circulantes devem utilizar luvas, touca, bata imperme&#225;vel e m&#225;scara FFP2/N95. Uma m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica deve ser colocada sobre a m&#225;scara FFP2/N95. &#201; recomend&#225;vel usar sapatos fechados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>5.8.3.1. Passo a passo para a paramenta&#231;&#227;o em casos de COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada</bold> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Procedimentos para paramenta&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista intervencionista em casos suspeitos/confirmados de COVID-19.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Fora de Sala</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Certifique-se de n&#227;o usar joias ou adere&#231;os</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Recolha o cabelo (se necess&#225;rio)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o avental de chumbo e o prop&#233;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize uma higiene adequada das m&#227;os</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque a m&#225;scara FFP2/N95. As ligas devem estar nos seguintes pontos: a inferior, na parte superior do pesco&#231;o; e a superior, no topo da cabe&#231;a. Em seguida, deve-se ajustar ao n&#237;vel da ponte nasal e das bochechas, para que se isole e n&#227;o haja vazamentos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque a touca</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque a m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica acima da N95</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque os &#243;culos e o escudo facial</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Realize desinfec&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os com &#225;lcool gel ou espuma</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o primeiro par de luvas</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Entre em sala</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Dentro de Sala</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o avental imperme&#225;vel</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coloque o segundo par de luvas</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>5.8.3.2. Passo a passo para se desparamentar em casos de COVID-19 suspeita ou confirmada</bold> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Procedimentos para o cardiologista intervencionista se desparamentar em casos suspeitos/confirmados de COVID-19.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Dentro de Sala</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Desinfete as luvas (externas) com &#225;lcool gel ou espuma</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Remova o avental e, simultaneamente, o par de luvas externas e jogue-as no recipiente de risco biol&#243;gico-infectante (n&#227;o empurre o avental para dentro do recipiente para evitar o aerossol, pois ele pode estar infectado)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Desinfete as luvas (internas) com &#225;lcool gel ou espuma</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire o gorro, o escudo facial e o prop&#233;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retire o segundo par de luvas (internas)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Desinfete as m&#227;os com &#225;lcool gel ou espuma</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Saia de sala</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Presente Documento</title>
        <p>Deve-se reconhecer que este documento est&#225; sendo escrito em um momento em que n&#227;o h&#225; ainda um entendimento completo da transmiss&#227;o, gravidade e estrat&#233;gia de tratamento apropriada para a COVID-19. As sugest&#245;es neste documento s&#227;o baseadas em evid&#234;ncias limitadas e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o sujeitas a mudan&#231;as.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O crescimento exponencial do n&#250;mero de pacientes infectados tem gerado enorme sobrecarga nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, com necessidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o urgente de medidas que possam conter a infec&#231;&#227;o e restringir sua dissemina&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes com COVID-19 apresentam complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, necessitando, muitas vezes, de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos de imagem para aux&#237;lio no seu manejo. A identifica&#231;&#227;o correta dos pacientes que necessitam de exames de imagem e de procedimentos intervencionistas deve ser criteriosa, cautelosa e &#233;tica, priorizando a sa&#250;de do paciente e o uso racional de recursos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Imaging and Interventional Procedures in Patients with Novel Coronavirus Infection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Higa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerri</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CardioEco -Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley - Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251. Postal Code 01246-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: Isabela.bispo@hc.fm.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Costa IBSS, Rochitte CE, Campos CM, Barberato SH, Oliveira GMM, Lopes MACQ, Abizaid AA, Hajjar LA; Data acquisition: Costa IBSS; Writing of the manuscript: Costa IBSS, Rochitte CE, Campos CM, Barberato SH, Lopes MACQ, Hajjar LA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costa IBSS, Rochitte CE, Oliveira GMM, Lopes MACQ, Abizaid AA, Cerri G, Kalil Filho R, Hajjar LA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a huge challenge to the health system because of the exponential increase in the number of individuals affected. The rational use of resources and correct and judicious indication for imaging exams and interventional procedures are necessary, prioritizing patient, healthcare personnel, and environmental safety. This review was aimed at guiding health professionals in safely and effectively performing imaging exams and interventional procedures.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Communicable Diseases, Emergency</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Examination/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a huge challenge worldwide. The rapid spread of the infection has grown into a global level pandemic. As by May 20th, COVID-19 had already reached 185 countries, with 4,995,127infected individuals and 160,706 deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite underreporting due to test unavailability, Brazilian statistics have shown increasing numbers, with 291,579 infected patients and 18,859 deaths registered to date.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most effective strategy to control COVID-19 spread is home confinement, via quarantine and social distancing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Hospitals, clinics and medical offices have been following the recommendations of national and international medical societies to protect patients without COVID-19 from the risk of infection, while, at the same time, providing adequate care to those with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In light of this, procedures considered elective should be timely rescheduled.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The proper management of infected patients requires the adoption of a series of measures involving the interaction of several hospital sectors and the training of multidisciplinary teams. The majority of patients with the most severe COVID-19 forms have comorbidities, cardiovascular diseases being frequent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 occur in 7% to 40% of the cases, manifesting as myocardial injury, thrombosis, ventricular dysfunction, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> These complications have significant prognostic implications, such as a high mortality rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diagnosis and follow-up of patients with those complications usually require performing imaging tests, such as electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), computed tomography (CT), in addition to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). These tests should not be performed routinely in all infected patients, their indication being preferably based on the benefit added to the patient&#8217;s care and considering the safety of the staff conducting the tests. The need for rational, responsible, and thorough use of resources reinforces the importance of the clinician not only in identifying patients who need the test, but also in selecting the proper tests and in accurately interpreting their findings.</p>
        <p>This review was aimed at: a) helping physicians to properly indicate and implement cardiovascular tests and interventional procedures in their clinical practice for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19; b) guiding physicians to safely perform the tests and procedures, preventing environmental and healthcare personnel contamination.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Approach to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19</title>
        <p>The approach to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should begin with the proper characterization of their signs and symptoms. Those with mild symptoms, such as cough, fever, and sore throat, can be followed up in low-complexity units or at their homes. Those with more severe symptoms (oxygen saturation &lt;94% in room air, respiratory distress, tachypnea, hypotension, acute respiratory failure) should be referred to specialized centers. On the initial contact, symptomatic individuals should be given a surgical mask and directed to a specific room aimed at respiratory isolation; in addition, they should receive instructions on hand hygiene to prevent contamination of the environment and other individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The identification of at-risk patients should comprise the assessment of clinical comorbidities known to be associated with a more severe course of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Patients with arterial hypertension (AH), chronic cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or chronic kidney disease, in addition to immune suppressed or elderly patients, are more susceptible to develop complications, being considered a risk group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with severe symptoms and/or of the risk group are prone to develop COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Zhou et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in a cohort with 191 patients, have reported high prevalence of AH (30%), DM (19%), coronary arterial disease (CAD - 8%), and COPD (3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Of the 54 deceased patients (28%), 67% had a comorbidity, AH being identified in 48%, DM in 31%, and CAD in 24%. Advanced age was an independent predictor of mortality.9</p>
        <p>Other important markers of severity in those patients are high serum levels of troponin, NT-proBNP, and D-dimer. Those with troponin elevation had more severe forms of COVID-19, with a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> High troponin levels are accompanied by an elevation in markers of inflammation, thrombosis and cardiac dysfunction, patients with those characteristics being more likely to develop acute heart failure and shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On admission, patients with clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of more severe disease should have their cardiovascular function evaluated via clinical assessment, measurement of biomarkers, and imaging tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The most often performed imaging tests and interventional procedures are described in the following sections.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiography has a well-established role in the diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic guidance of several cardiovascular diseases. However, because it requires a close contact between examiner and patient, it poses a high risk of contamination. The pandemic has called for the urgent reorganization of echocardiography laboratories to minimize the exposure to COVID-19 and ensure the protection of patients and healthcare personnel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In light of this, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Department has issued a document to aid healthcare professionals during this pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Echocardiography should not be performed routinely during the pandemic, especially in patients with confirmed COVID-19. However, echocardiography professionals will continue to be exposed in certain clinical scenarios in which that exam can play a decisive role in the differential diagnosis and clinical management of more severely ill patients. COVID-19 is known to cause severe cardiovascular manifestations; in addition, previous cardiovascular disease is common in patients with COVID-19, being associated with worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. General Precautions</title>
          <p>The provision of patient care amidst the pandemic should meet the following safety recommendations to minimize the risks of healthcare personnel and patient exposure to COVID-19: (a) to define whether the test is deemed essential on the occasion; (b) to assess in advance the risk of contamination; (c) to respect the general hand hygiene and contact restriction rules; and (d) to observe the rational and strict use of proper personal protective equipment (PPE) according to the test type and contamination risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>When the likelihood of COVID-19 is low (low-risk areas and negative SARS-CoV-2 test), TTE in an asymptomatic patient requires the echocardiographer to perform thorough hand hygiene and wear gloves and surgical mask, and the patient to wear surgical mask as well, during the test. When the risk is moderate to high (symptomatic patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19), the safety measures include hand hygiene and use of gloves, surgical mask (or N95 mask, when available), gown, hair covers and eye protection (goggles or face shield) by the examiner. The patient must wear a surgical mask. When transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), an aerosol-generating procedure, is necessary, the N95 mask or similar must be added to the aforementioned PPE, for respiratory protection. In addition, shoe covers, as well as a protective cover for the transducer, are recommended. For patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 on non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, respiratory protection should also be adopted when performing a TEE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> For inpatients, bedside echocardiography should be preferred, taking proper protective measures and reducing the number of individuals in the room to the lowest possible. The devices and transducers should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected right after use according to the manufacturer&#8217;s specifications. Echocardiography laboratory staff with the following characteristics should be kept away: aged over 60 years, immunosuppressed, pregnant, and with chronic diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Indications for Echocardiography in Patients at Low Risk of COVID-19</title>
          <p>During the pandemic, the indication for echocardiography in patients at low risk of COVID-19 should be based on the proper use of the exam; in addition, the exam should only be performed if the resulting information is deemed essential for the management of the case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> All elective echocardiographies, such as, TTE, TEE, stress echocardiography (SE) and fetal echocardiography (FE), should be postponed until such time as the pandemic has waned. The need for urgent echocardiography on an outpatient setting should be assessed on a case-by-case basis; however, an urgent exam is the one whose result can prevent an adverse event or hospitalization within 2 to 4 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In light of this, urgent echocardiography is recommended in the following situations: suspicion of new symptomatic heart disease [New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV]; worsening of preexisting heart failure with severe symptoms (syncope, chest pain, NYHA functional class III/IV); cancer therapy with cardiotoxic drugs and suspected heart failure or previous reduction in ejection fraction; suspected severe symptomatic aortic stenosis; high pretest probability of infective endocarditis in a patient with valvular prosthesis and acute symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Routine echocardiography for the follow-up of patients without severe symptoms or noneligible individuals for urgent clinical, surgical or invasive therapy should be deferred or canceled. For inpatients, the indications for urgent echocardiography are usually the same as before the pandemic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3. Indications for Echocardiography in Patients with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19</title>
          <p>Echocardiography remains an essential imaging technique during the coronavirus pandemic. The considerations &#8220;in whom&#8221;, &#8220;how&#8221; and &#8220;where&#8221; to use it are fundamental to reduce the risks of contamination, and, at the same time, to ensure high-quality medical care. Some authors advocate the use of TTE in all patients with complicated COVID-19 (electrocardiographic changes, increased troponin levels, moderate to severe symptoms requiring hospitalization),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> specially in the presence of previous cardiovascular disease. Although there is no formal indication supported by solid scientific evidence, it is worth noting the importance of assessing cardiac function because of the potential simultaneous occurrence of previous and acute cardiovascular disease in patients with severe COVID-19.</p>
          <p>Zhou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> have reported heart failure in 23% of patients with COVID-19 and associated it with higher mortality (51.9% versus 11.7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It is not clear whether that heart failure rate was due to aggravation of a previous ventricular dysfunction, new heart disease or both. Patients with previous ventricular dysfunction can develop severe heart failure decompensation in severe COVID-19, accompanied by hypotension and/or cardiogenic shock. Several possibilities have been suggested for acute myocardial injury, such as direct viral effect (myocarditis), hypoxic injury, toxic effect via &#8220;cytokine storm&#8221;, vasospasm, thrombosis, myocardial stunning due to stress cardiomyopathy, and hemodynamic instability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The possibility that SARS-CoV-2 causes myocarditis has been widely discussed. In a series of 150 patients with COVID-19, the retrospective analysis of 68 deaths has attributed 53% of them to respiratory failure, 7% to myocarditis with circulatory shock, 33% to a combination of both, and 5% to unknown causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The authors have used clinical data to diagnose fulminant myocarditis, with no biopsy confirmation. Similarly, fulminant myocarditis has been reported in patients with and without fever, who had chest pain, ST-segment elevation with no coronary obstruction, and severe ventricular dysfunction, and who responded to salvage therapy with corticoid and immunoglobulins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Although in these two studies CMRI had shown findings compatible with myocarditis, there was no histological confirmation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The differential diagnosis with myocarditis and stress cardiomyopathy necessarily includes acute coronary syndromes, which have also been reported in patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The intense inflammatory response and hemodynamic changes associated with severe COVID-19 might increase the risk of rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and/or thromboembolic phenomena in susceptible patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Even for those with neither fever nor cough, who have typical cardiac manifestations, COVID-19 should be considered in the differential diagnosis during the pandemic, and echocardiography can aid clinical judgment.</p>
          <p>Cardiac arrhythmias are common in inpatients with COVID-19, being described in 16.7% of the cases in a Chinese cohort with 138 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Echocardiography can be useful, especially for malignant ventricular arrhythmias, by diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction or preexisting structural heart disease.</p>
          <p>Regarding severe pneumopathy and ARDS, association with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction should be assessed. Pericardial infusion has been reported as an exam finding associated with myocarditis (myopericarditis), usually without significant hemodynamic repercussion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the following clinical scenarios, the indication for echocardiography in patients with COVID-19 seems defensible:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspected heart failure</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Enlarged heart on chest X-ray</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Clinically significant arrhythmias</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Chest pain with electrocardiographic changes and/or troponin elevation</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hemodynamic instability and/or shock</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Suspected pulmonary hypertension and/or right ventricular dysfunction</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>For patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, bedside, and preferably point-of-care, echocardiography is recommended on admission and during the course of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.4. Special Protocols During the Pandemic</title>
          <p><bold>3.4.1.Transthoracic echocardiography:</bold> the exam should have its length reduced to a minimum and be targeted at the suspected diagnosis. Because the risk of contamination increases as the duration of the exam lengthens, the use of focused echocardiography, rather than complete TTE, has been recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Nevertheless, unnecessary repetition of exams should be avoided, and, according to the complexity of the case, complete TTE might be required to meet clinical demand. Images should be stored aiming at performing the off-line measurements, and electrocardiographic monitoring can be dismissed. Ideally one exclusive echocardiography device should be dedicated to patients with COVID-19, and it should remain in the contaminated areas. Additional protective measures can be adopted, such as plastic film wrapping of the device and/or interposition of an acrylic (or plastic) barrier between the examiner and the patient. Portable or pocket ultrasound devices can be easily covered, transported, and disinfected; however, their diagnostic resources are limited (point-of-care). Echocardiographic contrast agents might be useful, and their use should be anticipated to prevent additional circulation in the exam room.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> It is worth noting that contrast agents should not be used for critical patients with circulatory instability and severe pulmonary impairment.</p>
          <p><bold>3.4.2. Focused (point-of-care) echocardiography:</bold> may be important for the care of critical patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although not equivalent to complete TTE, focused echocardiography can confirm or exclude a specific diagnosis, supporting therapeutic decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> It can be performed by properly trained physicians already providing direct care to the patient in the intensive care unit, thus contributing to reduce the exposure of the echocardiographer. Portable or pocket ultrasound devices should be preferably used to facilitate access to bed and further disinfection.</p>
          <p><bold>3.4.3. Transesophageal echocardiography:</bold> there is special concern regarding TEE, because of the high risk of equipment and healthcare personnel contamination with droplets and aerosols. Thus the incremental value of TEE over TTE should be carefully assessed, and TEE should be avoided in most cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Whenever possible, other alternatives should be considered, such as repeating TTE or using another imaging technique with less contact between examiner and patient, such as CT and CMRI. To perform urgent TEE in hospitalized patients, the examiner should use complete PPE for respiratory protection, in addition to protective cover for the transducer.</p>
          <p><bold>3.4.4. Stress echocardiography:</bold> exercise stress echocardiography can increase the risk of contamination via droplets and should, thus, be deferred (patients at low risk of COVID-19) or not performed (patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19). When there is proper indication and deferral is not possible or recommended, pharmacological stress echocardiography should be preferred for patients at low risk of COVID-19 (patient with cancer waiting for surgery and with high pretest probability of obstructive CAD). In addition, during the pandemic, selected cases of chronic CAD could be investigated by use of CCTA.</p>
          <p><bold>3.4.5. Fetal echocardiography:</bold> proper indication for FE remains the same during the pandemic, which is pregnancy with high risk of fetal heart disease;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> the exam should be performed outside the hospital setting. At the moment, there is no indication for routine FE in mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.</p>
          <p><bold>3.4.6. Lung ultrasonography:</bold> is an agile tool to assess lung involvement and to follow up the result of bedside therapeutic interventions. The following findings have been reported in COVID-19: thickening and irregularity of the pleural line with loss of continuity; several patterns of B lines (focal, multifocal, confluent); and lung consolidations (frequently subpleural).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Although those abnormalities are unspecific and found in other types of pneumonia, they are valuable to track the evolution of COVID-19 pneumonia. Pleural effusions are not frequent, and A lines appear during the recovery phase.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. X-ray, Computed Tomography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</title>
        <p>Pulmonary and cardiovascular imaging tests play an important role in the accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 complications. Chest X-ray is the most used exam, but CT might be necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The CMRI might be required in patients with suspected myocarditis and/or Takotsubo syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, before indicating CT and CMRI, some considerations should be made. Such tests pose a significant risk of contamination for patients and health professionals, not only those related to patient&#8217;s transportation but also to direct contamination during the exam. The CMRI and CT should only be performed if the information resulting from the tests could help the patient&#8217;s clinical management. Those exams should be indicated for stable patients with a minimum transportation risk, if performed at a safe environment, with strict adherence to local safety rules, and with the use of PPE by the professionals involved in patient&#8217;s transportation and image acquisition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Chest X-ray</title>
          <p>Chest X-ray is usually the first imaging test performed in patients with COVID-19 because of its low cost and ease of access, mainly in hospitalized patients who cannot be safely transported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Chest X-ray has low sensitivity. In addition, X-ray findings are not specific to COVID-19, because they can also be associated with the flu syndrome, such as consolidations (47%), low-density opacities (33%), and pleural effusion (3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The imaging findings are predominantly peripheral, occurring most often within 10 to 12 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> summarizes the major chest X-ray findings.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Chest X-ray (XR) and computed tomography (CT) in COVID-19.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2. Chest Computed Tomography</title>
          <p>Chest CT is a tool to support the diagnosis, while COVID-19 confirmation is based on viral reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or serological tests. Performing screening CT for the identification of COVID-19 should not be encouraged.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients should not undergo CT; however, for mildly symptomatic patients with access to neither RT-PCR nor serological tests, the benefit of performing CT is uncertain. For severely symptomatic, hospitalized patients, who can be transported safely, such as using a mask, CT should be considered when complications are suspected (pulmonary thromboembolism, pleural effusion, and superimposed bacterial infection).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> summarizes CT findings and recommendations for performing CT.</p>
          <p>The protocol recommends the use of low radiation doses, preferably with no contrast medium administration, which should be reserved for specific indications, such as to discard pulmonary thromboembolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In the first days after symptom onset, CT can be normal, which does not exclude COVID-19. The CT sensitivity and specificity reported for COVID-19 vary widely (60% to 98%, and 25% to 53%, respectively), probably because of the retrospective nature of the studies published, including the lack of strict criteria for imaging diagnosis and procedural differences for confirming infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The CT findings depend on when infected patients are imaged. In the initial phase, 57-98% of the patients will present usually bilateral, peripheral and rounded ground-glass opacities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> From 5% to 36% of the patients will have a &#8216;crazy paving&#8217; pattern at disease peak (5 to 8 days after symptom onset). Consolidations are present in 2% to 64% of the patients, commonly in the elderly and those with the disease severe form. Later in the course of the disease, a reticular pattern is observed in 48% of the patients, as is the gradual resolution of the consolidations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Other CT findings, although less frequent, in COVID-19 are as follows: subpleural lines, air bronchograms, lymph node enlargement, pleural thickening and effusion, and pericardial effusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography</title>
          <p>CCTA can be performed in patients with COVID-19 and high troponin levels to exclude CAD. In that situation, CCTA can be extremely helpful to exclude or confirm acute coronary syndrome if the clinical findings are uncertain, replacing invasive coronary angiography and the exposure of all cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) staff that comes with it. Another important and emerging role of CCTA during the pandemic is to replace TEE in ruling out a thrombus in the left atrial appendage before electrical cardioversion, limiting the exposure of the echocardiographer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography has offered guidance with recommendations to help physicians when performing CCTA during the pandemic, considering the need to prioritize urgent exams and chest CT in patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> These are urgent indications, in which scanning should be performed within hours to 4 weeks:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Acute chest pain with clinical suspicion for CAD;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Stable CAD at high risk for events or when there is concern for high-risk coronary anatomy;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patient requiring urgent structural correction of heart disease;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Assessment of left atrial appendage in patients with acute atrial fibrillation prior to restoration of sinus rhythm;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Assessment of cardiomyopathy in low pretest probability of CAD, only if CCTA will change management;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Assessment of ventricular assist device dysfunction;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Symptomatic prosthetic heart valve dysfunction, endocarditis, perivalvular extension of endocarditis, and possible valve abscess;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>New cardiac tumor suspected to be malignant;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Need to rule out intracavitary thrombus.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Outpatient procedures considered elective can be rescheduled timely, within 4-8 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> However, the decision about which procedures defer should be carefully made. Telemedicine can help in decision making and criteria assessment. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> summarizes the recommendations to support the decision about performing or deferring the exams.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Recommendations for performing coronary computed tomography angiography during the COVID-19 pandemic. CCTA, coronary computed tomography angiography; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; ECV, electrical cardioversion.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Stable patients should be considered for CCTA, which usually requires the administration of heart rate control drugs and coronary vasodilators. Ideally, low radiation and contrast dose protocols should be chosen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> It is worth observing and describing in the exam report the pulmonary findings that might aid the patient&#8217;s clinical management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</title>
          <p>CMRI can be important the etiological investigation of new ventricular dysfunction in COVID-19. Patients with high troponin levels, myocardial dysfunction and severe arrhythmia/electrocardiographic changes not explained by use of other methods can be candidates to undergo CMRI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Myocarditis and Takotsubo syndrome are suggested etiologies of the SARS-CoV-2-related ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The diagnosis of myocarditis follows the same criterion of the other etiologies, usually using the Lake Louise diagnostic criteria, which comprise the presence of regional or global ventricular dysfunction, myocardial edema, pericarditis and/or non-ischemic delayed enhancement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Left ventricular function can be preserved in some patients with myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> The protocol recommended should be the shortest possible, aimed at answering the clinician&#8217;s questions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding an elective exam already scheduled, its deferral can be considered if the requesting physician understands that does not increase the risk to the patient. The physician in charge of the exam should decide together with the requesting one about the safety for the patient of postponing the exam ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). If deciding upon performing the exam, the lowest number of professionals should be in contact with the patient. Safety measures should be taken during the entire procedure and patient&#8217;s transportation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Healthcare professionals should be well educated on the proper use of PPE. Whenever possible, one imaging device should be dedicated to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Device and room cleaning should be performed after the exam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Recommendations for performing cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) during the COVID-19 pandemic.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Interventional Procedures</title>
        <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed an unprecedented stress to healthcare systems worldwide. More than ever, the situation calls for extraordinary efficiency in the use of resources and increases the need for fair, consistent, ethical, and efficient healthcare provision. The decision about performing an interventional cardiology procedure amidst a pandemic should balance the risk of healthcare staff&#8217;s exposure to the virus, the unnecessary use of resources, and the potential benefit to the patient.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Human Resources</title>
          <p>Each service should take proper measures to separate workers into groups, so that possible quarantines can be applied to groups inside each service and not to the entire service. The elderly (age &gt; 65 years), individuals with chronic heart or pulmonary disease, DM or AH are at higher risk of severe disease after COVID-19. Thus, minimizing the direct exposure of healthcare personnel with those characteristics to cases of presumed or confirmed COVID-19 might be advisable.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. Indication for a Procedure</title>
          <p>Thorough assessment of the clinical urgency of an interventional procedure during the pandemic is essential. Ideally, that should be a joint decision of the physician performing the procedure, the clinical cardiologist, and the patient.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. Stable Coronary Artery Disease</title>
          <p>Risk profile assessment should be individualized, considering clinical findings, complementary tests and symptoms. Usually, elective procedures for stable CAD should be postponed until after the pandemic. Patients with stable CAD, as those assessed in the ISCHEMIA study, have a favorable outcome with optimized clinical treatment. It is worth noting that the ISCHEMIA trial has not included patients with the following characteristics: estimated glomerular filtration rate lower than 30mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>of body surface area; recent acute coronary syndrome; unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis of at least 50%; left ventricular ejection fraction lower than 35%; NYHA functional class III/IV heart failure; and unacceptable angina despite the use of optimized medical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> The ISCHEMIA trial has shown a higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction in patients with stable CAD under conservative treatment as compared to those submitted to revascularization. That, however, has occurred only after a six-month follow-up, corroborating the deferral of interventional procedures in that subgroup of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4. Non-ST-elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTE-ACS)</title>
          <p>It is worth noting that 7-22% of the patients with COVID-19 have myocardial injury with significant elevation in myocardial necrosis markers, which might correspond to type 2 acute myocardial infarction or myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Type 2 acute myocardial infarction should be distinguished from &#8220;primary&#8221; acute coronary syndrome, and deferral of invasive stratification considered in the former, mainly if the patient is hemodynamically stable.</p>
          <p>For most patients with NSTE-ACS and suspected COVID-19, diagnostic tests for COVID-19 might be performed before cardiac catheterization, allowing to a more sensible decision-making about infection control. Unstable patients with NSTE-ACS, whose instability is due to acute coronary syndrome, should follow the urgent care flow. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> shows a flowchart for the care of confirmed cases of NSTE-ACS according to the diagnosis of COVID-19.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Flowchart for the treatment of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. NSTE-ACS, non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome; ACS, acute coronary syndrome.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Readiness to discharge after revascularization might be important to maximize the availability of hospital beds and reduce the patient&#8217;s exposure inside the hospital. Follow-up via telemedicine can be an additional tool in a time when restriction to people circulation is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5. ST-elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)</title>
          <p>STEMI has high morbidity and mortality, and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) should be deemed the therapy of choice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> However, in face of the current burden imposed to health systems by COVID-19, some centers have recommended fibrinolysis as the first-line treatment of STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> This is a controversial issue that should take into account the COVID-19 diagnosis probability, the patient&#8217;s clinical severity, the availability of resources, and the estimated time to perform PPCI.</p>
          <p>At the time this article was written, PPCI was recommended as the treatment of choice for STEMI in patients with COVID-19. If resources become scarce, the clinical severity hinders patient&#8217;s transportation to the CCL, and the door-balloon time is inadequate, the cardiology staff might decide to use thrombolytics, rather than PPCI, for patients with COVID-19 and STEMI. In hospitals with no access to a CCL, fibrinolysis remains the standard treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> presents an algorithm with the care for STEMI in the current pandemic scenario. Because of the need for emergency care, all patients with STEMI should be considered initially as having COVID-19, and the cardiovascular findings should be prioritized until the infection can be properly investigated.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Flowchart for the treatment of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). In addition to cardiovascular risk stratification, consider readiness to perform reperfusion, ischemia time, and resources available for patient&#8217;s proper care. Because of the need for emergency care, all patients with STEMI should be considered as potentially having COVID-19 and treated according to the proper isolation measures until the infection can be thoroughly investigated. PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>It is worth noting that patients with COVID-19 can have diffuse or regional ST-segment elevations, with no obstructive lesion justifying the alteration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Those with obstructive CAD have higher levels of troponin and D-dimer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Thus, caution is recommended in interpreting the electrocardiogram, mainly in patients with severe pulmonary findings, whose transportation conditions are not safe. In that scenario, echocardiography can be considered, as long as it does not delay CCTA, when indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.6. Procedures for Structural Heart Disease Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Transaortic valve implantation (TAVI):</bold> Aortic stenosis (AS) is a progressive disease that affects patients with advanced age vulnerable to death from infection. The importance and clinical urgency of TAVI require a joint decision-making by a multidisciplinary team (clinical and interventional cardiologists and surgeon). That decision should weigh the risk of patients&#8217; exposure to COVID-19 contamination against their risk of an acute, potentially fatal event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Patients with indication for TAVI should be closely followed up by telemedicine during this pandemic. Asymptomatic patients with significant AS can be followed up on an outpatient basis. Those with complicating echocardiographic findings (Vmax &gt; 5.0 m/s, valvular area &lt; 0.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, mean left ventricle/aorta gradient &gt; 60 mm Hg), syncope, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction due to AS and NYHA functional class III/IV, who are at higher risk for events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> ideally should not have their TAVI postponed. Compared to open-chest surgery for aortic valve replacement, TAVI can reduce the need for intensive and anesthesia care during a pandemic. If TAVI is to be performed, preprocedural screening with PCR for COVID-19 might reduce the risk for the healthcare personnel.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Mitral valve clip:</bold> mitral valve clip procedure can be considered for unstable patients if resources allow and should be postponed for lower-risk patients.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Closures of patent</bold><bold><italic>foramen ovale</italic></bold><bold>and atrial septal defect:</bold> should be postponed.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Left atrial appendage closure:</bold> should be postponed.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Other procedures:</bold> should be postponed unless urgent hospitalization is required.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.7. Reducing the Spread of COVID-19</title>
          <p><bold>5.7.1. Reducing droplets spreading:</bold> Involves measures such as the use of surgical mask by patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. All nonessential equipment should be moved out of the CCL procedure room or covered with clear drapes before the patient&#8217;s arrival to the room. In addition, it is worth emphasizing the importance of reducing circulation in the procedure room to minimize exposure and infection spread.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Deep cleaning and thorough disinfection of the room after CCL procedures involving patients with COVID-19 are important to control the infection. In addition, disinfection with ultraviolet radiation can be used. Thorough cleaning might require an extra time; thus, if feasible, a procedure in a patient with COVID-19 should be performed as the final one of the day. Whenever possible, the patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should undergo bedside procedures (transient pacemaker, intra-aortic balloon) aiming at minimizing the need for moving the patient out from an isolation room and preventing the risk of additional exposure via transportation to the CCL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
          <p><bold>5.7.2. Patients requiring intubation, aspiration or cardiopulmonary resuscitation:</bold> Intubation, aspiration and active cardiopulmonary resuscitation can generate aerosol particles from respiratory secretions, increasing the likelihood of personal exposure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Patients already intubated pose a lower contamination risk to healthcare personnel, because they are on closed-loop ventilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> For patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who need orotracheal intubation, this intervention should be performed before arrival to the CCL. In addition, intubation should be considered as early as possible in borderline patients to avoid the need for an urgent intubation in the CCL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> The cooperation of the intensive care and anesthesia staffs for airway management is fundamental to prevent the infection spread.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>5.8. Dedicated Catheterization Laboratory</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Having a dedicated room for the care of suspected/positive COVID-19 cases is aimed at reducing the risk of infection for health professionals and minimizing the viral contamination of other rooms. In CCLs with more than one procedure room, one should be dedicated to COVID-19 and another to &#8216;clean&#8217; procedures. This is no guarantee that the &#8216;clean&#8217; CCL will not be contaminated at any time but can minimize the risks and optimize the flow of patients in the CCL, mainly of those at &#8220;low risk for exposure&#8221;. It is advisable to consult with the hospital engineering about the possibility of having &#8220;negative air pressure&#8221; procedure rooms. Understanding the air conditioning system is important, because one single procedure might expose other hospital areas to viral contamination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
          <p><bold>5.8.1. Measures of management control.</bold> Suppliers, visitors, observers, research coordinators and any nonessential individual for the CCL operation should refrain from entering the CCL during the pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <p><bold>5.8.2. Approaching the patient.</bold> It is worth noting the importance of assessing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection before submitting the patient to the interventional procedure. Organization is recommended to minimize the waiting times in the hospital common areas before and after the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> All patients should be asked about respiratory symptoms, fever or close contact with suspected/positive cases before entering the CCL room, in addition to undergoing temperature check.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Approach to patients without confirmed SAR-CoV-2 infection:</bold> Given the current situation and the likelihood of treating asymptomatic or undiagnosed patients, careful protective measures are recommended. Patients should wear surgical mask before arrival to the room. The interventional cardiologist should adopt safety measures that include proper hand hygiene and the use of sterile and water-resistant gown, sterile gloves, goggles, hair covers, and surgical mask. Technologists, nurses and circulating technicians should use goggles, gloves, hair covers, and surgical mask.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Approach to suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients:</bold> Procedures involving airway and/or esophageal manipulation should be considered of high risk. Only essential personnel should be granted access to the CCL room, whose doors should remain closed all time. Avoid exiting the room with contaminated equipment (gown, gloves, mask) to get material (stents, catheters). Ideally the material used in the procedure should remain outside the room. A circulating technician will remain outside the room exclusively providing the material necessary for the procedure to another circulating technician remaining exclusively inside the room. Medications should be prepared before patient&#8217;s arrival to the room.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The patient should wear a surgical mask, which acts as a barrier to secretions. The staff responsible for moving the COVID-19 patient from the litter to the CCL table should wear PPE, including water-resistant gown, hair covers, gloves covering the wrists, eye protection, and FFP2/N95 mask.56 At the end of transfer, the PPE should be removed as indicated in the following topic, noting that the mask should never be removed inside the CCL room.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <p><bold>5.8.3. Putting on PPE:</bold> The interventional cardiologist should perform hand hygiene with soap and water, wear a reinforced water-resistant gown (if not impermeable, a plastic gown needs to be added), two pairs of gloves, protective lead goggles or conventional eye glasses, face shield, and high-efficiency filter mask of the FFP2/N95 type.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Technologists, nurses and circulating technicians should use gloves, hair cover, water-resistant gown and FFP2/N95 mask. A surgical mask should be put on over the FFP2/N95 mask. Closed shoes are recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup></p>
          <p><bold>5.8.3.1.Steps for putting on PPE in cases of suspected or confirmed COVID-19</bold> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> )</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Steps for putting on the personal protective equipment in cases of suspected or confirmed COVID-19.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Outside the CCL procedure room</bold>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Remove any personal items</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hold hair fully back</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Put on the lead gown and shoe covers</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Perform proper hand hygiene</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Put on the FFP2/N95 mask, securing ties or elastic bands at middle of head and neck, fit flexible band to nose bridge and snug to face and below chin, to ensure isolation and no leak.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Put on hair cover</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Put on surgical mask over the N95 mask</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Put on goggles and face shield</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Perform hand disinfection with alcohol gel or foam</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Put on the first pair of gloves</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Enter the CCL procedure room</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Inside the CCL procedure room</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Put on the water-proof gown</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Put on the second pair of gloves</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p><bold>5.8.3.2. Steps for removing PPE in cases of suspected or confirmed COVID-19</bold> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> )</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Steps for removing the personal protective equipment in cases of suspected or confirmed COVID-19.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0111-00370-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Inside the CCL procedure room</bold>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Disinfect the external pair of gloves with alcohol gel or foam</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Remove the gown and simultaneously the external pair of gloves, discarding them in a waste container marked with the biological hazard symbol (do not push to avoid generating aerosol particles, because they can be infected)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Disinfect the internal gloves with alcohol gel or foam</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Remove hair cover, face shield and shoe covers</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Remove the internal pair of gloves</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Perform hand disinfection with alcohol gel or foam</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Exit the procedure room</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the present document</title>
          <p>It is worth noting that this document is being written in a time when we do not completely understand COVID-19 transmission, severity, and proper treatment. The strategies herein suggested are based on limited evidence and recommendations might be subject to change.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The exponential growth in the number of patients with COVID-19 has been a huge burden on health services, requiring the urgent adoption of measures that can contain the virus and restrain its spread. Patients with COVID-19 have cardiovascular complications and often require diagnostic imaging tests and procedures to support their management. The correct identification of patients who need imaging tests and interventional procedures should be judicious, careful, and ethical, prioritizing the patient&#8217;s health and the rational use of resources.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any postgraduation program.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
