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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gGj8KRf5mWnQttfYBKQb6dP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180397</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180397</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quercetina Melhora o Perfil Lip&#237;dico e Apolipoproteico em Ratos Tratados com Glicocortic&#243;ides em Altas Doses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3104-6397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Derakhshanian</surname>
            <given-names>Hoda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Djalali</surname>
            <given-names>Mahmoud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Djazayery</surname>
            <given-names>Abolghassem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Javanbakht</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zarei</surname>
            <given-names>Mahnaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hekmatdoost</surname>
            <given-names>Azita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eslamian</surname>
            <given-names>Ghazaleh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mirhashemi</surname>
            <given-names>Seyyedeh Somayyeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dehpour</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Probiotic Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Alborz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Karaj</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Biochemistry Nutrition and Genetics</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Alborz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Karaj</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Biochemistry Nutrition and Genetics, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1"> School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Community Nutrition</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Student Research Committee</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pharmacology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Experimental Medicine Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ir&#227;.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Hoda Derakhshanian &#8226; Alborz University of Medical Sciences - Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center - Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Safarian St., Golshahr St. Karaj 3198764653 - Ir&#227; E-mail: <email>h.derakhshanian@abzums.ac.ir</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Derakhshanian H, Djalali M, Djazayery A, Javanbakht MH, Dehpour AR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Derakhshanian H, Zarei M, Eslamian G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Derakhshanian H, Javanbakht MH, Zarei M, Eslamian G, Mirhashemi SS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Derakhshanian H, Mirhashemi SS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Derakhshanian H, Djalali M, Djazayery A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Derakhshanian H; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Derakhshanian H, Djalali M, Djazayery A, Javanbakht MH, Hekmatdoost A, Dehpour AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>102</fpage>
      <lpage>108</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os glicocortic&#243;ides (GCs) s&#227;o amplamente prescritos para o tratamento de numerosos dist&#250;rbios cl&#237;nicos devido &#224;s suas propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e imunomoduladoras, e um dos efeitos indesej&#225;veis mais comuns desses medicamentos &#233; a dislipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o efeito da quercetina, um flavonoide derivado de plantas, no perfil lip&#237;dico de ratos tratados com glicocortic&#243;ides em altas doses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 32 ratos <italic>Sprague-Dawley</italic> foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente entre quatro grupos (8 ratos por grupo) e tratados por 6 semanas com uma das seguintes op&#231;&#245;es : (i) solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal; (ii) 40 mg/kg de succinato s&#243;dico de metilprednisolona (MP); (iii) MP + 50 mg/kg de quercetina; (iv) MP + 150 mg/kg de quercetina. O MP foi injetado por via subcut&#226;nea e a quercetina foi administrada por gavagem oral 3 dias por semana. No final do estudo, o perfil lip&#237;dico dos animais foi medido atrav&#233;s de kits enzim&#225;ticos. Os dados foram analisados e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de colesterol total (CT), triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e LDL aumentaram drasticamente em animais tratados com GC em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Ambas as doses de quercetina (50 e 150 mg/kg) melhoraram o CT (43% e 45%), LDL (56% e 56%) e TG (46% e 55%, respectivamente). A raz&#227;o Apo B/A1 diminuiu mais de 20% ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de Anti-Inflamatory Agents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Esses dados sugerem que a ingest&#227;o de quercetina Quercetin; induzida por glicocortic&#243;ides. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):102-108)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ratos Sprague-Dawley</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-inflamat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Queraracina</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicocorticoides</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglic&#233;rides</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Glicocorticoides como prednisona, metilprednisolona e dexametasona s&#227;o amplamente prescritos para o tratamento de numerosas doen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas, incluindo doen&#231;as pulmonares, gastrointestinais, hematol&#243;gicas, cut&#226;neas e renais, bem como transplantes de &#243;rg&#227;os, principalmente devido &#224;s suas propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e imunomoduladoras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora esses medicamentos tenham tais benef&#237;cios, seus efeitos adversos, como hiperglicemia, hipertens&#227;o, hiperlipidemia, osteoporose, atrofia muscular e obesidade, devem ser levados a s&#233;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O metabolismo lip&#237;dico deficiente &#233; uma das rea&#231;&#245;es indesej&#225;veis mais comuns; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de GCs em altas doses ou administrados em longo prazo causam nos usu&#225;rios uma apar&#234;ncia semelhante &#224; da s&#237;ndrome de Cushing. Em outras palavras, a hipercolesterolemia e a hipertrigliceridemia s&#227;o altamente prevalentes em pacientes submetidos a terapia com GC por per&#237;odos prolongados e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, podem levar a riscos de aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, quando a administra&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos imunossupressores &#233; inevit&#225;vel, devemos procurar alguns medicamentos ou produtos naturais para minimizar seus efeitos indesej&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>A quercetina, 3,3&#8217;,4&#8217;,5,7-penta-hidroxiflavona, 2-(3,4-di-hidroxifenil)-3,5,7-tri-hidroxi-4H-cromen-4-ona, C15H10O7, &#233; um flavonoide derivado de planta, isolado de cebolas, ma&#231;&#227;s, uvas, vegetais folhosos e ch&#225;;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esse composto de polifenol de ocorr&#234;ncia natural &#233; geralmente conhecido por suas propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamat&#243;rias e foi relatado como sendo um fator de melhora do sistema de defesa antioxidante, diminuindo a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, neopl&#225;sicas e inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Como o equil&#237;brio oxidante-antioxidante e o status da inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenham um papel importante na etiologia de muitas doen&#231;as, os compostos flavonoides t&#234;m sido destacados como agentes preventivos ou terap&#234;uticos naturais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> . Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos anteriores relataram impacto ben&#233;fico da quercetina na s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e no metabolismo lip&#237;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o efeito da quercetina no perfil lip&#237;dico de ratos tratados com glicocorticoide em altas doses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Um total de 32 ratos <italic>Sprague-Dawley</italic> com idades entre 6 e 7 meses, pesando 210 &#177; 30 gramas, foram obtidos do Razi Institute (Karaj, Ir&#227;). Os animais foram aclimatados &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais padr&#227;o (temperatura 20-25 &#176;C e ciclo de 12 horas claro/escuro) por 10 dias antes do in&#237;cio do experimento principal. Foram fornecidas <italic>ad libitum</italic> &#225;gua limpa e dieta padr&#227;o de ra&#231;&#227;o peletizada (Danbehparvar, Thran, Ir&#227;). O protocolo experimental estava de acordo com os <italic>Principles of Laboratory Animal Care.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com 80% de pot&#234;ncia, utilizando um teste bilateral com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e com base no tamanho do efeito de 0,5.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Produtos qu&#237;micos</title>
        <p>Succinato s&#243;dico de metilprednisolona (MP) foi utilizado como glicocorticoide (SOLU-MEDROL, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, NY, EUA) para gerar dislipidemia induzida por GC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A quercetina, com uma pureza de 95%, foi obtida da Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, EUA) e a suspens&#227;o de quercetina foi preparada adicionando-se quercetina &#224; solu&#231;&#227;o aquosa de carboximetilcelulose (CMC) a 0,05%, imediatamente antes de ser administrada por gavagem oral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento experimental</title>
        <p>Trinta e dois animais foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos, utilizando o esquema de randomiza&#231;&#227;o em bloco. Cada grupo experimental continha oito ratos que foram tratados por seis semanas. Todos os grupos foram injetados por via subcut&#226;nea (s.c.) com MP (40 mg/kg de peso corporal), exceto o grupo controle que recebeu solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal tr&#234;s dias por semana. Cada um dos tr&#234;s grupos injetados com glicocorticoide recebeu um dos seguintes tratamentos: CMC como placebo, 50 mg/kg de quercetina ou 150 mg/kg de quercetina. Todos os tratamentos foram administrados tr&#234;s dias por semana, por via oral. Ao final do estudo, todos os animais foram anestesiados com inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal (i.p.) de cetamina juntamente com xilazina (50 mg/kg e 30 mg/kg, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As amostras de sangue foram coletadas por pun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e imediatamente centrifugadas a 3000 rpm por 10 min para isolamento s&#233;rico e armazenadas a -80&#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico. Os ratos foram submetidos a jejum por 12 a 14 horas e todas as amostras de sangue foram coletadas entre 8 e 10 horas da manh&#227;. Foram utilizados kits enzim&#225;ticos dispon&#237;veis no mercado para medir as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL, <italic>high-density lipoprotein</italic> ) e triglic&#233;rides (TG) em duplicata (Pars Azmoon Co., Teer&#227;, Ir&#227;), e Apo A e Apo B foram medidos atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos imunoturbidim&#233;tricos (biorexfars LTD, Ir&#227;). O n&#237;vel de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL, <italic>low-density lipoprotein</italic> ) foi calculado utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os animais foram pesados no in&#237;cio e ao final do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e analisados pelo <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (vers&#227;o 23.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, EUA). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade dos dados. As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA One-Way) seguida pelo teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Embora o peso corporal m&#233;dio dos ratos tenha sido o mesmo em todos os grupos no in&#237;cio do experimento, ap&#243;s seis semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o, todos os animais tratados com glicocortic&#243;ides apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de peso em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pr&#243;prios pesos iniciais e com seus controles pareados por idade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Peso corporal inicial e final (gramas) dos grupos experimentais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Peso corporal</th>
                <th>Controle</th>
                <th>MP</th>
                <th>MP+Q50</th>
                <th>MP+Q150</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Inicial</td>
                <td align="center">212&#177;29</td>
                <td align="center">212&#177;27</td>
                <td align="center">210&#177;28</td>
                <td align="center">212&#177;28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Final</td>
                <td align="center">214&#177;30<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">182&#177;22<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">185&#177;20<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">180&#177;16<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como M&#233;dia &#177; DP. N = 8 para todos os grupos. MP: metilprednisolona; Q50: quercetina 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetina 150 mg/kg; An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni. <sup>*</sup>p &lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo controle, <sup>&#8224;</sup>p &lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo MP, <sup>&#8225;</sup>p &lt;0,05 comparado ao peso inicial do mesmo grupo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s seis semanas de inje&#231;&#227;o de metilprednisolona, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de colesterol e triglic&#233;rides no plasma aumentaram drasticamente em animais tratados com glicocorticoides, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Ambas as doses de quercetina (50 e 150 mg/kg) melhoraram a hipercolesterolemia e a hipertrigliceridemia em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo MP, e a mesma tend&#234;ncia foi observada nos n&#237;veis de LDL. Al&#233;m disso, a inje&#231;&#227;o de MP causou um aumento moderado nos n&#237;veis de HDL, os quais n&#227;o sofreram altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com quercetina. No entanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o das raz&#245;es CT/HDL, TG/HDL e LDL/HDL foi estatisticamente e clinicamente significativa. Al&#233;m disso, a raz&#227;o Apo B/A1 diminuiu mais de 20% ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de quercetina ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1-3</xref> ). Parece que uma dose mais alta de quercetina n&#227;o possui superioridade vis&#237;vel para a melhora do colesterol e apolipoprote&#237;nas. No entanto, foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a dose de quercetina e TG, bem como a raz&#227;o CT/HDL (-0,87 e -0,75, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil lip&#237;dico dos grupos experimentais ap&#243;s seis semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Controle</th>
                <th>MP</th>
                <th>MP+Q50</th>
                <th>MP+Q150</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">89,12&#177;3,35</td>
                <td align="center">193,50&#177;12,77<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">108,75&#177;15,47<sup>*,&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">105,87&#177;11,25<sup>*,&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">34,25&#177;3,69</td>
                <td align="center">41,37&#177;5,75<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">38,25&#177;4,77</td>
                <td align="center">39,00&#177;4,07</td>
                <td align="center">=0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">41,87&#177;3,79</td>
                <td align="center">119,22&#177;12,70<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">52,72&#177;15,15<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">52,22&#177;10,87<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">65,00&#177;4,34</td>
                <td align="center">164,50&#177;9,36<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">88,87&#177;12,93<sup>*,&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">73,25&#177;11,33<sup>&#8224;,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT/HDL</td>
                <td align="center">2,62&#177;0,27</td>
                <td align="center">4,76&#177;0,86<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,86&#177;0,42<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,74&#177;0,47<sup>&#8224;,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG/HDL</td>
                <td align="center">1,92&#177;0,29</td>
                <td align="center">4,05&#177;0,71<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,33&#177;0,34<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,92&#177;0,51<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL/HDL</td>
                <td align="center">1,24&#177;0,23</td>
                <td align="center">2,95&#177;0,73<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,39&#177;0,43<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,36&#177;0,38<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo B/ Al</td>
                <td align="center">0,93&#177;0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,63&#177;0,19<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,25&#177;0,30<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,06&#177;0,28<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como M&#233;dia &#177; DP. n = 8 para todos os grupos. MP: metilprednisolona; Q50: quercetina 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetina 150 mg/kg; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; ApoB/Al: raz&#227;o Apolipoprote&#237;na B para Apolipoprote&#237;na Al; An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni. <sup>*</sup>p &lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo controle, <sup>&#8224;</sup>p &lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo MP, <sup>&#8225;</sup>p &lt;0,05 comparado ao MP + Q50.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>M&#233;dia da raz&#227;o colesterol total/HDL em diferentes grupos. Dados apresentados como M&#233;dia &#177; DP. N = 8 para todos os grupos. MP: metilprednisolona; Q50: quercetina 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetina 150 mg/kg; CT: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; *p&lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo controle, <sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo MP, <sup>&#8225;</sup>p&lt;0,05 comparado ao MP + Q50.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0102-80397-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados revelaram que a administra&#231;&#227;o de altas doses de glicocorticoide por 6 semanas aumentou drasticamente a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de colesterol total, LDL e triglic&#233;rides. No entanto, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com duas doses diferentes de quercetina, como uma flavona de ocorr&#234;ncia natural tendo sido anteriormente relatada como ben&#233;fica na s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, reverteu de maneira evidente os efeitos indesej&#225;veis da metilprednisolona. Foram escolhidas diferentes doses de quercetina, uma vez que a dose mais baixa pode ser fornecida por uma dieta rica em quercetina e a mais alta pode ser conseguida com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de suplementos dispon&#237;veis comercialmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Desnecess&#225;rio dizer que a diferente taxa metab&#243;lica de ratos e humanos foi levada em considera&#231;&#227;o para a determina&#231;&#227;o da dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os resultados finais indicaram que 150 mg/kg de quercetina n&#227;o foram muito mais eficazes que 50 mg/kg para melhorar o perfil lip&#237;dico, exceto pela concentra&#231;&#227;o de TG, que desceu ao n&#237;vel dos controles como resultado da administra&#231;&#227;o de doses elevadas de quercetina. A metilprednisolona tamb&#233;m causou um aumento moderado no n&#237;vel de HDL, o qual n&#227;o foi alterado significativamente ap&#243;s a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com quercetina.</p>
      <p>Embora o impacto hiperlipid&#234;mico dos GCs tenha sido observado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, os mecanismos moleculares ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o bem reconhecidos. Alguns estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> demonstraram que esses f&#225;rmacos anti-inflamat&#243;rios podem aumentar diretamente a produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de HDL, up-regular a atividade da lipoprote&#237;na lipase e prejudicar o catabolismo do LDL, reduzindo a express&#227;o e a atividade dos receptores hep&#225;ticos de LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Consequentemente, contribuem para o desenvolvimento de f&#237;gado gorduroso, aumentando a s&#237;ntese de &#225;cidos graxos e diminuindo a &#946;-oxida&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, os flavonoides t&#234;m sido descritos como moduladores do metabolismo lip&#237;dico. Eles atuam principalmente atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da fosfodiesterase, altera&#231;&#227;o da absor&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de colesterol e produ&#231;&#227;o e secre&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a quercetina, como um potente antioxidante distribu&#237;do tanto na bicamada lip&#237;dica quanto na fase aquosa da c&#233;lula, pode suprimir a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica pela atividade de elimina&#231;&#227;o de radical.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Grandes estudos demonstraram que a raz&#227;o Apo B/Al &#233; superior ao colesterol total e TG para prever o risco cardiovascular em ambos os sexos e em todas as faixas et&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Considerando que a raz&#227;o Apo B/Al &#233; uma medida do n&#250;mero de part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas de Apo B sobre o n&#250;mero de part&#237;culas anti-aterog&#234;nicas de Apo Al, existe tamb&#233;m a possibilidade de a mesma ser um fator mais importante que a quantidade de lip&#237;dios transportada por part&#237;cula. No presente estudo, a ingest&#227;o de quercetina diminuiu significativamente a raz&#227;o Apo B/AI, o que pode ser um importante indicador de menor risco cardiovascular no futuro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o, todos os animais tratados com glicocorticoides apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de peso em compara&#231;&#227;o aos seus controles, o que pode ter sido causado por anorexia induzida por glicocorticoides nos ratos, relatada anteriormente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> ou por prote&#243;lise e perda muscular graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foi a falta de dados precisos sobre a ingest&#227;o alimentar dos animais, o que poderia ser muito &#250;til para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da perda de peso induzida por GC nos ratos. No geral, nossos achados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos anteriores que relataram efeitos ben&#233;ficos dos flavonoides no metabolismo lip&#237;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Esta &#233; a primeira pesquisa que avalia o impacto da quercetina na hiperlipidemia induzida por GC. No entanto, o efeito hipolipid&#234;mico de alguns outros flavonoides foi relatado em ratos tratados com GC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Outras propriedades favor&#225;veis da quercetina na melhora da densidade &#243;ssea e na modifica&#231;&#227;o da glicemia tornam esse flavonoide uma excelente op&#231;&#227;o para controlar os efeitos colaterais dos glicocorticoides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o de quercetina, em doses de 50 e 150 mg/kg, pode reverter os efeitos indesej&#225;veis de altas doses de glicocorticoides no perfil lip&#237;dico de ratos e pode ser considerada para terapia combinada com GCs para minimizar a dislipidemia resultante.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>M&#233;dia da raz&#227;o triglicer&#237;deos para HDL em diferentes grupos. Dados apresentados como M&#233;dia &#177; EP. n = 8 para todos os grupos. MP: metilprednisolona; Q50: quercetina 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetina 150 mg/kg; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; <sup>*</sup>p&lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo controle, <sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo MP, <sup>&#8225;</sup>p&lt;0,05 comparado ao MP + Q50.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0102-80397-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>M&#233;dia da raz&#227;o de Apolipoprote&#237;na B para Apolipoprote&#237;na Al em diferentes grupos. Dados apresentados como M&#233;dia &#177; EP. n = 8 para todos os grupos. MP: metilprednisolona; Q50: quercetina 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetina 150 mg/kg; ApoB/Al: raz&#227;o Apolipoprote&#237;na B para Apolipoprote&#237;na Al; <sup>*</sup>p&lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo controle, <sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0,05 comparado ao grupo MP, <sup>&#8225;</sup>p&lt;0,05 comparado ao MP + Q50.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0102-80397-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Hoda Derakhshanian pela Tehran University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Tehran University of Medical Sciences sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 11157. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; financiado pelo Tehran University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>ERRATA</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Julho de 2020, vol. 115 (1), p&#225;gs. 102-108</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Quercetina Melhora o Perfil Lip&#237;dico e Apolipoproteico em Ratos Tratados com Glicocortic&#243;ides em Altas Doses&#8221; com, n&#250;mero de DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20180397">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20180397</ext-link>, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 115(1):102-108, na p&#225;gina 102, incluir mais uma afilia&#231;&#227;o para o autor Ahmad Reza Dehpour. Incluir a institui&#231;&#227;o: Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ir&#227;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quercetin Ameliorates Lipid and Apolipoprotein Profile in High-Dose Glucocorticoid Treated Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3104-6397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Derakhshanian</surname>
            <given-names>Hoda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Djalali</surname>
            <given-names>Mahmoud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Djazayery</surname>
            <given-names>Abolghassem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Javanbakht</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zarei</surname>
            <given-names>Mahnaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hekmatdoost</surname>
            <given-names>Azita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eslamian</surname>
            <given-names>Ghazaleh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mirhashemi</surname>
            <given-names>Seyyedeh Somayyeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dehpour</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Biochemistry Nutrition and Genetics, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ir&#227;.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Hoda Derakhshanian &#8226; Alborz University of Medical Sciences - Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center - Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Safarian St., Golshahr St. Karaj 3198764653 - Iran E-mail: h.derakhshanian@abzums.ac.ir</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Derakhshanian H, Djalali M, Djazayery A, Javanbakht MH, Dehpour AR; Acquisition of data: Derakhshanian H, Zarei M, Eslamian G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Derakhshanian H, Javanbakht MH, Zarei M, Eslamian G, Mirhashemi SS; Statistical analysis: Derakhshanian H, Mirhashemi SS, Mirhashemi SS, Mirhashemi SS, Mirhashemi SS, Mirhashemi SS, Mirhashemi SS; Obtaining financing: Derakhshanian H, Djalali M, Djazayery A; Writing of the manuscript: Derakhshanian H; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Derakhshanian H, Djalali M, Djazayery A, Javanbakht MH, Hekmatdoost A, Dehpour AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely prescribed for the treatment of numerous clinical disorders due to their anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties and one of the most common untoward effects of these drugs is dyslipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effect of quercetin, a plant-derived flavonoid, on the lipid profile of high-dose glucocorticoid treated rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley rats, were randomly distributed among four groups (8 rats per group) and treated for 6 weeks with one of the following: (i) normal saline; (ii) 40 mg/kg methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP); (iii) MP + 50 mg/kg quercetin; (iv) MP + 150 mg/kg quercetin. MP was injected subcutaneously, and quercetin was administered by oral gavage 3 days a week. At the end of the study, the animals&#8217; lipid profile was measured by enzymatic kits. Data were analyzed and statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The mean serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and LDL levels were drastically increased in GC-treated animals compared with the control group. Both doses of quercetin (50 and 150 mg/kg) ameliorated TC (43% and 45%), LDL (56% and 56%) and TG (46% and 55% respectively). Apo B/A1 ratio decreased more than 20% following quercetin intake and the decline in TC/HDL, TG/HL, LDL/HDL ratios were significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>These data suggest that quercetin intake with both doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg could be considered as a protective agent for glucocorticoid-induced dyslipidemia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):102-108.)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Inflammatory Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Quercetin</kwd>
        <kwd>Glucocorticoids</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglycerides</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Glucocorticoids such as prednisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone are widely prescribed for the treatment of numerous clinical disorders, including pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hematological, skin, and renal diseases, as well as organ transplants, particularly due to their anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although these drugs have such benefits, their adverse effects such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy and obesity must be taken seriously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Impaired lipid metabolism, as one of the most common undesirable reactions, in high-dose or long-term GC users, resembles Cushing&#8217;s syndrome. In other words, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are highly prevalent in patients undergoing GC therapy for prolonged periods and may ultimately lead to risks for atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, when the administration of these immunosuppressive drugs is inevitable, one should look for some drugs or natural products to minimize their untoward effects.</p>
        <p>Quercetin, 3,3&#8217;,4&#8217;,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone, 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one, C15H10O7, is a plant-derived flavonoid, isolated from onions, apples, grapes, leafy vegetables and tea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This naturally occurring polyphenol compound is generally known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is reported to enhance the antioxidant defense system, and decrease the incidence of cardiovascular, neoplastic and inflammatory diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Since the oxidant-antioxidant balance and inflammation status play an important role the etiology of many diseases, flavonoid compounds have been in the spotlight as natural preventive or therapeutic agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition, some previous studies reported the beneficial impact of quercetin on metabolic syndrome and lipid metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of quercetin on lipid profile of rats treated with high-dose glucocorticoid.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-7 months, weighing 210&#177;30 grams were obtained from the Razi Institute (Karaj, Iran). The animals were acclimatized to the standard laboratory conditions (temperature 20-25&#730;C, and a 12-h light/dark cycle) for 10 days before the beginning of the main experiment. Clean water and pelleted standard chow diet (Danbehparvar, Thran, Iran) were provided <italic>ad libitum</italic> . The experimental protocol was in accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The sample size was calculated with 80% power, using a two-sided test at the 5% significance level and based on the effect size of 0.5.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chemicals</title>
          <p>Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) was used as the glucocorticoid (SOLU-MEDROL, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, NY, U.S.A) for generating GC-induced dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Quercetin, with a purity of 95%, was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A) and the quercetin suspension was prepared by adding quercetin to 0.05% aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution immediately before being administered by oral gavage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental procedure</title>
          <p>Thirty-two animals were randomly distributed into four groups, using the block randomization scheme. Each experimental group contained eight rats, which were treated for six weeks. All groups were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with MP (40 mg/kg body weight), except the control group, which received normal saline solution three days a week. Each of the three glucocorticoid-injected groups received one of the following treatments: CMC as placebo, 50 mg/kg quercetin or 150 mg/kg quercetin. All treatments were given three days a week <italic>per os</italic> . At the end of the study all animals were anesthetized with an intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of ketamine together with xylazine (50 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and were immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min for serum isolation and stored at -80&#730;C until analysis of the lipid profile. The rats were fasted for 12-14 hours and all blood samples were collected between 8 and 10 am. Commercially available enzymatic kits were used to measure the serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) in duplicate tests (Pars Azmoon Co., Tehran, Iran) and Apo A and Apo B were measured by immunoturbidimetric methods (biorexfars LTD, Iran). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level was calculated using the Friedewald equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 23.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the data. Statistical differences between groups were evaluated using analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni <italic>post hoc</italic> test. Statistical significance was set at p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Although the average body weight of rats was the same in all groups at the beginning of the experiment, after six weeks of intervention, all glucocorticoid-treated animals showed a significant weight reduction compared with their own initial weights and with their age-matched controls ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Initial and final body weight (gram) of experimental groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Body weight</th>
                  <th>Control</th>
                  <th>MP</th>
                  <th>MP+Q50</th>
                  <th>MP+Q150</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Initial</td>
                  <td align="center">212&#177;29</td>
                  <td align="center">212&#177;27</td>
                  <td align="center">210&#177;28</td>
                  <td align="center">212&#177;28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td align="center">214&#177;30<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">182&#177;22<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">185&#177;20<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">180&#177;16<sup>*,&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are presented as Mean&#177;SD. N=8 for all groups. MP, methylprednisolone; Q50, quercetin 50 mg/kg; Q150, quercetin 150 mg/kg; Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni test. * p&lt;0.05 compared with control group,<sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP group,<sup>&#8225;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with the initial weight of same group.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Following six weeks of methylprednisolone injection, the mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were drastically increased in glucocorticoid-treated animals compared with the control group. Both doses of quercetin (50 and150 mg/kg) improved the hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in comparison with the MP group, and the same trend was observed for LDL levels. In addition, the MP injection caused a moderate increase in HDL levels, which was not significantly changed following quercetin supplementation. However, the reduction in TC/HDL, TG/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios were statistically and clinically significant. Moreover, Apo B/A1 ratio decreased more than 20% following quercetin intake ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1-3</xref> ). It seems that a higher dose of quercetin does not have a conspicuous superiority for cholesterol and apolipoprotein level improvement. However, a negative correlation was found between the quercetin dose and TG, as well as TC/HDL (-0.87 and -0.75 respectively).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Lipid profile of experimental groups after six weeks of intervention</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Control</th>
                  <th>MP</th>
                  <th>MP+Q50</th>
                  <th>MP+Q150</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.12&#177;3.35</td>
                  <td align="center">193.50&#177;12.77<sup>*.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">108.75&#177;15.47<sup>*.&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">105.87&#177;11.25<sup>*.&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.25&#177;3.69</td>
                  <td align="center">41.37&#177;5.75<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">38.25&#177;4.77</td>
                  <td align="center">39.00&#177;4.07</td>
                  <td align="center">=0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.87&#177;3.79</td>
                  <td align="center">119.22&#177;12.70<sup>*.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">52.72&#177;15.15<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">52.22&#177;10.87<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.00&#177;4.34</td>
                  <td align="center">164.50&#177;9.36<sup>*.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">88.87&#177;12.93<sup>*.&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">73.25&#177;11.33<sup>&#8224;.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC/HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">2.62&#177;0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">4.76&#177;0.86<sup>*.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.86&#177;0.42<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.74&#177;0.47<sup>&#8224;.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG/HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.92&#177;0.29</td>
                  <td align="center">4.05&#177;0.71<sup>*.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.33&#177;0.34<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.92&#177;0.51<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL/HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24&#177;0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">2.95&#177;0.73<sup>*.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.39&#177;0.43<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.36&#177;0.38<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Apo B/ Al</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93&#177;0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63&#177;0.19<sup>*.&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.25&#177;0.30<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.06&#177;0.28<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are presented as Mean&#177;SD. n=8 for all groups. MP: methylprednisolone; Q50: quercetin 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetin 150 mg/kg; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ApoB/Al: apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein Al ratio; Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni test.<sup>*</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with control group,<sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP group,<sup>&#8225;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP+Q50.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Mean of the total cholesterol to HDL ratio in the different groups. Data presented as Mean&#177;SD. N=8 for all groups. MP: methylprednisolone; Q50: quercetin 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetin 150 mg/kg; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein;<sup>*</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with control group,<sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP group,<sup>&#8225;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP+Q50.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0102-80397-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our findings revealed that the administration of high-dose glucocorticoid for 6 weeks drastically increased serum concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides. However, oral supplementation with two different doses of quercetin, as a naturally occurring flavone that was previously reported to be beneficial in metabolic syndrome, conspicuously reversed the undesirable effects of methylprednisolone. Different doses of quercetin were chosen, since the lower one can be provided by a quercetin-rich diet and the higher one might be taken as commercially available supplements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Needless to say, the different metabolic rates of rats and humans were taken into account for dose determination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The final results indicated that 150 mg/kg quercetin were not much more effective than 50 mg/kg to improve lipid profile, except for TG concentrations, which decreased to the control level as a result of high dose quercetin administration. Methylprednisolone also caused a moderate increase in HDL levels, which was not significantly changed following quercetin supplementation.</p>
        <p>Although the hyperlipidemic impact of GCs has been noticed for the last decades, the molecular mechanisms are not well recognized yet. Some <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> studies demonstrated that these anti-inflammatory drugs can directly increase hepatic HDL production, up-regulate lipoprotein lipase activity and impair LDL catabolism by reducing hepatic LDL receptors expression and activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Consequently, they contribute to fatty liver development by increasing fatty acid synthesis and decreasing &#946; oxidation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, flavonoids have been described as lipid metabolism modulators. They mostly act through the inhibition of phosphodiesterase, alteration of hepatic cholesterol absorption and triglyceride production and secretion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In addition, quercetin as a potent antioxidant distributed in both the lipid bilayer and aqueous phase of the cell, can suppress lipid peroxidation by radical scavenging activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Large studies have shown that ApoB/Al ratio is superior to the total cholesterol and TG for cardiovascular risk prediction in both genders and at all age ranges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Given that the ApoB/Al ratio is a measurement of the number of ApoB atherogenic particles over the number of ApoAl anti-atherogenic particles, there is also a possibility that it is a more important factor than the amount of lipids carried per particle. In the present study, quercetin intake significantly decreased ApoB/AI ratio, which might be an important indicator of lower cardiovascular risk in the future.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>At the end of intervention, all glucocorticoid-treated animals showed a significant weight reduction compared to their controls, which might be due to glucocorticoid-induced anorexia in rats, which has been previously reported,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> or to severe proteolysis and muscle loss.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> One of the limitations of this study was the lack of precise data about the animals&#8217; food intake, which could be very useful for the interpretation of GC-induced weight loss in rats. Overall, our findings are in accordance with previous studies reporting the beneficial effects of flavonoids on lipid metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> This is the first research evaluating the impact of quercetin on GC-induced hyperlipidemia. However, the hypolipidemic effect of some other flavonoids has been reported in GC-treated rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Other favorable properties of quercetin in improving bone density and modifying blood glucose, make this flavonoid an excellent choice to control glucocorticoid side effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Quercetin administration, at both doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg, was able to reverse the untoward effects of high-dose glucocorticoids on the lipid profile of rats, and might be considered for combination therapy with GCs to minimize the resulting dyslipidemia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Mean of triglycerides to HDL ratio in the different groups. Data presented as Mean&#177;SE. n=8 for all groups. MP: methylprednisolone; Q50: quercetin 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetin 150 mg/kg; TG; triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein;<sup>*</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with control group,<sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP group,<sup>&#8225;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP+Q50.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0102-80397-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Mean of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein Al ratio in the different groups. Data presented as Mean&#177;SE. n=8 for all groups. MP: methylprednisolone; Q50: quercetin 50 mg/kg; Q150: quercetin 150 mg/kg; ApoB/Al: apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein Al ratio;<sup>*</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with control group,<sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP group,<sup>&#8225;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared with MP+Q50.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0102-80397-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Master submitted by Hoda Derakhshanian, from Tehran University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences under the protocol number 11157. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>ERRATUM</label>
          <p>
            <bold>July 2020 Issue, vol. 115 (1), pages 102-108</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the Original Article &#8220;Quercetin Ameliorates Lipid and Apolipoprotein Profile in High-Dose Glucocorticoid Treated Rats&#8221;, with DOI number: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20180397">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20180397</ext-link>, published in the periodical Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 115(1):102-108, on page 102, add one more affiliation for the author Ahmad Reza Dehpour. Include the institution: Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
