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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ckrB6BhKZ6mzrwCv4ss68yj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190393</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190393</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implementa&#231;&#227;o do Programa Boas Pr&#225;ticas em Cardiologia adaptado do <italic>Get With The Guidelines</italic> <sup><italic>&#174;</italic></sup> em Hospitais Brasileiros: Desenho do Estudo e Fundamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taniguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Papa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7577-8018</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgan</surname>
            <given-names>Louise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Curtis</surname>
            <given-names>Anne B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taubert</surname>
            <given-names>Kathryn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weber</surname>
            <given-names>Bernadete</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chrispim</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toth</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Pereira Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morosov</surname>
            <given-names>Erica Deji Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonarow</surname>
            <given-names>Gregg C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smith</surname>
            <given-names>Sidney C</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">American Heart Association Inc</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Dallas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">American Heart Association Inc, Dallas, Texas &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University at Buffalo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buffalo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">New York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University at Buffalo -The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">American Heart Association Switzerland</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Basel</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CH">Su&#237;&#231;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original">American Heart Association Switzerland, Basel &#8211; Su&#237;&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of California Los Angeles</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Los Angeles</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Calif&#243;rnia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif&#243;rnia &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chapel Hill</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Fabio Papa Taniguchi &#8226; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme,147. CEP 04004-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>ftaniguchi@hcor.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Taniguchi FP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva SA, Morgan L, Taubert K, Smith Jr. SC, Paola AAV, Curtis AB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Toth CPP, Morosov EDM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Taniguchi FP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva SA, Chrispim PPM, Toth CPP, Morosov EDM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva AS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Taniguchi FP, Morgan L, Taubert K, Weber B, Smith Jr. SC, Paola AAV, Curtis AB, Albuquerque DC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Taniguchi FP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva SA, Ribeiro AL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Taniguchi FP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva SA, Ribeiro AL, Morgan L, Taubert K, Weber B, Chrispim PPM, Toth CPP, Morosov EDM, Fonarow GC, Smith Jr. SC, Paola AAV, Curtis AB, Albuquerque DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>92</fpage>
      <lpage>99</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Existem grandes oportunidades de melhoria da qualidade do cuidado cardiovascular em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento por meio da implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa de qualidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o efeito de um programa de Boas Pr&#225;ticas em Cardiologia (BPC) nos indicadores de desempenho e desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes relacionados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas em um subconjunto de hospitais p&#250;blicos brasileiros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O programa Boas Pr&#225;ticas em Cardiologia (BPC) foi adaptado do programa <italic>Get With The Guidelines</italic> (GWTG) da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) para ser utilizado no Brasil. O programa est&#225; sendo iniciado em tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios de cuidado simultaneamente (s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), o que consiste em uma abordagem nunca testada no GWTG. Existem seis eixos de interven&#231;&#245;es utilizadas pela literatura sobre tradu&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento que abordar&#225; barreiras locais identificadas por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e reuni&#245;es regulares para auditoria e feedback. Planeja-se incluir no m&#237;nimo 10 hospitais e 1500 pacientes por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. O desfecho prim&#225;rio inclui as taxas de ades&#227;o &#224;s medidas de cuidado recomendadas pelas diretrizes. Desfechos secund&#225;rios incluem o efeito do programa sobre o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade global e espec&#237;fica, taxas de readmiss&#227;o, qualidade de vida, percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente sobre sa&#250;de e ades&#227;o dos pacientes &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es prescritas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Espera-se, nos hospitais participantes, uma melhoria e a manuten&#231;&#227;o das taxas de ades&#227;o as recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncia e dos desfechos dos pacientes. Este &#233; o primeiro programa em melhoria da qualidade a ser realizado na Am&#233;rica do Sul, que fornecer&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es importantes de como programas de sucesso originados em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos como os Estados Unidos podem ser adaptados &#224;s necessidades de pa&#237;ses com economias em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Um programa bem sucedido dar&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para o desenvolvimento de programas de melhoria da qualidade em outros pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo de mundo real prover&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es para a avalia&#231;&#227;o e aumento da ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes de cardiologia no Brasil, bem como a melhora dos processos assistenciais. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):92-99)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Melhoria de qualidade/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Guias como Assunto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico no Brasil atende cerca de 70% da popula&#231;&#227;o do pa&#237;s e atua como o servi&#231;o de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar de in&#250;meras iniciativas do governo federal para melhorar a efici&#234;ncia do sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro, seus resultados t&#234;m sido inconsistentes, indicando uma grande necessidade de melhoria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pouco tem sido feito para se controlar a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o ou o uso excessivo de recursos destinados &#224; sa&#250;de, e as barreiras para a ado&#231;&#227;o de terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncias em todo o pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tem se observado grande variabilidade na qualidade do cuidado, avaliada por institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de no Brasil por meio de medidas de desempenho, com o apoio da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Iniciativas educativas e programas de melhoria da qualidade (MQ) t&#234;m ajudado a melhorar o cuidado oferecido a pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Assim, interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas bem alinhadas, tal como o programa de MQ plurianual da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) intitulado <italic>Get With the Guidelines</italic> (GWTG), se adaptadas &#224;s diretrizes e ao sistema de sa&#250;de do Brasil, poderiam ter impactos significativos sobre o tratamento e desfechos de pacientes com DCV e padr&#245;es de conduta por parte dos cuidadores.</p>
      <p>O GWTG &#233; um programa de MQ criado pela AHA e a Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (ASA, <italic>American Stroke Association</italic> ) com o objetivo de melhorar o cuidado de pacientes com DCV hospitalizados. O programa foi criado para auxiliar hospitais em reformular o cuidado a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas de alto custo econ&#244;mico, tais como s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e acidente vascular cerebral, e validado nos Estados Unidos nos &#250;ltimos 17 anos. O programa melhorou a qualidade do cuidado oferecido durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, bem como desfechos dos pacientes e custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; dentro desse contexto, ap&#243;s adapta&#231;&#227;o apropriada ao sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro, que este novo programa est&#225; sendo lan&#231;ado. Seu principal objetivo &#233; avaliar a taxa de ades&#227;o de profissionais da sa&#250;de que trabalham em hospitais &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais recentes das diretrizes da AHA e da SBC sobre IC, FA e SCA, bem como seu efeito sobre os desfechos e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes antes e ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o do programa Boas Pr&#225;ticas em Cardiologia (BPC), adaptado da iniciativa GWTG. Tal iniciativa no Brasil &#233; resultado de uma colabora&#231;&#227;o tripartite entre a AHA, a SBC e o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, com participa&#231;&#227;o do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), para ser testada em alguns hospitais p&#250;blicos e, se comprovada sua efici&#234;ncia, para ser implementada em todo o pa&#237;s.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O BPC &#233; um programa de MQ que foi adaptado do GWTG e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do centro coordenador (sob o n&#250;mero 48561715.5.1001.0060). O programa ser&#225; implementado em hospitais terci&#225;rios das cinco macrorregi&#245;es do Brasil. Os comit&#234;s e grupos de gerenciamento do estudo est&#227;o descritos no Ap&#234;ndice 1.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s aceita&#231;&#227;o em participar do estudo pelas institui&#231;&#245;es e aprova&#231;&#227;o dos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica locais, o grupo gestor far&#225; uma visita inicial para assegurar que a institui&#231;&#227;o possui a infraestrutura necess&#225;ria para participar do programa, e para apresentar o programa &#224; dire&#231;&#227;o da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O efeito do programa sobre o desempenho da institui&#231;&#227;o, a qualidade de vida e desfechos cl&#237;nicos ser&#225; avaliado em um estudo coorte quase-experimental por meio de coleta de dados antes e ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o do programa BPC.</p>
      <p>Antes da interven&#231;&#227;o, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; realizada durante um per&#237;odo de aproximadamente dois meses antes da implementa&#231;&#227;o do programa BPC na institui&#231;&#227;o, ou ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o dos primeiros 15 pacientes em cada bra&#231;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; realizada ap&#243;s a primeira interven&#231;&#227;o, e ter&#225; dura&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 18 meses. Os pacientes ser&#227;o acompanhados por telefone um m&#234;s e seis meses ap&#243;s alta hospitalar por entrevistadores treinados locais.</p>
      <p>Uma equipe multidisciplinar composta de um l&#237;der local, m&#233;dicos, enfermeiros, e educadores ser&#225; respons&#225;vel por estabelecer estrat&#233;gias locais para melhoria, e reunir esfor&#231;os para o programa local.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ser&#227;o considerados eleg&#237;veis pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, admitidos nos hospitais selecionados com um diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de IC aguda (CID-10 I50; I50.0; I50.1 ou I50.9), SCA (CID-10 c&#243;digos I20.0 a I21.9 e I22.0 a I22.9) ou FA/flutter atrial (CID-10 I-48), independentemente de hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de quaisquer dessas condi&#231;&#245;es, e que aceitem a participar do estudo mediante assinatura do termo de consentimento. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA ou flutter atrial ser&#225; realizada no ambulat&#243;rio. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade est&#227;o descritos em detalhes no Ap&#234;ndice 2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o das medidas de desempenho e m&#233;tricas de qualidade</title>
        <p>As medidas de desempenho e m&#233;tricas de qualidade foram selecionadas daquelas sugeridas pelo Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia (ACC, <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> )/AHA para IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> SCA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e FA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> para compor dois conjuntos de indicadores para cada uma dessas condi&#231;&#245;es. Como descrito anteriormente, o primeiro conjunto de indicadores derivaram das recomenda&#231;&#245;es classe I das &#250;ltimas diretrizes do ACC/AHA e inclu&#237;ram coment&#225;rios p&#250;blicos e um processo de revis&#227;o por pares, enquanto o segundo conjunto derivou-se de outras recomenda&#231;&#245;es sem seguir uma metodologia restrita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essas m&#233;tricas de desempenho e de qualidade foram ent&#227;o revisadas e adaptadas &#224;s diretrizes atuais no Brasil.</p>
        <p>Foram selecionadas 21 medidas de desempenho, cinco para IC, nove para SCA e sete para FA ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Outras 22 m&#233;tricas de qualidade foram inclu&#237;das nos tr&#234;s bra&#231;os do programa, nove para IC, seis para SCA e sete para FA (Ap&#234;ndice 3). Pacientes eleg&#237;veis s&#227;o definidos como aqueles sem intoler&#226;ncia ou contraindica&#231;&#245;es documentadas &#224;s medidas espec&#237;ficas.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medidas de desempenho</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Tempo</th>
                  <th>Medida de desempenho</th>
                  <th>Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>IC</th>
                  <th>FA</th>
                  <th>SCA</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Dentro de 24h da admiss&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Aspirina precoce*</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA que recebem aspirina nas 24 horas a partir da chegada ao hospital</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Terapia de reperfus&#227;o adequada</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAMCST submetidos a tromb&#243;lise nos primeiros 30 minutos ou angioplastia prim&#225;ria dentro de 90 minutos da chegada ao hospital</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco para tromboembolismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar/flutter atrial com uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo escore de risco CHADS2-VASc documentada</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de sangramento</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco por HAS-BLED documentada</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC com algum registro da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, seja no prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico ou relat&#243;rios outros relat&#243;rios acess&#237;veis nos registros hospitalares 12 meses antes da admiss&#227;o ou durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, ou com uma avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica agendada ap&#243;s a alta</td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="13">Na alta</td>
                  <td align="center">Aspirina*</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA com prescri&#231;&#227;o de aspirina na alta</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IECA/BRA*</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC com FEVE &lt; 40% ou pacientes com SCA com FEVE &lt; 45% com prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA na alta</td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">Betabloqueadores*</td>
                  <td align="center">A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC com FEVE &#8804; 40% em uso de um betabloqueador com efic&#225;cia comprovada (Bisoprolol, Carvedilol, Succinato de Metoprolol CR/XL) prescrito na alta</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&#9679;</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&#9679;</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&#9679;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA com um betabloqueador prescrito na alta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA com FEVE &#8804; 40% ou DAC com prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador na alta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Anticoagulantes*</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA e alto risco de tromboembolismo de acordo com o escore CHADS2_VASc, em uso de anticoagulantes</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Estatinas*</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA e DAC, AVC/AIT, DVP ou diabetes, com prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatina na alta</td>
                  <td rowspan="2"> </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#9679;</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#9679;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es, com prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatina para controle de LDL na alta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Inibidores de aldosterona*</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC e FEVE &#8804; 35% em uso de inibidores de aldosterona</td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Controle da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA em uso de medicamentos para controle da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aconselhamento para parar de fumar</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA, fumantes ativos nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, que receberam aconselhamento para parar de fumar durante a interna&#231;&#227;o ou na alta</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Visita de retorno</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA que receberam alta usando Varfarina e tiveram um planejamento de retorno para acompanhamento do INR antes da alta</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Consulta p&#243;s-alta</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC com visita de acompanhamento agendada e documentada</td>
                  <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Somente pacientes eleg&#237;veis, sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es, ser&#227;o computados no denominador. SCA: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, IECA: inibidor de enzima conversora de angiotensina, FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAMCST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento; DVP: doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica; AIT: acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As taxas de ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es ser&#227;o medidas utilizando-se abordagem baseada em oportunidades segundo metodologia recomendada pelo ACC e AHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas de desfecho</title>
        <p>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade hospitalar, mortalidade por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca um m&#234;s e seis meses, e ocorr&#234;ncia de reinterna&#231;&#227;o durante um m&#234;s e seis meses por uma causa relacionada ao &#237;ndice de admiss&#227;o ser&#227;o computados.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, ser&#227;o medidas qualidade de vida pelo question&#225;rio WHOQOL-BREF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e a percep&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de pelo Numering Rating Scale (NRS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> na alta hospitalar e seis meses depois.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de barreiras no tempo basal</title>
        <p>Poss&#237;veis causas de n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes que requeiram interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas ser&#227;o identificadas por discuss&#227;o com as institui&#231;&#245;es, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada (Ap&#234;ndice 4). A entrevista semiestruturada ser&#225; realizada antes do in&#237;cio do projeto para mapear processos institucionais e fluxo do cuidado em cada bra&#231;o no qual a institui&#231;&#227;o participa. Essas entrevistas t&#234;m o objetivo de identificar mudan&#231;as comportamentais espec&#237;ficas necess&#225;rias para estimular a participa&#231;&#227;o no programa BPC e a ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes. Assim, quando os processos do cuidado falham em implementar as terapias recomendadas, mudan&#231;as podem ser implementadas para melhorar um processo ou cuidado espec&#237;fico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos ser&#227;o registrados em uma base de dados em rede (MySQL vers&#227;o 5.7 ou mais recente) desenvolvida especificamente para este projeto. Cada institui&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; respons&#225;vel pela coleta de seus dados, que ser&#225; realizada por uma equipe treinada, sob a supervis&#227;o do l&#237;der local. Os dados ser&#227;o extra&#237;dos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e entrevistas estruturadas realizadas diretamente com os pacientes durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s um m&#234;s e seis meses de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>Os dados incluir&#227;o dados demogr&#225;ficos, comorbidades e fatores de risco, sintomas na admiss&#227;o, alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, perfil de risco de acordo com padr&#245;es internacionais para cada bra&#231;o do programa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> tratamentos e procedimentos realizados dentro e fora do hospital, medicamentos na alta hospitalar e preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, aconselhamento na alta e ades&#227;o dos pacientes &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo dos dados e controle de qualidade</title>
        <p>Todos os dados ser&#227;o tratados como informa&#231;&#227;o protegida e armazenados em seguran&#231;a em um servidor de rede, protegido por senha, e acess&#237;vel em tempo real por meio de um navegador da web, por qualquer usu&#225;rio aprovado.</p>
        <p>A acur&#225;cia e a integridade dos dados ser&#227;o asseguradas seguindo-se as mesmas metodologias do GWTG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es de MQ e reconhecimento do hospital</title>
        <p>Diferentemente da abordagem feita nos EUA, o programa brasileiro utiliza uma estrutura did&#225;tica baseada no estudo de Michie et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> As interven&#231;&#245;es foram agrupadas em sete dom&#237;nios com objetivo de provocar mudan&#231;as comportamentais (facilita&#231;&#227;o e restri&#231;&#227;o; modelagem; reestrutura&#231;&#227;o do meio ambiente; educa&#231;&#227;o; incentivos e persuas&#227;o; coer&#231;&#227;o; e treinamento). Esses grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o ser&#227;o implementados em todas as institui&#231;&#245;es participantes e poder&#227;o ser enfatizados individualmente no decorrer do estudo de acordo com as barreiras identificadas no tempo basal e com os relat&#243;rios mensais sobre ades&#227;o total e espec&#237;fica &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es. A descri&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es em cada um desses grupos encontra-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Eixos de interven&#231;&#227;o *Meta de mudan&#231;a de comportamento: profissionais de sa&#250;de &amp;Meta de mudan&#231;a de comportamento: Pacientes e profissionais da sa&#250;de # Meta de mudan&#231;a de comportamento: gestores de sa&#250;de.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0092-90393-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A coordena&#231;&#227;o dessas interven&#231;&#245;es ser&#225; realizada por um enfermeiro membro do grupo gestor, e ser&#225; feita por meio de checklists e lembretes, webinars, relat&#243;rios autom&#225;ticos e relat&#243;rios em tempo real por um banco de dados eletr&#244;nico, materiais educativos, reuni&#245;es quinzenais para auditoria e feedback, e reconhecimentos e treinamento dos hospitais quanto a metodologias de MQ para implementa&#231;&#227;o de ciclos r&#225;pidos de melhoria usando instrumentos recomendados pelo IHI, <italic>Institute for Healthcare Improvement</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Ser&#227;o usados no decorrer do estudo, conceitos de melhoria tais como treinamento de equipe de MQ e estabelecimento de metas com base nas barreiras que necessitam ser superadas, e monitoramento e an&#225;lise dos resultados.</p>
        <p>Os relat&#243;rios eletr&#244;nicos captar&#227;o informa&#231;&#245;es em tempo real ao serem preenchidos na base de dados eletr&#244;nica do estudo. Nos relat&#243;rios, ser&#227;o inclu&#237;dos gr&#225;ficos de execu&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficos descrevendo as tend&#234;ncias temporais mensais das taxas de ades&#227;o global e espec&#237;fica da institui&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma meta pr&#233;-estabelecida de 85% e &#224;s taxas medianas observadas no per&#237;odo selecionado para aquela mesma institui&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Cada institui&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ver, em tempo real, seus pr&#243;prios gr&#225;ficos, bem como os gr&#225;ficos mostrando as taxas m&#233;dias das outras institui&#231;&#245;es participantes (em anonimato). O centro coordenador poder&#225; acompanhar todas as institui&#231;&#245;es participantes concomitantemente.</p>
        <p>Para este projeto, estabelecemos como meta um limiar de 85% com base em resultados pr&#233;vios do GWTG que mostraram uma melhora nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos quando as institui&#231;&#245;es alcan&#231;aram esse limiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Os hospitais receber&#227;o um pr&#234;mio em bronze pela SBC caso alcancem esse limiar por pelo menos tr&#234;s meses consecutivos, um pr&#234;mio em prata caso mantenham esses resultados por pelo menos seis meses, e um pr&#234;mio de ouro caso continuem no limiar (ou acima) por 12 meses consecutivos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados ser&#225; realizada utilizando-se o programa R vers&#227;o 3.4.0 ou mais recente.</p>
        <p>Os hospitais ser&#227;o exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise de determinada medida de desempenho se no denominador houver um n&#250;mero menor que 10 pacientes.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ser&#227;o apresentadas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e aqueles com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana e percentis (25<sup>o</sup> e 75<sup>o</sup>). As vari&#225;veis ordinais ou categ&#243;ricas ser&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas, porcentagens e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Dados faltantes ser&#227;o abordados de acordo com cada an&#225;lise e considerados como n&#227;o ades&#227;o para a medida espec&#237;fica.</p>
        <p>O efeito longitudinal do programa sobre IC, SCA e FA ser&#225; avaliado comparando-se as taxas globais de ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es antes e ap&#243;s sua implementa&#231;&#227;o nas institui&#231;&#245;es participantes quinzenalmente, utilizando-se um modelo linear generalizado misto (MLGM) para an&#225;lise de tend&#234;ncia temporal por um horizonte de tempo de 18 meses. O efeito ser&#225; expresso em m&#233;dias de propor&#231;&#245;es e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Espera-se que a abordagem de efeitos aleat&#243;rios do MLGM detecte diferen&#231;as basais entre as institui&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Escores de qualidade de vida ser&#227;o calculados utilizando-se a metodologia descrita no manual do question&#225;rio WHOQOL-BREF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O escore total consiste na m&#233;dia dos escores dos quatro dom&#237;nios do instrumento (sa&#250;de f&#237;sica, sa&#250;de psicol&#243;gica, rela&#231;&#245;es sociais e meio ambiente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A consist&#234;ncia interna do instrumento ser&#225; calculada utilizando-se o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Um valor acima de 0,7 ser&#225; considerado apropriado.</p>
        <p>Os resultados das vari&#225;veis dependentes de mortalidade, taxa de readmiss&#227;o, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, varia&#231;&#227;o na qualidade de vida e na percep&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, observados ao longo do tempo nas institui&#231;&#245;es participantes, ser&#227;o ajustados pelo MLGM mutivariado quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e socioecon&#244;micas, gravidade da doen&#231;a, fatores de risco, percep&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de (NRS), n&#237;vel de alfabetismo em sa&#250;de, e grau de ades&#227;o geral e espec&#237;fica da institui&#231;&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. As vari&#225;veis ser&#227;o inclu&#237;das no modelo quando estiverem associadas na an&#225;lise univariada e bivariada (p &lt; 0,10) e de acordo com a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Ser&#227;o calculados odds ratio e riscos relativos, conforme apropriado, com respectivo IC95%.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises ser&#227;o bicaudais e realizadas de maneira independente em cada bra&#231;o do protocolo, adotando-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Por que este projeto &#233; necess&#225;rio?</title>
        <p>No Brasil, um pa&#237;s vasto e com um sistema universal de sa&#250;de complexo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a qualidade do cuidado cardiovascular tem sido o tema de avalia&#231;&#227;o e preocupa&#231;&#227;o. O acesso dos pacientes aos v&#225;rios n&#237;veis de sa&#250;de varia por todo o pa&#237;s e a qualidade do cuidado oferecido &#233; bastante heterog&#234;neo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assim como em outras partes do mundo e apesar de esfor&#231;os da sociedade m&#233;dica em publicar diretrizes cl&#237;nicas, a mortalidade relacionada &#224;s DCVs ainda &#233; alta, refletindo a dificuldade dos pacientes em terem acesso a terapias e cuidados recomendados em tempo apropriado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Registros realizados pela SBC em v&#225;rias regi&#245;es do Brasil mostraram uma alta varia&#231;&#227;o na qualidade do cuidado a condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares de alto encargo econ&#244;mico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> tais como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> acidente vascular cerebral, e FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Esses registros mostraram que a ades&#227;o a terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncia ainda &#233; insuficiente e, pelo menos para IC, a aus&#234;ncia de terapias adequadas &#233; mais cr&#237;tica em institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas n&#227;o acad&#234;micas das regi&#245;es mais pobres do Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m se observou que a morbidade e a mortalidade relacionadas &#224; IC s&#227;o muito maiores que &#224;quelas em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste por regi&#227;o, n&#250;mero de leitos hospitalares e tipo de institui&#231;&#227;o. Os registros brasileiros deram uma grande contribui&#231;&#227;o ao demonstrar como tem sido a abordagem dessas condi&#231;&#245;es altamente prevalentes em todo o pa&#237;s. No entanto, n&#227;o t&#234;m abordado a lacuna existente na implementa&#231;&#227;o dessas interven&#231;&#245;es que t&#234;m dificultado a ocorr&#234;ncia de melhorias na qualidade do cuidado. Ainda, esses registros n&#227;o controlaram situa&#231;&#245;es em que terapias espec&#237;ficas n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendadas ou s&#227;o contraindicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os dois ensaios randomizados realizados no Brasil (BRIDGE-ACS e IMPACT-AF) para testar interven&#231;&#245;es multifacetadas para melhorar a ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes mostraram que a implementa&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es de MQ &#233; vi&#225;vel e pode ser eficaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Contudo, esses estudos n&#227;o levaram em considera&#231;&#227;o barreiras relacionadas ao contexto local, n&#227;o testaram se os resultados observados sobre ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mantidos ao longo do tempo, ou o efeito das interven&#231;&#245;es na qualidade de vida dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O estudo BRIDGE-ACS, por exemplo, que foi realizado principalmente em institui&#231;&#245;es acad&#234;micas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> atingiu no m&#225;ximo 68% de ades&#227;o a terapias agudas e somente 51% se fossem consideradas todas as terapias agudas e na alta, sem impacto na mortalidade em 30 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O programa GWTG mostra que os hospitais que atingem 85% de ades&#227;o a terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncia alcan&#231;aram melhores resultados em desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Esses achados fornecem um argumento convincente para a implementa&#231;&#227;o da iniciativa de MQ em hospitais brasileiros que considera a complexidade da realidade local e que j&#225; foi testada e cuja efic&#225;cia demonstrada previamente. O programa GWTG, implementado em cerca de 50% dos hospitais nos EUA, mostrou um efeito duradouro sobre a mortalidade, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Existe, ent&#227;o, um potencial de diminui&#231;&#227;o do encargo econ&#244;mico imposto pela SCA, IC, e FA sobre o sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Em que se difere o programa brasileiro?</title>
        <p>O programa GTWG funciona nos EUA h&#225; mais de 15 anos. Apesar disso, somente recentemente, em 2016, um outro pa&#237;s (a China) beneficiou-se de um programa similar para SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> No Brasil, estamos iniciando o programa em tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es &#8211; SCA, FA e IC. Um programa de qualidade de abrang&#234;ncia nacional, com foco em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es, que inclua ambulat&#243;rios ainda n&#227;o foi testado no programa GWTG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Ainda, a ideia de desfechos relatados pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, incluindo a qualidade de vida, foi contemplada pelo programa BPC e pode ajudar minist&#233;rios e sociedades de cardiologia em direcionar pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de &#224;s necessidades locais.</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de barreiras e facilitadores em cada hospital &#233; considerada uma das etapas chaves no sucesso de estrat&#233;gias de implementa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Neste projeto, estamos utilizando, como modelo conceitual, uma estrutura did&#225;tica proposta por Michie, Stralen e West,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> que integra uma ampla gama de mecanismos din&#226;micos e interativos para promover mudan&#231;as comportamentais resultantes da intera&#231;&#227;o entre o indiv&#237;duo (capacidade e motiva&#231;&#227;o) e o meio ambiente (oportunidades).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esse modelo tamb&#233;m auxiliar&#225; o centro coordenador em identificar e agir sobre necessidades institucionais espec&#237;ficas durante o projeto. Dessa maneira, em algumas institui&#231;&#245;es, o foco da interven&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; melhorar a capacidade, enquanto em outras ser&#225; aumentar a motiva&#231;&#227;o, ou ainda, aumentar ou restringir o fornecimento de oportunidades, individualmente ou em conjunto, dependendo dos objetivos de cada institui&#231;&#227;o. Interven&#231;&#245;es como o programa de premia&#231;&#245;es que foi considerado uma das chaves para o sucesso no programa GWTG ser&#225; enfatizado em todas as institui&#231;&#245;es participantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Aprendizados da experi&#234;ncia <italic>escola aberta</italic> do IHI, que incluiu a formata&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o de auditoria e feedback por meio de gr&#225;ficos de execu&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m ser&#227;o usados neste projeto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Essas abordagens consideram dados institucionais longitudinais de m&#233;tricas de qualidade, n&#227;o s&#243; em rela&#231;&#227;o aos padr&#245;es m&#233;dios de refer&#234;ncia de outras institui&#231;&#245;es, como tamb&#233;m aos objetivos estabelecidos para aquela institui&#231;&#227;o pela linha mediana de escores para todo o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Essa curva de feedback permite que a institui&#231;&#227;o se avalie continuamente e redefina processos em ciclos r&#225;pidos de melhoria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> considerando como seu desempenho difere-se do objetivo e se ajustes feitos em suas interven&#231;&#245;es multidisciplinares est&#227;o resultando em melhoria constante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este novo programa de MQ ser&#225; oferecido a institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas brasileiras selecionadas e abordar&#225; quest&#245;es referentes ao contexto local que permitir&#225; a identifica&#231;&#227;o de barreiras espec&#237;ficas &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es de cuidado. Ele tem o potencial de prover solu&#231;&#245;es que possam resultar em melhoria constante na ades&#227;o a terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncias e desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Espera-se que as estrat&#233;gias implementadas contribuam para a cria&#231;&#227;o de uma cultura organizacional focada na constru&#231;&#227;o e troca de conhecimento entre institui&#231;&#245;es em todo o pa&#237;s, promovendo, assim, o avan&#231;o na qualidade do cuidado da cardiologia no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Ao Dr. Leopoldo Soares Piegas e Dr. Felix Jos&#233; Alvares Ramires pelas contribui&#231;&#245;es ao delineamento inicial deste projeto e por compartilharem suas experi&#234;ncias em implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de MQ em IC e SCA no HCor.</p>
    </ack>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Apoio financeiro</p>
        <p>Este estudo &#233; financiado por subs&#237;dios independentes destinados &#224; aprendizagem e troca de experi&#234;ncias da TAKEDA e da Pfizer, em parceria com a SBC, e pela verba do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de por meio do PROADI-SUS.<sup>42</sup>ALPR recebe bolsas escolares das ag&#234;ncias brasileiras de pesquisa CNPq e FAPEMIG.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implementation of a Best Practice in Cardiology (BPC) Program Adapted from Get With The Guidelines<sup>&#174;</sup>in Brazilian Public Hospitals: Study Design and Rationale</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taniguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Papa</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7577-8018</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Alves</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chrispim</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toth</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Pereira Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morosov</surname>
            <given-names>Erica Deji Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonarow</surname>
            <given-names>Gregg C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smith</surname>
            <given-names>Sidney C</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">American Heart Association Inc, Dallas, Texas &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University at Buffalo -The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="CH">Su&#237;&#231;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original">American Heart Association Switzerland, Basel &#8211; Su&#237;&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif&#243;rnia &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Fabio Papa Taniguchi &#8226; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme,147. Postal Code 04004-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: ftaniguchi@hcor.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Taniguchi FP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva SA, Morgan L, Taubert K, Smith Jr. SC, Paola AAV, Curtis AB; Acquisition of data: Toth CPP, Morosov EDM, Analysis and interpretation of the data: Taniguchi FP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva SA, Chrispim PPM, Toth CPP, Morosov EDM; Statistical analysis: Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva AS; Obtaining financing: Taniguchi FP, Morgan L, Taubert K, Weber B, Smith Jr. SC, Paola AAV, Curtis AB; Writing of the manuscript: Taniguchi FP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva SA, Ribeiro AL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Taniguchi FP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Silva SA, Ribeiro AL, Morgan L, Taubert K, Weber B, Chrispim PPM, Toth CPP, Morosov EDM, Fonarow GC, Smith Jr. SC, Paola AAV, Curtis AB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>There are substantial opportunities to improve the quality of cardiovascular care in developing countries through the implementation of a quality program.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effect of a Best Practice in Cardiology (BPC) program on performance measures and patient outcomes related to heart failure, atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndromes in a subset of Brazilian public hospitals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The <italic>Boas Pr&#225;ticas em Cardiologia</italic> (BPC) program was adapted from the American Heart Association&#8217;s (AHA) Get With The Guidelines (GWTG) Program for use in Brazil. The program is being started simultaneously in three care domains (acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation and heart failure), which is an approach that has never been tested within the GWTG. There are six axes of interventions borrowed from knowledge translation literature that will address local barriers identified through structured interviews and regular audit and feedback meetings. The intervention is planned to include at least 10 hospitals and 1,500 patients per heart condition. The primary endpoint includes the rates of overall adherence to care measures recommended by the guidelines. Secondary endpoints include the effect of the program on length of stay, overall and specific mortality, readmission rates, quality of life, patients&#8217; health perception and patients&#8217; adherence to prescribed interventions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>It is expected that participating hospitals will improve and sustain their overall adherence rates to evidence-based recommendations and patient outcomes. This is the first such cardiovascular quality improvement (QI) program in South America and will provide important information on how successful programs from developed countries like the United States can be adapted to meet the needs of countries with developing economies like Brazil. Also, a successful program will give valuable information for the development of QI programs in other developing countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>This real-world study provides information for assessing and increasing adherence to cardiology guidelines in Brazil, as well as improvements in care processes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality Improvement/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Guidelines as Topic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The Brazilian public health system serves about 70% of the country&#8217;s population and functions as Brazil&#8217;s primary health care delivery system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite a number of initiatives taken by the federal government to improve the efficiency of the Brazilian public health system, results have been inconsistent, indicating a great need for improvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Furthermore, little has been done to control the under- or overutilization of healthcare resources and barriers that prevent evidence-based therapies from being implemented at the national level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Significant variability in the quality of care, assessed through performance measures by Brazilian health institutions with the support of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), has been observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Educational initiatives and programs for quality improvement (QI) have been shown to help improve care provided to patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Thus, a well-aligned clinical intervention such as a multiyear QI program like the American Heart Association (AHA) Get With The Guidelines (GWTG) program, if adapted to the guidelines and health care delivery system of Brazil, might have a significant impact on treatment and outcomes of CVD patients and practice patterns of their caregivers.</p>
        <p>GWTG is a QI program created by the AHA and the American Stroke Association (ASA) with the aim of improving the care of patients hospitalized with CVD. It was created to assist hospitals in redesigning the care delivered for heart conditions of high economic burden such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) and stroke and has been validated in the United States over the past 17 years. It has been shown to improve in-hospital quality of care, patient outcomes, and costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is within this context, after appropriate adaptation to the Brazilian healthcare system, that this novel program is being launched. Its main objective is to assess the adherence rates of hospital health professionals to the latest AHA/SBC guidelines&#8217; recommendations on HF, AF and ACS and its effect on patient outcomes and quality of life before and after the implementation of a Best Practice in Cardiology (BPC) program adapted from the GWTG initiative. This initiative in Brazil is the result of a tripartite collaboration of the AHA, the SBC and the Brazilian Ministry of Health, with participation of the Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), to be tested in selected public hospitals and if proven effective, to be further implemented countrywide.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>BPC is a QI program that was adapted from GWTG and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Coordinating Center under the number 48561715.5.1001.0060. It will be implemented in selected tertiary hospitals of the Brazilian public health system in the five macro-regions of Brazil. The study steering committee and coordination groups are described in Appendix 1.</p>
        <p>After acceptance to participate and local IRB approval, the project management group will make an initial visit to make sure that the center meets the infrastructure requirements to participate in the program and to present it to local leadership.</p>
        <p>The effect of the program on measures of institutional performance, quality of life and clinical outcomes will be evaluated in a cohort quasi-experimental study design combined with a cohort design, through data collection before and after the implementation of the BPC Program.</p>
        <p>Before the intervention, evaluation will occur over a period of approximately two months prior to the implementation of the BPC program in the institution or after the inclusion of the first 15 patients in each arm. Post-intervention evaluation will be conducted after the first intervention and will last approximately 18 months. Patients will be followed through telephone contact at one and six months after discharge by local trained interviewers.</p>
        <p>A multidisciplinary team composed of a local leader, doctors, nurses, and patient educators will be responsible for establishing local strategies for improvement and driving the efforts to the local program.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>Eligible patients will be consecutive patients aged 18 years or older, admitted to the selected hospitals with a primary diagnosis of acute HF (ICD-10 code I50; I50.0; I50.1 or I50.9), ACS (ICD10 codes: I20.0 to I21.9 and I22.0 to I22.9) or AF/Atrial Flutter (ICD-10 code I-48), regardless of a previous history of any of these conditions, and agree to participate in the study by signing an informed consent form. Screening for AF/flutter patients may be performed in the outpatient clinic. The details of eligibility criteria can be found in Appendix 2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of performance measures and quality metrics</title>
          <p>Performance measures and quality metrics were selected from the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/AHA care metrics on HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ACS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> to compose two sets of indicators for each of these conditions. As previously reported, the former set of indicators were derived from class I recommendations of the latest ACC/AHA guidelines and included public comment and a peer review process whereas the latter was derived from other recommendations not following a strict methodology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These performance and quality metrics have then been reviewed and adapted to be consistent with current guidelines in Brazil.</p>
          <p>Twenty-one performance measures were selected, five for HF, nine for ACS and seven for AF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). Twenty-two other quality metrics were included in the three arms of the program, nine for HF, six for ACS and seven for AF (Appendix 3). Eligible patients are defined as those patients without documented intolerance or contraindications for that specific measure.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Performance measures</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Time</th>
                    <th>Performance measure</th>
                    <th>Definition</th>
                    <th>HF</th>
                    <th>AF</th>
                    <th>ACS</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Within 24h of arrival</td>
                    <td align="center">Early Aspirin*</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of ACS patients receiving aspirin within 24 hours of hospital arrival</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Proper reperfusion therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of STEAMI patients submitted to thrombolysis within 30 min or primary angioplasty within 90 min from hospital arrival</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">During hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">Assessment of thromboembolic risk factors</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of non-valvular AF/Flutter patients with a documented CHADS2-VASc risk score assessment</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Bleeding risk assessment</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of patient with a documented HAS-BLED risk score assessment.</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Assessment of left ventricle function</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of HF patients with a documented LV function either in the medical records or other reports accessible in hospital charts in the 12 months before admission or during hospitalization or with a scheduled evaluation planned to be performed after discharge</td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="13">At discharge</td>
                    <td align="center">Aspirin*</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of ACS patients with aspirin prescribed at discharge</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">ACEI/ARB*</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of HF patients with LVEF &lt; 40% or AF patients with LVEF &#8804; 40% or ACS patients with LVEF &lt; 45% with an ACEI/ARB prescribed at discharge</td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">Beta blockers*</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of HF patients with LVEF &#8804; 40% and a proven efficacious beta blocker (Bisoprolol, Carvedilol, Metoprolol Succinate CR/XL) prescribed at discharge</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">&#9679;</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">&#9679;</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">&#9679;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of ACS patients with a beta blocker prescribed at discharge</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Proportion or AF patients with either LVEF &#8804; 40% or CAD with a beta blocker prescribed at discharge</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Anticoagulants*</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of AF patients at high risk for thromboembolism according to the CHADS2_VASc taking anticoagulants</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Statin*</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of AF patients with CAD, stroke/TIA, PVD or diabetes who were prescribed a statin at discharge</td>
                    <td rowspan="2"> </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#9679;</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#9679;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of ACS patients without contraindications with statin prescribed for LDL control at discharge</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Aldosterone inhibitors*</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of HF patients with LVEF &#8804; 35% taking aldosterone inhibitors</td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Blood pressure control</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of ACS patients under medication for blood pressure control</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Smoke cessation counseling</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of ACS patients, who are active smoker within the past 12 months, who receive smoking cessation advice during hospitalization or at discharge</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Returning visit appointment</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of AF patients discharged on Warfarin who had an INR follow up planned prior to hospital discharge</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Post-discharge appointment</td>
                    <td align="center">Proportion of HF patients for whom a follow-up appointment was scheduled and documented</td>
                    <td align="center">&#9679;</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* Only eligible patients, without contraindications, will be computed in the denominator. ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF: atrial fibrillation; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CAD: coronary artery disease. CVA: cerebrovascular accident; HF: heart failure; INR: international normalized ratio; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; STEAMI: ST elevation acute myocardial infarction; TIA: transient ischemic attack.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The overall rates of adherence to recommendations will be measured using an opportunity-based approach according to ACC/AHA methodology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome measures</title>
          <p>Length of stay, in-hospital mortality, cardiac mortality at one month and at six months, and readmission within one month and six months due to a cause related to the index admission will be computed.</p>
          <p>In addition, quality of life and health perception will be measured using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and the Numering Rating Scale (NRS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> respectively, at discharge and at six months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Identification of barriers at baseline</title>
          <p>Possible causes of non-adherence to guidelines that require specific interventions will be identified through discussion with the institutions, via a semi-structured interview (Appendix 4). The semi-structured interview will be held before the start of the project for mapping institutional processes and flow of care in each arm in which the institution is enrolled. These interviews aim to identify specific behavioral changes needed to encourage participation in the BPC program as well as adherence to guideline recommendations. Thus, when care processes lead to failure to implement recommended therapies, changes can be implemented to improve a specific process or care.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Clinical data from the patients included will be registered on a web database (MySQL version 5.7 or higher) developed specifically for this project. Each hospital will be responsible for its own data collection by a trained local team of data abstractors who will work under the supervision of their local leadership. Data will be abstracted from medical charts and structured interviews made directly with the patients during hospitalization and at one and six months of follow-up.</p>
          <p>Data will include demographics, comorbidities and risk factors, symptoms on arrival, health literacy, risk profile according to international standards for each arm of the program,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> in- and out-of-hospital treatment and procedures, discharge medications and secondary prevention, discharge counseling and patients&#8217; adherence to recommendations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Management and Quality Control</title>
          <p>All data will be treated as protected health information and securely stored centrally in a password-protected web server, accessible in real time by any approved user through a web browser.</p>
          <p>Data accuracy and completeness will be ensured by following the same methodologies of the GWTG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>QI Interventions and Hospital Recognition</italic>
          </title>
          <p>As opposed to the approach taken in the U.S., the Brazilian program uses a didactic framework based on Michie et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Interventions were grouped in seven domains aiming to cause behavioral change (facilitation and restriction; modeling; environmental restructuring; education; incentives and persuasion; coercion; and training). These groups of interventions will be implemented in all participating institutions and can be emphasized individually throughout the study according to the barriers identified at baseline and to the monthly reports on overall and specific adherence to recommendations. The description of the interventions embedded in each of these groups is available in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Intervention axes *Target of behavior change: health professionals &amp;Target of behavior change: Patients and health professionals # Target of behavior change: Health managers.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0092-90393-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Coordination of these activities will be made by a nurse, member of the Management Group, and will include checklists and reminders, webinars, automatic and real time reports through an electronic database, educational materials, quarterly meetings for audit and feedback, and hospitals&#8217; recognition and training on QI methodologies for the implementation of rapid improvement cycles by the use of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) &#8217;s tools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Concepts of improvement such as training of a QI team and establishment of goals based on the barriers that need to be overcame and monitoring and analysis of results will be used throughout the study.</p>
          <p>The electronic reports will capture real time information when completed in the study&#8217;s electronic database. The reports will include specific run charts describing the temporal trends on a monthly basis of the overall and specific adherence rates of the institution in relation to an established goal of 85% and to the median rates observed in the selected period for that same institution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Each institution will be able to see, in real time, their own run charts and the charts showing average rates of the other participating (anonymous) institutions. The coordinating center will be able to follow all the participating institutions concomitantly.</p>
          <p>For the purposes of this project, we established as a goal a threshold of 85% based on previously reported GWTG results, where clinical outcomes improved when institutions reached this threshold.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Hospitals will be recognized by SBC with a bronze award if they reach this threshold for at least three consecutive months, with a silver award if they sustain these results for at least six months and with a gold award if they continue on the threshold or above it for 12 consecutive months.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data will be analyzed using R program version 3.4.0 or higher.</title>
          <p>Hospitals will be excluded from the analysis of a performance measure if less than 10 patients are noted in the denominator for that measure.</p>
          <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution will be summarized as mean and standard deviation, and those with skewed distribution as median and 25<sup>th</sup>and 75<sup>th</sup>percentiles. Ordinal or categorical variables will be reported as absolute frequencies, percentages and 95% confidence intervals. Missing data will be addressed on an analysis-specific basis and considered non-compliance for the specific measure.</p>
          <p>The longitudinal effect of the program on HF, ACS and AF will be assessed by comparing the overall rates of adherence to the recommendations before and after its implementation in the participating institutions on a quarterly basis, using a generalized linear mixed-effect model (GLMM) for time trend analysis over a time horizon of 18 months. It will be expressed by means of proportions and their respective 95% confidence intervals. It is expected that the random effect approach used by GLMM will account for between-site differences at baseline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Quality of life scores will be calculated using the methodology reported in the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire manual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The total score consists of the average of the scores of the four domains of the instrument (physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environment).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The internal consistency of the instrument will be calculated using the Cronbach&#8217;s alpha coefficient. It shall be considered appropriate a value above 0.7.</p>
          <p>The results observed over time in the participating institutions on the dependent variables of mortality, readmission rate, length of stay, variation in quality of life and in health perception will be adjusted by multivariable GLMM for demographic, clinical and socioeconomic variables, disease severity, risk factors, initial self-perception of health (NRS), level of health literacy and degree of specific and overall adherence of the institution to clinical recommendations. The variables will be included in the model when associated in the univariate or bivariate analysis (p &lt;0.20) and according to clinical relevance. Odds ratios or relative risks will be calculated, as appropriate, with respective 95% CI.</p>
          <p>All analyses will be two-tailed and performed independently for each arm of the protocol using a 0.05 significance level.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Why is this project needed?</title>
          <p>In Brazil, a large country with a complex universal healthcare system,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the quality of cardiovascular care has been the subject of evaluation and concern. Patient access to the various levels of healthcare varies throughout the country and the quality of care delivered is highly heterogeneous.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As in other parts of the world and in spite of medical society efforts in publishing clinical guidelines, mortality related to CVD remains high, reflecting the difficulty of patients having access to recommended therapies and care at appropriate times.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Registries performed by SBC in multiple regions of Brazil have shown a high variation in the quality of care delivered for cardiovascular conditions of high economic burden,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> such as coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> stroke, and AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> These registries have shown that adherence to evidence-based therapies remains suboptimal and, at least for HF, the lack of optimal therapies is more critical in the public non-academic institutions of the poorest regions of Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It was also observed that morbidity and mortality related to HF are much higher than those observed in developed countries, even when adjusting for region, number of hospital beds and type of institution. The Brazilian registries have contributed enormously in demonstrating how these highly prevalent conditions are being approached across the country, but they have not addressed the gap in the implementation of interventions that may have prevented improvements in the quality of care. Furthermore, they have not controlled for situations where specific therapies are not recommended or are contraindicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The two randomized trials (BRIDGE-ACS and IMPACT-AF) performed in Brazil for testing multifaceted interventions to promote adherence to guideline recommendations have shown that the implementation of QI interventions is feasible and can be effective.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, these studies did not consider barriers related to local context, did not test if the results observed on adherence to recommendations are sustained over time or the effect of the interventions on patients&#8217; quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The BRIDGE-ACS trial, for example, which was performed mostly in academic institutions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> achieved at most 68% adherence to acute therapies and only 51% adherence if all acute and discharge therapies were considered, with no impact on 30-day mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The GWTG program show that hospitals achieving at least 85% of compliance to evidence-based therapies reached better results on clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
          <p>These findings provide a compelling argument in support of the implementation of a QI initiative in Brazilian hospitals that considers the complexity of the local reality and that has already been tested and proven effective elsewhere. The GWTG program, implemented in nearly 50% of all U.S. hospitals, has shown a sustained effect on mortality, length of stay and costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> There is thus the potential to decrease the economic burden imposed by ACS, HF and AF on the Brazilian health system.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>What is different in the Brazilian program?</title>
          <p>Despite the fact that the GTWG program has been deployed in the U.S. for more than 15 years, only as recently as 2016 has another country (China) taken advantage of a similar ACS program.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In Brazil we are starting the program in three different dimensions: ACS, AF and HF. A nationwide quality program focusing on multiple conditions, including outpatient clinics has never been tested within the GWTG experience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Also, the notion of patient-reported outcomes including quality of life has been contemplated for the BPC program and may help ministries and cardiology societies in directing health policies to local needs.</p>
          <p>The identification of barriers and facilitators in each hospital is considered one of the key steps in the success of clinical implementation strategies. In this project, we are using as a conceptual model a didactic framework proposed by Michie, Stralen and West,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> which integrates dynamic and interactive mechanisms to promote behavioral changes resulting from the interaction between the individual (capability and motivation) and the environment (opportunities).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This model will also help the coordinating center in identifying and acting on specific institutional needs during the course of the project. In doing so, in some institutions, intervention will be focused on improving capacity, in others on increasing motivation, and still in others to increase or to restrain the supply of opportunities, individually or jointly, depending on the objectives of each institution. Interventions such as the award program that was considered one of the keys for success in the GWTG experience will be emphasized in all participating institutions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Lessons learned from the IHI open school experience, such as shaping the audit and feedback intervention with run charts, will be also used in this project.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> These approaches consider institutional longitudinal data on the several quality metrics not only in relation to the average benchmarks of the other participating institutions, but also to the goal established for that institution by the median line of the scores obtained for the entire period of observation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> This feedback loop allows the institution to continuously evaluate itself and redesign processes in rapid improvement cycles,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> considering how their performance differs from the objective and whether adjustments made in their multidisciplinary interventions are resulting in sustained improvement.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This novel QI program will be provided to selected public institutions in Brazil addressing issues pertaining to the local context that will allow for the identification of specific barriers to the adoption of standards of care. It has the potential to provide solutions that can result in sustained improvement in adherence to evidence-based therapies and patient outcomes.</p>
        <p>It is hoped that the implemented strategies will contribute to creating an organizational culture focused on the construction and exchange of knowledge among the institutions nationwide, thereby advancing the quality of cardiovascular health care in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>To Dr. Leopoldo Soares Piegas and to Dr. Felix Jos&#233; Alvares Ramires for the contributions made to the initial design of this Project and for sharing their experience on implementing QI strategies on HF and ACS in the HCor.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o under the protocol number 48561715.5.1001.0060. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Financial support</p>
          <p>This study is supported by TAKEDA and Pfizer Independent Grants for Learning and Change, in partnership with the SBC, and by a grant of the Brazilian Ministry of Health through PROADI-SUS.<sup>42</sup>ALPR receives scholarships from Brazilian research agencies CNPq and FAPEMIG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by PROADI-SUS and partially funded by American Heart Association</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
