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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Qzy5j9yXCyFXCYPgDwfSQDS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800090</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200530</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200530</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos para Todos: o Pre&#231;o Vale a Pena?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6953-8544</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Danillo P</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8539-6037</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teich</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6287-5414</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Economia da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Economia da Sa&#250;de, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Adriano Caixeta&#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715. CEP 04024-002, Vila Clementino, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>adriano.caixeta@einstein.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>90</fpage>
      <lpage>91</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Reestenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Custo Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Apesar de seu papel revolucion&#225;rio inicial para o desenvolvimento da cardiologia intervencionista, os stents n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicos (SNF) t&#234;m como principal desvantagem a reestenose intrastent (RIS), o que ocorre em uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa (at&#233; 44%) dos pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas (ICP). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) tornaram-se dispon&#237;veis pela primeira vez no ano 2000. Ao liberar localmente drogas antiproliferativas e anti-inflamat&#243;rias, h&#225; uma inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, assim atenuando um fator-chave para a RIS. A introdu&#231;&#227;o dos SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o, incluindo stents eluidores de everolimus e zotarolimus, levou a afirma&#231;&#245;es de seguran&#231;a melhorada com efic&#225;cia n&#227;o inferior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os SF de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, apoiados por in&#250;meros ensaios cl&#237;nicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Bangalore et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> publicaram uma metan&#225;lise comparando SNF <italic>versus</italic> SF em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; trombose de stent (TS), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo (RVA), morte e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), com 117.762 pacientes-ano de seguimento, a partir de 76 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados internacionais. Embora tenham verificado que o risco de morte n&#227;o era significativamente diferente entre os dois tipos de stents, havia um risco menor nos resultados de curto e longo prazo em favor do SF, exceto para o stent eluidor de paclitaxel de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, atualmente n&#227;o mais dispon&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Baschet et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> realizaram uma an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade no cen&#225;rio do Seguro Nacional de Sa&#250;de da Fran&#231;a. O principal crit&#233;rio de efic&#225;cia foi a sobrevida livre de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores. A efetividade e os custos foram modelados em um horizonte de 5 anos. Raz&#245;es de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) e uma curva de aceitabilidade de custo-efetividade foram calculadas para uma s&#233;rie de limiares de disposi&#231;&#227;o para pagar por ano ganho livre de eventos card&#237;acos maiores. Os resultados dos casos base demonstraram que o SF era dominante sobre o SNF, com um aumento na sobrevida livre de eventos e uma redu&#231;&#227;o de custos de &#8364;184, principalmente devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es futuras e &#224; aus&#234;ncia de IM e TS. N&#227;o foram previstas diferen&#231;as na sobrevida global. Esses resultados foram robustos quanto &#224; incerteza nas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade determin&#237;sticas e probabil&#237;sticas unidirecionais. Utilizando um limiar de custo-efetividade de &#8364;7000 por ano ganho livre de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, o SF apresentou uma probabilidade maior que 95% de ser mais custo-efetivo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SNF.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, o estudo randomizado EXAMINATION <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> avaliou 1.498 pacientes com IAMCSST (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST) alocados para ICP com SF de nova gera&#231;&#227;o ou SNF. Ap&#243;s um seguimento de cinco anos, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de desfechos combinados e mortalidade de 20% e 30%, respectivamente, em favor do SF. No horizonte do tempo de vida, a estrat&#233;gia com SF foi &#8364;430 mais cara do que aquela com o SNF (&#8364;8.305 <italic>vs.</italic> &#8364;7.874), mas foi acompanhada de ganhos incrementais de 0,10 anos de vida ajustados pela qualidade (QALYs, <italic>quality-adjusted life-years</italic> ). Assim, isso resultou em uma RCEI m&#233;dia em todas as simula&#231;&#245;es de &#8364;3.948 por QALYs ganhos e ficou abaixo do limite de disposi&#231;&#227;o para pagar &#8364;25.000 por QALYs ganhos em 86,9% das simula&#231;&#245;es. Portanto, apesar do maior custo inicial no procedimento &#237;ndice, os SF apresentam melhor rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o com os SNF em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Consequentemente, as recentes diretrizes da &#8220; <italic>2018 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) guidelines on myocardial revascularization</italic> &#8221; recomendam o SF (classe I, n&#237;vel A) sobre o SNF para qualquer ICP, independentemente da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, tipo de les&#227;o, cirurgia n&#227;o-card&#237;aca planejada, dura&#231;&#227;o prevista da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla ou terapia anticoagulante concomitante. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto, apesar do grande conjunto de evid&#234;ncias a favor do SF, ainda existe muito debate sobre as rela&#231;&#245;es de risco-benef&#237;cio e custo-efetividade do SF sobre o SNF. At&#233; o momento, os SF ainda n&#227;o foram incorporados como dispositivo padr&#227;o para qualquer ICP no cen&#225;rio do Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de Brasileiro &#8211; apesar da aprova&#231;&#227;o oficial da Portaria n&#186; 29 emitida pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de em 2014. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os custos do SF diminu&#237;ram em anos recentes e o desenvolvimento da segunda gera&#231;&#227;o cria a necessidade de avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio do SF <italic>versus</italic> SNF.</p>
    <p>Pessoa et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> devem ser parabenizados pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma compara&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica randomizada 2:1 entre o SNF <italic>versus</italic> estrat&#233;gias de ICP com SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o para 231 pacientes consecutivos com doen&#231;a coronariana uniarterial mais sintomas e/ou carga de isquemia significativa, para quem se buscava viabilizar a ICP com stent &#250;nico planejado no cen&#225;rio do Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de. O objetivo foi avaliar a RCEI e os principais eventos adversos do SF <italic>versus</italic> SNF. Apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as relevantes relacionadas &#224; TS, IM, acidente vascular cerebral, angina <italic>pectoris</italic> ou morte, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da RIS (10,1% <italic>vs</italic> . 1,4%; p=0,018) e, consequentemente, da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo (RLA) (7,3% <italic>vs</italic> . 1,4%; p=0,058) com SF, evitando procedimentos de repeti&#231;&#227;o. As diferen&#231;as de efetividade a favor do SF, para RIS e RLA, foram de 8,7% e 5,9%, respectivamente, com RCEI de R$18.816,09 e R$27.745,76. O estudo foi realizado em um horizonte temporal de 1 ano e o aumento da an&#225;lise para 5 anos pode melhorar ainda mais a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio do SF. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, no cen&#225;rio do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro, os SF de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o eram custo-efetivos, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de. Os formuladores de pol&#237;ticas nos sistemas de sa&#250;de enfrentam decis&#245;es dif&#237;ceis sobre como alocar recursos escassos. Embora as RCEI sejam indubitavelmente informativas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o custo/benef&#237;cio, elas tamb&#233;m precisam ser consideradas juntamente com a acessibilidade, o impacto no or&#231;amento, a equidade, a viabilidade e qualquer outro crit&#233;rio considerado importante no contexto local. Os valores-limite da RCEI de &#163;20.000 a &#163;30.000 e US$50.000 t&#234;m sido aplicados de maneira convencional no Reino Unido (RU) e nos Estados Unidos (EUA), respectivamente, para orientar os formuladores de pol&#237;ticas nas decis&#245;es de aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Se a RCEI para uma nova tecnologia cair abaixo de &#163;20.000 (Reino Unido) ou US$50.000 (EUA) por QALYs ganhos, essa tecnologia geralmente &#233; recomendada para compra pelo sistema nacional de sa&#250;de. No entanto, conforme declarado por Pessoa et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> n&#227;o h&#225; um limite claro de RCEI no Brasil como orienta&#231;&#227;o para incorporar medicamentos e dispositivos no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de. De fato, os limiares de custo-efetividade sugeridos pela OMS para uso em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda s&#227;o de 1 a 3 vezes o PIB per capita <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> por ano de vida perdido ajustado por incapacidade (DALY) salvo, o que n&#227;o &#233; o desfecho considerado pelos autores. Ainda assim, o limite de R$31.587,00 utilizado por Pessoa et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foi desenvolvido inicialmente para an&#225;lise por DALY salvo e, em seguida, como um limiar para o teto de custo-efetividade da an&#225;lise por QALY salvo e at&#233; por ano de vida salvo. No entanto, n&#227;o foi utilizado como limiar para an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade que consideram outros desfechos, n&#227;o diretamente relacionados &#224; sobrevida. Embora analisando um desfecho diferente, Pessoa et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> destacaram que o aumento de custo para fornecer acesso ao SF n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o alto quanto foi considerado anteriormente. Finalmente, esfor&#231;os foram feitos recentemente pelo governo brasileiro para melhorar a an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade do nosso sistema universal de sa&#250;de, o maior do mundo.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, &#224; luz dos custos decrescentes do SF, o desenvolvimento constante de dispositivos de nova gera&#231;&#227;o e resultados favor&#225;veis de metan&#225;lises robustas recentes, o SF parece ser custo-efetivo e, portanto, deve ser adotado como padr&#227;o para ICP de rotina no cen&#225;rio do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro, assim como na maioria dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos do mundo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Custo-efetividade do Stent Farmacol&#243;gico na Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea no SUS</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Drug-Eluting Stents for Everyone: Is the Price Worth It?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6953-8544</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Danillo P</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8539-6037</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teich</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6287-5414</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Economia da Sa&#250;de, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Adriano Caixeta&#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715. Postal Code 04024-002, Vila Clementino, SP - Brazil E-mail: adriano.caixeta@einstein.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Reestenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System (SUS)</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Despite their initial revolutionary role for the interventional cardiology development, bare-metal stents (BMS) have as main drawback in-stent restenosis (ISR), which occurs in a significant proportion (up to 44%) of patients undergoing to percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Drug-eluting stents (DES) became first available in the year 2,000. By locally releasing antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory drugs, there is an inhibition to the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, thereby mitigating a key factor to ISR. The introduction of second-generation DES, including everolimus-eluting and zotarolimus-eluting stents, has led to claims of improved safety with non-inferior efficacy compared with first generation DES devices, supported by numerous clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Bangalore et al. <bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></bold> published a meta-analysis comparing BMS versus DES in terms of stent thrombosis (ST), target vessel revascularization (TVR), death and myocardial infarction (MI), with 117,762 patient-years of follow-up, from 76 international randomized trials. While they found the risk of death was not significantly different between the two stent types, there was a lower risk on short-term and on long-term outcomes in favor of DES, except for the first-generation paclitaxel-eluting stent, not anymore available nowadays.</p>
      <p>Baschet et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> performed a cost-effectiveness analysis in the French National Health Insurance setting. The main effectiveness criterion was major adverse cardiac event-free survival. Effectiveness and costs were modelled over a 5-year horizon. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) and a cost-effectiveness acceptability curve were calculated for a range of thresholds for willingness to pay per year without major cardiac event gain. Base case results demonstrated DES were dominant over BMS, with an increase in event-free survival and a cost-reduction of &#8364;184, primarily due to a reduction of future revascularizations, and an absence of MI and ST. No differences in overall survival were predicted. These results were robust for uncertainty on one-way deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Using a cost-effectiveness threshold of &#8364;7000 per major cardiac event-free year gained, DES had a &gt;95% probability of being cost-effective versus BMS.</p>
      <p>More recently, the randomized study EXAMINATION<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> evaluated 1,498 patients with STEMI, who were allocated for PCI with new-generation DES or BMS. After a 5-year follow-up, there was a relative reduction of combined outcomes and mortality of 20% and 30%, respectively, in favor of DES. Over the life-long time horizon, the DES strategy was &#8364;430 more costly than BMS (&#8364;8,305 vs. &#8364;7,874) but went along with incremental gains of 0.10 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Thus, this resulted in an average ICER over all simulations of &#8364;3,948 per QALYs gained and was below a willingness-to-pay threshold of &#8364;25,000 per QALYs gained in 86.9% of simulation runs. Hence, despite the higher initial cost in the index procedure, DES present better cost-effectiveness compared to BMS on the long-term.</p>
      <p>Accordingly, the recent <italic>&#8220;2018 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) guidelines on myocardial revascularization</italic> &#8221; recommend (class I, level A) DES over BMS for any PCI, irrespective of clinical presentation, lesion type, planned non-cardiac surgery, anticipated duration of dual antiplatelet therapy or concomitant anticoagulant therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nonetheless, despite the large body of evidences in favor of DES, much debate still exists over risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness ratios of DES over BMS. To date, DES have not yet been incorporated as default device for any PCI in the setting of the Brazilian Public Health System&#8212;despite the official approval by Ordinance No. 29 issued by the Ministry of Health in 2014+<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Costs of DES have decreased in recent years and their second-generation development raises a need for evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of DES versus BMS.</p>
      <p>Pessoa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> must be congratulated by performing a thoroughly randomized 2:1 comparison of BMS versus second-generation DES PCI strategies for 231 consecutive patients with single-vessel coronary disease plus symptoms and/or significant ischemia burden, for whom planed single stent PCI was sought to be feasible, in the setting of Brazilian Public Health System. The aim was to evaluate the ICER and major adverse events of DES versus BMS. Despite no relevant differences related to ST, MI, stroke, angina <italic>pectoris</italic> or death, there was a significant reduction of ISR (10,1% vs. 1,4%; p=0.018) and, consequently, of target lesion revascularization (TLR) (7,3% vs. 1,4%; p=0.058) with DES, thus avoiding repeated procedures. The differences of effectiveness in favor to DES, for ISR and TLR, were 8.7% and 5.9%, respectively, with ICER of R$ 18.816,09 and R$ 27.745,76. The study has been performed in a 1-year time horizon and increasing the analysis for 5 years could further improve the cost-effectiveness of DES. The authors concluded that, in the setting of the Brazilian Public Health System, second-generation DES were cost-effective, in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Policymakers in health care systems face difficult decisions about how to allocate scarce resources. While ICER are undoubtedly informative in assessing value for money they also need to be considered alongside affordability, budget impact, fairness, feasibility and any other criteria considered important in the local context. ICER threshold values of &#163;20,000 to &#163;30,000 and $50,000 have been conventionally applied in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), respectively, to guide policymakers in resource allocation decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> If the ICER for a new technology falls below &#163;20 000 (UK) or $50,000 (US) per QALYs gained, that technology is generally recommended for purchase by the national health system. Nonetheless, as stated by Pessoa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> there is no clear ICER threshold in Brazil as a guidance to incorporate drugs and devices in the public health system. Indeed, the cost-effectiveness thresholds suggested by the WHO for use in low- and middle-income countries is 1 to 3 times GDP per capita<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> by disability adjusted life year (DALY) saved, which is not the outcome considered by the autors. Yet the threshold of R$ 31.587,00 used by Pessoa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> was initially developed for analysis by DALY saved, then became used as a threshold for the cost-effectiveness limit of analysis by QALY saved and even by life-year saved. But it has not be used as a threshold for cost-effectiveness analyses that consider other outcomes not directly related to survival. Although analyzing a different outcome, Pessoal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> highlights that the cost increase for providing access to DES is not as high as it has been previously considered. Finally, efforts have recently been made by the Brazilian government to further improved analysis of cost-effectiveness of our major Universal Health Care system in the world.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in the light of DES decreasing costs, constant development of new-generation devices and favorable outcomes of recent robust meta-analyses, DES appears to be cost-effective and should, therefore, be adopted as default for routine PCI in the setting of Brazilian Public Health System, like in most developed countries worldwide.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Cost-effectiveness of Drug-Eluting Stents in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Brazil&#8217;s Unified Public Health System (SUS)</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
