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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6FPWkzTm5GhHRssmdhV6bhL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180292</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180292</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custo-efetividade do Stent Farmacol&#243;gico na Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea no SUS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9264-8271</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Addison</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Esmeralci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Edirley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Souza Maia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Salles de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Nova Friburgo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Nova Friburgo, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Jo&#227;o Addison Pessoa &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>joao.addson@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pessoa JA, Maia F, Oliveira MS, Ara&#250;jo DV, Ferreira E, Albuquerque DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pessoa JA, Maia E, Maia F, Oliveira MS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pessoa J&#193;; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ara&#250;jo DV, Ferreira E, Albuquerque DC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pessoa JA, Ferreira E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pessoa JA, Ara&#250;jo DV, Ferreira E, Albuquerque DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>80</fpage>
      <lpage>89</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O uso do stent farmacol&#243;gico (SF) comparado ao stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (SNF) na interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) reduziu o percentual de reestenose, por&#233;m sem impacto na mortalidade, com aumento no custo. A literatura carece de estudos randomizados que comparem economicamente esses dois grupos de stents na realidade do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Estimar a raz&#227;o custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) entre SF e SNF na coronariopatia uniarterial em pacientes do SUS</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes com coronariopatia uniarterial sintom&#225;tica foram randomizados em 3 anos para uso de SF ou SNF durante a ICP, na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:2, com seguimento cl&#237;nico de 12 meses. Foram avaliados reestenose intrastent (RIS), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo (RLA), eventos adversos maiores e custo-efetividade (CE) de cada grupo. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> No grupo SF, dos 74 pacientes (96,1%) que completaram o acompanhamento, ocorreu RIS em 1(1,4%), RLA em 1 (1,4%), &#243;bito em 1 (1,4%), sem trombose. No grupo SNF, dos 141 pacientes (91,5%),ocorreu RIS em 14 (10,1%), RLA em 10 (7,3%), &#243;bito em 3 (2,1%) e trombose em 1 (0,74%). Na an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica, o custo do procedimento foi de R$ 5.722,21 no grupo SF e de R$4.085,21 no grupo SNF. A diferen&#231;a de efetividade a favor do grupo SF por RIS e RLA foi 8,7% e 5,9%, respectivamente, com RCEI de R$ 18.816,09 e R$ 27.745,76.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> No SUS, o SF foi custo-efetivo, em concord&#226;ncia com o limiar de CE preconizado pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):80-89)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Reestenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Custo e Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Dados extra&#237;dos da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> (PNS), de 2013, estimaram que 72,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o utilizaria o Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) para tratamento m&#233;dico ou odontol&#243;gico. Segundo o levantamento do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos no Brasil por grupo de causas entre 2004 e 2014, estima-se em 1.069.653 (8,8%) o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos que morreram por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou outras doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, &#233; importante a elabora&#231;&#227;o de medidas sustent&#225;veis de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento dessa enfermidade no SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, os primeiros stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF, recobertos com sirolimus e paclitaxel) ficaram restritos ao sistema suplementar de sa&#250;de pelo alto custo. Estudos iniciais, tanto no Brasil como no exterior, n&#227;o demostraram custo-efetividade (CE) para o implante em todos os casos, sugerindo seu uso em situa&#231;&#245;es de maior risco para reestenose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es descritas impuseram o desenvolvimento de novos SF, denominados segunda gera&#231;&#227;o. Esses, com novos f&#225;rmacos antiproliferativos e melhora na plataforma com hastes met&#225;licas mais finas (ligas cromo-cobalto, platina-cobalto) proporcionaram melhor aposi&#231;&#227;o do stent e menor superf&#237;cie para endotelizac&#227;o. Pol&#237;meros biocompat&#237;veis diminu&#237;ram o processo inflamat&#243;rio local, reduzindo os casos de trombose tardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de mais de uma d&#233;cada ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio de sua comercializa&#231;&#227;o, o uso dos SF no SUS continuou limitado, mesmo com menor valor monet&#225;rio e resultados mais favor&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Em 2014, a Comiss&#227;o T&#233;cnica de Incorpora&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (CONITEC) reconheceu o custo-benef&#237;cio do implante do SF em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, com vasos de pequeno calibre (&lt; 2,5 mm) e com les&#245;es longas (&gt; 18 mm). Apesar de o pre&#231;o de mercado do SF ser superior ao do stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (SNF), o valor sugerido no relat&#243;rio (R$ 2.034,50/c&#243;digo 070204061-4) foi id&#234;ntico para as duas pr&#243;teses, inviabilizando naquele per&#237;odo seu uso sistem&#225;tico em servi&#231;os privados conveniados com o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Segundo dados do DATASUS (TABNET),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> no ano de 2008, foram realizadas 44.138 angioplastias coronarianas com ou sem stent. Oito anos ap&#243;s, foram realizadas 79.997 angioplastias. Com esse aumento expressivo de procedimentos (72,84%), pode-se projetar um aumento de casos de reestenose que, potencialmente, poderiam ser reduzidos com o uso mais liberal do SF no SUS.</p>
      <p>Apesar do cen&#225;rio favor&#225;vel para a plena incorpora&#231;&#227;o do SF ao SUS, ela necessita de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica baseada na realidade brasileira. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e estimar a raz&#227;o custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) entre SF e SNF em pacientes do SUS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>Avaliar a CE e os eventos adversos maiores do uso do SF comparado ao SNF em pacientes uniarteriais submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo cl&#237;nico, randomizado, realizado com pacientes indicados para ICP, no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2013 a outubro de 2016, atendidos no Setor de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (HUPE/UERJ) e do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas de Nova Friburgo (Nova Friburgo, RJ). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa das institui&#231;&#245;es sob o n&#186; 923660. Todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS n&#186; 466 de 12/12/12.</p>
      <p>Foram estudados 231 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com les&#245;es uniarteriais e indica&#231;&#227;o de ICP, ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de cineangiocoronariografia, com sintomas de angina ou com exames n&#227;o invasivos comprovando isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Foram adotados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos; (2) les&#245;es angiograficamente significativas (&gt; 70%) em uma coron&#225;ria de grande import&#226;ncia anat&#244;mica, com irriga&#231;&#227;o de grande &#225;rea de m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia ou sintomatologia anginosa t&#237;pica; (3) coronariopatia uniarterial, com les&#227;o pass&#237;vel de tratamento com um &#250;nico stent; (4) diab&#233;ticos ou n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos; (5) doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o adotados foram: (1) doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) multiarterial; (2) les&#227;o que necessitasse de abordagem com mais de um stent; (3) angioplastia coronariana pr&#233;via com stents; (4) alergia a &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) e/ou clopidogrel; (5) sangramento intestinal ou geniturin&#225;rio recente (nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses); (6) &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica ativa; (7) cirurgia de grande porte nas &#250;ltimas 6 semanas; (8) acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) no &#250;ltimo ano ou sequela neurol&#243;gica permanente; (9) gravidez; (10) presen&#231;a de les&#227;o &gt; 50% no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
      <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes se deu de forma sequencial, rand&#244;mica, na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:2, sendo os n&#250;meros sequenciais gerados aleatoriamente por computador (Programa R 2.11). Os pacientes foram, assim, estratificados em dois grupos, de acordo com a indica&#231;&#227;o para implante de SF ou de SNF.</p>
      <p>Grupo SF: 77 pacientes. ICP com implante de SF do tipo zotarolimus (Endeavor Sprint<sup>&#174;</sup> e Resolute<sup>&#174;</sup> &#8211; Medtronic) em les&#245;es &#250;nicas &gt; 70% de estenose, pela estimativa visual da angiografia.</p>
      <p>Grupo SNF: 154 pacientes. ICP com implante de SNF em les&#245;es &#250;nicas &gt; 70% de estenose, pela estimativa visual da angiografia. Os SNF usados foram: Integrity<sup>&#174;</sup> (Medtronic), Tsunami<sup>&#174;</sup> (Terumo) e Tango<sup>&#174;</sup> (Microport).</p>
      <p>A fase hospitalar consistiu em: avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas; vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas; complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas; complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares maiores; eventos card&#237;acos maiores (morte, oclus&#227;o aguda ou subaguda, IAM) e custos.</p>
      <p>O seguimento cl&#237;nico, durante 1 ano, compreendeu a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes par&#226;metros: morte, IAM, angina, reestenose cl&#237;nica, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo (RLA), trombose tardia (TT) e custos relacionados com uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o, caso houvesse. Os acompanhamentos foram realizados no ambulat&#243;rio do HUPE e no Hospital S&#227;o Lucas de Nova Friburgo.</p>
      <p>O objetivo da ICP foi sempre obter les&#227;o residual &lt; 10% pela angiografia em cada art&#233;ria tratada, sem sinais de dissec&#231;&#227;o ou trombo que comprometesse o fluxo no vaso em quest&#227;o. Nos casos de insucesso do procedimento ou necessidade de implante de stent adicional, excluiu-se o paciente do estudo. Durante a interven&#231;&#227;o, a administra&#231;&#227;o de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o adjuvante ficou a crit&#233;rio do operador. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes de ambos os grupos receberam AAS 100 mg/dia e clopidogrel 75 mg/dia, com dupla-antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAPT) individualizada, variando conforme a pr&#243;tese empregada, a indica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente e o quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Custo-efetividade</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada (pacientes com les&#245;es uniarteriais) foi delineada para um ensaio cl&#237;nico, considerando as duas alternativas: angioplastia com SF ou angioplastia com SNF. Um modelo anal&#237;tico foi constru&#237;do atrav&#233;s de uma &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ) baseada nessas condutas iniciais, numa vers&#227;o de curto prazo (1 ano), sendo a reestenose cl&#237;nica evitada o desfecho considerado para o c&#225;lculo da efetividade. O modelo utilizou dados probabil&#237;sticos de desfechos cl&#237;nicos oriundos de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, envolvendo angioplastia coronariana com stent, extra&#237;do do estudo de Polanczyk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>&#193;rvore de decis&#227;o do SF vs. SNF. SF: stent farmacol&#243;gico; SNF: stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea. Fonte: Polanczyk et al. (2007).<sup>3</sup></italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0080-80292-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O custo da angioplastia foi calculado assumindo a perspectiva do SUS, sendo usado como refer&#234;ncia os valores reembolsados em interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias, com os valores monet&#225;rios expressos em reais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O custo do SNF foi considerado a partir do valor reembolsado pelo SUS (R$ 2.034,00). O custo do SF foi considerado a partir do pre&#231;o m&#233;dio do mercado do stent elu&#237;do com zotarolimus (R$ 3.600,00).</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo da RCEI foi obtido pela diferen&#231;a de custo entre os dois grupos (interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, exames complementares, procedimento percut&#226;neo e pre&#231;o dos stents) dividida pela diferen&#231;a de efetividade dos dois grupos (sobrevida livre de reestenose). O valor incremental usado como refer&#234;ncia foi o sugerido pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), de at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes o valor do PIB per capita,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> que, de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), em 2017, era R$ 31.587,00.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados num&#233;ricos foram expressos em medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e de dispers&#227;o (m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o, mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico). Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em frequ&#234;ncias (n) e percentuais (%).</p>
        <p>Algumas vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk), sendo aplicado, nesses casos, testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico SAS System, vers&#227;o 6.11 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina).</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas e categ&#243;ricas estudadas foram comparadas, considerando-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do SF e do SNF. Para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (amostras independentes) ou o teste de Mann-Whitney (n&#227;o param&#233;trico); para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis em estudo com reestenose intrastent (RIS) foi formada pela an&#225;lise univariada e pela an&#225;lise multivariada, segundo a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria que identificou os preditores independentes pelo m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise forward</italic> . A curva de Kaplan-Meier foi constru&#237;da para verificar a exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a na sobrevida livre de RIS (cl&#237;nica) entre os grupos, comparadas pela estat&#237;stica de <italic>log-rank</italic> . A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos custos para elabora&#231;&#227;o do modelo de decis&#227;o foi conduzida pelo programa TreeAge Pro Healthcare (TreeAge Software, Inc., Massachusetts, EUA &#8211; vers&#227;o de 2010). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade probabil&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel foi realizada com as vari&#225;veis de maior impacto no modelo, para testar a robustez do resultado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 231 participantes do estudo, houve perda de 16 (6,9%) pacientes ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o. No grupo SNF (n = 154), 141 (91,5%) pacientes conclu&#237;ram o seguimento de 1 ano, com registro de 3 (2,1%) &#243;bitos: 2 de origem card&#237;aca e 1 por AVE. No grupo SF (n = 77), 74 (96,1%) pacientes terminaram o seguimento, com 1 (1,4%) &#243;bito, de origem card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva durante o acompanhamento foi indicada ap&#243;s aparecimento de angina t&#237;pica ou ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional sugestiva de isquemia. No grupo SNF, 32 (23,2%) pacientes foram estratificados com novo cateterismo: 14 (10,1%) com RIS, 3 com les&#245;es obstrutivas novas e 15 pacientes sem les&#245;es obstrutivas. Dos 14 casos de RIS, 4 foram tratados clinicamente: 1 paciente apresentava reestenose moderada, associada ao aparecimento de nova les&#227;o em outra art&#233;ria (tratada com SNF), e 3 pacientes apresentavam les&#227;o difusa e oclusiva, n&#227;o acometendo a art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA), optando-se por tratamento conservador. Dos 10 casos restantes de RIS, 5 foram tratados com implante de SF, 1 foi tratado com outro SNF, 1 foi submetido a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) &#8212; mam&#225;ria para descendente anterior &#8212; e 3 foram submetidos a angioplastia por bal&#227;o. Desses 3 pacientes que foram retratados com bal&#227;o, 1 foi novamente submetido a nova angioplastia no primeiro ano de acompanhamento, com implante de SF.</p>
      <p>No grupo SF, 14 (18,9%) pacientes repetiram o cateterismo: 1 com RIS (tratado com outro SF), 1 com les&#227;o nova em outro vaso (tratado com SNF) e 12 sem les&#245;es obstrutivas. Observou-se distribui&#231;&#227;o semelhante nos grupos, exceto que a angina inst&#225;vel foi mais frequente no grupo SNF (46,5% vs. 30,9%; p = 0,027). No grupo SF, 31,0% pacientes eram diab&#233;ticos e, no SNF, 27,7% (p = 0,59), sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e comorbidades dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</th>
                <th>SF</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>SNF</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">61,8&#177;10,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">61,9&#177;9,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,98*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cor branca n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">73,5</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">67,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">78,4</td>
                <td align="center">115</td>
                <td align="center">81,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">58,9</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">68,5</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">56,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IRC</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemodi&#225;lise</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE &lt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isquemia silenciosa</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina est&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">32,4</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">33,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">46,5</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">30,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM s/ supra ST</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM c/ supra ST</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">16,4</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em frequ&#234;ncia (n) e percentual (%) e comparados pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Os dados num&#233;ricos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e comparados pelo teste t de Student. *para amostras independentes. SF: grupo que recebeu stent farmacol&#243;gico; SNF: grupo que recebeu stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; supra ST: supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Fonte: O Autor (2018).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando as vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas, a incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es tipo C foi 25,4% no grupo SF e 19,9% no SNF, tamb&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Em ambos os grupos, houve leve predom&#237;nio de les&#245;es curtas (&lt; 20 mm): SF com 59,5% e SNF com 54,6% (p = 0,49). Os vasos com calibre &lt; 3,0 mm foram mais frequentes no grupo SF (47,3% vs. 34,0%; p = 0,058) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">SF</th>
                <th colspan="3">SNF</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>mediana</th>
                <th>Q1-Q3</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>mediana</th>
                <th>Q1-Q3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do stent (mm)**</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">2,95</td>
                <td align="center">2,75-3,1</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,75-3,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,018**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comprimento do stent (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">15,0-24,0</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">15,0-26,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,97**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>QCA</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRV**</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">2,90</td>
                <td align="center">2,58-3,19</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">2,89</td>
                <td align="center">2,49-3,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,56**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% Les&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">82,6</td>
                <td align="center">72,5-87,9</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">87,1</td>
                <td align="center">74,1-93,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,069**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Extens&#227;o da les&#227;o (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">7,96</td>
                <td align="center">6,37-10,3</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">9,34</td>
                <td align="center">6,80-12,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,12**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLM&#8211;pr&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">0,805</td>
                <td align="center">0,685-1,07</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
                <td align="center">0,610-1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,88**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLM&#8211;p&#243;s</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">2,76</td>
                <td align="center">2,22-3,26</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">2,86</td>
                <td align="center">2,42-3,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,32**</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados n&#227;o normais foram expressos por mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico (Q1-Q3) e comparados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney** (n&#227;o param&#233;trico). SF &#8211; grupo que recebeu stent farmacol&#243;gico; SNF: grupo que recebeu stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico; DLM: di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo do vaso; DRV; di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso; QCA: Quantitative Coronary Angiography; Q1-Q3: intervalo interquart&#237;lico. Fonte: O Autor (2018).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis dos procedimentos dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">SF</th>
                <th colspan="2">SNF</th>
                <th rowspan="3">P = Valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">
                  <bold>CASS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">B1</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">47,9</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">54,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">B2</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">21,1</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">22,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">C</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">25,4</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">19,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">
                  <bold>Vaso abordado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Vaso &lt; 3,0 mm</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">47,3</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">34,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Les&#227;o &lt; 20 mm</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Coron&#225;ria direta</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">34,3</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Circunflexa</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Descendente anterior</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">70,3</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">48,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ramos</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Acesso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Radial</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">98,5</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">96,97</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">s&#243; descritiva</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Femural</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ulnar</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Dissec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Novo cateterismo</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">18,9</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">23,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em frequ&#234;ncia (n) e percentual (%) e comparados pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. SF: grupo que recebeu stent farmacol&#243;gico; SNF: grupo que recebeu stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico; CASS: classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica das les&#245;es coronarianas (American Heart Association).Fonte: O Autor (2018).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos, n&#227;o existiu diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o a: trombose, infarto, AVE, angina e &#243;bito. Houve mais casos de RIS no grupo SNF (10,1% vs. 1,4%; p=0,018) e, consequentemente, mais casos de RLA (7,3% vs. 1,4%; p=0,058) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos em um ano de seguimento dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>SF</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>SNF</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="8" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">n</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">%</td>
                <td align="center">n</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">%</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RLA</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">21,6</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RIS</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nova les&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em frequ&#234;ncia (n) e percentual (%) e comparados pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. SF: grupo que recebeu stent farmacol&#243;gico; SNF: grupo que recebeu stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; RIS: reestenose intrastent; RLA: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo. Fonte: Autor, 2018.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ilustra a curva de sobrevida livre do evento RIS, pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento em dias, estratificada pelo tipo de stent (SF vs. SNF) e comparada pela estat&#237;stica <italic>log-rank</italic> . Observou-se que a sobrevida livre de RIS (cl&#237;nica) no grupo SF foi significativamente maior, com p = 0,019.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Curva de sobrevida livre de evento RIS por tipo de stent. RIS: reestenose intrastent.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0080-80292-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Custo-efetividade</title>
        <p>De acordo com o tipo de stent implantado (SF ou SNF), foram calculados os custos do procedimento e a efetividade de cada stent. O SNF apresentou um custo de R$ 4.085,21 e o SF, de R$ 5.722,21. Considerando a RIS, a efetividade do SF foi 8,7% superior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SNF, com uma RCEI de R$ 18.816,09. Considerando a RLA, a efetividade a favor do SF foi de 5,9%, com RCEI de R$ 27.745,76.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, como tamb&#233;m encontrado na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre o grupo SF e o grupo SNF em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos adversos maiores (morte, IAM, trombose), com diferen&#231;a significativa na reestenose (SF: 1,4% e SNF: 10,1%; p = 0,018). O percentual de RLA em um ano foi 1,4% no grupo SF e 7,3% no grupo SNF (p = 0,058). No presente estudo, o &#250;nico caso de trombose documentado foi no grupo SNF (0,0% vs. 0,74%; p = 0,65), por&#233;m sem significado estat&#237;stico.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m em concord&#226;ncia com as diretrizes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> o uso do acesso radial minimizou os casos de sangramento, n&#227;o sendo registrado neste trabalho nenhum sangramento maior que justificasse hemotransfus&#227;o ou interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Vasos de fino calibre, les&#245;es longas e diabetes mellitus s&#227;o fatores de risco para reestenose, segundo Singh et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> fato n&#227;o confirmado no presente estudo. Houve uma propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante de diab&#233;ticos nos dois grupos (SF: 31,0% e SNF: 27,7%; p = 0,59). Eram diab&#233;ticos 40,0% dos pacientes com RIS; entretanto, 27,7% dos pacientes que n&#227;o sofreram RIS eram tamb&#233;m diab&#233;ticos, sem significado estat&#237;stico (p = 0,22) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e comorbidades segundo o desfecho RIS</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Com RIS</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Sem RIS</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos) m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">59,9&#177;8,4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">61,9&#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">127</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cor branca n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">66,7</td>
                  <td align="center">128</td>
                  <td align="center">69,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidades n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">86,7</td>
                  <td align="center">156</td>
                  <td align="center">79,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">26,7</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">27,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">53,3</td>
                  <td align="center">106</td>
                  <td align="center">54,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">19,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (ex + atual)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">86,7</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                  <td align="center">60,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">64,3</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                  <td align="center">60,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IRC</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodi&#225;lise</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE &lt; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isquemia silenciosa</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina est&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">53,3</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM s/ supra ST</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,4</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM c/ supra ST</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">20,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em frequ&#234;ncia (n) e percentual (%) e comparados pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Os dados num&#233;ricos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e comparados pelo teste t de Student. *para amostras independentes. RIS: reestenose intrastent; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; supra ST: supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Fonte: O Autor (2018).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; extens&#227;o das les&#245;es, em 60,0% dos pacientes com RIS o comprimento da les&#227;o era &lt; 20 mm e 56,6% dos pacientes sem RIS tamb&#233;m apresentavam les&#245;es &lt; 20 mm, sem significado estat&#237;stico (p = 0,8).</p>
        <p>Portanto, o &#250;nico preditor independente para a reestenose foi o uso do SNF (RR: 8,14; IC95%: 1,05-63,2; p = 0,045), onde 93,3% dos casos de RIS ocorreram em pacientes que usaram o SNF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Custo-efetividade</title>
        <p>No Brasil, para o tratamento percut&#226;neo das coronariopatias, &#233; regra o uso do SF no sistema suplementar de sa&#250;de, pois esse modelo econ&#244;mico pauta seu limiar de CE atrav&#233;s de demanda, considerando quanto o segurado est&#225; disposto a pagar por ele. Entretanto, no SUS, o uso irrestrito do SF ainda &#233; motivo de controv&#233;rsias. Por n&#227;o ter impacto na mortalidade, com diminui&#231;&#227;o somente no n&#250;mero de reinterven&#231;&#245;es por reduzir a reestenose, o limiar de CE precisa se basear na oferta, isto &#233;, quanto o Estado est&#225; disposto a pagar a mais para obter esse benef&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>O estudo precursor no pa&#237;s para a an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica do SF (estudo n&#227;o randomizado de Polanczyk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> indicou que o custo no primeiro ano do implante de SNF foi R$ 5.788,00 e de SF foi R$ 12.708,00, com efetividade a favor do SF de 13,8%. Utilizando o limiar de CE de USD 10,000.00 por evento evitado, extra&#237;do do sistema norte-americano e canadense, concluiu-se que a RCEI do SF de R$ 47.643,00 por reestenose evitada n&#227;o foi custo-efetiva no SUS.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo, randomizado, calculou a RCEI do SF em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SNF, somente no SUS. O custo anual do SF foi R$ 5.722,21 e o custo anual do SNF foi R$ 4.085,21, utilizando o valor de tabela do SUS, que pouco se modificou desde o estudo de Polanczyk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A efetividade por RIS e por RLA do SF sobre o SNF foi 8,7% e 5,9%, respectivamente, com RCEI de R$ 18.816,09 e de R$ 27.745,76. Com esses resultados, pode-se considerar o SF custo-efetivo?</p>
        <p>No Brasil, nunca existiu um valor expl&#237;cito de limiar de CE como refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade econ&#244;mica de uma tecnologia a ser implementada. A CONITEC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> assessora o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de para a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de qualquer tratamento no SUS, e seus relat&#243;rios geralmente utilizam o valor do PIB per capita para estimar esse limiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O uso do PIB per capita como limiar de CE foi recentemente abandonado pela OMS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> por falta de especificidade para a tomada de decis&#245;es sobre a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos. Devido ao cen&#225;rio de incertezas, existe em tramita&#231;&#227;o no Senado um projeto de lei que obriga a cria&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros de CE para auxiliar a aprova&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos, &#243;rteses ou pr&#243;teses no SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Devido &#224; falta de melhor alternativa, o PIB per capita foi o definidor de CE para o presente trabalho.</p>
        <p>O pre&#231;o do SF diminuiu drasticamente. Quando da publica&#231;&#227;o do trabalho de Polanczyk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> o valor de refer&#234;ncia do stent com rapamicina (sirolimus) era R$ 10.320,00 e, no presente estudo, o stent com zotarolimus custou em torno de R$ 3.600,00. Em compensa&#231;&#227;o, o valor do SNF tamb&#233;m diminuiu na mesma propor&#231;&#227;o, apresentando os mesmos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos da plataforma usada no SF. Curiosamente, o SUS apresenta uma peculiaridade: os valores pagos pelos procedimentos pouco modificaram nos &#250;ltimos anos, com o pre&#231;o de sua tabela para o SNF tamb&#233;m congelado, por&#233;m mais caro atualmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao do mercado. Apesar da diminui&#231;&#227;o de seu custo, o &#250;ltimo relat&#243;rio da CONITEC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> preconizou o uso do SF no SUS para o grupo de maior risco para reestenose, pagando por ele valor inferior ao pago no mercado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Seu uso no SUS, portanto, ainda &#233; restrito.</p>
        <p>Na Europa, onde o sistema de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de &#233; majoritariamente p&#250;blico, o uso do SF j&#225; predomina h&#225; 5 anos. Em 2013, na Fran&#231;a,22 72,5% dos stents implantados eram farmacol&#243;gicos; no Reino Unido, 89,0%; na It&#225;lia, 78,0%; na Alemanha, 77,0% e na Espanha, 74,0%. Barone-Rochette et al.,<sup>23</sup> em registro de uma coorte de pacientes que implantaram stents revestidos de sirolimus em per&#237;odos distintos (2008 e 2012), demonstraram seu CE ap&#243;s a queda de pre&#231;o. A diferen&#231;a do custo entre o SES e o SNF era de &#8364; 1.200 em 2008 e de &#8364; 400 em 2012.</p>
        <p>Em 2018, a nova diretriz da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC) e da <italic>European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery</italic> (EACTS)16 para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio recomendou o uso irrestrito do SF, independentemente do tipo de les&#227;o, planejamento de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca ou concomitante anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Em suma, o constante aprimoramento do SF e a variedade de modelos oferecidos no mercado tendem a reduzir cada vez mais o seu pre&#231;o e a massificar o seu uso. O avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico deles tende a abolir definitivamente o uso do SNF na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, faltando somente a mudan&#231;a de postura dos gestores do governo para implement&#225;-lo de forma mais abrangente, como nos pa&#237;ses mais desenvolvidos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O SF foi custo-efetivo nos pacientes estudados no SUS comparado ao SNF. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade e em outros eventos adversos maiores entre os grupos SF e SNF. O grupo de pacientes que teve implantado o SF apresentou taxa de reestenose cl&#237;nica significativamente menor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SNF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
        <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o da sele&#231;&#227;o rand&#244;mica de pacientes uniarteriais sem angioplastia pr&#233;via ou hist&#243;ria de CRM, houve uma prov&#225;vel sele&#231;&#227;o de casos de menor complexidade, com menor probabilidade para reestenose, podendo ter influenciado na diferen&#231;a de efetividade entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados, o n&#250;mero de eventos adversos foi reduzido, sendo o uso do SNF o &#250;nico preditor independente para reestenose, por&#233;m com intervalo de confian&#231;a muito alargado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Jo&#227;o Addison Pessoa pela Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cost-effectiveness of Drug-Eluting Stents in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Brazil&#8217;s Unified Public Health System (SUS)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9264-8271</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Addison</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Esmeralci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Edirley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Souza Maia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Salles de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Nova Friburgo, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Jo&#227;o Addison Pessoa &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. 28 de Setembro, XXXXXX. Postal Code 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: joao.addson@uol.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pessoa JA, Maia F, Oliveira MS, Ara&#250;jo DV, Ferreira E, Albuquerque DC; Acquisition of data: Pessoa JA, Maia E, Maia F, Oliveira MS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Pessoa J&#193;; Obtaining financing: Ara&#250;jo DV, Ferreira E, Albuquerque DC; Writing of the manuscript: Pessoa JA, Ferreira E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pessoa JA, Ara&#250;jo DV, Ferreira E, Albuquerque DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The use of drug-eluting stents (DESs), compared with bare-metal stents (BMSs), in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has reduced the rate of restenosis, without an impact on mortality but with an increase in costs. Medical literature lacks randomized studies that economically compare these 2 stent types within the reality of the Brazilian Unified Public Health System (SUS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) between DES and BMS in SUS patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Over a 3-year period, patients with symptomatic single-vessel coronary artery disease were randomized in a 1:2 ratio to receive a DES or BMS during PCI, with a 1-year clinical follow-up. The evaluation included in-stent restenosis (ISR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), major adverse events, and cost-effectiveness for each group. P-values &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In the DES group, of 74 patients (96.1%) who completed the follow-up, 1 developed ISR (1.4%), 1 had TLR (1.4%), and 1 died (1.4%), with no cases of thrombosis. In the BMS group, of 141 patients (91.5%), ISR occurred in 14 (10.1%), TLR in 10 (7.3%), death in 3 (2.1%), and thrombosis in 1 (0.74%). In the economic analysis, the cost of the procedure was R$ 5,722.21 in the DES group and R$ 4,085.21 in the BMS group. The effectiveness by ISR and TLR was 8.7% for DES and 5.9% for BMS, with an ICER of R$ 18,816.09 and R$ 27,745.76, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>In the SUS, DESs were cost-effective in accordance with the cost-effectiveness threshold recommended by the World Health Organization (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):80-89)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Reestenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System (SUS</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Data extracted from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Interview Survey<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> estimated that 72.1% of the population would use the Unified Public Health System (SUS) for medical or dental treatment. According to the number of deaths per cause between 2004 and 2014 in Brazil, it was estimated that 1,069,653 (8.8%) individuals died from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or other ischemic heart diseases. In this respect, it is important to develop sustainable measures for the prevention and treatment of these illnesses in the SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, the first drug-eluting stents (DESs) were restricted to the supplementary health system due to their high cost. Initial studies, conducted both in Brazil and abroad, have not demonstrated cost-effectiveness for DESs in all cases, suggesting their use in situations of greater risk for restenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The limitations described above led to the development of new DESs, called second-generation DESs. With new antiproliferative drugs and improved platform with thinner metal struts (chromium-cobalt, platinum-cobalt alloys), they provided better stent apposition and less contact area for endothelialization. Biocompatible polymers reduced the local inflammatory process, reducing the occurrence of late thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More than a decade after the beginning of their marketing, the use of DES in the SUS remained limited despite lower cost and more favorable results. In 2014, the Brazilian National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (CONITEC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> recognized the cost-benefit of DES implantation in patients with diabetes, small vessels (&lt;2.5 mm), and long lesions (&gt;18 mm). Although the market price of DESs is higher than that of bare-metal stents (BMSs), the price suggested in the SUS (R$ 2,034.50 / code 070204061-4) was the same for both stent types, hindering the systematic use of DESs in private services involved in agreements with the Brazilian Ministry of Health.</p>
        <p>According to data from the DATASUS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> in 2008, 44,138 percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) were performed with or without stenting. Eight years later, 79,997 PCIs were performed. With this significant increase in procedures (72.84%), it is possible to project an increase in cases of restenosis that could potentially be reduced with more liberal use of DESs in the SUS.</p>
        <p>Despite the favorable scenario for the full incorporation of DESs into the SUS, scientific evidence based on the Brazilian reality is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) between DESs and BMSs in SUS patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and major adverse events of DESs compared with BMSs in patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease undergoing PCI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We conducted a randomized clinical study of patients undergoing PCI from November 2013 to October 2016 at Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) and at Hospital S&#227;o Lucas de Nova Friburgo (HSL), Brazil. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of both institutions, under number 923660. Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant, in accordance with the Brazilian National Health Council Resolution No. 466/2012.</p>
        <p>A total of 231 patients of both sexes with single-vessel lesions, an indication for PCI after preliminary coronary cineangiography, and symptoms of angina or noninvasive tests showing myocardial ischemia were assessed. The inclusion criteria were (1) age &#8805;18 years, (2) angiographically significant lesions (&gt;70%) in a coronary artery of great anatomical importance, with irrigation of a large area of cardiac muscle, related to the presence of ischemia or typical angina symptoms, (3) single-vessel coronary artery disease, with a lesion amenable to treatment with a single stent, (4) presence or not of diabetes, and (5) stable coronary disease or acute coronary syndrome. The exclusion criteria were (1) multivessel coronary artery disease, (2) injury that required an approach with more than one stent, (3) previous coronary angioplasty with stenting, (4) allergy to aspirin and/or clopidogrel, (5) recent intestinal or genitourinary bleeding (in the last 6 months), (6) active peptic ulcer, (7) major surgery in the past 6 weeks, (8) stroke in the last year or permanent neurological sequelae, (9) pregnancy, and (10) presence of lesion &gt;50% in the left main coronary artery.</p>
        <p>Participants were recruited sequentially and randomly assigned in a 1:2 ratio to receive a DES or BMS, according to a computer-generated list of random numbers (Program R 2.11). The DES group consisted of 77 patients who underwent PCI with implantation of a zotarolimus-eluting stent (Endeavor Sprint and Resolute, Medtronic) in single lesions with stenosis of &gt;70% by visual estimation on angiography. The BMS group consisted of 154 patients who underwent PCI with implantation of a BMS in single lesions with stenosis of &gt;70% by visual estimation on angiography. The BMSs used were Integrity (Medtronic), Tsunami (Terumo), and Tango (Microport).</p>
        <p>In-hospital evaluation included the assessment of clinical variables, angiographic variables, clinical complications, major vascular complications, major cardiac events (death, acute or subacute occlusion, and AMI), and costs. The 1-year clinical follow-up included the assessment of the following parameters: death, AMI, angina, in-stent restenosis (ISR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), late thrombosis, and costs related to re-intervention, if any. Follow-ups were conducted at the HUPE outpatient clinic and at HSL.</p>
        <p>The aim of PCI was always to obtain a residual lesion &lt;10% on angiography in each treated artery, without signs of dissection or thrombus that would compromise the flow of the vessel. Patients in whom the procedure failed or who required additional stent implantation were excluded from the study. During intervention, any adjuvant medication was administered at the physician&#8217;s discretion. After intervention, patients in both groups received dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin (100 mg/day) and clopidogrel (75 mg/day), tailoring the duration of DAPT according to the type of stent used, the indication of the physician, and the clinical condition of the patient.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cost-effectiveness Analysis</title>
          <p>The study population was selected for a clinical trial considering 2 alternatives: PCI with DES or PCI with BMS. An analytical model was constructed by using a decision tree ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) based on these initial procedures, in a short-term version (1 year). Each avoided ISR was considered for the calculation of effectiveness. The model used probabilistic data from clinical outcomes of a systematic review of randomized clinical trials involving coronary angioplasty with stenting, extracted from the study by Polanczyk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>CABG:coronary artery by-pass graft; PCI-BMS:percutaneous coronary intervention witn bare metal stent; PCI-DES: percutaneous coronary intervention with drug elution stent. Source: Polanczyk et al(2007)<sup>3</sup></italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0080-80292-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The cost of angioplasty was calculated from the perspective of the SUS, using as a reference the amounts reimbursed for previous hospitalizations, with monetary values expressed in Brazilian currency (R$).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The cost of BMS was defined as the amount reimbursed by the SUS (R$ 2,034.00). The cost of DES was defined as the average market price of zotarolimus-eluting stents (R$ 3,600.00).</p>
          <p>ICER was calculated by dividing the difference in costs (hospitalization, complementary tests, percutaneous procedures, and stent price) between the 2 groups by the difference in effectiveness (restenosis-free survival) between the 2 groups. The incremental value suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used as a reference: up to 3 times the value of the GDP per capita,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> which, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), was R$ 31,587.00 in 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Numerical data were expressed as measures of central tendency and dispersion (mean, standard deviation, median, and interquartile range). Categorical data were expressed as frequencies (n) and percentages (%). Numerical variables with non-normal distribution (normality hypothesis rejected by the Shapiro-Wilk test) were analyzed using nonparametric tests. Numerical and categorical variables were compared considering the use of DES or BMS. Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney (nonparametric) test were used for the numerical variables, whereas the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test were used for the categorical variables. The statistical analysis was performed using SAS System, version 6.11 (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, North Carolina). The level of significance was set at 5% for all analyses.</p>
          <p>The association of the variables under study with ISR was determined by univariate and multivariate analyses, according to the independent predictors identified by the forward stepwise binary logistic regression analysis. A Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze differences in ISR-free survival between the 2 groups, which were compared by the log-rank test.</p>
          <p>A decision tree model using TreeAge Pro Healthcare, version 2010 (TreeAge Software, Inc., Williamstown, MA, USA), was developed for cost analysis. A multivariable probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted with the variables with the greatest impact on the model in order to test the robustness of the result.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of 231 patients initially included in the study, 16 (6.9%) were lost after randomization. In the BMS group (n=154), 141 (91.5%) patients completed 1 year of follow-up, with 3 (2.1%) deaths: 2 from cardiac causes and 1 from stroke. In the DES group (n=77), 74 (96.1%) patients completed 1 year of follow-up, with 1 (1.4%) death from cardiac causes.</p>
        <p>During follow-up, invasive stratification was indicated after the onset of typical angina or after functional assessment suggestive of ischemia. In the BMS group, 32 (23.2%) patients were stratified with a second catheterization: 14 (10.1%) with ISR, 3 with new obstructive lesions, and 15 without obstructive lesions. Of 14 ISR cases, 4 were treated clinically: 1 patient had moderate restenosis associated with the development of a new lesion in another artery (treated with BMS implantation), and 3 patients had a diffuse, occlusive lesion that did not affect the anterior descending artery and were treated conservatively. Of the 10 remaining ISR cases, 5 were treated with DES implantation, 1 was treated with implantation of another BMS, 1 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and 3 underwent balloon angioplasty. Of the 3 patients treated with balloon angioplasty, 1 underwent a second PCI with DES implantation. In the DES group, 14 (18.9%) patients repeated catheterization: 1 with ISR (treated with implantation of another DES), 1 with a new lesion in another vessel (treated with BMS implantation), and 12 without obstructive lesions.</p>
        <p>A similar distribution was observed for the 2 groups, except for more frequent unstable angina in the BMS group (46.5% vs 30.9%; p = 0.027). In the DES group, 31.0% of patients had diabetes, against 27.7% in the BMS group (p = 0.59), without statistically significant difference between the groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical variables and comorbidities of the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Clinical variables</th>
                  <th>DES</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>BMS</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean age (years) &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">61.8 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">61.9 &#177; 9.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5</td>
                  <td align="center">94</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White color n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">73.5</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">67.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">78.4</td>
                  <td align="center">115</td>
                  <td align="center">81.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">58.9</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">21.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">68.5</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">56.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRF</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodialysis</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF &lt;40%</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Silent ischemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">32.4</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">33.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">46.5</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">16.4</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Categorical data were expressed as frequency (n) and percentage (%) and compared by the X<sup>2</sup>test or Fisher's exact test. Numerical data with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and compared by Student's t test * for independent samples. Legend: DDES - drug-eluting stent; BMS - bare-metal stent; SD - standard deviation; EF - ejection fraction; AMI - acute myocardial infarction; CRF - chronic renal failure; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Source: The Author, 2018.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding angiographic variables, the rate of type C lesions was 25.4% in the DES group and 19.9% in the BMS group, with no between-group difference. In both groups, there was a slight predominance of short lesions (&lt;20 mm): 59.5% in the DES group and 54.6% in the BMS group (p = 0.49). Vessels with a diameter of &lt;3.0 mm were more frequent in the DES group (47.3% vs 34.0%; p = 0.058) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref> ) .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Angiographic variables of the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">DES</th>
                  <th colspan="3">BMS</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>median</th>
                  <th>Q1-Q3</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>median</th>
                  <th>Q1-Q3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent diameter (mm) **</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">2.95</td>
                  <td align="center">2.75 - 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">141</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.75 - 3.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent length (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">18.0</td>
                  <td align="center">15.0 - 24.0</td>
                  <td align="center">141</td>
                  <td align="center">18.0</td>
                  <td align="center">15.0 - 26.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QCA</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDV **</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">2.90</td>
                  <td align="center">2.58 - 3.19</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                  <td align="center">2.89</td>
                  <td align="center">2.49 - 3.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% Lesion</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">82.6</td>
                  <td align="center">72.5 - 87.9</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                  <td align="center">87.1</td>
                  <td align="center">74.1 - 93.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.069 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lesion extension (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">7.96</td>
                  <td align="center">6.37 - 10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">9.34</td>
                  <td align="center">6.80 - 12.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MLD &#8211; pre</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">0.805</td>
                  <td align="center">0.685 - 1.07</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.870</td>
                  <td align="center">0.610 - 1.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MLD &#8211; post</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">2.76</td>
                  <td align="center">2.22 - 3.26</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">2.86</td>
                  <td align="center">2.42 - 3.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32 **</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data with non-normal distribution were expressed as median and interquartile range (Q1-Q3) and compared by the Mann-Whitney ** (nonparametric) test. DES - drug-eluting stent; BMS - bare-metal stent; MLD - minimal lumen diameter; RDV - reference diameter of the vessel; QCA - quantitative coronary angiography; Q1-Q3 - interquartile range. Source: The Author, 2018.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Procedure-related variables of the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">DES</th>
                  <th colspan="2">BMS</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>CASS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">B1</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">47.9</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">54.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">B2</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">21.1</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">22.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">25.4</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">19.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">
                    <bold>Treated vessel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Vessel &lt;3.0 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">47.3</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">34.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Lesion &lt;20 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">54.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Right coronary artery</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">34.3</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Circumflex artery</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">LADA</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">70.3</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">48.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Branch</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Access</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Radial</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">98.5</td>
                  <td align="center">126</td>
                  <td align="center">96.97</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">descriptive only</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Femoral</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ulnar</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Complication</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Dissection</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Follow-up</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">New coronarography</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">18.9</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">23.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Categorical data were expressed as frequency (n) and percentage (%) and compared using the X<sup>2</sup>test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. DES: drug-eluting stent; BMS: bare-metal stent; ACCL: angiographic classification of coronary lesions (American Heart Association); LAD: left anterior descending artery. Source: The Author, 2018.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The 2 groups did not differ in the occurrence of thrombosis, infarction, stroke, angina, or death. The BMS group had more cases of ISR (10.1% vs 1.4%; p = 0.018) and, consequently, more cases of TLR (7.3% vs. 1.4%; p = 0.058) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcomes at 1-year follow-up for the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Outcomes</th>
                  <th colspan="2">DES</th>
                  <th colspan="2">BMS</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bleeding</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">21.6</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ISR</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>New injury</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Categorical data were expressed as frequency (n) and percentage (%) and compared using the x 2 test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. DES: drug-eluting stent; BMS: bare-metal stent; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; AMI - acute myocardial infarction; CRF - chronic renal failure; ISR - in-stent restenosis; TLR - target lesion revascularization . Source: Author, 2018.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier restenosis-free survival curve during follow-up (in days), stratified by stent type (DES &#215; BMS) and compared by the log-rank test. Restenosis-free survival was significantly higher in the DES group than in the MBS group (p = 0.019).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Event-free survival curve by stent type.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0080-80292-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cost-effectiveness Analysis</title>
          <p>The costs of the procedure and the effectiveness of each stent were calculated according to the type of stent implanted (DES or BMS). BMS had a cost of R$ 4,085.21 and DES of R$ 5,722.21. Considering the occurrence of ISR, DESs were 8.7% more effective than BMSs, with an ICER of R$ 18,816.09. Regarding TLR, DESs were 5.9% more effective than BMSs, with an ICER of R$ 27,745.76.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population Analysis</title>
          <p>In the present study, as previously reported in the literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> there was no difference between the use of DESs and BMSs in major adverse events (death, AMI, thrombosis), but a significant difference was observed in restenosis (DES: 1.4 % vs BMS: 10.1%; p = 0.018). The rate of TLR in 1 year was 1.4% in the DES group and 7.3% in the BMS group (p = 0.058). In this study, the only documented case of thrombosis occurred in the DES group (0.0% vs. 0.74%; p = 0.65), but without statistical significance.</p>
          <p>In accordance with national and international guidelines for PCI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the use of radial access minimized the occurrence of bleeding, with no major bleeding requiring blood transfusion or surgical intervention. Although small-diameter vessels, long lesions and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for restenosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> this was not confirmed in the present study. Presence of diabetes did not differ between the 2 groups (DES: 31.0% and BMS: 27.7%; p = 0.59). Of patients with ISR, 40.0% had diabetes; however, 27.7% of patients who did not develop ISR also had diabetes, with no statistical significance (p = 0.22) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ). Regarding lesion length, lesions &lt;20 mm were found in 60.0% of patients with ISR and in 56.6% of patients without ISR, without statistical significance (p = 0.8).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Clinical variables and comorbidities according to the ISR outcome</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Clinical variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">WITH ISR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">WITHOUT ISR</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean age (years) &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">59.9 &#177; 8.4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">61.9 &#177; 10.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45 *</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0</td>
                    <td align="center">127</td>
                    <td align="center">64.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White color n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">66.7</td>
                    <td align="center">128</td>
                    <td align="center">69.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidities n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">86.7</td>
                    <td align="center">156</td>
                    <td align="center">79.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">26.7</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                    <td align="center">23.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">27.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">53.3</td>
                    <td align="center">106</td>
                    <td align="center">54.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">20.0</td>
                    <td align="center">38</td>
                    <td align="center">19.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.079</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking (ex + current)</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">86.7</td>
                    <td align="center">116</td>
                    <td align="center">60.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">64.3</td>
                    <td align="center">116</td>
                    <td align="center">60.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">20.0</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">12.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRF</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemodialysis</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EF &lt;40%</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Silent ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stable angina</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">66</td>
                    <td align="center">35.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.086</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unstable angina</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">53.3</td>
                    <td align="center">67</td>
                    <td align="center">35.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSTEMI</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">21.4</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                    <td align="center">11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STEMI</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">20.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Categorical data were expressed as frequency (n) and percentage (%) and compared by the X<sup>2</sup>test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Data with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and compared by Student's t test * for independent samples. Legend: ISR - in-stent restenosis; SD - standard deviation; EF - ejection fraction; AMI - acute myocardial infarction; CRF - chronic renal failure; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Source: The Author, 2018.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Therefore, the only independent predictor of restenosis was the use of a BMS (RR: 8.14; 95% CI: 1.05-63.2; p = 0.045), where 93.3% of ISR cases occurred in patients who received a BMS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cost-effectiveness Analysis</title>
          <p>In Brazil, the use of DESs for PCI is a rule in the supplementary health system, as this economic model bases its cost-effectiveness threshold on demand, considering how much the insured is willing to pay for it. However, the unrestricted use of DESs in the SUS is still a matter of controversy. As their use does not have an impact on mortality, with a decrease only in the number of re-interventions due to a reduction in restenosis, the cost-effectiveness threshold needs to be based on supply, that is, on how much more the State is willing to pay to obtain such a benefit.</p>
          <p>Polanczyk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> in a previous non-randomized study conducted in Brazil for the economic analysis of DESs, reported that the cost in the first year of implantation was R$ 5,788.00 for BMSs and R$ 12,708.00 for DESs, with a 13.8% higher effectiveness in favor of DESs. Using a cost-effectiveness threshold of USD 10,000.00 per avoided event, extracted from the North American and Canadian systems, it was concluded that the ICER of R$ 47,643.00 for DESs per avoided restenosis was not cost-effective in the SUS.</p>
          <p>The present randomized study calculated the ICER of DESs in relation to BMSs only in the SUS. According to the SUS&#8217;s reference values, the annual cost of DESs was R$ 5,722.21 and the annual cost of BMSs was R$ 4,085.21, which has changed little since the study by Polanczyk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The effectiveness by ISR and TLR was 8.7% for DESs and 5.9% for BMSs, with an ICER of R$ 18,816.09 and R$ 27,745.76, respectively. Based on these results, can we consider DESs cost-effective?</p>
          <p>In Brazil, there has never been an explicit threshold value for cost-effectiveness as a reference for assessing the economic viability of a technology to be implemented. CONITEC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> an adviser to the Ministry of Health for the incorporation of any treatment into the SUS, often uses the value of the GDP per capita in its reports to estimate this threshold.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The use of the GDP per capita as a threshold for cost-effectiveness has recently been abandoned by the WHO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> due to lack of specificity for decision-making on resource allocation. Because of a scenario of uncertainty, there is a bill in the Senate that proposes the creation of cost-effectiveness parameters to assist in the approval of drugs, orthoses, and prostheses in the SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In the absence of a better alternative, the GDP per capita was the parameter used to define cost-effectiveness in the present study.</p>
          <p>The DES price has dropped dramatically. At the time of the study by Polanczyk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> the reference price of rapamycin-eluting stents was R$ 10,320.00, whereas, in the present study, the price of zotarolimus-eluting stents was around R$ 3,600.00. The price of BMSs decreased as well, while incorporating the same technological advances of the platform used in DESs. Interestingly, SUS has a peculiarity: the amounts paid for the procedures have changed little over recent years, where, although the price of DESs in the SUS remained unchanged, they are currently more expensive in relation to the market price. Despite the decrease in their cost, the latest CONITEC report<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> recommended the use of DESs in the SUS only for patients at greatest risk for restenosis, purchasing them at a price below the market price.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Their use in the SUS, therefore, is still restricted.</p>
          <p>In Europe, where the health care system is mostly public, DESs have been widely used for 5 years. In 2013, in France,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> 72.5% of implanted stents were DESs; in the United Kingdom, 89.0%; in Italy, 78.0%; in Germany, 77.0%; and in Spain, 74.0%. Barone-Rochette et al.,<sup>23</sup>in a cohort study of patients who received sirolimus-eluting stents at different time points (2008 and 2012), demonstrated their cost-effectiveness after the price drop. The cost difference between DESs and BMSs was &#8364; 1200 in 2008 and &#8364; 400 in 2012.</p>
          <p>In 2018, the new European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> guideline for myocardial revascularization recommended the unrestricted use of DESs, regardless of the type of injury, planning for non-cardiac surgery, or concomitant anticoagulation. In short, the constant improvement of DESs and the variety of models available on the market tend to further reduce their price and increase their use. Technological advances in DESs tend to ultimately eliminate the use of BMSs in clinical practice, but a change of attitude of government managers is still lacking to implement their use more broadly, as in developed countries.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>DESs were cost-effective in the SUS patients participating in the study, compared with BMSs. There was no difference in mortality or other major adverse events between DESs and BMSs. Patients who received a DES had a significantly lower rate of ISR compared with those who received a BMS.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Limitations</title>
          <p>Due to the random selection of patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease without previous angioplasty or history of CABG, less complex cases were probably selected, with a lower probability of developing restenosis, which may have influenced the difference in effectiveness between the groups. In addition, due to the small sample size, the number of adverse events was low, and the use of BMSs was the only independent predictor of restenosis, but with a wide confidence interval.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jo&#227;o Addison Pessoa, from Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
