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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TbmGcm3GmDSsQyN644nmRgQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800078</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200668</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200668</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dist&#250;rbios do Sistema de Condu&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular e Potenciais Riscos de Eventos Arr&#237;tmicos em Atletas de Alta Resist&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2023-1143</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hossri</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HCor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficiente S&#237;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">HCor - Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficiente S&#237;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Carlos Alberto Cordeiro Hossri &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cahossri@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>78</fpage>
      <lpage>79</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento de Resist&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Tempo de Condu&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular Din&#226;mica para Acoplamento ao Intervalo RR em Atletas e Indiv&#237;duos Sedent&#225;rios</italic>
    </p>
    <p>Algumas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o comumente observadas em atletas de alta resist&#234;ncia ou alto rendimento e, por vezes, apresentam caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes &#224;s observadas em indiv&#237;duos idosos ou com doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O treinamento de elevada intensidade em atletas de alto rendimento pode induzir adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas intr&#237;nsecas ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo card&#237;aco e, consequentemente, maior preval&#234;ncia de anormalidades na condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos ou mesmo fisiopatol&#243;gicos pelos quais o treinamento atl&#233;tico induz tais altera&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ainda apresentam entendimento limitado, e provavelmente devem ser multifatoriais. No entanto, as altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas observadas, como dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular, demonstraram a cria&#231;&#227;o de um remodelamento mec&#226;nico-el&#233;trico necess&#225;rio para causar adapta&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas AV intr&#237;nsecas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dentre as express&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas mais comuns, consequentes das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas induzidas por esportes de alto desempenho e altos n&#237;veis de treinamento, incluem-se a bradicardia sinusal e o bloqueio AV. Habitualmente, n&#227;o requerem cuidados ou aten&#231;&#227;o especial desde que sejam assintom&#225;ticas ou n&#227;o produzam pausas superiores a 4 segundos. O bloqueio AV de 1&#186; grau &#233; mais habitual, seguido do bloqueio AV de 2&#186; grau tipo Mobitz I. J&#225; o tipo II e o bloqueio atrioventricular de 3&#186; grau s&#227;o achados mais incomuns, mesmo em atletas, e devem ser considerados como um sinal de poss&#237;veis les&#245;es org&#226;nicas.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de formas ventriculares complexas de arritmia deve sempre levar a exame cardiol&#243;gico em busca de substrato cardiog&#234;nico, especialmente a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica ou dilatada. A presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente parece n&#227;o indicar um risco especial ou aumentado de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita. Maior incid&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular direita e/ou esquerda, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce) e altera&#231;&#245;es l&#225;beis da onda T, ambas revers&#237;veis ao exerc&#237;cio e consideradas fisiol&#243;gicas no ECG de atletas.</p>
    <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico de <italic>endurance</italic> ou de grande monta exp&#245;e o cora&#231;&#227;o a intensas sobrecargas ao longo do tempo. Essas constantes exposi&#231;&#245;es ao treinamento intenso podem gerar altera&#231;&#245;es no automatismo card&#237;aco como descrito, al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, esses ajustes estruturais card&#237;acos podem ser marcantes e levar a aumentos de at&#233; 85% na massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Embora essas altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais sejam documentadas, ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos os seus limites reais dentro de padr&#245;es considerados normais, bem como suas consequ&#234;ncias em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Stein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> descreveram a&#231;&#245;es do treinamento de alto rendimento como corol&#225;rio de seus efeitos no n&#243; sinusal, onde o aumento do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico, a redu&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e os componentes n&#227;o auton&#244;micos podem contribuir para a bradicardia sinusal e adapta&#231;&#245;es no sistema especial de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Tais mecanismos levam a maior preval&#234;ncia de anormalidades na condu&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca atrioventricular observada em atletas.</p>
    <p>Em atletas de elite, al&#233;m da predomin&#226;ncia do t&#244;nus vagal e, consequentemente, da bradicardia em repouso, que aumentam os valores absolutos da dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> um aumento na massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; considerado um fen&#244;meno fisiol&#243;gico benigno, tamb&#233;m conhecido como &#8220;cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta&#8221;. Observa&#231;&#245;es feitas, como intervalo QT ligeiramente prolongado isolado em atletas, podem refletir a repolariza&#231;&#227;o tardia resultante do aumento da espessura da parede ventricular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e/ou da bradicardia, tanto como reflexo do treinamento quanto eventualmente como forma de comprometimento no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o especial do est&#237;mulo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Frequentemente, esses atletas de alta demanda apresentam remodelamento do n&#243; AV, caracterizado por v&#225;rios graus de bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o AV, ritmo atrial ou juncional baixo n&#227;o-sinusal e, mais raramente, bloqueio AV completo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esses dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o AV dependem do status do condicionamento f&#237;sico e est&#227;o relacionados n&#227;o apenas ao aumento da atividade parassimp&#225;tica sobre o n&#243; AV, mas tamb&#233;m ao remodelamento secund&#225;rio das fibras do n&#243; AV e ao acoplamento c&#233;lula a c&#233;lula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Assim, a an&#225;lise das contribui&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas para a depend&#234;ncia da variabilidade da dura&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (VRD) pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa para avaliar a adapta&#231;&#227;o da VRD &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em estudo pr&#233;vio, Nazario e Benchimol-Barbosa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> descreveram a variabilidade da dura&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular batimento a batimento avaliada por fases de acelera&#231;&#227;o e desacelera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em atletas. A dura&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular din&#226;mica (DRV) e o acoplamento com intervalo RR est&#227;o relacionados ao controle auton&#244;mico e &#224; estabilidade el&#233;trica do mioc&#225;rdio. A retifica&#231;&#227;o de fase da s&#233;rie com intervalo RR separa as fases de acelera&#231;&#227;o e desacelera&#231;&#227;o, refletindo influ&#234;ncias simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, respectivamente, onde observaram que esses apresentam maior dura&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular para todas as dura&#231;&#245;es do intervalo RR.</p>
    <p>Nos atletas, a variabilidade da DRV diminui &#224; medida que o intervalo RR aumenta, indicando um efeito ben&#233;fico da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica na estabilidade da repolariza&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m a avalia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo RR usando a abordagem de in&#237;cio ou pico de onda como pontos fiduciais proporcionando resultados precisos e adequados para a an&#225;lise da varia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do intervalo entre os batimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora os dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o AV tenham sido documentados repetidamente em atletas, a adapta&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da condu&#231;&#227;o AV ao ciclo card&#237;aco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o ainda precisa de esclarecimentos. Na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, a dura&#231;&#227;o AV varia dinamicamente de acordo com a dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo RR, caracterizando um efeito semelhante a uma sanfona. Entretanto, em atletas, o remodelamento auton&#244;mico pode influenciar a condu&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica AV na adapta&#231;&#227;o do intervalo RR, levando a um comportamento distinto da condu&#231;&#227;o AV, em resposta &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo RR relacionada ao tempo. O estudo de Benchimol-Barbosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> avaliou as variabilidades do tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o AV (TCAV) batimento por batimento e do intervalo RR em corredores de elite e indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, em repouso, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do status da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica na dura&#231;&#227;o do acoplamento espont&#226;neo de TCAV ao intervalo RR. Nesse estudo, os atletas apresentaram valores RR m&#233;dios e desvios-padr&#227;o-RR significativamente maiores que os controles e o <italic>slope</italic> RR-TCAV nos controles e atletas resultou em diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos, demonstrando que essa inclina&#231;&#227;o do RR-TCAV diminui &#224; medida que a capacidade metab&#243;lica (MET) aumenta.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que algum mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica intr&#237;nseca seja ativado quando o indiv&#237;duo sofre pelo exerc&#237;cio cr&#244;nico e intenso essas adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e assim desenvolve, atrav&#233;s dessa resposta discrepante observada, uma defesa para manuten&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca especializada.</p>
    <p>Ainda &#233; necess&#225;rio investigar o potencial impacto dos achados atuais em contextos cl&#237;nicos, como um marcador para taquiarritmias supraventriculares, particularmente a arritmia reentrante do n&#243; AV e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, observamos que o achado intrigante do estudo de Benchimol-Barbosa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> foi justamente a discord&#226;ncia entre o acoplamento din&#226;mico do TCAV e denotar as respostas distintas entre atletas e sedent&#225;rios com rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento do intervalo PR e RR. Tais observa&#231;&#245;es merecer&#227;o maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es e seguimentos sobre os potenciais efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico de alta intensidade e aprimoramentos nas orienta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atrioventricular Conduction System Disorders and Potential Risks of Arrhythmic Events in Endurance Athletes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2023-1143</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hossri</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">HCor - Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficiente S&#237;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Carlos Alberto Cordeiro Hossri &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: cahossri@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Keywords: Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Resistance Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Assessing Dynamic Atrioventricular Conduction Time to RR-interval Coupling in Athletes and Sedentary Subjects</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Some disorders found on electrocardiograms are commonly seen in endurance or high-performance athletes and often have characteristics that are similar to those observed in elderly individuals or in those with cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>High-intensity training done by high-performance athletes can induce intrinsic physiological adaptations to the cardiac stimulus conduction system and, consequently, a higher prevalence of abnormalities in atrioventricular (AV) conduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The physiological or even pathophysiological mechanisms by which athletic training induces such intrinsic changes in the cardiac conduction system still have limited understanding, and are likely to be multifactorial. However, the anatomical changes observed, such as atrial and ventricular dilation, demonstrated the creation of a mechanical-electrical remodeling necessary to cause intrinsic AV electrophysiological adaptations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among the most common electrocardiographic expressions, resulting from cardiac changes induced by high-performance sports and high levels of training, include sinus bradycardia and AV block. They do not usually require special care or attention as long as they are asymptomatic or do not produce pauses longer than 4 seconds. First-degree AV block is more common, followed by 2<sup>nd</sup>degree Mobitz I AV block. Mobitz II and 3<sup>rd</sup>degree atrioventricular blocks are more unusual findings, even in athletes, and should be considered a sign of potential organic injuries.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of complex ventricular forms of arrhythmia should always lead to cardiological examination in search of cardiogenic substrate, especially hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy. The presence of ventricular arrhythmias with no evidence of underlying heart disease does not appear to indicate any special or increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Higher incidence of right and/or left ventricular hypertrophy, reversible ST-segment elevation on exercise and reversible abnormalities on exercise on T waves (T negativity, sudden and/or excessive T waves) can be considered physiological abnormalities in the athletes&#8217; ECG scans.</p>
      <p>Endurance or major physical training exposes the heart to intense overloads over time. These constant exposures to intense training can generate cardiac automatism disorders as described, in addition to atrioventricular conduction disorders, depolarization and ventricular repolarization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Besides, these cardiac structural adjustments can be remarkable and lead to increases of up to 85% in left ventricular mass. Although these functional and structural abnormalities are documented, their actual limits within standards considered normal, as well as their long-term consequences, are still unknown.</p>
      <p>Stein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> described high-performance training actions as a corollary of their effects on sinus node, where increased parasympathetic tone, reduced sympathetic tone and non-autonomic components can contribute to sinus bradycardia and adaptations to the special system of cardiac conduction. Such mechanisms lead to a higher prevalence of abnormalities in intrinsic atrioventricular conduction observed in athletes.</p>
      <p>In elite athletes, in addition to the predominance of vagal tone and, consequently, bradycardia at rest, which increase absolute QT interval duration,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> an increase in left ventricular mass is considered a benign physiological phenomenon, also known as &#8220;athlete&#8217;s heart&#8221;. Observations made, such as a slightly prolonged isolated QT interval in athletes, may reflect the late repolarization resulting from increased ventricular wall thickness<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and/or bradycardia, both as a reflex of training and ultimately as a form of impairment to the special conduction system of the cardiac stimulus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These endurance athletes often present AV node remodeling, characterized by varying degrees of AV conduction block, low non-sinus atrial or junctional rhythm and, more rarely, complete AV block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> These AV conduction disorders depend on the fitness status and are related not only to increased parasympathetic activity on the AV node, but also to the secondary remodeling of the AV node fibers and to cell-to-cell coupling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, the analysis of autonomic contributions to the dependence of the variability in the dynamic duration of ventricular repolarization (DVR) can be a valuable tool to assess the adaptation of DVR to the cardiac cycle duration in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In a previous study, Nazario and Benchimol-Barbosa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> described the variability in the duration of beat-by-beat ventricular repolarization assessed by phases of cardiac acceleration and deceleration in athletes. The duration of dynamic ventricular repolarization (DVR) and coupling with RR interval are related to autonomic control and electrical myocardial stability. The phase rectification of the series with RR interval separates the acceleration and deceleration phases, reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on heart rate, respectively, where they observed that these have a longer ventricular repolarization duration for all RR interval durations.</p>
      <p>In athletes, DVR variability decreases as the RR interval increases, indicating a beneficial effect of physical fitness on the stability of repolarization and also the evaluation of RR interval using a start or peak wave approach as fiducial points providing proper accurate results for the analysis of physiological variation of the beat-to-beat interval.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although AV conduction disorders have been repeatedly documented in athletes, the dynamic adaptation of AV conduction to the cardiac cycle in this population still needs clarification. In the general population, AV duration varies dynamically according to the RR interval duration, characterizing an accordion-like effect. However, in athletes, autonomic remodeling can influence dynamic AV conduction in the adaptation of the RR interval, leading to a different behavior from AV conduction, in response to the variation of the RR interval related to time. The study by Benchimol-Barbosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> evaluated beat-by-beat variability of AV conduction time (AVCT) and RR interval in elite runners and in healthy sedentary individuals, at rest, with the objective of evaluating the effect of physical fitness on the duration of spontaneous coupling of AVCT to the RR interval. In this study, athletes had mean RR values and RR standard deviations significantly higher than controls and the RR-AVCT slope on controls and athletes resulted in significant differences between groups, demonstrating that this RR-AVCT slope decreases as metabolic capacity (MET) increases.</p>
      <p>We believe that some mechanism of intrinsic organic protection is activated when the individuals suffer, due to chronic intense exercising, these physiological adaptations and develop, through this discrepant response, a defense to maintain specialized cardiac conduction.</p>
      <p>It is still necessary to investigate the potential impact of current findings in clinical settings, such as a marker for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, particularly AV nodal reentry arrhythmia and atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>Finally, we observed that the intriguing finding in the Benchimol-Barbosa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> study was precisely the disagreement between the dynamic coupling of AVCT and denoting the different responses between athletes and sedentary people regarding the behavior of PR and RR intervals. Such observations deserve further investigation and follow-up on the potential effects of high-intensity training and improvements in the clinical guidelines for this population.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
