<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xV7SrLndTyR5VrKq89qLDgG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800061</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180143</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180143</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Redu&#231;&#227;o do Col&#225;geno Tipo I est&#225; Associada ao Aumento da Atividade da Metaloproteinase-2 e da Express&#227;o Proteica de Leptina no Mioc&#225;rdio de Ratos Obesos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2385-6058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Bertani</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Cristina Tomaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vileigas</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4933-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8185-4299</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Deus</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0649-8279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Paccielli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Barnabe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4402-6523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Antonio Carlos Cicogna &#8226;Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP) - Avenida Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ac.cicogna@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva-Bertani DCT, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva-Bertani DCT, Vileigas DF, De Tomasi LC, Campos DHS, Deus AF, Freire PP, Alves CAB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva-Bertani DCT, Vileigas DF, Mota GAF, Souza SLB, De Tomasi LC, Campos DHS, Deus AF, Freire PP, Alves CAB, Cicogna AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva-Bertani DCT, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Silva-Bertani DCT, Cicogna AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva-Bertani DCT, Vileigas DF, Mota GAF, Souza SLB, Cicogna AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva-Bertani DCT, Vileigas DF, Mota GAF, Souza SLB, Cicogna AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>61</fpage>
      <lpage>70</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A obesidade &#233; um fator de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, incluindo o sistema cardiovascular. H&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas sobre o col&#225;geno no cora&#231;&#227;o obeso. Nosso estudo anterior demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis proteicos de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I em ratos obesos alimentados com uma dieta com alto teor de gordura durante 34 semanas. No entanto, os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelos n&#237;veis baixos n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente elucidados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que a redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I est&#225; associada ao aumento da atividade da metaloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a qual est&#225; ligada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de leptina no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos obesos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ratos Wistar machos com 30 dias de idade foram randomizados em dois grupos: controle (dieta padr&#227;o) e obeso (dieta com alto teor de gordura), e alimentados durante 34 semanas. Foram avaliados as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos animais e os perfis metab&#243;licos e end&#243;crinos. Foram avaliados as express&#245;es proteicas mioc&#225;rdicas de col&#225;geno tipo I, leptina e inibidores teciduais de metaloproteinases (TIMP), bem como a atividade da MMP-2. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi aplicado para determinar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os animais obesos apresentaram &#237;ndice de adiposidade mais elevado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle. Foram observadas comorbidades como intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, hiperinsulinemia, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, hiperleptinemia e hipertens&#227;o nos ratos obesos. A obesidade reduziu o col&#225;geno tipo I, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2, e aumentou a leptina e a MMP-2 no mioc&#225;rdio. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o col&#225;geno tipo I e a MMP-2 e uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a leptina e a MMP-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Foi confirmada a hip&#243;tese de que a redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I est&#225; associada ao aumento da atividade da MMP-2 e da express&#227;o de leptina no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos obesos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):61-70)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Col&#225;geno Tipo 1</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Leptina</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores Teciduais de Metaloproteinases</kwd>
        <kwd>Metaloproteinase-2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/14208-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2011/12165-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica cr&#244;nica caracterizada pelo ac&#250;mulo excessivo de tecido adiposo. A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade tem aumentado mundialmente, representando um problema grave de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que afeta tanto pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos quanto pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os adip&#243;citos s&#227;o influenciados por v&#225;rias subst&#226;ncias, e secretam numerosos pept&#237;deos que atuam no sistema cardiovascular de maneira direta ou indireta. Portanto, o tecido adiposo n&#227;o &#233; simplesmente um dep&#243;sito de energia, mas tamb&#233;m um &#243;rg&#227;o end&#243;crino, par&#225;crino e aut&#243;crino ativo com m&#250;ltiplas fun&#231;&#245;es, incluindo a capacidade de sintetizar e liberar mediadores, como a leptina, que participa de m&#250;ltiplos processos biol&#243;gicos, incluindo aqueles que ocorrem no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; composto por mi&#243;citos, nervos, vasos e a matriz extracelular (MEC). O componente principal da MEC &#233; o col&#225;geno, predominantemente do tipo I e III, sendo o tipo I o mais abundante, correspondendo a aproximadamente 80% do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esta prote&#237;na &#233; produzida por fibroblastos e degradada pela fam&#237;lia das metaloproteinases de matriz (MMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em uma condi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel, o col&#225;geno contribui para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da arquitetura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> V&#225;rios mecanismos atuam para garantir que os componentes da degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz por MMP sejam precisamente controlados, incluindo os inibidores teciduais de metaloproteinases (TIMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O col&#225;geno card&#237;aco muda em resposta a est&#237;mulos neuro-hormonais e mec&#226;nicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> devido a s&#237;ntese elevada e degrada&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da ou vice versa.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m analisado a express&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I em diferentes tecidos em modelos experimentais de obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> H&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas sobre o comportamento desse tipo de col&#225;geno no cora&#231;&#227;o de animais obesos. Embora Carroll et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> tenham demonstrado uma eleva&#231;&#227;o em col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I em coelhos obesos que receberam uma dieta com alto teor de gordura durante 12 semanas, um estudo pr&#233;vio do nosso grupo, Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> encontrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I em ratos obesos que receberam uma dieta com alto teor de gorduras insaturadas durante 30 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o foram estudados os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o desse col&#225;geno.</p>
      <p>Um dos poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I &#233; o aumento do horm&#244;nio leptina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Apoiando tal hip&#243;tese, a maioria dos estudos in vitro tem demonstrado que a leptina aumenta a atividade da MMP-2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que est&#225; envolvida na degrada&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que a redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I, associada com o aumento da atividade da MMP-2, est&#225; ligada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de leptina em ratos obesos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais e protocolo experimental</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s uma semana de aclimata&#231;&#227;o, ratos Wistar machos com 30 dias de idade foram aleatoriamente designados, por sorteio, para um dos dois grupos: controle (n = 20) e obeso (n = 21). O tamanho da amostra utilizada neste estudo foi baseado na literatura e nos nossos estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O grupo controle foi alimentado com ra&#231;&#227;o de ratos padr&#227;o (RC Focus 1765, Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil) contendo 12,3% de quilocalorias de gordura, 57,9% de carboidratos e 29,8% de prote&#237;na, enquanto o grupo obeso foi alimentado com uma das quatro alternantes dietas com alto teor de gordura (RC Focus 2413, 2414, 2415 e 2416, Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil) contendo 49,2% de quilocalorias de gordura, 28,9% de carboidratos e 21,9% de prote&#237;na. As quatro dietas com alto teor de gordura tinham a mesma composi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, exceto aditivos aromatizantes, a saber, queijo, bacon, chocolate ou baunilha. Cada dieta foi alternada diariamente, e os ratos mantiveram suas respectivas dietas durante 34 semanas consecutivas. A dieta com alto teor de gordura foi caloricamente rica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a dieta padr&#227;o (3,65 kcal/g vs. 2,95 kcal/g) devido &#224; maior composi&#231;&#227;o de gordura. A dieta com alto teor de gordura consistia em &#225;cidos graxos saturados e insaturados, que forneciam 20% e 80% das calorias derivadas de gordura, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Os ratos foram alojados em gaiolas individuais em uma sala de ar limpo com controle ambiental a 23 (&#177; 3)&#186;C com um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas e umidade relativa de 60% (&#177; 5%). Todos os experimentos e procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio, publicado pelo Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (1996),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, Protocolo: 861-2011).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos animais e perfis metab&#243;licos e end&#243;crinos</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos animais e os perfis metab&#243;licos e end&#243;crinos foram avaliados de acordo com os seguintes par&#226;metros: peso corporal, gordura corporal (GC), &#237;ndice de adiposidade (IA), consumo alimentar, ingest&#227;o de calorias, efici&#234;ncia alimentar, toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico e concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de leptina e insulina. Foi aplicado um crit&#233;rio baseado no IA para determinar a obesidade. O IA &#233; um m&#233;todo f&#225;cil e consistente utilizado por v&#225;rios autores para avaliar a quantidade de GC em roedores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O consumo alimentar e peso corporal foram medidos semanalmente. Foi determinada a ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica multiplicando o valor energ&#233;tico de cada dieta (g &#215; kcal) e consumo alimentar semanal. Para analisar a capacidade dos animais de converter energia alimentar consumida em peso corporal, foi calculada a efici&#234;ncia alimentar, dividindo o ganho total de peso corporal (g) pela ingest&#227;o energ&#233;tica total (Kcal).</p>
        <p>Foi avaliada a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose pelo teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose uma semana antes da eutan&#225;sia. Ap&#243;s um jejum de seis horas, foram coletadas amostras de sangue por pun&#231;&#227;o da ponta da cauda na linha de base e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de solu&#231;&#227;o de glicose a 30% (Sigma-Aldrich&#174;, St Louis, MO, EUA), equivalente a 2,0 g/kg de peso corporal. Foram analisadas as concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose no sangue a 0 minutos (linha de base) e aos 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos de infus&#227;o de glicose, utilizando um glicos&#237;metro port&#225;til (Accu-chek Advantage; Roche Diagnostics Co., Indian&#225;polis, IN, EUA). Foi avaliada a intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose pela &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) para glicose.</p>
        <p>Ao final do protocolo experimental, ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, os animais foram anestesiados (pentobarbital s&#243;dico 50 mg/kg, inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal), decapitados e toracotomizados; os diferentes dep&#243;sitos de gordura do tecido adiposo foram dissecadas e pesadas. Foi calculada a GC como a soma do peso dos dep&#243;sitos de gordura individuais da seguinte maneira: GC = gordura epididimal + gordura retroperitoneal + gordura visceral. Foi calculado o IA com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: IA = (GC/peso corporal final) &#215; 100. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos heparinizados, centrifugados a 3.000 &#215; g por 10 minutos a 4&#176;C e armazenados a &#8722;80&#176;C para an&#225;lise subsequente. Foram determinados triacilglicerol, colesterol total, concentra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;na de alta (HDL) e baixa densidade (LDL) utilizando kits espec&#237;ficos (BIOCLIN<sup>&#174;</sup>, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil). Os n&#237;veis hormonais de leptina e insulina foram determinados por ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA), utilizando kits comercialmente dispon&#237;veis (EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, EUA).</p>
        <p>Foi usado o modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR) como um &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, calculado de acordo com a f&#243;rmula: HOMA-IR = [glicose em jejum (mmol/L) &#215; insulina em jejum (&#956;U/mL)]/22,5.24</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Foi avaliado tamb&#233;m o perfil cardiovascular dos animais de acordo com os seguintes par&#226;metros: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS); morfologia do tecido card&#237;aco; express&#227;o proteica mioc&#225;rdica de col&#225;geno tipo I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 e leptina; e atividade da MMP-2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
        <p>Ao final do experimento, uma semana antes da eutan&#225;sia, foi medida a PAS em ratos conscientes utilizando o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de manguito de cauda com um eletro- esfigmoman&#244;metro, Narco BioSystems<sup>&#174;</sup> (International Biomedical, Austin, TX, EUA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> As pulsa&#231;&#245;es arteriais foram registradas em um sistema computadorizado de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (Biopac Systems Inc., CA, EUA). Foi registrada a m&#233;dia de duas leituras para cada medida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo morfol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos e dissecados ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia e a toracotomia. O peso dos &#225;trios e do ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito e as suas respectivas rela&#231;&#245;es com o peso corporal final foram determinados com a finalidade de avaliar a presen&#231;a de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (i.e., a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis proteicos mioc&#225;rdicos de col&#225;geno tipo I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 e leptina</title>
        <p>O tecido do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi analisado por western blot para quantificar os n&#237;veis proteicos de col&#225;geno tipo I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 e leptina. Foram utilizadas seis amostras em cada grupo para garantir que todas as amostras fossem analisadas na mesma corrida de eletroforese com a finalidade de evitar varia&#231;&#245;es entre g&#233;is. Resumidamente, amostras congeladas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram homogeneizadas usando um dispositivo Polytron (Ika Ultra TurraxTM T25 Basic, Wilmington, EUA) em tamp&#227;o de lise contendo 10 mM de Tris pH 7,4, 100 Mm de NaCl, 1 mM de EDTA, 1 Mm de EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glicerol, 0,1% dodecil de s&#243;dio sulfato de s&#243;dio (SDS), desoxicolato a 0,5% e inibidores da fosfatase e protease (Sigma-Aldrich). O homogenato foi centrifugado a 4&#186;C durante 20 minutos a 12.000 rpm. Foi coletado o sobrenadante e o conte&#250;do total de prote&#237;nas foi determinado pelo m&#233;todo de Bradford. As amostras (50 &#181;g) foram submetidas a eletroforese em gel de SDS-poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) em g&#233;is de poliacrilamida (6% ou 10%, dependendo do peso molecular da prote&#237;na). Ap&#243;s eletroforese, as prote&#237;nas foram eletro-transferidas para uma membrana de nitrocelulose (BioRad Biosciences; NJ, EUA). A membrana foi subsequentemente bloqueada (5% leite em p&#243; desnatado, 10 mmol/L de Tris-HCl pH 7,6, 150 mmol/L de NaCl, e 0,1% Tween 20) durante 2 horas &#224; temperatura ambiente e incubada com anticorpos espec&#237;ficos durante a noite a 4&#186;C. Ap&#243;s isso, a membrana foi incubada durante 1,5 horas &#224; temperatura ambiente com anticorpo secund&#225;rio anti-coelho ou anti-camundongo conjugado com peroxidase (dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:10.000) e subsequentemente incubada com quimioluminesc&#234;ncia aumentada (Amersham Biosciences, NJ, USA) e detectado por autoradiografia. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos blots utilizando Scion Image software (Scion, baseado em NIH Image). Foram obtidos anticorpos monoclonais de camundongo para col&#225;geno tipo I (1:10.000), TIMP-2 (1:1.000) e leptina (1:1.000) e anticorpos monoclonais de coelho para TIMP-1 (1:1.000) e &#946;-actina (1:1.000) de Abcam (Cambridge, USA) e Cell Signaling (Danvers, USA), respectivamente. As bandas alvo foram normalizadas para a express&#227;o da &#946;-actina card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atividade da metaloproteinase-2 mioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>A atividade da MMP-2 mioc&#225;rdica foi determinada conforme descrito por Tyagi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Foram usadas seis amostras em cada grupo para garantir que todas as amostras fossem analisadas na mesma corrida de eletroforese para evitar varia&#231;&#245;es entre g&#233;is. Resumidamente, os tecidos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram homogeneizados em um tamp&#227;o contendo: Tris 50 mM, pH 7,4, NaCl 0,2 M, Triton-X 0,1% e CaCl<sub>2</sub> 10 mM. O homogenato foi centrifugado a 4&#176;C durante 20 minutos a 12.000 rpm. O sobrenadante foi coletado, e o conte&#250;do total de prote&#237;nas foi determinado pelo m&#233;todo de Bradford (Bradford 1976). As amostras foram dilu&#237;das em um tamp&#227;o de aplica&#231;&#227;o contendo: 0,5 M Tris, pH 6,8, 100% glicerol e 0.05% azul de bromofenol. As amostras foram carregadas em po&#231;os de SDS-poliacrilamida a 8% contendo gelatina a 1%. Foi realizada a eletroforese em um dispositivo Bio-Rad a 80 V durante duas horas. O gel foi removido e lavado duas vezes com Triton-X-100 a 2,5% e subsequentemente lavado com 50 mM de Tris, pH 8,4. O gel foi subsequentemente incubado a 37&#176;C durante a noite em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o contendo 50 mM de Tris, pH 8,4, 5 mM de CaCl2 e ZnCl2. A colora&#231;&#227;o foi realizada durante 2 horas com azul de Coomassie a 0,5%, e a descolora&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com metanol a 30% e &#225;cido ac&#233;tico a 10% at&#233; que bandas claras fossem observadas sobre um fundo escuro. Os g&#233;is foram fotografados, e a intensidade da a&#231;&#227;o gelatinol&#237;tica (bandas claras) foi analisada em UVP, UV e um analisador de imagem White Darkhon.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Antes da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, todos os dados foram testados quanto &#224; normalidade usando o teste Shapiro-Wilk. Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e submetidos ao teste t de Student para amostras independentes. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis col&#225;geno I, MMP-2, TIMP e leptina. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando SigmaStat para Windows (Vers&#227;o 3,5). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5 % (&#945; = 0,05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos animais</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos animais encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . O peso corporal final; os dep&#243;sitos de gordura epididimal, retroperitoneal e visceral; a GC total; e o IA foram significativamente mais altos no grupo obeso do que no grupo controle. Durante o per&#237;odo experimental, os animais no grupo obeso consumiram menos comida e calorias do que os animais do grupo controle; no entanto, a efici&#234;ncia alimentar foi maior nos animais obesos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos animais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Grupos</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Controle (n = 20)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Obeso (n = 21)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCI (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">151 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,290</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCF (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">480 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">534 &#177; 58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura epididimal (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura epididimal/100g PCF</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura retroperitoneal (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,7 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura retroperitoneal/100g PCF</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura visceral (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura visceral/100g PCF</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GC (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de adiposidade</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumo alimentar (g/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,8 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica (kcal)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,4 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Efici&#234;ncia alimentar (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. GC: gordura corporal; PCF: peso corporal final; PCI: peso corporal inicial. Teste t de Student.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfis metab&#243;licos e end&#243;crinos</title>
        <p>Os perfis metab&#243;licos e end&#243;crinos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> . A obesidade a longo prazo induzida por alto teor de gordura levou a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e hormonais significativas. Houve um aumento significativo na AUC de glicose, bem como nos n&#237;veis de insulina e leptina no grupo obeso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle. Os animais obesos apresentaram um aumento da AUC, insulina s&#233;rica e HOMA-IR. As medidas s&#233;ricas de glicose, triacilglicerol, colesterol total, HDL e LDL foram semelhantes entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Perfil metab&#243;lico e end&#243;crino. (A) Glicose em jejum, (B) &#193;rea sob a curva (AUC) do teste intraperitoneal de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, (C) insulina, (D) modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR), (E) triacilglicerol, (F) colesterol total, (G) lipoproteina de alta densidade (HDL), (H) lipoproteina de baixa densidade (LDL) e (I) leptina em ratos controles e obesos. (n = 15 &#8211; 21 por grupo). Dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; teste t de Student. *: p &lt; 0,05.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0061-80143-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e perfil morfol&#243;gico card&#237;aco</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra que a PAS foi mais alta nos animais obesos, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos para quaisquer par&#226;metros estudados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil morfol&#243;gico, exceto no ventr&#237;culo direito, sugerindo que a obesidade n&#227;o desencadeou hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e perfil morfol&#243;gico card&#237;aco</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Grupos</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Controle (n = 20)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Obeso (n = 21)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">127 &#177; 11,0</td>
                  <td align="center">134 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cora&#231;&#227;o (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,093 &#177; 0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,094 &#177; 0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVD (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA/PCF. 10<sup>-3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVE /PCF. 10<sup>-3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,72 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVD/PCF. 10<sup>-3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. PA: peso atrial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PCF: peso corporal final; PVD: peso do ventr&#237;culo direito; PVE: peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; rela&#231;&#245;es PA/PCF; PVE/PCF; PVD/PCF; 10<sup>-3</sup> = 0,001. Teste t de Student.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis proteicos mioc&#225;rdicos de col&#225;geno tipo I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 e leptina</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> demonstra que a obesidade promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis proteicos do col&#225;geno tipo I, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2; no entanto, houve um aumento dos n&#237;veis proteicos de leptina no grupo obeso em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Western blots representativos e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 e leptina de ratos controles e obesos (n = 6 por grupo). As bandas dos western blot foram normalizados para &#946;-actina. Dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; teste t de Student. *: p &lt; 0,05.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0061-80143-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atividade de MMP-2 mioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> mostra a identifica&#231;&#227;o de duas bandas fracas de degrada&#231;&#227;o correspondentes &#224; MMP-2 no gel de eletroforese: a MMP-2 inativa (pr&#243;-MMP-2) com um peso molecular de aproximadamente 72 kDa e MMP-2 ativa com um peso molecular de aproximadamente 64 kDa. Entre as duas bandas mencionadas, foi poss&#237;vel identificar a banda forte da degrada&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria da MMP-2. Houve um aumento significativo na MMP-2 nos animais obesos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre MMP-2 ativa (ativa e ativa intermedi&#225;ria) e inativa em ratos controles e obesos (n = 6 por grupo). MMP-2 inativa = 72 kDa e MMP-2 ativa = 64 kDa. Dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; teste t de Student. *: p &lt; 0,05.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0061-80143-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre vari&#225;veis card&#237;acas</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> demonstra que houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I e o aumento da atividade da MMP-2, bem como entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o da atividade da MMP-2 e a leptina. Al&#233;m disso, foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da MMP-2 e a redu&#231;&#227;o do TIMP-1 e -2, bem como entre a redu&#231;&#227;o do TIMP-1 e o aumento dos n&#237;veis proteicos de leptina.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre vari&#225;veis card&#237;acas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Associa&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Col&#225;geno I &#215; MMP-2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0,723</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MMP-2 &#215; Leptina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MMP-2 &#215; TIMP-1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0,815</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MMP-2 &#215; TIMP-2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0,597</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMP-1 &#215; Leptina</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0,656</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMP-2 &#215; Leptina</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0,273</td>
                  <td align="center">0,390</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. PA: peso atrial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PCF: peso corporal final; PVD: peso do ventr&#237;culo direito; PVE: peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; rela&#231;&#245;es PA/PCF; PVE/PCF; PVD/PCF; 10<sup>-3</sup> = 0,001. Teste t de Student.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo visou investigar se a redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I est&#225; associada ao aumento da atividade da MMP-2 e a n&#237;veis elevados de leptina no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos obesos. Os resultados principais confirmaram esta hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>A alimenta&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua com uma dieta com alto teor de gordura foi eficaz para promover a obesidade em 34 semanas, uma vez que os ratos apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de peso corporal, gordura e IA em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ratos alimentados com uma dieta padr&#227;o; tais dados corroboram outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As principais causas da obesidade s&#227;o: o suprimento mais abundante de alimentos, a maior ingest&#227;o de alimentos palat&#225;veis e densos em energia e a redu&#231;&#227;o do gasto energ&#233;tico. A dieta com alto teor de gordura utilizada no presente estudo era rica em &#225;cidos graxos mono e poliinsaturados com um conte&#250;do energ&#233;tico de 3,65 kcal/g, enquanto a dieta padr&#227;o dada ao grupo controle consistia em 2,95 kcal/g, gerando uma diferen&#231;a de 24% em conte&#250;do cal&#243;rico. Outros autores t&#234;m demonstrado que o consumo de uma dieta com alto teor de gordura promove menos saciedade e assim aumenta a ingest&#227;o de alimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses dados diferem dos nossos resultados, visto que os animais obesos ingeriram uma quantidade menor de alimentos e calorias em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle. No entanto, a efici&#234;ncia alimentar era mais alta nos ratos obesos, provavelmente devido ao efeito t&#233;rmico do alimento. A gordura alimentar requer menos energia (2% &#8211; 3%) para ser metabolizada, e a gordura excessiva &#233;, portanto, facilmente depositada na forma de triglicer&#237;deos nos adip&#243;citos, resultando em obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m relatado algumas comorbidades relacionadas &#224; obesidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> tais como intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, dislipidemia, hiperinsulinemia, hiperleptinemia e hipertens&#227;o arterial. No presente estudo, os animais obesos apresentaram maior AUC no teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de insulina que os controles, indicando que a obesidade promoveu intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e hiperinsulinemia. A intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, associada ao aumento da insulina s&#233;rica, indicou que os ratos obesos apresentaram resist&#234;ncia &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da insulina. Estes resultados s&#227;o ainda corroborados pelo aumento do HOMA-IR nos ratos obesos. Todos estes achados est&#227;o de acordo com relatos pr&#233;vios que utilizaram ratos alimentados com uma dieta com alto teor de gordura insaturada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Diversos estudos t&#234;m mostrado que a obesidade induzida por uma dieta com alto teor de gordura leva &#224; dislipidemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> devido a mudan&#231;as em triacilglicerol, LDL ou HDL. Em nosso estudo, foi observada a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL. A leptina &#233; um horm&#244;nio produzido pelo tecido adiposo, que participa do balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico, por meio da regula&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de alimentos e da oxida&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> e da biologia dos col&#225;genos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos da obesidade no sistema cardiovascular, a obesidade n&#227;o promoveu remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. No entanto, a PAS aumentou nos animais obesos. Visto que o controle da PAS envolve o sistema neuro-humoral, como o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, os quais s&#227;o aumentados na obesidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> pode-se inferir que o sistema neuro-humoral &#233; ativado em animais obesos. Este achado est&#225; em acordo com alguns pesquisadores anteriores que investigaram a PAS em animais obesos alimentados com uma dieta com alto teor de gordura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> e em desacordo com outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar se o aumento da atividade da MMP-2 pela leptina &#233; respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I em ratos obesos. Os resultados desta investiga&#231;&#227;o indicaram que houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis proteicos do col&#225;geno tipo I acompanhada por um aumento da atividade da MMP-2 e dos n&#237;veis proteicos da leptina e uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis proteicos de TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 no cora&#231;&#227;o. Como previamente referido, poucos estudos t&#234;m avaliado o comportamento do col&#225;geno tipo I no mioc&#225;rdio de animais com obesidade induzida por uma dieta com alto teor de gordura; enquanto Carroll e Tyaggi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e Mart&#237;nez-Mart&#237;nez<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> verificaram um aumento, Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> verificou uma redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I.</p>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es no col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico podem resultar de uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese ou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da degrada&#231;&#227;o. Os dados deste estudo demonstraram que a degrada&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I pode ter prevalecido em ratos obesos, considerando que houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o col&#225;geno tipo I reduzido e o aumento da atividade da MMP-2. Embora alguns estudos indiquem que o aumento da atividade da MMP-2 melhora a s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> a maioria das informa&#231;&#245;es na literatura indica o comportamento oposto, i.e., o aumento da atividade da MMP-2 promove a degrada&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Embora Mart&#237;nez-Mart&#237;nez et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> e Zibadi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> tenham verificado que a leptina reduziu a atividade da MMP-2 <italic>in vitro</italic> , outros estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a leptina aumenta a atividade da MMP-2 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e os nossos resultados corroboram ainda mais este &#250;ltimo achado. Portanto, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da MMP-2 pode ter sido consequente ao aumento da leptina card&#237;aca, porque houve uma estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre estas duas vari&#225;veis, embora esses achados n&#227;o necessariamente reflitam uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito. Apesar disso, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m relatado uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre a leptina e a atividade da MMP-2 em cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar do fato que o aumento da atividade da MMP est&#225; associado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da leptina card&#237;aca, outro fator modificante dessa enzima &#233; o comportamento dos TIMP. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis proteicos de TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 em animais obesos, que pode ter influenciado o aumento da MMP-2, uma vez que houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre MMP-2 e TIMP-1 e TIMP-2. A redu&#231;&#227;o do TIMP-1 pode estar relacionada ao aumento da leptina, uma vez que houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre estas vari&#225;veis. Este achado &#233; consistente com Schram et al., que verificaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o substancial na express&#227;o do mRNA de TIMP-1 ap&#243;s a eleva&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es da leptina em c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas cultivadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que avalia a associa&#231;&#227;o entre col&#225;geno tipo I, leptina, MMP-2 e TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 no mioc&#225;rdio de animais obesos alimentados com uma dieta com alto teor de gordura insaturada. No entanto, outras an&#225;lises s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para confirmar a rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados confirmaram a hip&#243;tese de que a redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I est&#225; associada ao aumento da atividade da MMP-2, que est&#225;, por sua vez, ligada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da leptina no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos obesos. Este estudo permitiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o de mediadores envolvidos na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, os quais podem desencadear a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca comprometida na obesidade. A identifica&#231;&#227;o desses fatores delet&#233;rios pode facilitar poss&#237;veis alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. World Health Organization.(WHO). Fact sheets: Obesity and overweight (Internet). (Cited 2018 Jan 18). Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight">https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization.(WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Fact sheets: Obesity and overweight</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">Cited 2018 Jan 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight">https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Bhurosy T, Jeewon R. Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status? Scient World J. 2014;2014:964236.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhurosy</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeewon</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status?</article-title>
          <source>Scient World J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>2014</volume>
          <size units="pages">964236</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Hall ME, Harmancey R, Stec DE. Lean heart: Role of leptin in cardiac hypertrophy and metabolism. World J Cardiol. 2015;7(9):511&#8211;24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harmancey</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stec</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lean heart: Role of leptin in cardiac hypertrophy and metabolism</article-title>
          <source>World J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>511</fpage>
          <lpage>524</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Segura AM, Frazier OH, Buja LM. Fibrosis and heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2014;19(2):173&#8211;85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Segura</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frazier</surname>
              <given-names>OH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buja</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fibrosis and heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>185</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Berg G, Schreier L, Miksztowicz V. Circulating and adipose tissue matrix metalloproteinases in cardiometabolic risk environments: pathophysiological aspects. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2014;17(2):79&#8211;87.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schreier</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miksztowicz</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circulating and adipose tissue matrix metalloproteinases in cardiometabolic risk environments: pathophysiological aspects</article-title>
          <source>Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>87</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Matsubara LS, Narikawa S, Ferreira ALA, Paiva SA, Zornoff LM et al. Remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o e volume no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(2):126-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narikawa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>ALA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o e volume no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>126</fpage>
          <lpage>130</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K et al. Jun&#231;&#245;es celulares, ades&#227;o celular e matriz extracelular. In: Alberts B. Biologia molecular da c&#233;lula. 5th ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2010. 1131&#8211;204 p.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alberts</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raff</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Jun&#231;&#245;es celulares, ades&#227;o celular e matriz extracelular</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alberts</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Biologia molecular da c&#233;lula</source>
          <edition>5th</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Porto Alegre</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Artmed</publisher-name>
          <year>2010</year>
          <fpage>1131</fpage>
          <lpage>1204</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Berk BC, Fujiwara K, Lehoux S. MEC remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(3):568&#8211;75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berk</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujiwara</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lehoux</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>MEC remodeling in hypertensive heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>568</fpage>
          <lpage>575</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Szcz&#281;sny W, Szczepanek J, Tretyn A, D&#261;browiecki S, Szmytkowski J, Polak J. An analysis of the expression of collagen I and III genes in the fascia of obese patients. J Surg Res. 2015 May;195(2):475&#8211;80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Szcz&#281;sny</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szczepanek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tretyn</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#261;browiecki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szmytkowski</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polak</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An analysis of the expression of collagen I and III genes in the fascia of obese patients</article-title>
          <source>J Surg Res</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <volume>195</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>475</fpage>
          <lpage>480</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Lancha A, Rodr&#237;guez A, Catal&#225;n V, Becerril S, S&#225;inz N, Ram&#237;rez B, et al. Osteopontin deletion prevents the development of obesity and hepatic steatosis via impaired adipose tissue matrix remodeling and reduced inflammation and fibrosis in adipose tissue and liver in mice. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e98398.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lancha</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodr&#237;guez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catal&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becerril</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;inz</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ram&#237;rez</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Osteopontin deletion prevents the development of obesity and hepatic steatosis via impaired adipose tissue matrix remodeling and reduced inflammation and fibrosis in adipose tissue and liver in mice</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e98398</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Minullina IR, Alexeyeva NP, Anisimov S V, Puzanov M V, Kozlova SN, Sviryaev Y V, et al. Transcriptional changes in bone marrow stromal cells of patients with heart failure. Cell Cycle. 2014;13(9):1495&#8211;500.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Minullina</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexeyeva</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anisimov</surname>
              <given-names>S V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puzanov</surname>
              <given-names>M V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kozlova</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sviryaev</surname>
              <given-names>Y V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcriptional changes in bone marrow stromal cells of patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Cell Cycle</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1495</fpage>
          <lpage>1500</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Carroll JF, Tyagi SC. Extracellular matrix remodeling in the heart of the homocysteinemic obese rabbit. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(5 Pt 1):692&#8211;8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tyagi</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracellular matrix remodeling in the heart of the homocysteinemic obese rabbit</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <comment>Pt 1</comment>
          <fpage>692</fpage>
          <lpage>698</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Silva DCT da, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Campos DHS de, Nascimento AF do, Oliveira Junior SA de, et al. Influence of term of exposure to high-fat diet-induced obesity on col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I and III. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(2):157&#8211;63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>DCT da</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DHS de</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>do</surname>
              <given-names>Nascimento AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SA de</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of term of exposure to high-fat diet-induced obesity on col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I and III</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>163</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Zibadi S, Cordova F, Slack EH, Watson RR, Larson DF. Leptin&#8217;s regulation of obesity-induced cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2011;11(4):325&#8211;33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zibadi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordova</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slack</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watson</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Leptin&#8217;s regulation of obesity-induced cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Toxicol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>325</fpage>
          <lpage>333</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Schram K, De Girolamo S, Madani S, Munoz D, Thong F, Sweeney G. Leptin regulates MMP-2, TIMP-1 and collagen synthesis via p38 MAPK in HL-1 murine cardiomyocytes. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2010;15(4):551&#8211;63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schram</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Girolamo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Munoz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thong</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sweeney</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Leptin regulates MMP-2, TIMP-1 and collagen synthesis via p38 MAPK in HL-1 murine cardiomyocytes</article-title>
          <source>Cell Mol Biol Lett</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>551</fpage>
          <lpage>563</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Schram K, Ganguly R, No EK, Fang X, Thong FSL, Sweeney G. Regulation of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 by leptin in cardiac fibroblasts involves Rho/ROCK-dependent actin cytoskeletal reorganization and leads to enhanced cell migration. Endocrinology. 2011;152(5):2037&#8211;47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schram</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganguly</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>No</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thong</surname>
              <given-names>FSL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sweeney</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regulation of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 by leptin in cardiac fibroblasts involves Rho/ROCK-dependent actin cytoskeletal reorganization and leads to enhanced cell migration</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinology</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>2037</fpage>
          <lpage>2047</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Deus AF, Vileigas DF, Silva DCT, Tomasi LC, Campos DHS, Okoshi K, et al. Cardiac function and intracellular Ca2+ handling proteins are not impaired by high-saturated-fat diet-induced obesity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2019;52(6):e8085.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deus</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vileigas</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>DCT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomasi</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DHS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac function and intracellular Ca2+ handling proteins are not impaired by high-saturated-fat diet-induced obesity</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e8085</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Jacobsen BB, Leopoldo APL, Cordeiro JP, Campos DHS de, Nascimento AF do, Sugizaki MM, et al. Cardiac, Metabolic and Molecular Profiles of Sedentary Rats in the Initial Moment of Obesity. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(5):432-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>APL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DHS de</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>do</surname>
              <given-names>Nascimento AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac, Metabolic and Molecular Profiles of Sedentary Rats in the Initial Moment of Obesity</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>432</fpage>
          <lpage>439</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Vileigas DF, de Deus AF, da Silva DCT, de Tomasi LC, de Campos DHS, Adorni CS, et al. Saturated high-fat diet-induced obesity increases adenylate cyclase of myocardial &#946;-adrenergic system and does not compromise cardiac function. Physiol Rep. 2016;4(17):pii e12914.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vileigas</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deus</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>DCT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomasi</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DHS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adorni</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Saturated high-fat diet-induced obesity increases adenylate cyclase of myocardial &#946;-adrenergic system and does not compromise cardiac function</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Rep</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <comment>pii e12914</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. National Institute of Health. Guide for the care and use of laboratoty animals. [Contract NOI-RR-2-2135]. Bethesda:Animal Resources Program. Division of Research Resources;1985.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>National Institute of Health</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guide for the care and use of laboratoty animals. [Contract NOI-RR-2-2135]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bethesda</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Animal Resources Program. Division of Research Resources</publisher-name>
          <year>1985</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Rodr&#237;guez-Calvo R, Girona J, Alegret JM, Bosquet A, Ibarretxe D, Masana L. Role of the fatty acid-binding protein 4 in heart failure and cardiovascular disease. J Endocrinol. 2017;233(3):R173&#8211;84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodr&#237;guez-Calvo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girona</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alegret</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosquet</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ibarretxe</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masana</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of the fatty acid-binding protein 4 in heart failure and cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>233</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>R173</fpage>
          <lpage>R184</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Zhang J, Qiao C, Chang L, Guo Y, Fan Y, Villacorta L, et al. Cardiomyocyte Overexpression of FABP4 Aggravates Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Hypertrophy. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157372.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qiao</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villacorta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiomyocyte Overexpression of FABP4 Aggravates Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0157372</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Aasum E, Khalid AM, Gudbrandsen OA, How O-J, Berge RK, Larsen TS. Fenofibrate modulates cardiac and hepatic metabolism and increases ischemic tolerance in diet-induced obese mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008;44(1):201&#8211;9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aasum</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khalid</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gudbrandsen</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>How</surname>
              <given-names>O-J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berge</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsen</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fenofibrate modulates cardiac and hepatic metabolism and increases ischemic tolerance in diet-induced obese mice</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>209</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412&#8211;9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hosker</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudenski</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naylor</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Treacher</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turner</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man</article-title>
          <source>Diabetologia</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>412</fpage>
          <lpage>419</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Santos PP Dos, Rafacho BPM, Gon&#231;alves A de F, Jaldin RG, Nascimento TB do, Silva MAB, et al. Vitamin D induces increased systolic arterial pressure via vascular reactivity and mechanical properties. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98895.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>PP Dos</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rafacho</surname>
              <given-names>BPM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>A de F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaldin</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>do</surname>
              <given-names>Nascimento TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MAB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vitamin D induces increased systolic arterial pressure via vascular reactivity and mechanical properties</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e98895</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Tyagi SC, Matsubara L, Weber KT. Direct extraction and estimation of collagenase(s) activity by zymography in microquantities of rat myocardium and uterus. Clin Biochem. 1993;26(3):191&#8211;8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tyagi</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weber</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Direct extraction and estimation of collagenase(s) activity by zymography in microquantities of rat myocardium and uterus</article-title>
          <source>Clin Biochem</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>191</fpage>
          <lpage>198</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Nascimento AF, Luvizotto RAM, Leopoldo AS, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Seiva FR, Justulin LA, et al. Long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity decreases the cardiac leptin receptor without apparent lipotoxicity. Life Sci. 2011;88(23&#8211;24):1031&#8211;8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luvizotto</surname>
              <given-names>RAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seiva</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Justulin</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity decreases the cardiac leptin receptor without apparent lipotoxicity</article-title>
          <source>Life Sci</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <season>23&#8211;24</season>
          <fpage>1031</fpage>
          <lpage>1038</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Sugizaki MM, Bruno A, Nascimento AF, Luvizotto RAM, et al. Disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#245;es no tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio intracelular em ratos obesos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(3):232&#8211;40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruno</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luvizotto</surname>
              <given-names>RAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#245;es no tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio intracelular em ratos obesos</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>232</fpage>
          <lpage>240</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Carroll JF, Zenebe WJ, Strange TB. Cardiovascular function in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979). 2006;48(1):65&#8211;72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zenebe</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strange</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular function in a rat model of diet-induced obesity</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979)</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. J&#233;quier E. Pathways to obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26 Suppl 2:S12-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>J&#233;quier</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathways to obesity</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>S12</fpage>
          <lpage>S17</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Nivoit P, Morens C, Van Assche FA, Jansen E, Poston L, Remacle C, et al. Established diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity and insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 2009;52(6):1133&#8211;42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nivoit</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morens</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Assche</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jansen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poston</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Remacle</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Established diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity and insulin resistance</article-title>
          <source>Diabetologia</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1133</fpage>
          <lpage>1142</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Relling DP, Esberg LB, Fang CX, Johnson WT, Murphy EJ, Carlson EC, et al. High-fat diet-induced juvenile obesity leads to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and upregulation of Foxo3a transcription factor independent of lipotoxicity and apoptosis. J Hypertens. 2006;24(3):549&#8211;61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Relling</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esberg</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>CX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlson</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High-fat diet-induced juvenile obesity leads to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and upregulation of Foxo3a transcription factor independent of lipotoxicity and apoptosis</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>549</fpage>
          <lpage>561</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Omar B, Pacini G, Ahr&#233;n B. Differential development of glucose intolerance and pancreatic islet adaptation in multiple diet induced obesity models. Nutrients. 2012;4(10):1367&#8211;81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Omar</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahr&#233;n</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differential development of glucose intolerance and pancreatic islet adaptation in multiple diet induced obesity models</article-title>
          <source>Nutrients</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1367</fpage>
          <lpage>1381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Leopoldo AS, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Sugizaki MM, do Nascimento AF, de Campos DHS, Luvizotto R de AM, et al. Involvement of L-type calcium channel and SERCA2a in myocardial dysfunction induced by obesity. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(11):2934&#8211;42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>do Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DHS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luvizotto</surname>
              <given-names>R de AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Involvement of L-type calcium channel and SERCA2a in myocardial dysfunction induced by obesity</article-title>
          <source>J Cell Physiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>226</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2934</fpage>
          <lpage>2942</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Ferron AJT, Jacobsen BB, Sant&#8217;Ana PG, de Campos DHS, de Tomasi LC, Luvizotto R de AM, et al. Cardiac Dysfunction Induced by Obesity Is Not Related to &#946;-Adrenergic System Impairment at the Receptor-Signalling Pathway. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138605.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferron</surname>
              <given-names>AJT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sant&#8217;Ana</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DHS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomasi</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luvizotto</surname>
              <given-names>R de AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Dysfunction Induced by Obesity Is Not Related to &#946;-Adrenergic System Impairment at the Receptor-Signalling Pathway</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0138605</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Yang R, Barouch LA. Leptin signaling and obesity: cardiovascular consequences. Circ Res. 2007;101(6):545&#8211;59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barouch</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Leptin signaling and obesity: cardiovascular consequences</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>545</fpage>
          <lpage>559</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism. 1996;45(2):235&#8211;40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivasan</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bao</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wattigney</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berenson</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Metabolism</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>235</fpage>
          <lpage>240</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Fitzgerald SM, Henegar JR, Brands MW, Henegar LK, Hall JE. Cardiovascular and renal responses to a high-fat diet in Osborne-Mendel rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;281(2):R547-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henegar</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brands</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henegar</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular and renal responses to a high-fat diet in Osborne-Mendel rats</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>281</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>R547</fpage>
          <lpage>R552</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Mart&#237;nez-Mart&#237;nez E, Jurado-L&#243;pez R, Valero-Mu&#241;oz M, Bartolom&#233; MV, Ballesteros S, Luaces M, et al. Leptin induces cardiac fibrosis through galectin-3, mTOR and oxidative stress: potential role in obesity. J Hypertens. 2014;32(5):1104&#8211;14; discussion 1114.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;nez-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jurado-L&#243;pez</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valero-Mu&#241;oz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartolom&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballesteros</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luaces</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Leptin induces cardiac fibrosis through galectin-3, mTOR and oxidative stress: potential role in obesity</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1104</fpage>
          <lpage>1114</lpage>
          <comment>discussion 1114</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Hori Y, Kashimoto T, Yonezawa T, Sano N, Saitoh R, Igarashi S, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 stimulates collagen-I expression through phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012;303(9):C947-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hori</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kashimoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yonezawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sano</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saitoh</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Igarashi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Matrix metalloproteinase-2 stimulates collagen-I expression through phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase in rat cardiac fibroblasts</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Cell Physiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>303</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>C947</fpage>
          <lpage>C953</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Laviades C, Varo N, Fern&#225;ndez J, Mayor G, Gil MJ, Monreal I, et al. Abnormalities of the extracellular degradation of col&#225;geno tipo I in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998;98(6):535&#8211;40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laviades</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varo</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayor</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gil</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monreal</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Abnormalities of the extracellular degradation of col&#225;geno tipo I in essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>535</fpage>
          <lpage>540</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Danielle Cristina Tomaz da Silva-Bertani pela Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 861-2011. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (2010/14208-4 e 2011/12165-9).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Decreased Collagen Type I is Associated with Increased Metalloproteinase-2 Activity and Protein Expression of Leptin in the Myocardium of Obese Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2385-6058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Bertani</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Cristina Tomaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vileigas</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4933-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8185-4299</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Deus</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0649-8279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Paccielli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Barnabe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4402-6523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Antonio Carlos Cicogna &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP) - Avenue Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code 18618687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: ac.cicogna@unesp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva-Bertani DCT, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC; Acquisition of data: Silva-Bertani DCT, Vileigas DF, De Tomasi LC, Campos DHS, Deus AF, Freire PP, Alves CAB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva-Bertani DCT, Vileigas DF, Mota GAF, Souza SLB, De Tomasi LC, Campos DHS, Deus AF, Freire PP, Alves CAB, Cicogna AC; Statistical analysis: Silva-Bertani DCT, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC; Obtaining financing: Silva-Bertani DCT, Cicogna AC; Writing of the manuscript: Silva-Bertani DCT, Vileigas DF, Mota GAF, Souza SLB, Cicogna AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva-Bertani DCT, Vileigas DF, Mota GAF, Souza SLB, Cicogna AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Obesity is a risk factor for medical complications, including the cardiovascular system. There is limited information on collagen in the heart in obesity. Our previous study showed decreased protein levels of myocardial collagen type I in obese rats fed a high-fat diet for 34 weeks. However, the mechanisms responsible for low levels are not fully elucidated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the reduction in collagen type I is associated with increased metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity, which is linked to elevated leptin in the myocardium of obese rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups, control (standard diet) and obese (high-fat diet), and fed for 34 weeks. The general animal characteristics and metabolic and endocrine profiles were evaluated. Myocardial protein expressions of collagen I, leptin, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP), and MMP-2 activity were assessed. Pearson correlation was employed to determine the associations between variables. The level of significance was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The obese animals had increased adiposity index compared to control. Comorbidities such as glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, and hypertension were observed in obese rats. Obesity reduced collagen I, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, and it increased leptin and MMP-2 in the myocardium. There was a negative correlation between collagen I and MMP-2 and a positive correlation between leptin and MMP-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The hypothesis was confirmed; the reduction in collagen type I is associated with increased MMP-2 activity and leptin expression in the myocardium of obese rats. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):61-70)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Collagen Type 1</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Leptin</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases</kwd>
        <kwd>Metaloproteinase-2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide, representing a major public health problem that affects both developed and developing countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The adipocytes are influenced by several substances, and they secrete numerous peptides that act directly or indirectly on the cardiovascular system. Therefore, adipose tissue is not simply an energy deposit, but also an active endocrine, paracrine and autocrine organ with multiple functions, including the ability to synthesize and release mediators, like leptin, that participate in multiple biological processes, including those that occur in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The heart is composed of myocytes, nerves, vessels, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The main component of the ECM is collagen, predominantly type I and III, with type I being the most abundant, corresponding to approximately 80% of total myocardial collagen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This protein is produced by fibroblasts and degraded by the family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a stable condition, it contributes to the maintenance of cardiac architecture and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Several mechanisms act to ensure that the components of matrix degradation by MMP are precisely controlled, including tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Cardiac collagen changes in response to neuro-hormonal and mechanical stimuli,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> due to elevated synthesis and decreased degradation or vice versa.</p>
        <p>Several studies have analyzed the expression of collagen type I in different tissues in experimental models of obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> There is limited information on the behavior of this type of collagen in the heart in obese animals. Although Carroll et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> have shown elevated myocardial collagen type I in obese rabbits fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, a previous study by our group, Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> found decreased cardiac collagen type I in obese rats fed an unsaturated high-fat diet for 30 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The mechanisms responsible for the decreased myocardial collagen type I, however, were not studied.</p>
        <p>One of the possible mechanisms involved in myocardial type I collagen regulation is the increased leptin hormone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Supporting this hypothesis, most studies <italic>in vitro</italic> have shown that leptin increases MMP-2 activity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which is involved in the degradation of collagen type I. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the reduction in myocardial collagen type I, associated with increased activity of MMP-2, is linked to elevation of leptin in obese rats.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals and Experimental Protocol</title>
          <p>After one week for acclimatization, 30-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned, by lottery, to one of two groups: control (n = 20) and obese (n = 21). The sample size used in this study was based on the literature and on our previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The control group was fed standard rat chow (RC Focus 1765, Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil) containing 12.3% of kilocalories from fat, 57.9% from carbohydrates, and 29.8% from protein, whereas the obese group was fed one of four alternating high-fat diets (RC Focus 2413, 2414, 2415, and 2416, Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil) containing 49.2% of kilocalories from fat, 28.9% from carbohydrates, and 21.9% from protein. The four high-fat diets had the same nutritional composition, except flavoring additives, namely, cheese, bacon, chocolate, or vanilla. Each diet was changed daily, and the rats were maintained on their respective diets for 34 consecutive weeks. The high-fat diet was calorically rich compared to the standard diet (3.65 kcal/g vs. 2.95 kcal/g) due to the higher fat composition. The high-fat diet consisted of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which provided 20% and 80% of the fat-derived calories, respectively.</p>
          <p>Rats were housed in individual cages in an environmentally controlled clean-air room at 23 (&#177; 3)&#186;C with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and 60% (&#177; 5%) relative humidity. All experiments and procedures were conducted according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, published by the National Research Council (1996),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and they received approval from the Botucatu Medical School Ethics Committee (UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, Protocol: 861-2011).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animal general characteristics and metabolic and endocrine profiles</title>
          <p>Animal general characteristics and metabolic and endocrine profiles were evaluated according to the following parameters: body weight, body fat (BF), adiposity index (AI), food consumption, caloric intake, feed efficiency, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, serum lipid profile, and serum leptin and insulin concentrations. A criterion based on the AI was used to determine obesity. The AI is an easy and consistent method used by several authors to evaluate the amount of BF in rodents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The animals&#8217; food intake and body weight were measured weekly. Caloric intake was determined by multiplying the energy value of each diet (g &#215; kcal) and weekly food intake. To analyze the animals&#8217; capacity to convert consumed food energy to body weight, feed efficiency was calculated, dividing the total body weight gain (g) by total energy intake (Kcal).</p>
          <p>Glucose tolerance was evaluated by the oral glucose tolerance test one week before euthanasia. After a 6-hour fast, blood samples were collected by puncture from the tail tip at baseline and after intraperitoneal administration of 30% glucose solution (Sigma-Aldrich&#174;, St Louis, MO, USA), equivalent to 2.0 g/kg body weight. Blood glucose concentrations were analyzed at 0 minutes (baseline) and after 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes of glucose infusion, using a handheld glucometer (Accu-chek Advantage; Roche Diagnostics Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA). Glucose intolerance was assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose.</p>
          <p>At the end of the experimental protocol, after fasting for 12 hours, animals were anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), decapitated, and thoracotomized; the adipose tissue fat pads were dissected and weighed. BF was calculated as the sum the weight of the individual fat pads as follows: BF = epididymal fat + retroperitoneal fat + visceral fat. AI was calculated by the following formula: AI = (BF/final body weight) &#215; 100. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes, centrifuged at 3,000 &#215; g for 10 minutes at 4&#176;C, and stored at &#8722;80&#176;C for later analysis. Triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and high- (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were determined using specific kits (BIOCLIN&#174;, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). Hormone levels of leptin and insulin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using commercially available kits (EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA).</p>
          <p>The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used as an insulin resistance index, calculated according to the formula: HOMA-IR = [fasting glucose (mmol/L) &#215; fasting insulin (&#956;U/mL)]/22.5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular profile</title>
          <p>The cardiovascular profile of the animals was also assessed according to the following parameters: systolic blood pressure (SBP); cardiac tissue morphology; myocardial protein expression of collagen type I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and leptin; and MMP-2 activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Systolic blood pressure</title>
          <p>At the end of the experiment, one week before euthanasia, SBP was measured in conscious rats using the non-invasive tail-cuff method with an electro-sphygmomanometer, Narco BioSystems<sup>&#174;</sup>(International Biomedical, Austin, TX, USA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Arterial pulsations were recorded in a computerized data acquisition system (Biopac Systems Inc., CA, USA). The average of two readings was recorded for each measurement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphological study</title>
          <p>The hearts were removed and dissected following euthanasia and thoracotomy. Atria, left and right ventricles weights, and their respective relations with final body weight were determined to evaluate the presence of cardiac remodeling (i.e., presence or absence of hypertrophy).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial protein levels of collagen type I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and leptin</title>
          <p>Left ventricular tissue was analyzed by Western Blot to quantify protein levels of collagen type I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and leptin. Six samples were used in each group to ensure that all samples were analyzed in the same electrophoresis run in order to avoid inter-gel variations. Briefly, frozen left ventricle samples were homogenized using a Polytron device (Ika Ultra TurraxTM T25 Basic, Wilmington, USA) in a lysis buffer containing 10 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 100 Mm NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 Mm EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5% deoxycholate, and phosphatase and protease inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich). The homogenate was centrifuged at 4&#186;C for 20 minutes at 12,000 rpm. The supernatant was collected, and total protein content was determined by the Bradford Method. Samples (50 &#181;g) were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in polyacrylamide gels (6% or 10% depending on molecular protein weight). After electrophoresis, proteins were electro-transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (BioRad Biosciences; NJ, USA). The blotted membrane was then blocked (5% nonfat dry milk, 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 150 mmol/L NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20) for 2 hours at room temperature and incubated with specific antibodies overnight at 4&#186;C. Subsequently, the blotted membrane was incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature with peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution), and then incubated with enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham Biosciences, NJ, USA) and detected by autoradiography. Quantification analysis of the blots was performed using Scion Image software (Scion, based on NIH Image). Mouse monoclonal antibodies to collagen type I (1:10,000), TIMP-2 (1:1,000), and leptin (1:1,000) and rabbit monoclonal antibodies to TIMP-1 (1:1,000) and &#946;-actin (1:1,000) were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, USA) and Cell Signaling (Danvers, USA), respectively. Targeted bands were normalized to the expression of cardiac &#946;-actin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial metalloproteinase-2 activity</title>
          <p>Myocardial MMP-2 activity was determined as reported by Tyagi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> . Six samples were used in each group to ensure that all samples were analyzed in the same electrophoresis run in order to avoid inter-gel variations. In brief, left ventricular tissues were homogenized in a buffer containing the following: Tris 50 mM, pH 7.4, NaCl 0.2 M, Triton-X 0.1% and CaCl2 10 mM. The homogenate was centrifuged at 4&#186;C for 20 minutes at 12,000 rpm. The supernatant was collected, and total protein content was determined by the Bradford Method (Bradford 1976). Samples were diluted in application sample buffer consisting of 0.5 M Tris, pH 6.8, 100% glycerol, and 0.05% bromophenol blue. The samples were loaded into the wells of 8% SDS-polyacrylamide containing 1% gelatin. Electrophoresis was carried out in a Bio-Rad apparatus at 80 V for 2 hours. The gel was removed and washed two times with 2.5% Triton-X-100 and then washed with 50 mM Tris pH 8.4. The gel was then incubated at 37&#176;C overnight in an activation solution consisting of 50 mM Tris, pH 8.4, 5 mM CaCl2 and ZnCl2. Staining was performed for 2 hours with 0.5% Coomassie blue, and destaining was performed in 30% methanol and 10% acetic acid until clear bands were observed over a dark background. The gels were photographed, and the intensity of gelatinolytic action (clear bands) was analyzed in UVP, UV, and a White Darkhon image analyzer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Prior to statistical analysis, all data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Results were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and submitted to Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the association between the variables collagen I, MMP-2, TIMP, and leptin. All statistical analyses were performed using SigmaStat for Windows (Version 3.5). The level of significance considered was 5 % (&#945; = 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animal general characteristics</title>
          <p>The general animal characteristics are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Final body weight; deposits of epididymal, retroperitoneal, and visceral fat; total BF; and AI were significantly higher in the obese group than in the control group. During the experimental period, animals in the obese group ate less food and calories than those in the control group; however, the feed efficiency was higher in obese animals.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Animal general characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Groups</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Control (n = 20)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Obese (n = 21)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IBW (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">151 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">151 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.290</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FBW (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">480 &#177; 51</td>
                    <td align="center">534 &#177; 58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Epididymal fat (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Epididymal fat/100gFBW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Retroperitoneal fat (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 3.3</td>
                    <td align="center">21.7 &#177; 5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Retroperitoneal fat/100gFBW</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Visceral fat (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
                    <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Visceral fat/100gFBW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BF (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">47.2 &#177; 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Adiposity index</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Food consumption (g/day)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.8 &#177; 2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Caloric intake (kcal)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.4 &#177; 6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">62.1 &#177; 8.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Feeding efficiency (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.2</td>
                    <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metabolic and endocrine profiles</title>
          <p>The metabolic and endocrine profiles are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> . Long-term obesity induced by high fat led to significant metabolic and hormonal changes. There was a significant increase in the glucose AUC, as well as in insulin and leptin levels in the obese group, compared to control. The obese animals presented increased AUC, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR. The serum measurements of glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL were similar between groups.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Metabolic and hormonal profile. (A) Fasting glucose, (B) Area under curve (AUC) of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, (C) insulin, (D) homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), (E) triacylglycerol, (F) total cholesterol, (G) high-density lipoprotein (HDL), (H) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and (I) leptin in control and obese rats. (n= 15 &#8211; 21 per group). Data are presented as mean &#177; SD; Student&#8217;s t-test. *: p &lt; 0.05.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0061-80143-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Systolic blood pressure and cardiac morphological profile</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows that SBP was higher in the obese animals, and there were no significant differences between the groups for any of the studied parameters concerning morphological profile, except for the right ventricle, suggesting that obesity did not trigger left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Values are means &#177; SD. IBW: initial body weight; FBW: final body weight; BF: body fat. Student&#8217;s t-test.</italic>
                </title>
                <p>&#8211; Systolic blood pressure and cardiac morphological profile</p>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Groups</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Control (n = 20)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Obese (n = 21)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">127 &#177; 11.0</td>
                    <td align="center">134 &#177; 12.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 &#177; 0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ATW (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.093 &#177; 0.018</td>
                    <td align="center">0.094 &#177; 0.021</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVW (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVW (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22 &#177; 0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24 &#177; 0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ATW/FBW.<sup>10-3</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18 &#177; 0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVW/FBW.<sup>10-3</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.72 &#177; 0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVW/FBW.<sup>10-3</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.48 &#177; 0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47 &#177; 0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are means &#177; SD. SBP: systolic blood pressure; LVW: left ventricle weight; RVW: right ventricle weight; ATW: atrial weight; FBW: final body weight; ATW/FBW; LVW/FBW; RVW/FBW ratio; 10<sup>-3</sup>= 0.001. Student&#8217;s t-test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial protein levels of collagen type I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and leptin</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> reveals that obesity promoted a reduction in protein levels of collagen type I, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2; however, there was an increase in leptin protein levels in the obese group compared to the control group.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Representative western blots and quantification of myocardial collagen type I, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and leptin from control and obese rats (n = 6 per group). Western blot bands were normalized to &#946;-actin. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. Student&#8217;s t-test. *: p &lt; 0.05.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0061-80143-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial MMP-2 activity</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows the identification of two weak bands of degradation corresponding to MMP-2 in electrophoresis gel: inactive MMP-2 (pro-MMP-2) with a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa and active MMP-2 with a molecular weight of approximately 64 kDa. Between the two bands mentioned, it was possible to identify the strong band of MMP-2 intermediate degradation. There was a significant increase in MMP-2 in the obese animals.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Relation between active (active and intermediate active) and inactive MMP-2 in control and obese rats (n = 6 per group). Inactive MMP-2 = 72 kDa and active MMP-2 = 64 kDa. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Student&#8217;s t test. *: p &lt; 0.05.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0061-80143-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Linear association between cardiac variables</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> reveals that there was a significant correlation between the decrease in collagen type I and increased MMP-2 activity, as well as between the elevation of MMP-2 activity and leptin. Moreover, a correlation was observed between the increase in MMP-2 and the decrease in TIMP-1 and -2, as well as between decreased TIMP-1 and increased leptin protein levels. There was no significant correlation between decreased TIMP-2 and increased leptin.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Linear association between cardiac variables</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Association</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Coefficient of correlation</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Collagen I &#215; MMP-2</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0.723</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MMP-2 &#215; Leptin</td>
                    <td align="center">0.766</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MMP-2 &#215; TIMP-1</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0.815</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MMP-2 &#215; TIMP-2</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0.597</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMP-1 &#215; Leptin</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0.656</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMP-2 &#215; Leptin</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0.273</td>
                    <td align="center">0.390</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>MMP: metalloproteinase; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Pearson&#8217;s correlation test. Control, n = 6 and obese, n = 6.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study aimed to investigate whether a reduction in collagen type I is associated with increased MMP-2 activity and elevated levels of leptin in the myocardium of obese rats. The main results confirmed this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>The continuous feeding of a high-fat diet was effective to promote obesity in 34 weeks, given that the rats showed higher levels of body and fat weight and AI compared to rats fed a standard diet; these data are in agreement with other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The major causes of obesity are a more abundant supply of food, higher intake of energy-dense, palatable food, and reduction in energy expenditure. The high-fat diet used in the current study was rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids with an energy content of 3.65 kcal/g, while the standard diet fed to the control group consisted of 2.95 kcal/g, generating a difference of 24% in caloric content. Authors have shown that consumption of a high-fat diet promotes less satiety and thus increased food intake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These data differ from our results since the obese animals ate a lower amount of food and calories compared to control. However, feed efficiency was higher in obese rats, likely due to the thermic effect of food. Dietary fat requires less energy (2% &#8211; 3%) to be metabolized, and the excessive fat is thus easily deposited in the form of triglycerides in adipocytes, resulting in obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several studies have reported some comorbidities related to experimental obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and arterial hypertension. In the present study, the obese animals exhibited higher AUC in the oral glucose tolerance test and higher serum insulin levels than controls, indicating that obesity promoted glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. Glucose intolerance, associated with increased serum insulin, indicated that obese rats presented resistance to the action of insulin. These results are further supported by the increased HOMA-IR in obese rats. All these findings are in accordance with previous reports that used rats fed a high unsaturated fat diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Different studies have shown that high-fat diet-induced obesity leads to dyslipidemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> whether due to changes in triacylglycerol, LDL, or HDL, in agreement with our study, which observed decreased serum HDL levels. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue, which participates in energy balance, by regulating food intake and the oxidation of lipids,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> and in the biology of collagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Concerning the effects of obesity on the cardiovascular system, obesity did not promote left ventricular cardiac remodeling. However, SBP increased in obese animals. As SBP control involves the neurohumoral system, such as the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which are increased in obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> it may be inferred that the neurohumoral system is activated in obese animals. This finding is consistent with some previous researchers who investigated SBP in obese animals fed a high-fat diet<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> and in disagreement with others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main objective of this study was to investigate whether increased MMP-2 activity by leptin is responsible for the reduction in myocardial collagen type I in obese rats. The results of this investigation indicated that there was a reduction of protein levels of collagen type I accompanied by an increase in MMP-2 activity and leptin protein levels and a decrease in TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein levels in the heart. As previously stated, few studies have evaluated the behavior of collagen type I in the myocardium of animals with obesity induced by a high-fat diet; while Carroll<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and Mart&#237;nez-Mart&#237;nez<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> found an increase, Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> found a decrease in myocardial type I collagen.</p>
        <p>The changes in myocardial collagen may result from an elevation of the synthesis or decreased degradation. The data from this study showed that the degradation of collagen type I may have prevailed in obese rats, as there was a significant association between reduced collagen type I and increased MMP-2 activity. Although some studies show that the increase in MMP-2 activity enhances collagen synthesis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> most information in the literature indicates the opposite behavior, i.e., the increase in MMP-2 activity promotes the degradation of collagen type I.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Although Mart&#237;nez-Mart&#237;nez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> and Zibadi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> have found that leptin reduced the MMP-2 activity <italic>in vitro</italic> , other studies have shown that leptin increases MMP-2 activity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and our results further support this latest finding. Thus, the elevation of MMP-2 may have been consequent to increased cardiac leptin, because there was a close association between these two variables, although these findings do not necessarily reflect a cause-and-effect relationship. Nevertheless, several studies have reported a direct relation between leptin and MMP-2 activity in cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the fact that increased MMP activity is associated with elevated cardiac leptin, another modifying factor of this enzyme is the behavior of TIMP. The results of the present study showed a decrease in TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein levels in obese animals, which may have influenced the increase of MMP-2, given that there was a significant association between MMP-2 and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. The reduced TIMP-1 may be related to the increase in leptin, as there was a significant association between these variables. This finding is consistent with Schram et al., who found a substantial reduction in TIMP-1 mRNA expression after the elevation of leptin concentrations in cultured cardiac cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the association between collagen type I, leptin, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in the myocardium of obese animals fed an unsaturated high-fat diet. However, further analyses are required to confirm the cause-and-effect relationship.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The findings confirmed the hypothesis that the reduction in collagen type I is associated with increased MMP-2 activity, which is in turn linked to an elevation of leptin in the myocardium of obese rats. This study allowed for evaluation of mediators involved in cardiac remodeling, which can trigger impaired heart function in obesity. The identification of these deleterious factors may enable possible therapeutic targets.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Danielle Cristina Tomaz da Silva-Bertani, from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu under the protocol number 861-2011. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6001">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPESP (2010/14208-4 and 2011/12165-9).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
