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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bphZ7NFc5rkbncbdfwh3fzL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200444</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200444</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca como Indicador de Risco Cardiovascular em Jovens</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife , PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da UFPE Recife , PE - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Breno Quintella Farah &#8226; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n Recife PE 52171-900 - Brasil E-mail: <email>brenofarah@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>59</fpage>
      <lpage>60</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Futebol</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Esportes para Jovens</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio/fun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, que &#233; composto pelos sistemas simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico, desempenha papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es de diversos sistemas do corpo humano, como o sistema cardiovascular. O controle neural do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; diretamente ligado &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e &#224; atividade reflexa barorreceptora, cuja oscila&#231;&#227;o decorre de est&#237;mulos ambientais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Tais est&#237;mulos podem levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por meio do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico, o qual atua na diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de despolariza&#231;&#227;o do n&#243;dulo sinusal pela a&#231;&#227;o da acetilcolina na jun&#231;&#227;o neuroefetora card&#237;aca. Por sua vez, o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico promove uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por meio da libera&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina, que age via liga&#231;&#227;o com os receptores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos, aumentando o ritmo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo sinusal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ou atletas, com sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#237;ntegro, observa-se predomin&#226;ncia da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica em detrimento da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica para o cora&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial, esse padr&#227;o est&#225; invertido, com maior modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e menor modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica sendo observadas, o que caracteriza um quadro de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Isso &#233; particularmente importante, visto que altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e, consequentemente, na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem repercutir diretamente no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, de modo a repercutir em altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial (PA). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Especificamente na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem, estudos tamb&#233;m t&#234;m demonstrado associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e aumento da PA em diversos estudos. Em estudo pr&#233;vio do nosso grupo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> observamos, em uma amostra de 1.152 adolescentes homens (14 a 19 anos de idade), que n&#237;veis elevados de PA est&#227;o diretamente associados a maior modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e menor modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, independentemente do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e estado nutricional que tamb&#233;m afetam a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo &#8220;Hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o prejudica o balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico, mas n&#227;o a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em jovens jogadores de futebol&#8221; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> buscou comparar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO <sub>2max</sub> ) de jovens atletas (saud&#225;veis), separados de acordo com a hist&#243;ria de PA dos seus pais, a fim de investigar a influ&#234;ncia da ascend&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica nesses par&#226;metros. Para tanto, foi conduzido um estudo transversal, no qual 46 jogadores de futebol (18&#177;2 anos) foram separados de acordo com a PA dos seus pais: 1) pai e m&#227;e normotensos; 2) somente pai hipertenso; 3) somente m&#227;e hipertensa; e, 4) pai e m&#227;e hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Um ponto de destaque do estudo &#233; o n&#237;vel controlado de PA dos atletas, bem como a excelente condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. Nesse sentido, nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada entre os atletas na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e no VO <sub>2max</sub> . Por outro lado, os autores encontraram que os atletas cujos pais s&#227;o hipertensos apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, enquanto os atletas com pais normotensos apresentavam sistema auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco &#237;ntegro. A novidade do estudo citado &#233; a sugest&#227;o de que, antes do comprometimento da PA, comum em filhos de hipertensos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> h&#225; a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica com manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mesmo em jovens atletas com bom n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de. Previamente, j&#225; havia sido demonstrado, na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, que filhos de hipertensos apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o havia sido demonstrada a rela&#231;&#227;o com jovens atletas saud&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados sugerem que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca pode ser usada na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular j&#225; em jovens, a fim de adotar condutas preventivas. Dentre as diversas formas de avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, destaca-se a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC), por ser um m&#233;todo simples e n&#227;o invasivo de avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico com base nas oscila&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos entre batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos (intervalos R-R) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> com boa reprodutibilidade intraindiv&#237;duos e inter e intra-avaliador. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para an&#225;lise da VFC, os par&#226;metros podem ser obtidos por meio de m&#233;todos lineares, no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, e m&#233;todos n&#227;o lineares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, dada a quantidade numerosa de par&#226;metros que podem ser avaliados na VFC e a aus&#234;ncia de pontos de cortes universalmente aceitos, o uso da VFC na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica ainda &#233; incipiente, mesmo que, em 1996, uma for&#231;a-tarefa da European Society of Cardiology (ESC) e da North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> buscou padronizar e estabelecer o uso cl&#237;nico dos par&#226;metros da VFC. Especificamente com adolescentes, nosso grupo4 e outros <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> descreveram valores de refer&#234;ncia em amostras representativas da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral de adolescentes, bem como o estabelecimento de ponto de corte para os par&#226;metros lineares da VFC na identifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> facilitando assim o uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, fica evidente a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, dada a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovasculares at&#233; mesmo em amostra saud&#225;vel. O estudo &#8220;Hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o prejudica o balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico, mas n&#227;o a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em jovens jogadores de futebol&#8221;8 refor&#231;a esse achado. No entanto, sendo um estudo transversal com amostra pequena, obviamente, apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. Assim, futuros estudos podem considerar ampliar essa investiga&#231;&#227;o aumentando o n&#250;mero de atletas na amostra, inclusive do sexo feminino.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Hist&#243;ria Familiar de Hipertens&#227;o Prejudica o Balan&#231;o Auton&#244;mico, mas n&#227;o a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Jovens Jogadores de Futebol</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Rate Variability as an Indicator of Cardiovascular Risk in Young Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da UFPE, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Addresss:</bold> Breno Quintella Farah &#8226; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n. Postal Code 52171-900, Recife, PE - Brazil E-mail: brenofarah@hotmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heredity / genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Soccer</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Youth Sports</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelial / function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The autonomic nervous system, which consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, plays an important role in regulating the functions of several systems in the human body, such as the cardiovascular system. Neural control of the heart is directly related to changes in heart rate and baroreceptor reflex activity, of which oscillation results from environmental stimuli.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> These stimuli can lead to heart rate reduction through the parasympathetic nervous system, by decreasing the frequency of sinus node depolarization through the effect of acetylcholine on the cardiac neuroeffector junction. In turn, the sympathetic nervous system promotes an increase in heart rate through the norepinephrine release, which acts through the connection with &#946;-adrenergic receptors, increasing the depolarization rate of the sinus pacemaker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Healthy individuals or athletes, with an intact autonomic nervous system, show a predominance of parasympathetic modulation to the detriment of sympathetic modulation to the heart. On the other hand, in individuals with cardiovascular diseases, such as arterial hypertension, this pattern is reversed, with greater sympathetic modulation and less parasympathetic modulation being observed, which characterizes a picture of cardiac autonomic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This is particularly important, considering that changes in cardiac autonomic modulation and, consequently, in heart rate, can have a direct impact on cardiac output, which can result in BP changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Specifically in the young population, several studies have also shown an association between cardiac autonomic dysfunction and increased BP. In a previous study by our group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> we observed, in a sample of 1152 male adolescents (aged 14 to 19 years), that high BP levels are directly associated with greater sympathetic modulation and less cardiac parasympathetic modulation, irrespective of the level of physical activity and the nutritional status, which also affect cardiac autonomic modulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study &#8220;Family History of Hypertension Impairs the Autonomic Balance, but not the Endothelial Function, in Young Soccer Players&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> sought to compare autonomic modulation, endothelial function and maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>) in young (healthy) athletes, divided according to their parents&#8217; blood pressure (BP) history, aiming to investigate the influence of genetic inheritance on these parameters. For that purpose, a cross-sectional study was carried out, in which 46 soccer players (18 &#177; 2 years old) were divided according to their parents&#8217; BP levels: 1) normotensive father and mother; 2) hypertensive father only; 3) hypertensive mother only; and, 4) hypertensive father and mother. One of the highlights of the study is the athletes&#8217; BP control, as well as their excellent health status. In this sense, no difference was found among the athletes regarding endothelial function and VO<sub>2max</sub>. On the other hand, the authors found that athletes whose parents are hypertensive had autonomic dysfunction, while athletes with normotensive parents had an intact cardiac autonomic system.</p>
      <p>The novelty of the aforementioned study is the suggestion that before the BP impairment, common in children of hypertensive patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> there is autonomic dysfunction with maintenance of endothelial function even in young athletes with good health status. It had been previously shown in the general population that children of hypertensive patients have cardiac autonomic dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> but the association with healthy young athletes had not been demonstrated.</p>
      <p>These results suggest that the cardiac autonomic modulation evaluation can be used to assess cardiovascular risk in young individuals, aiming at establishing preventive measures. Among the different ways of assessing cardiac autonomic modulation, heart rate variability (HRV) stands out, because it is a simple and non-invasive method of assessing the autonomic nervous system based on oscillations in the intervals between consecutive heartbeats (RR-intervals)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> with good intra-individual, and inter- and intra-evaluator reproducibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> For HRV analysis, the parameters can be obtained using linear methods, in the time and frequency domain, as well as non-linear methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, given the many parameters that can be evaluated in HRV and the lack of universally accepted cutoff points, the use of HRV in clinical practice is still incipient, even though, in 1996, a task force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> sought to standardize and establish the clinical use of HRV parameters. Specifically with adolescents, our group<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and others<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> described reference values in representative samples of the general adolescent population, as well as the establishment of a cutoff point for the HRV linear parameters in the identification of cardiovascular risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> thus facilitating the use in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>That said, the importance of assessing cardiac autonomic modulation is evident, given its association with cardiovascular risk factors even in a healthy sample. The study &#8220;Family History of Hypertension Impairs the Autonomic Balance, but not the Endothelial Function, in Young Soccer Players&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> reinforces this finding. However, being a cross-sectional study with a small sample, it obviously has some limitations. Thus, further studies may consider expanding this investigation by increasing the number of athletes in the sample, including female ones.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Family History of Hypertension Impairs the Autonomic Balance, but not the Endothelial Function, in Young Soccer Players</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
