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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">JfyJ7d7jzPnDFbvPHRpTybQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800052</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180441</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180441</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hist&#243;ria Familiar de Hipertens&#227;o Prejudica o Balan&#231;o Auton&#244;mico, mas n&#227;o a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Jovens Jogadores de Futebol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1190-2523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Walter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rigatto</surname>
            <given-names>Katya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Walter Vargas. Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - Sarmento Leite, 245. CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>walter.efi@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e : Vargas W, Rigatto K; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rigatto K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>52</fpage>
      <lpage>58</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o (HFH) &#233; um fator de risco consistente para diversas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas que s&#227;o acompanhadas por hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (VMF), ambas relacionadas ao consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2max), s&#227;o geralmente prejudicadas durante a hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Comparar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (FE) e o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2max</sub>) de jovens atletas, separados de acordo com a hist&#243;ria de press&#227;o arterial (PA) dos seus pais, a fim de investigar a influ&#234;ncia da ascend&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica nesses par&#226;metros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Quarenta e seis jovens jogadores de futebol do sexo masculino (18&#177;2 anos) foram divididos em quatro grupos: 1- pai e m&#227;e normotensos (FM-N); 2- apenas pai hipertenso (F-H); 3- apenas m&#227;e hipertensa (M-H); 4- pai e m&#227;e hipertensos (FM-H). Foram realizadas medi&#231;&#245;es da PA, VMF, VFC e do VO<sub>2max</sub>. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais (SDNN; FM-N=314&#177;185; FM-H=182,4&#177; 57,8), a raiz quadrada das m&#233;dias quadr&#225;ticas das diferen&#231;as dos intervalos R-R sucessivos (RMSSD; FM-N=248&#177;134; FM-H=87&#177;51), o n&#250;mero de diferen&#231;as entre intervalos NN sucessivos maiores que 50 ms (NN50; FM-N=367&#177;83,4; FM-H=229&#177;55), a propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs (pNN50; FM-N=32,4&#177;6,2; FM-H=21,1&#177;5,3) e os componentes de alta (HF; FM-N=49&#177;8,9; FM-H=35,3&#177;12) e baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF; FM-N=50,9&#177;8,9; FM-H=64,6&#177;12), em unidades normalizadas (%), foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo FM-H do que no grupo FM-N (p&lt;0,05). Por outro lado, a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF (ms2) foi significativamente maior (p&lt;0,05). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas no VO2max e na VMF entre os grupos (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em jovens jogadores de futebol do sexo masculino, a HFH desempenha um papel potencialmente importante no comprometimento do balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico, principalmente quando ambos os pais s&#227;o hipertensos, mas n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es no VO<sub>2max</sub> e na VMF. Nesse caso, h&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no controle simpatovagal, que parece preceder o dano endotelial. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):52-58)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Futebol</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Esportes para Jovens</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio/fun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares constituem a principal causa de morte no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares &#233; cont&#237;nuo e independe de outros fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As &#250;ltimas diretrizes para o manejo da hipertens&#227;o arterial estabelecem que os valores desej&#225;veis de PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) s&#227;o &lt;120 e 80 mmHg, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os eventos cardiovasculares, tais como morte s&#250;bita coron&#225;ria, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral podem facilmente ocorrer com press&#245;es abaixo de 139/89mmHg, um limite considerado normal para a PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Este fato indica a import&#226;ncia de manter a PA em valores mais baixos.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, a hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o surge como um importante preditor de risco a ser considerado para criar estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o. De fato, as diretrizes profissionais j&#225; incluem a hist&#243;ria gen&#233;tica familiar na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos riscos &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a varia&#231;&#227;o de 66% na PAS e 60% na PAD se deve &#224; ascend&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dados da literatura t&#234;m mostrado que os indiv&#237;duos normotensos com hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o apresentam diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o parassint&#233;tica card&#237;aca, bem como variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC). Esses achados s&#227;o acompanhados por desequil&#237;brio simpatovagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, tem-se postulado que esse desequil&#237;brio est&#225; associado ao aumento da participa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, que poderia ser utilizada como um marcador para o monitoramento do sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica ajuda a prevenir o risco de morte prematura, at&#233; mesmo em jovens adultos n&#227;o obesos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e deve ser considerada como um objetivo de tratamento de doen&#231;as do sistema cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Contudo, em jovens indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, h&#225; fortes ind&#237;cios de que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da atividade parassimp&#225;tica est&#225; associada ao aumento do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2max</sub>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> isto &#233;, existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica e a capacidade funcional do sistema cardiovascular. H&#225; ainda um consenso sobre uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre o VO<sub>2max</sub> e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (FE) arterial, uma vez que eles s&#227;o vari&#225;veis dependentes entre si.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, dados do nosso laborat&#243;rio demonstraram que uma diferen&#231;a de 10 mmHg na PA m&#233;dia, em grupos normotensos de jovens jogadores de futebol, &#233; suficiente para alterar o balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico, sem altera&#231;&#245;es no VO<sub>2max</sub> e na FE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel concluir se a PA ou o balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico constituem uma causa ou uma consequ&#234;ncia, esse resultado indica que a altera&#231;&#227;o no balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico provavelmente precede altera&#231;&#245;es no VO<sub>2max</sub> ou na FE.</p>
      <p>Desse modo, nosso estudo foi elaborado para comparar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, a FE, e o VO<sub>2max</sub> de jovens atletas, separados de acordo com a hist&#243;ria familiar da PA dos seus pais. O objetivo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da ascend&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica naqueles par&#226;metros, e se os atletas normotensos apresentariam diferen&#231;as de controle do sistema cardiovascular que poderiam comprometer o seu desempenho. Adicionalmente, nosso prop&#243;sito &#233; chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o para a import&#226;ncia de se prevenir as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e descobrir qual sistema &#233; o primeiro a ser afetado nos indiv&#237;duos normotensos com uma hist&#243;ria familiar associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) aprovou o estudo (CEP/UFCSPA n&#250;mero de protocolo 562.572). O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com um grau de confian&#231;a de 95%, aplicando um erro de medida tolerado estimado em 5% sobre a m&#233;dia do desvio-padr&#227;o vari&#225;vel dos intervalos RR normais (SDNN) de estudo anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Desse modo, para realizar este projeto de pesquisa, seria necess&#225;rio um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 39 participantes. Levando-se em conta a possibilidade de perdas e desist&#234;ncias em torno de 20% do n&#250;mero da amostra, 46 indiv&#237;duos foram convidados a participar.</p>
      <p>Quarenta e seis jovens jogadores de futebol (18&#177;2 anos) foram submetidos a: medi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas e da press&#227;o arterial, avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico e da FE, testes de esfor&#231;o. Todos os jogadores tinham ao menos dois anos de treinamento pr&#233;vio espec&#237;fico de futebol e moravam nas acomoda&#231;&#245;es do clube para evitar diferen&#231;as significativas no estilo de vida. Al&#233;m disso, todas as refei&#231;&#245;es eram fornecidas de modo a garantir uma dieta e consumo de nutrientes semelhantes.</p>
      <p>Antes da coleta de dados, os atletas receberam informa&#231;&#245;es completas sobre os testes a serem realizados e deram consentimento informado por escrito para participar. Os dados foram coletados durante a pr&#233;-temporada de futebol, quando os atletas estavam treinando, mas n&#227;o participando de uma competi&#231;&#227;o. Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram feitas &#224;s ter&#231;as-feiras, antes do treinamento, respeitando o repouso dos atletas. Os atletas treinavam aos domingos, descansavam &#224;s segundas-feiras, e voltavam para o treinamento &#224;s ter&#231;as-feiras. Para evitar enviesamento na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, todas as coletas foram realizadas antes de os indiv&#237;duos serem alocados nos grupos.</p>
      <p>Os atletas receberam instru&#231;&#227;o para comparecerem ao Laborat&#243;rio de Fisioterapia/UFCSPA, &#224;s sete horas da manh&#227;, em jejum. A PA e a FC foram medidas, seguidas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da FE na art&#233;ria braquial. Para evitar excesso de medi&#231;&#245;es em um &#250;nico dia, os dados antropom&#233;tricos (altura, peso, idade, taxa de gordura corporal, e hor&#225;rio de treinamento) e o VO<sub>2max</sub> foram coletados uma semana depois. Os atletas foram separados de acordo com a sua hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o: 1- pai e m&#227;e normotensos (FM-N), com 14 atletas; 2- apenas pai hipertenso (F-H), com 11 atletas; 3- apenas m&#227;e hipertensa (M-H), com 10 atletas; e 4- pai e m&#227;e hipertensos (FM-H), com 11 atletas. Seguindo as diretrizes para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> a PA dos atletas foi medida, bem como a de seus pais. O <italic>status</italic> de hipertenso dos pais dos atletas foi definido a partir do diagn&#243;stico realizado previamente por um m&#233;dico. Desses, 53,3% estavam tomando medica&#231;&#227;o para hipertens&#227;o e 3,3% n&#227;o estavam sob tratamento algum. Os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es nos valores da PA foram aconselhados a procurar atendimento m&#233;dico.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>Os atletas foram mantidos em ambiente calmo por pelo menos 5 minutos antes das medi&#231;&#245;es da PA. Foi utilizado um m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, com os p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o, bra&#231;o direito apoiado ao n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o e o manguito cobrindo pelo menos 80% da parte superior do bra&#231;o. Para confirmar os dados, as medi&#231;&#245;es da PA foram repetidas pelo menos duas vezes, com intervalo de 2 minutos. Quando uma diferen&#231;a de mais de 6 mmHg era detectada em duas medi&#231;&#245;es sucessivas, as medi&#231;&#245;es eram repetidas at&#233; que a diferen&#231;a fosse inferior a 4 mmHg. Para cada atleta, uma m&#233;dia de duas medi&#231;&#245;es foi utilizada para obter a PAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Polar modelo RS800CX, Polar Electro Oy Inc., Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia) foi utilizado para coletar os dados da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, (FC) com uma frequ&#234;ncia amostral de 1000 Hz. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da VFC, os atletas foram orientados a permanecerem deitados em sil&#234;ncio em uma maca na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Ap&#243;s 10 minutos, ainda na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, a FC foi registrada durante 10 minutos e, em seguida, por mais 10 minutos com o atleta na posi&#231;&#227;o de p&#233; em frente &#224; maca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O sinal foi automaticamente armazenado em intervalo RR e analisado pelo <italic>software</italic> Kubios HRV, vers&#227;o 2.0 (University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland). A frequ&#234;ncia de amostragem foi fixada a 1.000 Hz para fornecer uma resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 1ms para cada intervalo RR, para o desvio padr&#227;o de intervalos RR normais (SDNN, ms), para a raiz m&#233;dia quadr&#225;tica das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais sucessivos (RMSSD, ms), para o n&#250;mero de pares de intervalos NNs sucessivos que se diferiam em mais de 50 ms (NN50, ms), e para a propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs (pNN50; ms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para determinar a VFC, foi utilizado um modelo auto regressivo, com base na pot&#234;ncia espectral integrada em duas faixas de frequ&#234;ncia: (i) frequ&#234;ncias altas (HF) entre 0,15 e 0,4 Hz; e (ii) frequ&#234;ncias baixas (LF) entre 0,03 e 0,15 Hz. Os resultados foram expressos em valores absolutos (HFa and LFa, ms<sup>2</sup>) e seus respectivos percentuais (HFnu e LFnu, %). A rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>) foi calculada de acordo com a LFa e a HFa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esta metodologia j&#225; havia sido reproduzida anteriormente em jogadores de futebol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</title>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada de modo n&#227;o-invasivo, atrav&#233;s de ultrassonografia da art&#233;ria braquial (GE, Ultrassonografia Vivid IQ, Israel) e ultrassom com Doppler, utilizando um instrumento equipado com transdutor linear de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, com frequ&#234;ncias de 7-12-MHz (L12-3, GE Medical Systems, Israel). A ultrassonografia foi realizada em um ambiente calmo e com temperatura controlada. Em repouso, o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial esquerda foi medido atrav&#233;s de imagens de ultrassom no modo B para detectar a hiperemia reativa. Antes de inflar o manguito, foi realizada uma varredura em repouso. Ap&#243;s a medi&#231;&#227;o em repouso, o manguito foi inflado at&#233; 50 mmHg acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), para ocluir o fluxo arterial por um per&#237;odo de cinco minutos. Este procedimento causa isquemia seguida de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o devido a mecanismos autorreguladores. Ap&#243;s a defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito, uma segunda varredura cont&#237;nua foi registrada de 30&#8211;120 segundos. O mesmo m&#233;dico ultrassonografista experiente realizou e avaliou todas as varreduras feitas por ultrassom, sem conhecer a hist&#243;ria gen&#233;tica de cada atleta. Em uma posi&#231;&#227;o fixa, o di&#226;metro do vaso foi medido &#8220;off line&#8221; com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um caliper na fase final da di&#225;stole, e coincidente com a onda R no eletrocardiograma, que estava gravando continuamente. Ap&#243;s um intervalo de 10 segundos, e durante o per&#237;odo de 30&#8211;180 segundos, a dilata&#231;&#227;o foi obtida pela diferen&#231;a do valor basal. Ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do manguito do esfigmoman&#244;metro, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (VMF, %) indica o aumento no fluxo sangu&#237;neo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio</title>
        <p>O Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test n&#237;vel 1 (Yo-Yo IRT1) foi utilizado para inferir o VO<sub>2max</sub>. Os atletas fizeram corridas de 2 x 20 metros, com velocidades crescentes, intercaladas com um per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa de 10 segundos. O teste foi controlado por sinais de &#225;udio de um CD player e terminava quando o atleta n&#227;o conseguia mais manter a velocidade para o teste. A dist&#226;ncia percorrida naquele ponto era o resultado do teste, como descrito por Bangsbo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A medi&#231;&#227;o indireta do VO2max foi calculada da seguinte forma:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:msub>
              <mml:mi>VO</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                <mml:mi>max</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:msub>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>ml</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>kg</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>IR</mml:mi>
            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>dist&#226;ncia</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mi>metros</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>0084</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>36</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
            <mml:msup>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>14</mml:mn>
            </mml:msup>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> SPSS, vers&#227;o 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). A normalidade e a igualdade dos dados foram avaliadas pelo Teste de Shapiro-Wilk e Teste de Levene. Os resultados dos dados param&#233;tricos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e os resultados dos dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram descritos como mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica inferencial, a ANOVA de uma via foi utilizada para comparar os grupos, seguida do Teste post hoc de Tukey (quando dados param&#233;tricos foram avaliados). O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (quando dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram avaliados), e o Teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para verificar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 foi adotado para todos os testes.</p>
        <p>Para detectar uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima de 30% entre os grupos, com uma probabilidade m&#237;nima de cometer um erro do tipo I de 5% (&#945; = 0,05), e uma probabilidade de erro do tipo II de 20% (&#946; = 0,2), o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de indiv&#237;duos para cada grupo foi estimado em 10, tendo como base estudo preliminar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Medi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas, da PAS, da PAD, do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e da PA dos pais</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade (17,65&#177;0,7 anos), peso (69.25&#177;3.6 kg), e altura (175,2&#177;5,7 cm). Al&#233;m disso, o VO<sub>2max</sub> (ml/min/kg) indicou que o condicionamento f&#237;sico era semelhante entre os grupos, e a PAS e a PAD (mmHg) n&#227;o diferiram entre eles ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial, de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es e classifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> 15,3% dos atletas (n = 7) apresentaram PA &#243;tima (PA&lt;120 e 80mmHg), 39,1% (n = 18) PA normal (PA = 120-129 e/ou 80-84mmHg), e 45,6% (n = 21) PA normal alta/lim&#237;trofe (PA = 130-139 e/ou 85-89 mmHg).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>FM-N (n=14)</th>
                <th>F-H (n=11)</th>
                <th>M-H (n=10)</th>
                <th>FM-H (n=11)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">124 (117-132)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (114-134)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (111-139)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (120-139)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">72 (60-84)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (65-83)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (67-89)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (60-89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VO</bold>
                  <sub>
                    <bold>2max</bold>
                  </sub>
                  <bold>(ml/kg/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">53,5&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">52,3&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">53,4&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center">51,4&#177;1,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VO<sub>2max</sub>.: volume m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. Os valores da press&#227;o arterial correspondem &#224; m&#233;dia (intervalo de confian&#231;a) e os valores de VO<sub>2max</sub> s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a PA dos pais. As press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica dos pais foram maiores no grupo de hipertensos quando comparadas com as do grupo de normotensos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica dos pais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">FM-N (n=14)</th>
                <th colspan="2">F-H (n=11)</th>
                <th colspan="2">M-H (n=10)</th>
                <th colspan="2">FM-H (n=11)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="9" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Pai</th>
                <th>M&#227;e</th>
                <th>Pai</th>
                <th>M&#227;e</th>
                <th>Pai</th>
                <th>M&#227;e</th>
                <th>Pai</th>
                <th>M&#227;e</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">129 (120-188)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (120-130)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (130-177)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (120-127)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (120-127)</td>
                <td align="center">158 (143-184)</td>
                <td align="center">154 (130-193)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (130-184)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86 (75-105)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (77-90)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (85-110)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (77-88)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (80-89)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (80-120)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (85-110)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (80-120)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Os valores correspondem &#224; m&#233;dia (inrervalo de confian&#231;a).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Medi&#231;&#245;es da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo e no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia em repouso</p>
      <p>A VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo, observada no estudo, foi significativamente mais baixa no grupo FM-H em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo FM-N ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). A an&#225;lise espectral, pelo m&#233;todo no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (HFnu), foi significativamente mais baixa no grupo FM-H em rela&#231;&#227;o ao FM-N, ao passo que os valores de LFnu e a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF apresentaram-se significativamente maiores no grupo FM-H do que no grupo FM-N ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo e no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia em repouso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>FM-N (n=14)</th>
                <th>F-H (n=11)</th>
                <th>M-H (n=10)</th>
                <th>FM-H (n=11)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RMSSD (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">210,2 (229)</td>
                <td align="center">179,1 (187,9)</td>
                <td align="center">125,2 (164,2)</td>
                <td align="center">82,2 (65)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Contagem NN50</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">356&#177;82</td>
                <td align="center">260&#177;50</td>
                <td align="center">296&#177;81,3</td>
                <td align="center">218,8&#177;44*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>pNN50 (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">31,5&#177;6,4</td>
                <td align="center">23,6&#177;3,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,8&#177;6,3</td>
                <td align="center">20,2&#177;4,5*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice triangular da VFC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,6&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">21,9&#177;6,1</td>
                <td align="center">20,8&#177;7,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,2&#177;2,5*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SDNN (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">256 (145)</td>
                <td align="center">211,1 (123,1)</td>
                <td align="center">185,3 (84,3)</td>
                <td align="center">162,4 (92,7)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HFa (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15935 (31705,1)</td>
                <td align="center">13822,5 (22099,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3421 (24564,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3025,1 (15568,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HFnu (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">48,6&#177;8,6</td>
                <td align="center">40,3&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">38,4&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">33,8&#177;11,2*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LFa (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">13654 (54544,1)</td>
                <td align="center">11575,2 (53678,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2591,8 (9127,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3173,4 (13163,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LFnu (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51,4&#177;8,6</td>
                <td align="center">59,7&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">61,6&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">66,2&#177;11,2*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LF/HF (ms2)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1(0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (1,3)*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP para dados param&#233;tricos, ou mediana (intervalo interquartil) para dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. *Um valor de P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante quando comparado com o grupo FM-N. RMSSD: raiz quadrada das m&#233;dias quadr&#225;ticas das diferen&#231;as dos intervalos R-R sucessivos (ms); NN50: n&#250;mero de intervalos NNs sucessivos que diferem em mais de 50 ms; pNN50: propor&#231;&#227;o de NN 50 dividido pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de intervalos RR normais; HFa: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia absoluto; nu: unidades normalizadas; LFa: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia absoluto; LF/HF: rela&#231;&#227;o entre componentes de baixa e alta frequ&#234;ncia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>LF/HF= Rela&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes de baixa e alta frequ&#234;ncia, isto &#233;, o balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico dos grupos FM-N, F-H, M-H e FM-H. *Diferen&#231;a entre os grupos FM-H e FM-N (p&lt;0,005).</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0052-80441-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos FMD ou no di&#226;metro basal da art&#233;ria braquial ap&#243;s a hiperemia reativa, antes ou depois da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por nitroglicerina ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ; p&gt;0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da art&#233;ria braquial dos atletas na posi&#231;&#227;o supina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>FM-N (n=14)</th>
                  <th>F-H (n=11)</th>
                  <th>M-H (n=10)</th>
                  <th>FM-H (n=11)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>B-DIA (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,355&#177;0,043</td>
                  <td align="center">0,364&#177;0,035</td>
                  <td align="center">0,344&#177;0,041</td>
                  <td align="center">0,383&#177;0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RH-DIA (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,387&#177;0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">0,387&#177;0,028</td>
                  <td align="center">0,366&#177;0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">0,402&#177;0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VMF (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9,323&#177;3,028</td>
                  <td align="center">6,745&#177;1,263</td>
                  <td align="center">6,261&#177;1,726</td>
                  <td align="center">5,097&#177;3,157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Antes da NTG. (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,368&#177;0,044</td>
                  <td align="center">0,363&#177;0,032</td>
                  <td align="center">0,352&#177;0,043</td>
                  <td align="center">0,387&#177;0,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ap&#243;s a NTG. (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,431&#177;0,039</td>
                  <td align="center">0,431&#177;0,036</td>
                  <td align="center">0,419&#177;0,041</td>
                  <td align="center">0,453&#177;0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NTG (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17,639&#177;7,086</td>
                  <td align="center">18,920&#177;3,991</td>
                  <td align="center">19,472&#177;6,456</td>
                  <td align="center">17,678&#177;7,503</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>B-DIA: di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial basal; VMF: vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo; NTG: di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial com nitroglicerina; RH-DIA: di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial com a hiperemia reativa. Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos VMF, PAS, PAD ou VO<sub>2max</sub>. Dessa forma, nossos resultados sugerem que as diferen&#231;as encontradas na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular entre os grupos FM-N e FM-H s&#227;o decorrentes da hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o dos atletas, independentemente das outras vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
      <p>De acordo com dados da literatura, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o parece atingir cerca de 30% a 45% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No nosso estudo, encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia de 53,3% para os pais dos atletas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela1</xref> ), valores acima da m&#233;dia mundial. Acreditamos que fatores socioecon&#244;micos possam explicar a diferen&#231;a encontrada na nossa amostra.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados fornecem, pela primeira vez, evid&#234;ncias de que a hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o pode ser crucial para o desequil&#237;brio progressivo da regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em jovens atletas com PA normal. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a mostrar um poss&#237;vel comprometimento precoce da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica no processo de hipertens&#227;o. Solanki et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> examinaram testes de fun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica em jovens n&#227;o atletas do sexo masculino relacionados &#224; obesidade, PA e hipertens&#227;o familiar. Os resultados mostraram que a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca &#233; alterada em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o. Altera&#231;&#245;es no desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico em decorr&#234;ncia do aumento do t&#243;nus simp&#225;tico foram mais acentuadas nos indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o. Esses achados corroboram os nossos resultados, e tamb&#233;m enfatizam a import&#226;ncia do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, que contrariou o desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico, dando lugar &#224; FE normal em todos os indiv&#237;duos, independentemente do grupo experimental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Pelo menos em parte, &#233; razo&#225;vel acreditar que nossos resultados indicam que a primeira altera&#231;&#227;o no processo hipertensivo atinge os sistemas simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico. Essas conclus&#245;es est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com Vargas et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> que tamb&#233;m demonstraram que, em atletas, um pequeno aumento na PA acarreta altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, sem com isso alterar a FE ou o VO<sub>2max</sub>.</p>
      <p>Levando-se em conta que a regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica pode ser avaliada por meio de uma abordagem n&#227;o-invasiva para examinar a VFC nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> seria &#250;til detectar o seu comprometimento e fornecer aos m&#233;dicos dados para avaliarem a efic&#225;cia do tratamento ou, at&#233; mesmo, prevenir doen&#231;as. Apesar do enorme impacto da diminui&#231;&#227;o da VFC sobre o risco cardiovascular, n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma pesquisa na literatura mostrando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o e esses par&#226;metros em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Acreditamos que nossos resultados podem chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o para um m&#233;todo simples, de baixo custo e que pode apresentar dados associados a um risco cardiovascular significativo, como a VFC. Isso contribuir&#225; n&#227;o apenas para prevenir a hipertens&#227;o em sujeitos que est&#227;o em risco gen&#233;tico, mas tamb&#233;m abrir uma nova possibilidade de monitoramento de pacientes hipertensos.</p>
      <p>No nosso estudo, o grupo FM-H apresentou &#237;ndices LFnu e rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF mais elevados quando comparado com o grupo FM-N. Ademais, no grupo FM-H, o HFnu, no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, e os &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50 e triangular da VFC, no dom&#237;nio do tempo, foram significativamente menores do que aqueles observados no grupo FM-N. Esses resultados indicam que a hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o &#233; acompanhada por um aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e por uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, independentemente da PA normal dos jogadores de futebol.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, Tozawa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> buscaram determinar se a hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o estaria quantitativamente associada &#224; preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o na coorte rastreada. Conclu&#237;ram que o n&#250;mero crescente de membros da fam&#237;lia com hipertens&#227;o tem uma correla&#231;&#227;o com um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de PA mais elevada, independentemente dos fatores de risco convencionais para a hipertens&#227;o. Esses achados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com os nossos, uma vez que tamb&#233;m encontramos uma diferen&#231;a significativa na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica apenas quando ambos os pais eram hipertensos, o que enfatiza a import&#226;ncia dos antecedentes gen&#233;ticos para a VFC, que &#233; um preditor de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o restam d&#250;vidas de que a atividade f&#237;sica est&#225; associada a efeitos ben&#233;ficos para a PA. Porque o exerc&#237;cio &#233; um m&#233;todo saud&#225;vel de controle das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> decidimos estudar apenas atletas. Nossos resultados corroboram a import&#226;ncia dos antecedentes gen&#233;ticos. Atletas jovens e saud&#225;veis, que tinham pai ou m&#227;e hipertensos, apresentaram um aumento significativo da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF, bem como uma redu&#231;&#227;o na VFC.</p>
      <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m evid&#234;ncias consistentes demonstrando que a melhora da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica est&#225; associada ao aumento no VO<sub>2max</sub> em indiv&#237;duos jovens saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Entretanto, no presente estudo, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as no VO<sub>2max</sub>, PA e FE na compara&#231;&#227;o de todos os grupos. Isso provavelmente se deve ao fato de que, por serem compostos de jovens atletas, com dieta e consumo de nutrientes semelhantes, nossos grupos tiveram um desempenho f&#237;sico elevado, o que atenuou as diferen&#231;as.</p>
      <p>No entanto, observamos uma diferen&#231;a significativa na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca entre os grupos FM-H e FM-N, mas n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa no VO<sub>2max</sub> e na FE, o que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, manteve a PA dentro de valores normais, apesar da hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com Lucini et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> nossos resultados demonstraram que as altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas possivelmente precedem a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Foi observado que, nos indiv&#237;duos com valores de press&#227;o arterial enquadrados na faixa normal lim&#237;trofe, houve comprometimento da VFC. Os autores tamb&#233;m relataram que essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem sugerir que um dist&#250;rbio na regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica anteceda o estado hipertenso,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> como observado na hipertens&#227;o neurog&#234;nica.</p>
      <p>Um ponto de cr&#237;tica ao nosso m&#233;todo &#233; o fato de que n&#243;s n&#227;o separamos os grupos de acordo com o tipo de hipertens&#227;o dos pais. Por outro lado, sabemos que a probabilidade de haver apenas pais com hipertens&#227;o neurog&#234;nica no grupo FM-H &#233; muito baixa. Desse modo, &#233; razo&#225;vel acreditar que, apesar da causa de hipertens&#227;o, a FE foi preservada.</p>
      <p>Conforme nossos resultados demonstraram, refor&#231;ados por estudos pr&#233;vios que tamb&#233;m buscaram respostas sobre o in&#237;cio do processo de hipertens&#227;o arterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> parece que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica precede a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Desse modo, a descoberta de um tratamento para o desequil&#237;brio simpatovagal e redu&#231;&#227;o o risco cardiovascular representa um desafio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar de o nosso estudo apresentar limita&#231;&#245;es devido ao reduzido tamanho da amostra, ele sugere que a VFC, no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, pode fornecer um desfecho funcional &#250;til para avaliar mais precocemente o controle do sistema cardiovascular. Esse benef&#237;cio se aplica a jovens saud&#225;veis, como jovens jogadores de futebol e, acima de tudo, a pessoas sedent&#225;rias em risco. Fazer atividade f&#237;sica, mais do que tratar a hipertens&#227;o arterial lim&#237;trofe, representa uma alternativa para prevenir o aumento da PA por meio de estrat&#233;gias que se ocupam dos mecanismos atrav&#233;s dos quais a PA normal, no fim das contas, vem a se tornar hipertens&#227;o. Entretanto, outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essas conclus&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Walter Oliveira de Vargas pela Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Family History of Hypertension Impairs the Autonomic Balance, but not the Endothelial Function, in Young Soccer Players</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1190-2523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Walter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rigatto</surname>
            <given-names>Katya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Walter Vargas Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - Sarmento Leite, 245. Postal Code 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: walter.efi@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vargas W, Rigatto K; Acquisition of data: Rigatto K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The family history of hypertension (FHH) imposes consistent risk for diverse chronic diseases that are accompanied by hypertension. Furthermore, the heart rate variability (HRV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) are both related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2max</sub>), and are usually impaired during hypertension</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To compare the autonomic modulation, the endothelial function (EF) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2max</sub>) of young athletes, separated according to their parents&#8217; blood pressure (BP) history, in order to study the influence of their genetic background on those parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 46 young male soccer players (18&#177;2 years of age) were divided into four groups: 1-normotensive father and mother (FM-N); 2-only father was hypertensive (F-H); 3-only mother was hypertensive (M-H); 4-father and mother were hypertensive (FM-H). Measurements of BP, FMD, HRV and VO<sub>2max</sub>were performed. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN; FM-N=314&#177;185; FM-H=182.4&#177; 57.8), the square root of the mean squared differences in successive RR intervals (RMSSD; FM-N=248&#177;134; FM-H=87&#177;51), the number of interval differences of successive NN intervals greater than 50ms (NN50; FM-N=367&#177;83.4; FM-H=229&#177;55), the ratio derived by dividing NN50 by the total number of NN intervals (pNN50; FM-N=32.4&#177;6.2; FM-H=21.1&#177;5.3) and the high (HF; FM-N=49&#177;8.9; FM-H=35.3&#177;12) and low-frequency (LF; FM-N=50.9&#177;8.9; FM-H=64.6&#177;12) components, in normalized units (%), were significantly lower in the FM-H group than in the FM-N group (p&lt;0.05). On the other hand, the LF/HF ratio (ms<sup>2</sup>) was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05). We found no significant difference between the groups in VO<sub>2max</sub>and FMD (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>In young male soccer players, the FHH plays a potentially role in autonomic balance impairment, especially when both parents are hypertensive, but present no changes in VO<sub>2max</sub>and FMD. In this case, there is a decrease in the sympathetic-vagal control, which seems to precede the endothelial damage (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):52-58)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heredity/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Soccer</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Youth Sports</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium/function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The correlation between blood pressure (BP) and the risk of cardiovascular events is continuous and independent of other risk factors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . The latest Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension established that the optimal values of systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) are &lt;120 and 80 mmHg, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cardiovascular events, such as sudden coronary death, myocardial infarction and stroke might easily occur at pressure even below 139/89mmHg, a threshold considered as normal BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This fact indicates the importance of keeping the BP at lower values.</p>
        <p>In this context, family history of hypertension emerges as an important predictor of risk to be considered in creating prevention strategies. In fact, professional guidelines for health risk assessment already include the genetic family history.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evidence suggests that the variation of 66% in SBP and 60% in DPB are due to genetic background.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Data from the literature have shown that normotensive subjects with a family history of hypertension have lower cardiac parasympathetic modulation and also heart rate variability (HRV). These findings are accompanied by sympathovagal imbalance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Moreover, it has been postulated that this imbalance is associated to increased sympathetic participation, which could be used as a marker for monitoring the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A decrease in sympathetic modulation helps preventing the risk of premature death, even in non-obese young adults,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and should be a goal for treating cardiovascular system diseases.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, in healthy young subjects, there is consistent evidence that enhanced parasympathetic activity is associated with an increase in maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2max</sub>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> i.e., there is a relationship between the parasympathetic modulation and the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system. There is also a consensus that there is a strong relationship between VO<sub>2max</sub>and arterial endothelial function (EF), since they are dependent variables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, data from our laboratory have shown, in a normotensive group of young soccer players, that a difference of 10 mmHg in mean BP is enough to change the autonomic balance, without changing VO<sub>2max</sub>and EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Although it is not possible to conclude whether BP or autonomic balance is the cause or the consequence, this result indicates that the alteration in autonomic balance probably precedes the VO<sub>2max</sub>or EF changes.</p>
        <p>Thus, our study was designed to compare the autonomic modulation, the EF, and the VO<sub>2max</sub>of young athletes grouped according to the parents&#8217; BP history. The objective was to access the influence of the genetic background in those parameters, and whether normotensive athletes would present differences in the cardiovascular system control that could compromise their performance. Additionally, our intention is also to drive attention for the importance of preventing cardiovascular diseases and finding out which system is the first to be compromised in normotensive subjects with a family history of hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) approved the study (CEP/UFCSPA protocol number 562.572). The sample size was calculated with a confidence level of 95%, applying a tolerated measurement error estimated at 5% over the mean of variable standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN) of anterior study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, in order to conduct this research project, a minimum number of 39 participants was required. Predicting losses and dropouts around 20% of the sample number, 46 individuals were invited to participate.</p>
        <p>Forty-six young male soccer players (18&#177;2 years of age) were submitted to: anthropometric and BP measurements, autonomic nervous system and EF evaluation, and exercise tests. All players had at least two years of previous soccer-specific training and lived in the club accommodations to avoid significant differences in lifestyle. Moreover, all meals were provided assuring similar diet and nutrients intake.</p>
        <p>Before data collection, the athletes were fully informed about the tests to be performed and provided a written informed consent to participate. The data was collected during the soccer preseason, when the athletes were training, but not participating in any competitions. All evaluations were made on Tuesdays, before training, respecting the athletes&#8217; rest breaks. The athletes trained on Sundays, rested on Mondays, and returned to training on Tuesdays. To avoid any tendency in data interpretation, all data collection were performed before the subjects were allocated in the groups.</p>
        <p>The athletes were instructed to attend the Laboratory of Physiotherapy/UFCSPA, at 7 a.m., fasting. The BP and HR were measured, followed by an evaluation of EF in the brachial artery. To avoid an excess of measurements in a single day, the anthropometric data (height, weight, age, body fat percentage, and time of training) and VO<sub>2max</sub>were collected one week later. The athletes were grouped according to their family history of hypertension: 1- normotensive father and mother (FM-N), with 14 athletes; 2- only father was hypertensive (F-H), with 11 athletes; 3- only mother was hypertensive (M-H), with 10 athletes; and 4- father and mother were hypertensive (FM-H), with 11 athletes. Following the guidelines for this assessment,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> the BP of the athletes was measured, as well as their parents&#8217;. The hypertensive status of the athletes&#8217; parents was previously defined by a physician (53.3% of those individuals were taking anti-hypertensive drugs and 3.3% were not treating their state). Individuals who showed changes in BP values were advised to seek medical attention.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure measurement</title>
          <p>An auscultatory method was used. The athletes were kept in a quiet environment for at least five minutes before BP measurements, seated with their feet on the floor, right arm supported at heart level and BP cuff covering at least 80% of the upper arm. To confirm the data, the BP measurement was repeated at least twice at 2-minute interval. When a difference of more than 6 mmHg was detected in two successive measurements, the measurements were repeated until the difference was less than 4 mmHg. For each athlete, an average of two measurements was used to obtain the SBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart rate variability</title>
          <p>A Polar model RS800CX heart-rate monitor (Polar Electro &#214;y, Kempele, Finland) was used to collect heart rate (HR) data at a sampling frequency of 1000Hz. For the evaluation of HRV, the athletes were instructed to lie quietly on a stretcher in the supine position. After 10 minutes, still in the supine position, the HR signal was recorded for 10 minutes followed by additional 10 minutes with the athlete standing in front of the stretcher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The signal was automatically stored as an RR interval and analyzed with Kubios HRV software version 2.0 (University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland). A 1,000-Hz sampling rate was chosen to provide a temporal resolution of 1 ms for each RR interval, a standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN, ms), the square root of the mean squared differences among consecutive RR intervals (RMSSD, ms), the number of interval differences of successive NN intervals greater than 50 ms (NN50, ms), and the proportion derived by dividing NN50 by the total number of NN intervals (pNN50; ms)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> .</p>
          <p>An autoregressive method was used to determine HRV, based on the spectral power integrated in two frequency bands: (i) a high-frequency (HF) band from 0.15 to 0.4 Hz; and (ii) a low-frequency (LF) band from 0.03 to 0.15 Hz. The results were expressed in absolute values (HFa and LFa, ms<sup>2</sup>) and their respective percentages (HFnu and LFnu, %). The LF/HF ratio (ms<sup>2</sup>) was calculated according to the LFa and HFa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This methodology had been previously reproduced in the soccer players.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endothelial Function Assessment</title>
          <p>EF was assessed noninvasively by means of a brachial artery ultrasound probe (GE Medical Systems, Vivid I Ultrasound, Israel) and Doppler ultrasonography, using an instrument equipped with a 7- 12-MHz high-resolution linear probe (L12-3, GE Medical Systems, Israel). The ultrasonography was performed in a silent, temperature-controlled room. At rest, the left brachial artery diameter was measured by B-mode ultrasound images to detect reactive hyperemia. Before BP cuff inflation, a resting scan was performed. After the resting measurement, the cuff was inflated for 5 min at 50 mmHg above SBP, to occlude the arterial flow. This procedure causes ischemia followed by vasodilation due to auto-regulatory mechanisms. After the cuff deflation, a second continuous scan was recorded from 30&#8211;120 seconds. The same experienced sonographer performed and analyzed all ultrasound scans without knowing the genetic history of each athlete. At a fixed position, the vessel diameter was measured offline with ultrasonic calipers at end-diastole, and coincident with the R wave on an electrocardiogram, which was continuously recording. After an interval of 10 seconds and during the period within 30&#8211;180 seconds, the dilatation was obtained by the difference from baseline. After the release of the sphygmomanometer cuff, the flow-mediated dilation (FMD, %) indicates the increase in blood flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Maximal oxygen uptake</title>
          <p>The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) was used to infer the VO<sub>2max</sub>. The athletes performed 2&#215;20-minute shuttle runs at increasing speeds, interspersed with a 10-second period of active recovery. The test was controlled by audio signals from a compact-disc player and ended when the athlete was unable to maintain the speed for the test. The distance traveled at that point was the result of the test, as described by Bangsbo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The indirect measurement of VO2max was calculated as follows:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mi>VO</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mi>max</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msub>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>ml</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>kg</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>IR</mml:mi>
              <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>distance</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi>meters</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0084</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>36</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
              <mml:msup>
                <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
                <mml:mn>14</mml:mn>
              </mml:msup>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All analyses were performed with the SPSS software version 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The data normality and equality were assessed through the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk and Levene&#8217;s tests. The results of parametric data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, and the results of non-parametric data are described as median and interquartile range.</p>
          <p>In the inferential statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was used to compare the groups, followed by Tukey&#8217;s post hoc test, when parametric data. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the groups when non-parametric data, and U of the Mann-Whitney test was used to verify the differences between the groups. A significance level of 0.05 was adopted for all the tests.</p>
          <p>To detect a minimum 30% difference between the groups with a minimum probability of a type I error of 5% (&#945; = 0.05) and a probability of type II error of 20% (&#946; = 0.2), the minimum number of individuals for each group was estimated at 10, based on a preliminary study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Anthropometric, SBP, DBP, maximal oxygen uptake measurements and parents&#8217; BP</p>
        <p>There was no significant difference among groups regarding the age (years; 17.65&#177;0.7), weight (kg; 69.25&#177;3.6), and height (cm; 175.2&#177;5.7). Moreover, VO<sub>2max</sub>(ml/min/kg) indicated that physical fitness was similar among groups, and SBP and DBP (mmHg) were not different among the groups either ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). According to the definitions and classification of office blood pressure levels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> the blood pressure level in 15.3% (n = 7) of the athletes was optimal BP (BP&lt;120 and 80mmHg), 39.1% (n = 18) of them presented normal BP (BP = 120-129 and/or 80-84mmHg), and 45.6% (n = 21) had high normal blood pressure (BP = 130-139 and/or 85-89 mmHg).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and maximal oxygen uptake</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>FM-N (n=14)</th>
                  <th>F-H (n=11)</th>
                  <th>M-H (n=10)</th>
                  <th>FM-H (n=11)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (117-132)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (114-134)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (111-139)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (120-139)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (60-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (65-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (67-89)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (60-89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO2max (ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">53.5&#177;2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">52.3&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">53.4&#177;1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">51.4&#177;1.6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; VO<sub>2max</sub>: maximal oxygen uptake. Blood pressure values are expressed as mean (confidence interval) and VO<sub>2max</sub>values, as mean &#177; SD.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; VO<sub>2max</sub>: maximal oxygen uptake. Blood pressure values are expressed as mean (confidence interval) and VO<sub>2max</sub>values, as mean &#177; SD.</p>
        <p>The parents&#8217; BP are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref> . The parents&#8217; systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher in the hypertensive group when compared to the normotensive one.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Measurements of parents&#8217; systolic and diastolic blood pressure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">FM-N (n=14)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">F-H (n=11)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">M-H (n=10)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">FM-H (n=11)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="9" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Father</th>
                  <th>Mother</th>
                  <th>Father</th>
                  <th>Mother</th>
                  <th>Father</th>
                  <th>Mother</th>
                  <th>Father</th>
                  <th>Mother</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">129 (120-188)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (120-130)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (130-177)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (120-127)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (120-127)</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (143-184)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (130-193)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (130-184)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86 (75-105)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (77-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (85-110)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (77-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (80-89)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (80-120)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (85-110)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (80-120)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Os valores correspondem &#224; m&#233;dia (inrervalo de confian&#231;a).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Heart rate and time-domain and frequency-domain measurements of resting heart-rate variability</p>
        <p>In our study, the HRV in the time domain was significantly lower in the FM-H than in the FM-N group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 3</xref> ). The spectral analysis, using a frequency-domain method (HFnu) was significantly lower in the FM-H than in the FM-N group, and LFnu and the LF/HF ratio were significantly higher in the FM-H than in the FM-N group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Heart rate, time-domain and frequency-domain measurements of resting heart-rate variability</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>FM-N (n=14)</th>
                  <th>F-H (n=11)</th>
                  <th>M-H (n=10)</th>
                  <th>FM-H (n=11)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RMSSD (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">210.2 (229)</td>
                  <td align="center">179.1 (187,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">125.2 (164.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">82.2 (65)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NN50(count)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">356&#177;82</td>
                  <td align="center">260&#177;50</td>
                  <td align="center">296&#177;81.3</td>
                  <td align="center">218.8&#177;44*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>pNN50 (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31.5&#177;6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">23.6&#177;3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">25.8&#177;6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">20.2&#177;4.5*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HRV triangular index</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.6&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">21.9&#177;6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">20.8&#177;7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">17.2&#177;2.5*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SDNN (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">256 (145)</td>
                  <td align="center">211.1 (123.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">185.3 (84.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">162.4 (92.7)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HFa (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15935 (31705.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13822.5 (22099.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3421 (24564.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3025.1 (15568.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HFnu (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">48.6&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">40.3&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">38.4&#177;10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">33.8&#177;11.2*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LFa (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13654 (54544.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11575.2 (53678.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2591.8 (9127.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3173.4 (13163.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LFnu (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51.4&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">59.7&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">61.6&#177;10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">66.2&#177;11.2*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LF/HF (ms2)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1(0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (0.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (1.3)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD when parametric data, or median (interquartile range) when non-parametric data. *A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant when compared to the group FM-N. RMSSD: square root of the mean squared differences among consecutive RR intervals; NN50: the number of successive NN intervals greater than 50ms; pNN50; the ratio derived by dividing NN50 by the total number of NN intervals; HRV: heart rate variability; SDNN: standard deviation of normal RR intervals; HFa: absolute values of high-frequency components; nu: normalized units; LFa: absolute values of low-frequency components; LF/HF: ratio between low- and high-frequency power components.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>LF/HF= Ratio between low and high frequency power components, i.e., the autonomic balance of the FM-N, F-H, M-H and FM-H groups. *Differences between FM-H and FM-N groups (p&lt;0.005).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0052-80441-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Endothelial function assessment</title>
          <p>There was no significant difference between the groups regarding FMD or baseline brachial artery diameter upon reactive hyperemia, either before or after nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ; P&gt;0.05).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Brachial artery characteristics of athletes in supine position</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>FM-N (n=14)</th>
                    <th>F-H (n=11)</th>
                    <th>M-H (n=10)</th>
                    <th>FM-H (n=11)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>B-DIA (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.355&#177;0.043</td>
                    <td align="center">0.364&#177;0.035</td>
                    <td align="center">0.344&#177;0.041</td>
                    <td align="center">0.383&#177;0.037</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>RH-DIA (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.387&#177;0.042</td>
                    <td align="center">0.387&#177;0.028</td>
                    <td align="center">0.366&#177;0.042</td>
                    <td align="center">0.402&#177;0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>FMD (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">9.323&#177;3.028</td>
                    <td align="center">6.745&#177;1.263</td>
                    <td align="center">6.261&#177;1.726</td>
                    <td align="center">5.097&#177;3.157</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Before NTG (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.368&#177;0.044</td>
                    <td align="center">0.363&#177;0.032</td>
                    <td align="center">0.352&#177;0.043</td>
                    <td align="center">0.387&#177;0.039</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>After NTG. (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.431&#177;0.039</td>
                    <td align="center">0.431&#177;0.036</td>
                    <td align="center">0.419&#177;0.041</td>
                    <td align="center">0.453&#177;0.034</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NTG (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">17.639&#177;7.086</td>
                    <td align="center">18.920&#177;3.991</td>
                    <td align="center">19.472&#177;6.456</td>
                    <td align="center">17.678&#177;7.503</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>B-DIA: basal brachial artery diameter; FMD: flow-mediated dilation; NTG: brachial artery diameter with nitroglycerin; RH-DIA: brachial artery diameter with reactive hyperemia. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of FMD, SBP, DBP or VO<sub>2max</sub>. Thus, our results suggest that the differences found between the FM-N and FM-H groups in relation to cardiovascular autonomic modulation are due to the family history of hypertension of the athletes, regardless of the other variables studied.</p>
        <p>According to the literature data, the prevalence of hypertension appears to affect about 30% to 45% of the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In our study, we found a prevalence of 53.3% for the athletes&#8217; parents ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), values above the world average. We believe that socioeconomic factors can explain the differences found in our sampling.</p>
        <p>Our results provide, for the first time, evidence that family history of hypertension might be crucial to the progressive imbalance of autonomic regulation in healthy young athletes with normal BP. Based on our knowledge, this is the first study to show the possible early involvement of the autonomic modulation in the hypertensive process. Solanki et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> examined sympathetic function tests of young nonathletic males, considering measures of obesity, PA and familial hypertension. Their results showed that the cardiac autonomic function is altered in individuals with a family history of hypertension. Autonomic imbalance changes due to increased sympathetic tone was more pronounced in subjects with a family history of hypertension. These findings by Solanki and co-workers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> are in agreement with our results, and also highlight the importance of physical exercise, which countered the autonomic imbalance in favor of normal EF for all study subjects, regardless of the experimental group. At least partially, it is reasonable to believe that our results point out towards the fact that the first changes in the hypertensive process affect the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. These conclusions are in agreement with Vargas et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> who also showed that in athletes a small increase in BP induces changes in the autonomic nervous system without changing the EF or VO<sub>2max</sub>.</p>
        <p>Considering that the autonomic regulation can be assessed with a non-invasive approach to evaluate the HRV in the time and frequency domains,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> it could be useful to detect its impairment and provide the physicians with valuable information to assess the treatment efficacy or even to prevent diseases. Despite the enormous impact of a decrease in HRV over the cardiovascular risk, we did not find any researches in the literature showing a correlation between the family history of hypertension and these parameters in healthy subjects. We believe that our results may drive the attention to a method that is easy, of low cost and able to present data associated to a significant cardiovascular risk, such as HRV. They will contribute not only to prevent hypertension in subjects who are at genetic risk, but also to open up a new possibility of monitoring hypertensive patients.</p>
        <p>In our study, the FM-H group showed higher LFnu and LF/HF ratio than the FM-N group. In addition, in the FM-H group, the HFnu, in the frequency-domain, and SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50 and HRV triangular index, in the time-domain, were significantly lower than those from the FM-N group. These results indicate that family history of hypertension is accompanied by an increase in cardiac sympathetic modulation and a decrease in parasympathetic modulation, regardless of the normal BP of each soccer player.</p>
        <p>Moreover, Tozawa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> sought to determine whether the family history of hypertension was quantitatively associated with the prevalence of hypertension in a screened cohort. They concluded that the increasing number of family members with hypertension had a correlation with increased prevalence of higher BP, regardless of the conventional risk factors for hypertension. These findings are in agreement with ours, since we also found a significant difference in autonomic modulation only when both parents were hypertensive, emphasizing the importance of the genetic background for HRV, which is a predictor of cardiovascular risk.</p>
        <p>There is no doubt that physical exercise is associated with beneficial effects on BP. Because exercising is a healthy method of cardiovascular diseases control,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> we have chosen to study only athletes. Our results emphasize the importance of the genetic background. Healthy and young athletes, who had hypertensive father and mother, presented a significant increase in the LF/HF ratio, as well as a reduction in HRV.</p>
        <p>There is also consistent evidence showing that enhanced parasympathetic modulation is associated with an increase in VO2max in healthy young subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, in the present study we have found no differences in VO<sub>2max</sub>, BP and EF between all groups. This is probably due to the fact that, being composed of young athletes who had similar diets and nutrients intake, our groups had a high physical performance, which attenuated the differences.</p>
        <p>Although we have found a significant difference in cardiac autonomic modulation between the FM-H and FM-N groups, we have not found significant differences in VO<sub>2max</sub>and EF which, ultimately, kept BP in normal values despite the family history of hypertension.</p>
        <p>In agreement with Lucini et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> our results demonstrated that the autonomic changes possibly precede endothelial dysfunction. They showed that, in subjects with BP in the upper normotensive range, the HRV was impaired. These authors also reported that these changes might suggest that the disturbance in the autonomic regulation precedes the hypertensive state,9 as seen in neurogenic hypertension.</p>
        <p>A point of criticism to our method is the fact that we did not separate the groups according to the parents&#8217; type of hypertension. On the other hand, we know that the probability to have only parents with neurogenic hypertension in the FM-H group is very low. Thus, it is reasonable to believe that, regardless of the cause of hypertension, the EF was preserved.</p>
        <p>According to our results, strengthened by previous studies that also looked for answers concerning the beginning of the arterial hypertensive process,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> it appears that the autonomic dysfunction precedes the endothelial dysfunction. Thus, it is a challenge to discover a treatment for sympathovagal imbalance and reduce cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although our study has the limitation of a small sample size, it suggests that HRV, in the time and frequency domains, may provide a useful functional outcome to assess the cardiovascular system control earlier. This advantage is useful for healthy young people, as young soccer players, and is probably more important for sedentary people at risk. Doing exercise, more than treating borderline hypertension, represents an alternative to prevent the increase in BP through strategies that treat the mechanisms by which normal BP, eventually, becomes hypertension. However, further studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Walter Oliveira de Vargas, from Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
