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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Fn3W9MMKh3myJQCLxHnTNTj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800050</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200483</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200483</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Atividade F&#237;sica no Presente Pode Ser a Receita para Evitar os Males da Obesidade e Hipertens&#227;o no Futuro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9787-4393</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Jorge da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho C&#226;mpus de Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho C&#226;mpus de Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Av. Professor Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>roberto.js.franco@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>50</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Medidas Hipertensivas em Escolares: Risco da Obesidade Central e Efeito Protetor da Atividade F&#237;sica Moderada-Vigorosa</italic>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma das causas mais importantes de morte prematura no mundo. Quase um bilh&#227;o de pessoas s&#227;o afetadas e estima-se que at&#233; 2025, 1,5 bilh&#227;o de adultos ter&#227;o HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Felizmente, a HA &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares com ra&#237;zes na inf&#226;ncia, tornando evit&#225;veis tanto o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a quanto o &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, a preval&#234;ncia de HA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes tornou-se um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Um exemplo de como esse cen&#225;rio se agravou &#233; a compara&#231;&#227;o de um estudo feito pelo nosso grupo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> com duas coortes sucessivas (1975&#8211;1976) de estudantes de 16 a 25 anos de idade da cidade de Botucatu, estado de S&#227;o Paulo, em que encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de HA de 5,0% e 6,2%, respectivamente, al&#233;m de outro estudo mais recente. Com quase 40 anos de atraso, o estudo brasileiro sobre riscos cardiovasculares em adolescentes (ERICA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> um estudo escolar nacional que contou com 73.999 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de HA de 9,6%. Os adolescentes obesos apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o &#8212; 28,4% &#8212; que os adolescentes com excesso de peso, com 15,4%, e os eutr&#243;ficos, com 6,3%. A fra&#231;&#227;o de HA atribu&#237;vel &#224; obesidade foi de 17,8%.</p>
    <p>Muitas raz&#245;es podem explicar a crescente preval&#234;ncia de HA em jovens. A obesidade &#233; a principal, seguida pelo consumo de sal e a&#231;&#250;car, ambientes estressantes, baixo n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio. No Brasil, um estudo transversal sobre consumo de alimentos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o com 10 anos ou mais de idade observou que o maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados estava associado a maior teor de gorduras em geral, gordura saturada, gordura trans e a&#231;&#250;cares livres.</p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias da prote&#231;&#227;o contra o desenvolvimento de HA e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas por parte da atividade f&#237;sica regular tornaram-se incontest&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A maioria das pessoas em todas as sociedades industrializadas est&#225; se tornando menos ativa fisicamente em suas vidas di&#225;rias, passando cada vez mais tempo fazendo atividades sedent&#225;rias. O aumento da atividade f&#237;sica e n&#237;veis mais elevados de capacidade de exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o s&#243; reduzir&#227;o o risco de desfechos cardiovasculares e diabetes, como tamb&#233;m impedir&#227;o o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia de HA mostrou-se reduzida em 28% entre homens e 35% entre mulheres em atividade f&#237;sica, como corrida ou nata&#231;&#227;o, em um seguimento prospectivo de 11 anos, com mais de 12.000 finlandeses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em estudo prospectivo longitudinal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> avaliamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e mortalidade em 200 pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos em 2012 e reavaliados em 2018. Durante 6 anos de seguimento, 80% dos pacientes ativos sobreviveram em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sedent&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se o benef&#237;cio da atividade f&#237;sica em pessoas irregularmente ativas, com 65% de chances de sobreviver em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes que n&#227;o mant&#234;m essa pr&#225;tica saud&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>O artigo &#8220;Medidas Hipertensivas em Escolares: Risco da Obesidade Central e Efeito Protetor da Atividade F&#237;sica Moderada-Vigorosa&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> publicado nesta revista, tem como objetivo verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o de HA, obesidade central e geral e o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica em crian&#231;as em idade escolar e adolescentes. O estudo envolveu 336 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com idades entre 11 e 17 anos. Foram medidos a altura, peso, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) e press&#227;o arterial (PA). Calculou-se o escore Z do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC-z). O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi avaliado pela vers&#227;o curta do Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica ( <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic> &#8212; IPAQ), de acordo com a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas a vigorosas (AF-mv). Crian&#231;as com PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) ou PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) acima do percentil 95, de acordo com sexo, idade e altura ou acima de 120/80 mmHg, foram consideradas hipertensas. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi avaliada pelo teste t de Student, qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney e modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria, onde p&lt;0,05 foi o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia. Encontrou-se HA em 40,5% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, sobrepeso em 31,1% e obesidade em 12,5%, sendo 13,4% com maior CA. Crian&#231;as insuficientemente ativas em AF-mv representavam 40,2%. A HA esteve associada a maior CC (OR=6,1; IC 95%: 2,6 a 14,4) e sobrepeso (OR=2,9; CI 95%: 1,8 a 4,5). Al&#233;m disso, as crian&#231;as com pr&#225;tica de AF-mv apresentaram menor risco de PAD elevada (OR=0,33; IC 95%: 0,15 a 0,72), redu&#231;&#227;o de risco em 33%. Em conclus&#227;o, obesidade central, obesidade em geral e sexo masculino foram melhores preditores de HA. A pr&#225;tica de AF-mv protege as crian&#231;as em idade escolar contra o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>A obesidade infantil e adolescente &#233; seguida de obesidade na idade adulta e tem estado implicada em diversas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como diabetes tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e ligada &#224; mortalidade e &#243;bito prematuro. Por esses motivos, n&#243;s compartilhamos das mesmas percep&#231;&#245;es expressas por Tozo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que deixam clara a relev&#226;ncia da obesidade e da hipertens&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia. Embora a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o seja o objetivo do estudo, &#233; incomum em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estudo ERICA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, o m&#233;rito do estudo &#233; a informa&#231;&#227;o preciosa que alerta e nos chama a abrir os olhos para o futuro pr&#243;ximo, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia de fatores crescentes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, maus h&#225;bitos alimentares e inatividade f&#237;sica que assolam a nossa juventude. Recentemente, aprendemos que os mesmos fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tamb&#233;m s&#227;o os mesmos para doen&#231;as causadas por infec&#231;&#227;o por v&#237;rus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Est&#225; na hora de nos mexermos. A mensagem final &#233;: Olhe para o futuro para tomar as decis&#245;es corretas no momento, para n&#227;o se arrepender das consequ&#234;ncias causadas pela obesidade e hipertens&#227;o na juventude.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physical Activity in the Present Can Be the Recipe to Avoid the Ills of Obesity and Hypertension in the Future</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9787-4393</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Jorge da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Campus de Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Campus de Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Av. Professor Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: roberto.js.franco@unesp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolecents</kwd>
        <kwd>Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical,Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Hypertensive Measures In Schoolchildren: Risk Of Central Obesity And Protective Effect Of Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension is one of the most important causes of premature death in the world. Nearly one billion are affected and it is estimated that by 2025, 1.5 billion adults will be living with AH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Fortunately, AH is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases with roots in childhood making both the development of the disease and death to be preventable.</p>
      <p>Nowadays, the prevalence of AH in children and adolescents has become a significant public health issue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> One example of how this scenario has become worse is the comparison of a study conducted by our group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> with two successive cohorts (1975&#8211;1976) of students aged 16 to 25 from the city of Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo state, which found the prevalence of AH of 5.0% and 6,2%, respectively, with another more recent study. Almost 40 years late, the Brazilian study of cardiovascular risks in adolescents (ERICA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> a national school-based study involving 73,999 adolescents aged 12 to 17, found an AH prevalence of 9.6%. Obese adolescents presented higher prevalence of hypertension &#8212; 28.4% &#8212; than overweight adolescents, with 15.4%, or eutrophic adolescents, with 6.3%. The portion of AH attributable to obesity was 17.8%.</p>
      <p>Many reasons may explain the growing prevalence of AH in young people. Obesity is the main one, followed by consumption of salt and sugar, stressful environments, low level of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. In Brazil, a cross-sectional study on food consumption<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in a representative sample of a population aged 10 or older noted that higher consumption of ultraprocessed food was associated with higher content of fats in general, saturated fat, trans fat and free sugars.</p>
      <p>Evidence of protection against both the development of AH and cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality by regular physical activity has become incontestable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Most people in all industrialized societies are becoming less physically active in their daily lives, spending more and more time in sedentary activities. Not only will increased physical activity and higher levels of exercise capacity reduce the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and diabetes, but they will also prevent the development of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The incidence of AH was reduced by 28% in men and 35% in women doing physical activities such as jogging or swimming in a prospective 11-year follow-up of over 12,000 Finish people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In a prospective longitudinal study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> we evaluated the association between level of physical activity and mortality in 200 hypertensive and diabetic patients in 2012 and reassessed it in 2018. Over 6 years of follow-up, 80% of active patients survived compared to sedentary patients. Also, the benefit of physical activity was seen in irregularly active people, with 65% of chances to survive compared to patients who do not maintain this healthy practice.</p>
      <p>The article &#8220; <italic>Hypertensive Measures In Schoolchildren: Risk Of Central Obesity And Protective Effect Of Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity</italic> &#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> now reported in this journal has the aim of verifying the association of AH, central and general obesity and level of physical activity in schoolchildren and adolescents. The trial involved 336 children and adolescents aged 11&#8211;17. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Body mass index score Z (BMI-z) was calculated. The level of physical activity was evaluated by the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), according to practice of moderate-vigorous physical activities (PA-mv). Schoolchildren with systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) above the 95<sup>th</sup>percentile, according to sex, age and height, or over 120/80 mmHg, were considered hypertensives. Statistical analysis was evaluated by the Student&#8217;s t test, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and binary logistic regression model, where p&lt;0.05 was the significant level. AH was found in 40.5% of this population, of which 31.1% were overweight and 12.5% were obese, and 13,4% had large WC. Schoolchildren insufficiently active in PA-mv accounted for 40.2%. AH was associated to higher WC (OR=6.1; 95% CI: 2.6 to 14.4) and to overweight (OR=2.9 95% CI: 1.8 to 4.5). Besides that, schoolchildren practicing PA-mv presented lower risk of high DBP (OR=0.33; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.72) and risk reduction of 33%. In conclusion, central obesity, general obesity and male sex were better predictors of AH. Practicing PA-mv protects schoolchildren from developing diastolic hypertension.</p>
      <p>Obesity in childhood and adolescence is followed by obesity in adult age and has been implicated in many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, and linked to mortality and premature death. For these reasons, we empathize with the paper by Tozo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> who make clear the relevance of obesity and hypertension in childhood and adolescence. Although the prevalence of hypertension is not the focus of the study, it is unusual compared to the ERICA study.5 However, the merit of the study is that it provides precious information, warning us and calling us to open our eyes to the near future stressing the importance of growing factors of cardiovascular diseases such as obesity, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, bad eating habits and physical inactivity that adversely affect our youth. We have recently learned that the same risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are also the same for virus infection deseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> It is time to move. The final message is: look to the future to make the right decisions at the right moment so as not to regret the consequences caused by obesity and hypertension in youth.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
