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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RWSJbkbLB3ZCMzZSB9Q8Xdx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800042</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180391</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180391</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Medidas Hipertensivas em Escolares: Risco da Obesidade Central e Efeito Protetor da Atividade F&#237;sica Moderada-Vigorosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9824-6206</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tozo</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Affornali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4771-9402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4389-1213</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2839-9079</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Cristianne Morgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1039-6320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Marisa Maia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4752-6697</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Neiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Minho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Minho, Braga - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto, Porto - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Tatiana Tozo &#8226; Rua Paulino Siqueira Cortes 1986. CEP 83005-030, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Pinhais, PR - Brasil E-mail: <email>tatinali@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tozo TA, Pereira BO, Moreira CMM, Leite N; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tozo T; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tozo T, Pereira BO, Menezes Junior FJ, Montenegro CM, Moreira CMM, Leite N; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Menezes Junior FJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Pereira BO, Moreira CMM, Leite N; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tozo T, Pereira BO, Menezes Junior FJ, Montenegro CM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira BO, Leite N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>42</fpage>
      <lpage>49</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Aumento da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com diversas comorbidades.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o de HA, obesidade central e obesidade geral, e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica em escolares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Participaram do estudo 336 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, de 11 a 17 anos de idade. Aferiram-se estatura, peso corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e press&#227;o arterial (PA). Foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal escore z (IMC-z). O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi avaliado pela vers&#227;o curta do <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic> (IPAQ), conforme a pr&#225;tica em atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas-vigorosas (AF-mv). Consideraram-se hipertensos os escolares que apresentaram press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e/ou diast&#243;lica (PAD) superiores ao percentil 95, de acordo com sexo, faixa et&#225;ria e estatura, ou &#8805;120&#215;80mmHg. Utilizaram-se os testes estat&#237;sticos de <italic>t-Student</italic> , Qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney e modelo de regress&#227;o logistica bin&#225;ria, considerando-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram observados que 40,5% dos escolares apresentaram HA, 35,11% excesso de peso (12,5% obesos), 13,39% CC elevada e 40,2% foram considerados insuficientemente ativos em AF-mv. As chances de HA foram relacionadas &#224; CC elevada (OR=6,11; IC95%:2,59 a 14,42) e ao excesso de peso (OR=2,91; IC95%:1,76 a 4,79). Al&#233;m disso, os adolescentes que praticavam AF-mv apresentaram menor risco de PAD elevada (OR=0,33; IC95%:0,15 a 0,72).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Concluiu-se que a obesidade central, a obesidade geral e o sexo masculino foram os melhores preditores de HA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. A pr&#225;tica de AF-mv demonstrou efeito protetor na PAD elevada em escolares. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):42-49)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Escolares</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade f&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Estudos da Crian&#231;a</funding-source>
          <award-id>UID/CED/00317/2013</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007562</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="14"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de HA aumentou em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e em diversos pa&#237;ses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> atingindo crian&#231;as e adolescentes e tende a persistir ao longo do tempo, com a probabilidade elevada de progredir na vida adulta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> principalmente pela crescente preval&#234;ncia da obesidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que est&#225; associada ao aparecimento de diversas comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise conjunta dos h&#225;bitos de vida que podem predispor ao aparecimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na idade adulta tem papel importante para preven&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A obesidade apresenta origem multifatorial, envolvendo aspectos do comportamento relacionados a alimenta&#231;&#227;o, atividade f&#237;sica e fatores psicol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o diagn&#243;stico precoce da HA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; relevante para se evitar o avan&#231;o da doen&#231;a para a fase adulta, reduzir o risco de problemas cardiovasculares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e recomendar programas terap&#234;uticos para reverter esse processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dessa forma, medidas antropom&#233;tricas como o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e a CC s&#227;o indicadores de baixo custo e eficientes para identificar riscos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O IMC classificado como excesso de peso demonstra obesidade geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e a CC aumentada relaciona-se &#224; obesidade central;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> esta &#250;ltima apresenta maior associa&#231;&#227;o ao processo inflamat&#243;rio em adultos e aparecimento das comorbidades cardiometab&#243;licas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o da PA deve ser realizada em tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es diferentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de HA, mas em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos geralmente &#233; realizada em um dia e tem sido utilizado o termo &#8220;medidas hipertensivas&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Portanto, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, alguns estudos demonstram maiores associa&#231;&#245;es entre HA, obesidade central<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e obesidade geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> o que gera controv&#233;rsias entre a localiza&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade e a PA nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, as evid&#234;ncias sobre a pr&#225;tica AF-mv e PA ainda s&#227;o limitadas, bem como a rela&#231;&#227;o entre medidas antropom&#233;tricas e AF-mv como protetores de HA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Dessa forma, &#233; importante identificar o risco de HA na adolesc&#234;ncia para a preven&#231;&#227;o do avan&#231;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o na vida adulta, o que pode aumentar a efici&#234;ncia do tratamento. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AF-mv e indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade com o diagn&#243;stico de HA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal quantitativo na cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Pinhais, Paran&#225; (regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil). A amostragem foi constitu&#237;da por conglomerados, escolhidos por conveni&#234;ncia (cada escola particular dos ensinos fundamental e m&#233;dio da cidade foi considerada um conglomerado). Das seis institui&#231;&#245;es convidadas, localizadas na regi&#227;o central, somente duas escolas particulares aceitaram participar do estudo, em que foram convidados todos os escolares dos ensinos fundamental e m&#233;dio.</p>
      <p>No munic&#237;pio, foram matriculados aproximadamente 55.289 estudantes nos n&#237;veis de ensino fundamental, nas s&#233;ries finais, e ensino m&#233;dio no ano de 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Estipulou-se a preval&#234;ncia de 12,5% de crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos na regi&#227;o sul do Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Com base na sele&#231;&#227;o amostral probabil&#237;stica, obteve o n&#250;mero total de 111 adolescentes para infer&#234;ncia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudantil na faixa et&#225;ria estipulada. Incluiu-se 1,5x de indiv&#237;duos referente ao efeito de delineamento, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o erro amostral de 5%, sendo inclu&#237;dos mais 30% em virtude de poss&#237;veis desist&#234;ncias, resultando em um total de 217 indiv&#237;duos entre 11 e 17 anos de idade.</p>
      <p>Participaram do estudo 336 crian&#231;as e adolescentes volunt&#225;rios, com idade de 11 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos (173 meninas e 163 meninos). Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo gestantes, indiv&#237;duos com limita&#231;&#245;es que os impedissem de participar de algum procedimento do estudo e aqueles que n&#227;o tiveram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e o Termo de Assentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TALE) assinados. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, PUC &#8211; PR, CAAE (71324017.1.0000.0020/2017.)</p>
      <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram coletadas na escola, de maneira padronizada, seguindo os procedimentos preconizados pelo <italic>Anthropometric Standartization Reference Manual</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A estatura foi aferida por meio de um estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til, com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 cent&#237;metro (cm), e expressa em cm. O peso corporal foi avaliado com uma balan&#231;a port&#225;til modelo PLENA, com resolu&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 100 gramas e capacidade de 150kg.</p>
      <p>Calculou-se o IMC-z,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> por meio do <italic>software</italic> WHO Anthro Plus&#174;, vers&#227;o 1.0.4. Classificaram-se como eutr&#243;ficos os participantes com IMC-z entre &#8805;&#8722;2 e &lt;+1, com sobrepeso entre &#8805;1 e &lt;2, e obesos aqueles com &#8805;2; de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria e o sexo, foram considerados com obesidade geral os adolescentes classificados como sobrepeso e obesidade (IMC-z &#8805;1). Para a mensura&#231;&#227;o da CC, foi utilizada uma fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica, no ponto m&#233;dio entre o &#250;ltimo arco superior da crista il&#237;aca e a face externa da &#250;ltima costela. Consideraram-se com obesidade central os adolescentes com percentil &#8805;75, de acordo com o sexo e a faixa et&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o da PAS e da PAD seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es 7<sup>a</sup>Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> em sala de aula isolada e ambiente silencioso, utilizando-se aparelhos de press&#227;o autom&#225;ticos OMRON705-IT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Foram realizadas duas mensura&#231;&#245;es da PAS e da PAD no bra&#231;o direito do avaliado, por enfermeiras volunt&#225;rias, com intervalo de cinco minutos entre elas, por enfermeiras volunt&#225;rias. Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o, foram considerados os crit&#233;rios de idade, sexo e percentil de estatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Deste modo, valores abaixo do percentil 90 foram considerados adequados (normotensos), desde que inferiores a 120&#215;80mmHg, crian&#231;as com percentis entre 90 e 95 foram enquadradas como pr&#233;-hipertensas (lim&#237;trofe) e com percentil igual ou superior a 95 foram consideradas hipertensas.</p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi avaliado pelo IPAQ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> As perguntas avaliadas referem-se &#224;s atividades f&#237;sicas praticadas na semana anterior &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio. Classificaram-se os escolares como suficientemente ativos (ativos ou muito ativos) ou insuficientemente ativos (irregularmente ativos A e B ou sedent&#225;rios).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo software <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 24. A normalidade dos dados foi aferida pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre sexos, estado nutricional, classifica&#231;&#227;o da CC e AF-mv foram utilizados o teste <italic>t-Student</italic> independente para as vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas e o teste de Mann-Whitney para as n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado para avaliar as propor&#231;&#245;es entre os escolares considerados adequados, pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos, de acordo com valores de PAS e PAD elevados. A an&#225;lise de <italic>odds ratio</italic> foi usada para indiv&#237;duos considerados adequados e hipertensos, a partir das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e da AF-mv, por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria. Considerou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O excesso de peso foi encontrado em 35,11% dos 336 escolares avaliados, sendo 12,5% classificados como obesos. Foram classificados com obesidade central 13,39% dos escolares, 59,8% como suficientemente ativos em pr&#225;ticas de AF-mv e 52,97% apresentaram PA elevada, sendo 12,5% pr&#233;-hipertensos e 40,5% hipertensos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra de acordo com o sexo e a faixa et&#225;ria est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th>Sexo masculino (n)</th>
                <th>Sexo feminino (n)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>12</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>13</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>14</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>15</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>16</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>21</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>29</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>17</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>14</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>15</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se que os valores m&#233;dios de PAS (p&lt;0,001), IMC-z (p=0,034), IMC (p=0,001) e CC (p&lt;0,001) foram maiores em meninos do que em meninas. Por outro lado, as meninas apresentaram valores superiores de PAD (p=0,009). Al&#233;m disso, meninos participaram por mais tempo de atividades f&#237;sicas leves a vigorosas do que meninas (p=0,007; p=0,009) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Carater&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=336)</th>
                <th>Sexo feminino (n=173)</th>
                <th>Sexo masculino (n=163)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,50 [13,35 a 15,88]</td>
                <td align="center">14,74 [13,52 a 15,99]</td>
                <td align="center">14,35 [13,16 a 15,54]</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso corporal (kg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">56,25 [47,90 a 64,60]</td>
                <td align="center">54,70 [46,90 a 62,00]</td>
                <td align="center">58,90 [49,35 a 70,50]</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estatura (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,62 [0,10]</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 [0,07]</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 [0,10]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estatura-z#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,49 [0,29 a 0,78]</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 [0,26 a 0,71]</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 [0,34 a 0,82]</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CC (cm)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68,00 [62,50 a 74,00]</td>
                <td align="center">65,00 [60,00 a 70,00]</td>
                <td align="center">71,00 [65,50 a 78,00]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">21,29 [19,00 a 24,09]</td>
                <td align="center">21,55 [19,17 a 24,01]</td>
                <td align="center">20,79 [18,87 a 24,80]</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC-z</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,51 [1,22]</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 [1,16]</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 [1,27]</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">124,00 [113,50 a 132,50]</td>
                <td align="center">120,00 [111,00 a 131,00]</td>
                <td align="center">127,00 [118,00 a 135,25]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">69,50 [63,38 a 75,00]</td>
                <td align="center">70,00 [65,00 a 76,50]</td>
                <td align="center">68,00 [61,75 a 74,00]</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-L (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,29 [2,50 a 42,86]</td>
                <td align="center">14,29 [0,00 a 38,57]</td>
                <td align="center">25,71 [8,57 a 48,21]</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-Mod (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17,14 [6,43 a 34,64]</td>
                <td align="center">12,86 [6,43 a 34,29]</td>
                <td align="center">17,14 [6,79 a 37,14]</td>
                <td align="center">0,282</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-Vig (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,14 [0,00 a 17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">5,71 [0,00 a 14,29]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57 [0,00 a 25,71]</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; #n&#227;o param&#233;tricas; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; IMC-z: IMC-escore Z; AF-L: atividade f&#237;sica leve; AF-Mod: atividade f&#237;sica moderada; AF-Vig: atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na amostra total, identificou-se que os indiv&#237;duos com obesidade geral apresentaram maiores valores de PAS (p&lt;0,001) e estatura-z (p=0,005) do que eutr&#243;ficos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). De acordo com o sexo, observou-se que tanto meninos quanto meninas com obesidade geral apresentaram maiores valores de PAS (p=0,003; p=0,001) e CC (p&lt;0,001; p&lt;0,001), entretanto somente as meninas apresentaram maiores valores de estatura-z e maior participa&#231;&#227;o em atividades leves e vigorosas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s eutr&#243;ficas (p&lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e press&#227;o arterial de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o do IMC-escore z (IMC-z) &#9792;</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">EUTR&#211;FICO</th>
                <th colspan="3">EXCESSO DE PESO</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="10" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=218)</th>
                <th>Sexo feminino (n=119)</th>
                <th>Sexo masculino (n=99)</th>
                <th>Total (n=118)</th>
                <th>Sexo feminino (n=54)</th>
                <th>Sexo masculino (n=64)</th>
                <th>pt</th>
                <th>p &#9792;</th>
                <th>p &#9794;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,66 [13,41 a 15,90]</td>
                <td align="center">14,80 [13,68 a 16,01]</td>
                <td align="center">14,49 [13,16 a 15,48]</td>
                <td align="center">14,25 [13,14 a 15,83]</td>
                <td align="center">14,62 [13,14 a 15,86]</td>
                <td align="center">14,07 [13,21 a 15,61]</td>
                <td align="center">0,232</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
                <td align="center">0,573</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso corporal (kg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51,60 [43,92 a 57,77]</td>
                <td align="center">51,10 [43,30 a 55,90]</td>
                <td align="center">52,20 [45,65 a 59,15]</td>
                <td align="center">67,45 [61,12 a 78,62]</td>
                <td align="center">64,00 [59,70 a 71,15]</td>
                <td align="center">74,10 [64,75 a 83,15]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estatura (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,61 [0,10]</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 [0,08]</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 [0,11]</td>
                <td align="center">1,63 [0,09]</td>
                <td align="center">1,60 [0,06]</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 [0,10]</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
                <td align="center">0,230</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estatura-z#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,43 [0,27 a 0,73]</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 [0,23 a 0,64]</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 [0,32 a 0,79]</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 [0,35 a 0,83]</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 [0,35 a 0,74]</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 [0,42 a 0,87]</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
                <td align="center">0,083</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CC (cm)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">64,50 [60,00 a 69,00]</td>
                <td align="center">61,00 [58,00 a 66,00]</td>
                <td align="center">66,50 [63,75 a 70,20]</td>
                <td align="center">76,50 [72,00 a 86,00]</td>
                <td align="center">72,50 [67,25 a 76,50]</td>
                <td align="center">83,00 [75,25 a 91,12]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,54 [18,07 a 21,26]</td>
                <td align="center">19,69 [18,18 a 21,65]</td>
                <td align="center">19,33 [17,81 a 20,49]</td>
                <td align="center">25,34 [23,88 a 27,91]</td>
                <td align="center">24,93 [24,08 a 27,08]</td>
                <td align="center">26,04 [23,64 a 29,03]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC-z</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,18 [0,85]</td>
                <td align="center">-0,19 [0,90]</td>
                <td align="center">-0,17 [0,78]</td>
                <td align="center">1,78 [0,64]</td>
                <td align="center">1,60 [0,56]</td>
                <td align="center">1,93 [0,68]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">121,00 [111,50 a 130,50]</td>
                <td align="center">117,00 [108,50 a 129,00]</td>
                <td align="center">124,00 [116,50 a 132,00]</td>
                <td align="center">129,00 [120,00 a 136,50]</td>
                <td align="center">124,00 [116,62 a 136,25]</td>
                <td align="center">130,25 [122,38 a 138,75]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68,50 [62,50 a 74,00]</td>
                <td align="center">70,00 [64,50 a 75,25]</td>
                <td align="center">67,50 [61,25 a 73,25]</td>
                <td align="center">70,00 [64,50 a 76,50]</td>
                <td align="center">70,50 [66,12 a 77,88]</td>
                <td align="center">69,50 [62,38 a 74,62]</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-L (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17,14 [0,00 a 42,32]</td>
                <td align="center">11,43 [0,00 a 36,43]</td>
                <td align="center">25,71 [8,57 a 51,43]</td>
                <td align="center">24,29 [6,96 a 51,43]</td>
                <td align="center">24,29 [1,43 a 64,29]</td>
                <td align="center">23,57 [8,57 a 43,39]</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,910</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-Mod (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,29 [6,43 a 34,29]</td>
                <td align="center">12,86 [6,07 a 31,07]</td>
                <td align="center">17,14 [6,79 a 37,14]</td>
                <td align="center">17,14 [8,57 a 35,36]</td>
                <td align="center">13,57 [8,57 a 35,36]</td>
                <td align="center">19,29 [8,04 a 35,36]</td>
                <td align="center">0,532</td>
                <td align="center">0,768</td>
                <td align="center">0,734</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-Vig (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,71 [0,00 a 17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">4,29 [0,00 a 13,57]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57 [0,00 a 29,29]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57 [2,14 a 17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57 [3,21 a 17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">10,71 [1,39 a 17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">0,120</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,603</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DP = desvio padr&#227;o; #n&#227;o param&#233;tricas; t: Total vs Total; &#9792;: meninas versus meninas; &#9794; : meninos versus meninos; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; AF-L: atividade f&#237;sica leve; AF-Mod: atividade f&#237;sica moderada; AF-Vig: atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No grupo com obesidade central, as meninas apresentaram maiores valores de PAS (p=0,026), peso corporal (p&lt;0,001), estatura (p=0,038) e IMC-z (p&lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo considerado adequado. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos meninos, o grupo com obesidade central apresentou maiores valores de PAS (p=0,002), PAD (p=0,003), IMC (p&lt;0,001) e IMC-z (p&lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo adequado ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). Entretanto, n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as para a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e press&#227;o arterial de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">ADEQUADO</th>
                <th colspan="3">OBESIDADE CENTRAL</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="10" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=291)</th>
                <th>Sexo feminino (n=163)</th>
                <th>Sexo masculino (n=128)</th>
                <th>Total (n=45)</th>
                <th>Sexo feminino (n=10)</th>
                <th>Sexo masculino (n=35)</th>
                <th>pt</th>
                <th>p &#9792;</th>
                <th>p &#9794;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,64 [13,39 a 15,94]</td>
                <td align="center">14,74 [13,64 a 16,01]</td>
                <td align="center">14,49 [13,23 a 15,63]</td>
                <td align="center">13,81 [12,99 a 15,52]</td>
                <td align="center">13,50 [12,95 a 15,48]</td>
                <td align="center">13,94 [13,02 a 15,31]</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
                <td align="center">0,326</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso corporal (kg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">54,50 [46,80 a 61,35]</td>
                <td align="center">53,80 [46,45 a 60,80]</td>
                <td align="center">55,20 [47,58 a 61,62]</td>
                <td align="center">78,40 [68,90 a 89,30]</td>
                <td align="center">81,75 [70,65 a 89,38]</td>
                <td align="center">78,40 [68,80 a 88,20]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estatura (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,62 [0,10]</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 [0,07]</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 [0,11]</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 [0,08]</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 [0,03]</td>
                <td align="center">1,67 [0,09]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,005</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,038</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estatura-z#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,45 [0,28 a 0,74]</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 [0,24 a 0,68]</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 [0,32 a 0,80]</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 [0,49 a 0,89]</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 [0,61 a 0,90]</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 [0,46 a 0,89]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,005</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CC (cm)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">66,00 [61,00 a 71,50]</td>
                <td align="center">64,00 [59,00 a 69,50]</td>
                <td align="center">69,50 [64,50 a 72,50]</td>
                <td align="center">88,50 [84,00 a 95,00]</td>
                <td align="center">81,00 [79,00 a 88,50]</td>
                <td align="center">90,00 [86,00 a 97,25]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m2)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20,56 [18,54 a 22,77]</td>
                <td align="center">21,40 [19,13 a 23,38]</td>
                <td align="center">20,11 [18,37 a 21,60]</td>
                <td align="center">28,67 [26,40 a 31,40]</td>
                <td align="center">29,80 [26,30 a 33,16]</td>
                <td align="center">28,67 [26,66 a 30,23]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC-z</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,22 [1,02]</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 [1,07]</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 [0,95]</td>
                <td align="center">2,39 [0,52]</td>
                <td align="center">2,35 [0,53]</td>
                <td align="center">2,40 [0,53]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">122,50 [112,75 a 131,00]</td>
                <td align="center">119,00[111,00 a 129,75]</td>
                <td align="center">124,25[117,50 a 132,88]</td>
                <td align="center">132,00[127,00 a 139,50]</td>
                <td align="center">136,25[129,00 a 138,25]</td>
                <td align="center">131,00[126,75 a 141,75]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,026</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68,50 [62,50 a 74,50]</td>
                <td align="center">70,00[65,00 a 75,75]</td>
                <td align="center">67,00[61,00 a 73,50]</td>
                <td align="center">73,00[68,00 a 78,00]</td>
                <td align="center">76,50[68,88 a 84,38]</td>
                <td align="center">72,50[68,25 a 74,75]</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,009</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,003</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-leve (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,29 [0,00 a 42,86]</td>
                <td align="center">14,29[0,00 a 38,57]</td>
                <td align="center">25,71[8,57 a 46,61]</td>
                <td align="center">21,43[5,71 a 51,43]</td>
                <td align="center">23,57[9,29 a 57,86]</td>
                <td align="center">21,43[5,00 a 47,14]</td>
                <td align="center">0,609</td>
                <td align="center">0,432</td>
                <td align="center">0,527</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-moderada (min/dia) #</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,29 [6,43 a 35,00]</td>
                <td align="center">12,86[6,43 a 33,21]</td>
                <td align="center">17,14[6,43 a 36,43]</td>
                <td align="center">17,14[8,57 a 34,29]</td>
                <td align="center">19,29[6,96 a 33,75]</td>
                <td align="center">17,14[9,64 a 34,29]</td>
                <td align="center">0,377</td>
                <td align="center">0,779</td>
                <td align="center">0,619</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-vigorosa (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,43 [0,00 a 17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">5,71[0,00 a 14,29]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57[0,00 a 26,43]</td>
                <td align="center">10,71[2,86 a 17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">6,43[0,71 a 11,79]</td>
                <td align="center">12,86[3,57 a 22,14]</td>
                <td align="center">0,271</td>
                <td align="center">0,928</td>
                <td align="center">0,607</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>#n&#227;o param&#233;tricas; t: total versus total; &#9792;: meninas versus meninas; &#9794;: meninos versus meninos; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporalIMC-z = IMC-escore z.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas e de PA tamb&#233;m foram avaliadas de acordo com a AF-mv ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ). Na amostra total, os indiv&#237;duos ativos apresentaram maiores valores de peso corporal (p=0,002), IMC-z (p=0,016), estatura-z (p=0,001), al&#233;m da PAD mais baixa (p=0,046) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos classificados como insuficientemente ativos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s meninas consideradas suficientemente ativas, foram identificados maiores valores para IMC (p=0,005), estatura (p=0,048), CC (p=0,015), IMC-z (p=0,005) e estatura-z (p=0,016) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s insuficientemente ativas. Os meninos suficientemente ativos possu&#237;am estatura-z maior (p=0,025) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos insuficientemente ativos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e press&#227;o arterial de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, por sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">SUFICIENTEMENTE ATIVO</th>
                <th colspan="3">INSUFICIENTEMENTE ATIVO</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="10" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=201)</th>
                <th>Sexo feminino (n=93)</th>
                <th>Sexo masculino (n=108)</th>
                <th>Total (n=135)</th>
                <th>Sexo feminino (n=80)</th>
                <th>Sexo masculino (n=55)</th>
                <th>pt</th>
                <th>p &#9792;</th>
                <th>p &#9794;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,39[13,17-15,96]</td>
                <td align="center">14,48[13,28-15,99]</td>
                <td align="center">14,27[13,08-15,88]</td>
                <td align="center">14,64[13,56-15,80]</td>
                <td align="center">14,84[13,94-15,95]</td>
                <td align="center">14,45[13,38-15,10]</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
                <td align="center">0,442</td>
                <td align="center">0,854</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso corporal (kg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">58,10[50,50-65,80]</td>
                <td align="center">57,40[50,70-63,40]</td>
                <td align="center">59,15[50,40-72,30]</td>
                <td align="center">53,70[43,90-62,05]</td>
                <td align="center">51,60[43,08-60,83]</td>
                <td align="center">58,50[48,45- 66,65]</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,300</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estatura (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,63[0,10]</td>
                <td align="center">1,60[0,07]</td>
                <td align="center">1,67[0,11]</td>
                <td align="center">1,60[0,09]</td>
                <td align="center">1,58[0,08]</td>
                <td align="center">1,64[0,10]</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estatura-z#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,56[0,34-0,80]</td>
                <td align="center">0,48[0,34-0,73]</td>
                <td align="center">0,68[0,35- 0,84]</td>
                <td align="center">0,41[0,23- 0,70]</td>
                <td align="center">0,38[0,22-0,62]</td>
                <td align="center">0,48[0,27-0,71]</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CC (cm)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">69,50[64,00-75,00]</td>
                <td align="center">67,00[61,00-72,00]</td>
                <td align="center">71,25[66,38-79,25]</td>
                <td align="center">65,00[61,00-72,00]</td>
                <td align="center">63,00[59,00-67,00]</td>
                <td align="center">70,00[64,00-75,50]</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,226</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">21,58[19,40-24,50]</td>
                <td align="center">22,27[19,69-24,26]</td>
                <td align="center">20,98[19,17-24,80]</td>
                <td align="center">20,35[18,23-23,56]</td>
                <td align="center">20,10[18,25-23,34]</td>
                <td align="center">20,39[18,29-24,62]</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,530</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                  <sub>
                    <bold>-z</bold>
                  </sub>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,64[1,11]</td>
                <td align="center">0,59[1,01]</td>
                <td align="center">0,67[1,19]</td>
                <td align="center">0,31[1,34]</td>
                <td align="center">0,11[1,26]</td>
                <td align="center">0,61[1,41]</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,748</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">124,50[115,50-132,50]</td>
                <td align="center">120,50[112,50-131,00]</td>
                <td align="center">129,00[119,12-136,62]</td>
                <td align="center">123,00[111,50-130,75]</td>
                <td align="center">117,50[108,50-130,62]</td>
                <td align="center">124,00[118,00-130,75]</td>
                <td align="center">0,067</td>
                <td align="center">0,365</td>
                <td align="center">0,205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">69,00[62,50-74,00]</td>
                <td align="center">70,50[64,50-75,00]</td>
                <td align="center">67,75[61,38-73,00]</td>
                <td align="center">70,00[64,50-77,75]</td>
                <td align="center">70,00[65,00-77,62]</td>
                <td align="center">70,00[62,50-77,75]</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
                <td align="center">0,599</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-L (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">34,29[12,86-64,29]</td>
                <td align="center">34,29[14,29-64,29]</td>
                <td align="center">34,29[12,86-64,29]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57[0,00-17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">0,00[0,00-12,86]</td>
                <td align="center">12,86[2,86-25,71]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-Mod (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">25,71[12,86-60,00]</td>
                <td align="center">25,71[12,86-60,00]</td>
                <td align="center">25,71[12,86-53,57]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57[0,00-12,93]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57[0,00-12,86]</td>
                <td align="center">8,57[0,71-17,14]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-Vig (min/dia)#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,29[5,71-32,14]</td>
                <td align="center">12,86[5,71-25,71]</td>
                <td align="center">15,71[8,04-39,64]</td>
                <td align="center">0,00[0,00-5,71]</td>
                <td align="center">0,00[0,00-4,64]</td>
                <td align="center">1,86[0,00-5,71]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>#n&#227;o param&#233;tricas; t: total versus total; &#9792;: meninas versus meninas; &#9794;: meninos versus meninos; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; IMC-z: IMC-escore Z; AF-L: atividade f&#237;sica leve; AF-Mod: atividade f&#237;sica moderada; AF-Vig: atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Analisando-se os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos CC, IMC-z e AF-mv com a PA ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> ), os meninos apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;- hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o arterial (p=0,033). Os indiv&#237;duos considerados ativos apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e os sedent&#225;rios apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de HA (p=0,015). Constatou-se que os adolescentes com obesidade central e aqueles com excesso de peso apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o e PAS elevada (p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o percentual de press&#227;o arterial de acordo com valores antropom&#233;tricos e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="7%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">PRESS&#195;O ARTERIAL</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th colspan="3">PRESS&#195;O ARTERIAL SIST&#211;LICA</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th colspan="3">PRESS&#195;O ARTERIAL DIAST&#211;LICA</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="14" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Adequado (n=158)</th>
                <th>Pr&#233; (n=42)</th>
                <th>Hipertenso (n=136)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Adequado (n=164)</th>
                <th>Pr&#233; (n=40)</th>
                <th>Hipertenso (n=132)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Adequado (n=287)</th>
                <th>Pr&#233; (n=18)</th>
                <th>Hipertenso (n=31)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Sexo (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">91 (52,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (38,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,033</td>
                <td align="center">93 (53,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (37,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,075</td>
                <td align="center">145 (83,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (6,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (9,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,633</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">67 (41,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (16,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (42,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (43,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (15,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (41,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (87,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (8,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>AF-mv (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Suf. ativo</td>
                <td align="center">91 (45,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (13,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (41,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,685</td>
                <td align="center">93 (46,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (13,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (40,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,412</td>
                <td align="center">179 (89,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Insuf. ativo</td>
                <td align="center">67 (49,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (39,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (52,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (9,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (37,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (80,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (14,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>CC (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">151 (51,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (11,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (36,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">155 (53,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (11,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (35,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">252 (86,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (7,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Obes. central</td>
                <td align="center">7 (15,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (66,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (20,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (62,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (77,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>IMC-z (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">121 (55,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (33,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">125 (57,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (10,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (32,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">190 (87,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (6,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (6,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Excesso de peso</td>
                <td align="center">37 (31,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (14,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (54,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (33,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (15,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (51,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (82,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13,6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>AF-mv: atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa; Insuf.: insuficientemente; Suf.: suficientemente; Obes.: obesidade; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; IMC-z: &#237;ndice de massa corporal escore z.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Segundo a an&#225;lise de risco de chance ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref> ), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os sexos para HA (OR=1,40; IC 0,88 a 2,22), PAS (OR=1,35; IC 0,85 a 2,14) e PAD (OR=0,84; IC 0,40 a 1,77) elevadas. Por outro lado, de acordo com os indicadores de adiposidade, os indiv&#237;duos com obesidade central apresentaram 6,11 (IC 2,59 a 14,42) vezes mais chances de ter HA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com CC adequadas, e os indiv&#237;duos com obesidade geral apresentaram 2,91 (IC=1,77=4,79) vezes mais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que apresentaram IMC-escore z adequado. Al&#233;m disso, foi observado que os adolescentes suficientemente ativos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 1/3 do risco de PAD elevada (OR=0,33; IC95%: 0,15 a 0,72).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Odds ratios</italic> (OR) para o risco de press&#227;o arterial elevada entre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>HA OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th>PAS elevada OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th>PAD elevada OR (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (0,88 a 2,22)</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (0,85 a 2,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,40 a 1,77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF-mv (suficientemente ativo)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (0,72 a 1,84)</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (0,76 a 1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 (0,15 a 0,72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CC (obesidade central)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,11 (2,59 a 14,42)</td>
                <td align="center">4,64 (2,10 a 10,23)</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 (1,04 a 6,03)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC-z (Obesidade geral)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,91 (1,76 a 4,79)</td>
                <td align="center">2,75 (1,68 a 4,52)</td>
                <td align="center">2,09 (0,99 a 4,40)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>AF-mv: atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; IMC-z: &#237;ndice de massa corporal escore z; h&#225;: hipertens&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; valores de p com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,005.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais resultados revelaram maior risco para HA em escolares com obesidade abdominal (OR=6,11) e obesidade geral (OR=2,91). Al&#233;m disso, adolescentes que praticam AF-mv apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 33% do risco de PAD elevada. A literatura atual tem sido consistente em demonstrar que o IMC-z e a CC est&#227;o fortemente associados com HA na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em acr&#233;scimo, os achados deste estudo exibem relevante fator protetivo da pr&#225;tica de AF-mv para a HA na adolesc&#234;ncia, aspecto que foi pouco explorado em estudos populacionais.</p>
      <p>De acordo com todo o exposto, as medidas antropom&#233;tricas representam significativos preditores de HA, que se justificam como alternativa simples, r&#225;pida, de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o e de bom custo-efetividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> V&#225;rios relatos demonstram associa&#231;&#227;o entre PA, IMC e CC, sugerindo a obesidade como forte fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de HA na vida adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A distribui&#231;&#227;o excessiva de gordura visceral &#233; acompanhada por altera&#231;&#245;es de v&#225;rios marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e endoteliais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> que estimulam o aumento de eventos de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da reten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quido, que podem promover varia&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de PA e crescimento do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Identificou-se que 40,5% dos adolescentes apresentaram HA, sendo metade dos escolares com excesso de peso e 2/3 com CC elevada foram diagnosticados como HA em maior propor&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a adolescentes com medidas adequadas. Em estudo de representatividade nacional e regional que avaliou 73.399 estudantes com idades entre 12 e 17 anos da regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil, estimou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 12,5% e de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o foi de 17%, o excesso de peso variou entre 29,8%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e 35,5%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> dos adolescentes sul-brasileiros. Sugere-se que, al&#233;m dos fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais, a obesidade e a HA podem estar relacionadas &#224;s disfun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as entre sexos, foram identificadas preval&#234;ncia de HA e PAS similares entre meninos e meninas, entretanto, as meninas apresentaram maiores m&#233;dias de PAD. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o deve-se ao fato de que as meninas praticam menos atividades f&#237;sicas por dia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos meninos, o que demonstrou efeito protetivo para PAD elevada.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que meninas com excesso de peso praticam maior tempo de atividades f&#237;sicas, bem como adolescentes considerados ativos apresentaram maiores m&#233;dias de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos. Este dado pode refletir a participa&#231;&#227;o em atividades f&#237;sicas como uma estrat&#233;gia para reduzir o peso corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Identificou-se que altos valores de CC e IMC-z foram associados ao maior risco de HA, entretanto, os considerados suficientemente ativos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 1/3 do risco de PAD elevada, o que sugere que AF-mv pode interferir nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, al&#233;m de reduzir o risco metab&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Entretanto, outro estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> demonstrou que somente o sobrepeso e a obesidade associaram-se diretamente com HA, mas n&#227;o a pr&#225;tica de AF-mv.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Grande parte dos adolescentes foram considerados suficientemente ativos, o que pode estar relacionado ao n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, com a oferta de atividades f&#237;sicas fora dos per&#237;odos escolares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos da sociedade moderna e o aumento da viol&#234;ncia est&#227;o associados com a mudan&#231;a no comportamento de crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O aumento do tempo em atividades sedent&#225;rias e a menor pr&#225;tica AF-mv favorecem o ganho de peso e as doen&#231;as associadas &#224; obesidade, entre elas, a HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Recomenda-se a pr&#225;tica de no m&#237;nimo de 300 minutos de AF-mv por semana para fornecer benef&#237;cios adicionais de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste sentido, o aspecto de relev&#226;ncia encontrado neste estudo refere-se &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores mais baixos de PAD em adolescentes que praticam AF-mv, sugerindo que essa pr&#225;tica possa interferir nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos na popula&#231;&#227;o infantojuvenil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Estudo recente mostrou que adolescentes com melhores aptid&#245;es musculares exibiram menores n&#237;veis de PAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Por todos os motivos expostos, conclui-se que interven&#231;&#245;es que estimulem a transi&#231;&#227;o da inatividade f&#237;sica para um est&#225;gio de a&#231;&#227;o promovem impactos imediatos para o aumento da pr&#225;tica da atividade f&#237;sica em escolares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> o que pode ser considerado fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para HA.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a efic&#225;cia em detectar precocemente fatores de risco pode contribuir para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na vida adulta, apesar de mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos e atitudes representarem tarefas complexas e muitas vezes de resultados insatisfat&#243;rios. Entretanto, pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de direcionadas para escolares, assim como investimentos sociais para melhoria da pr&#225;tica de AF-mv, poder&#227;o no futuro determinar mudan&#231;as significativas da popula&#231;&#227;o. Neste sentido, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia que profissionais da educa&#231;&#227;o e da sa&#250;de promovam o controle e a preven&#231;&#227;o da HA, assim como de outros fatores de risco associados a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es como o pequeno n&#250;mero da amostra e a quantidade de vezes que a PA foi aferida (deve ser realizada em pelo menos tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es distintas para melhor diagnosticar os escolares hipertensos). Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o uso de question&#225;rio recordat&#243;rio para avaliar o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, por&#233;m o IPAQ apresenta excelente associa&#231;&#227;o com AF-mv.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram verificadas as vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas, matura&#231;&#227;o sexual, ingest&#227;o de sal da dieta e antecedentes familiares para HA. Entretanto, vale ressaltar que o ponto forte foi associar a HA ao diagn&#243;stico de obesidade central e obesidade geral, bem como destacar a import&#226;ncia da pr&#225;tica de AF-mv como fator de prote&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na PA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Tais avalia&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o importantes como forma preventiva em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, pois muitas crian&#231;as e adolescentes n&#227;o apresentam a oportunidade de terem a PA avaliada na escola.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, observou-se que metade dos escolares avaliados apresentaram HA e 1/3 obesidade geral. Al&#233;m disso, as medidas antropom&#233;tricas de CC e IMC-z foram significativamente relacionadas ao maior risco de HA, e a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas aparece como fator preventivo de PAD elevada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Desta forma, sugere-se a implanta&#231;&#227;o de programas que estimulem o estilo de vida saud&#225;vel no ambiente escolar, para contribuir com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos indicadores de obesidade central e obesidade geral, bem como prevenir contra HA ao aumentar a pr&#225;tica de AF-mv na popula&#231;&#227;o infantojuvenil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), pelo Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Estudos da Crian&#231;a (CIEC), pelo Projeto Estrat&#233;gico UID/CED/00317/2013, por meio dos Fundos Nacionais da Funda&#231;&#227;o para a Ci&#234;ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT), cofinanciado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) por meio do COMPETE 2020 &#8211; Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza&#231;&#227;o (POCI) com a refer&#234;ncia POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007562.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de Tatiana Affornali Tozo Universidade do Minho em regime de Cotutela com a Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Estudos da Crian&#231;a (CIEC), pelo Projeto Estrat&#233;gico UID/CED/00317/2013, por meio dos Fundos Nacionais da Funda&#231;&#227;o para a Ci&#234;ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT), cofinanciado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) por meio do COMPETE 2020 &#8211; Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza&#231;&#227;o (POCI) com a refer&#234;ncia POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007562.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertensive Measures In Schoolchildren: Risk Of Central Obesity And Protective Effect Of Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9824-6206</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tozo</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Affornali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4771-9402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4389-1213</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2839-9079</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Cristianne Morgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1039-6320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Marisa Maia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4752-6697</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Neiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Minho, Braga - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto, Porto - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Tatiana Tozo &#8226; Rua Paulino Siqueira Cortes 1986, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Pinhais, PR - Brazil; Postal code: 83005-030 E-mail: tatinali@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tozo TA, Pereira BO, Moreira CMM, Leite N; Acquisition of data: Tozo T; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tozo T, Pereira BO, Menezes Junior FJ, Montenegro CM, Moreira CMM, Leite N; Statistical analysis: Menezes Junior FJ; Obtaining financing: Pereira BO, Moreira CMM, Leite N; Writing of the manuscript: Tozo T, Pereira BO, Menezes Junior FJ, Montenegro CM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira BO, Moreira CMM, Leite N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The proportion of arterial hypertension (AH) has increased in children and adolescents and is associated with several comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To verify the association of arterial hypertension with central and general obesity as well as according to the level of physical activity in schoolchildren.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>336 children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 participated in the study. Height, body weight, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured. The body mass index z-score (BMI-z) was calculated. The level of physical activity was assessed by the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) according to the practice of moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (AF-mv). Students with systolic (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) higher than the 95<sup>th</sup>percentile according to sex, age and height or &#8805;120/80 were considered hypertensive. Statistical tests of t-Student, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and binary logistic regression model were used, considering the significance level of p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>It was found that 40.5% of the students had AH, 35.11% were overweight (12.5% obese), 13.39% had high WC and 40.2% were considered insufficiently active in AF-mv. The chances of AH were related to high WC (OR = 6.11; 95% CI: 2.59&#172;&#8211;14.42) and overweight (OR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.76&#8211;4.79). In addition, adolescents who practiced AF-mv had a lower risk of high DBP (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15&#8211;0.72).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Central obesity was the best predictor of AH in children and adolescents, as well as general obesity and males. The practice of AF-mv demonstrated a protective effect on high DBP in schoolchildren. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):42-49)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>School Children</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist Circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The frequency of arterial hypertension (AH) has increased in all age groups and in several countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> affecting children and adolescents, and tends to persist over time, with a high probability of progressing into adulthood,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> mainly due to the increasing prevalence of obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which is associated with the appearance of several comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The joint analysis of lifestyle habits that may predispose to the onset of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood plays an important role in preventing hypertension in children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Obesity has a multifactorial origin, involving aspects of behavior related to diet, physical activity and psychological factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, early diagnosis of AH in children and adolescents is relevant to prevent the disease from advancing into adulthood, reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and recommend therapeutic programs to stop the process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thus, anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are efficient low-cost indicators for identifying cardiovascular risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> BMI classified as overweight demonstrates general obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> while the largest WC is related to central obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> the latter being more associated with inflammation in adults and appearance of cardiometabolic comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Blood pressure should be measured on three different occasions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> to confirm the diagnosis of AH, whereas in epidemiological studies it is usually measured on one day and the term hypertensive measures has been used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Therefore, in children and adolescents, some studies show greater associations between AH with central obesity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and with general obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which generates controversy as to the location of adiposity and blood pressure (BP) in this population.</p>
        <p>In addition, evidence on the practice of physical activities with moderate-to-vigorous intensity (AF-mv) and BP is still limited, as well as the relationship between anthropometric measures and AF-mv as protectors of AH in children and adolescents. Thus, it is important to identify the risk of AH in adolescence to prevent the advancement of this condition in adulthood, which can increase the efficiency of treatment. Therefore, the present study aims to verify the association between AF-mv and anthropometric indicators of obesity with the diagnosis of AH in children and adolescents.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study carried out in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Pinhais, Paran&#225; (southern region of Brazil). The sample consisted of conglomerates, chosen for convenience, in which each private elementary and high school institution in the city was considered a conglomerate. Of the six institutions located in the central region that were invited, only two private schools agreed to participate in the study, to which all elementary and high school students were invited.</p>
        <p>In the city, approximately 55,289 students were attending the final grades of elementary school and high school in 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The prevalence of 12.5% of hypertensive children and adolescents in the southern region of Brazil was stipulated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Based on the probabilistic sample selection, the total number of 111 adolescents for inference of the student population in the stipulated age range was obtained. 1.5x subjects were included regarding the design effect, taking into account a 5% sample error, and an additional 30% were included for possible dropouts, resulting in a total of 217 individuals aged between 11 and 17.</p>
        <p>The study included 336 volunteer children and adolescents aged 11 to 17, of both sexes (173 girls). Pregnant women, individuals with limitations that prevented them from participating in any study procedure, and those who did not have signed the Free and Informed Consent Term (FICT) and the Free and Informed Consent Term for minors of age (TALE) were excluded from the study. All procedures were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, PUC &#8211; PR, CAAE (71324017.1.0000.0020/2017).</p>
        <p>Anthropometric measurements were collected at school, in a standardized manner, following the procedures recommended by the Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Height was measured using a portable stadiometer, with a resolution of 0.1 centimeters (cm); height was expressed in cm. Body weight was assessed with a portable scale model PLENA, with resolution of up to 100 grams and capacity of 150 kg.</p>
        <p>BMI z-score (BMI-z)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> was calculated using WHO Anthro Plus&#174; version 1.0.4. Participants with BMI-z between &#8805; -2 and &lt;+1 were classified as overweight; between &#8805; 1 and &lt;2, obese; those with &#8805;2 were classified as eutrophic according to age and sex. Adolescents classified as overweight and obese (BMI-z &#8805;1) were considered with general obesity. In order to measure WC, an inelastic measuring tape was used at the midpoint between the last upper arch of the iliac crest and the outer face of the last rib. Adolescents with a &#8805;75 percentile were considered with central obesity according to sex and age group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) followed the recommendations of the 7<sup>th</sup>Brazilian Guideline on Hypertension<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and were collected in a quiet isolated classroom using the automatic pressure device OMRON705-IT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Two measurements of SBP and DBP were performed on the subject&#8217;s right arm by volunteer nurses with an interval of five minutes between them. These measurements were classified according to age, sex and height percentile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Thus, the criteria for classification were: values below the 90<sup>th</sup>percentile were considered adequate (normotensive), since they were lower than 120/80 mmHg; the percentiles between 90 and 95 were considered as prehypertensive (borderline); and equal to or greater than the 95<sup>th</sup>percentile were considered hypertensive.</p>
        <p>The level of physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire &#8212; short form &#8212; (IPAQ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The questions refer to the physical activities practiced in the week prior to the application of the questionnaire. The individuals were classified as sufficiently active (active or very active) or insufficiently active (irregularly active A, B or sedentary).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), v. 24. The normality of the data was assessed by the Shapiro Wilk test. For comparison between sexes, nutritional status, WC classification and AF-mv, the independent Student&#8217;s t test was used for parametric variables, and the Mann-Witney test for non-parametric variables. The Chi-square test was used to assess the proportions among students considered adequate, pre-hypertensive, hypertensive according to high SBP and DBP. The analysis of odd ratios for individuals considered adequate and hypertensive, based on anthropometric variables and AF-mv through binary logistic regression. The significance level of p&lt;0.05 was considered for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Excess weight was found in 35.11% of the 336 schoolchildren evaluated, with 12.5% being classified as obese. Central obesity was present in 13.39% of the students; 59.8% were classified as sufficiently active in PA-mv practices and 52.97% had high BP; 12.5% were pre-hypertensive and 40.5% hypertensive. The sample distribution according to sex and age group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample distribution by sex and age range</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Age range (years)</th>
                  <th>Male (n)</th>
                  <th>Female (n)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>14</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>15</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>16</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>21</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>29</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>17</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>14</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>15</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>It was observed that mean SBP (p &lt;0.001), BMI-Z (p = 0.034), body mass (p=0.001) and WC (p&lt;0.001) were higher in boys than in girls. On the other hand, girls showed higher PAD (p=0.009). In addition, boys participated for longer in light and vigorous physical activities than girls (p=0.007; p=0.009) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=336)</th>
                  <th>Female (n=173)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=163)</th>
                  <th>W</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.50[13.35&#8211;15.88]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.74[13.52&#8211;15.99]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.35[13.16-15.54]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body weight (kg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">56.25[47.90-64.60]</td>
                  <td align="center">54.70[46.90-62.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">58.90[49.35-70.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stature (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.62[0.10]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59[0.07]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.66[0.10]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stature -z#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.49[0.29-0.78]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44[0.26-0.71]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57[0.34-0.82]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WC (cm) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68.00[62.50-74.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">65.00[60.00-70.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">71.00[65.50-78.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21.29[19.00-24.09]</td>
                  <td align="center">21.55[19.17- 24.01]</td>
                  <td align="center">20.79 [18.87. 24.80]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI-Z</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.51[1.22]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37[1.16]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65[1.27]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">124.00[113.50-132.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">120.00[111.00-131.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">127.00[118.00-135.25]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP (mmHg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69.50[63.38-75.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00[65.00-76.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">68.00[61.75-74.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA-light (min/day)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.29[2.50-42.86]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.29[0.00-38.57]</td>
                  <td align="center">25.71[8.57-48.21]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA- Moderate (min/day)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17.14[6.43-34.64]</td>
                  <td align="center">12.86[6.43-34.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">17.14[6.79-37.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.282</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA- Vigorous (min/day)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.14[0.00-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">5.71[0.00-14.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[0.00-25.71]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; # non-parametric; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI; body mass index; WC; waist circumference; BMI-Z: BMI z-score; PA: physical activity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the total sample, it was identified that individuals with general obesity had higher SBP (p&lt;0.001) and height-z (p=0.005) than eutrophic individuals ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). According to sex, it was observed that both boys and girls with general obesity had higher SBP (p=0.003; p=0.001) and WC (p&lt;0.001; p&lt;0.001). However, only girls had higher values of height -z and greater participation in light and vigorous activities compared to eutrophic ones (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Anthropometric variables and blood pressure according to the classification of bmi z-score.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">EUTHROPHIC</th>
                  <th colspan="3">OVERWEIGHT</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="10" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=218)</th>
                  <th>Female (n=119)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=99)</th>
                  <th>Total (n=118)</th>
                  <th>Female (n=54)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=64)</th>
                  <th>pt</th>
                  <th>p &#9792;</th>
                  <th>p &#9794;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.66[13.41-15.90]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.80[13.68-16.01]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.49[13.16-15.48]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.25[13.14-15.83]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.62[13.14-15.86]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.07[13.21-15.61]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.232</td>
                  <td align="center">0.356</td>
                  <td align="center">0.573</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body weight (kg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51.60[43.92-57.77]</td>
                  <td align="center">51.10[43.30-55.90]</td>
                  <td align="center">52.20[45.65-59.15]</td>
                  <td align="center">67.45[61.12-78.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">64.00[59.70-71.15]</td>
                  <td align="center">74.10[64.75-83.15]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stature (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.61[0.10]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.58[0.08]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.65[0.11]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63[0.09]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.60[0.06]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.66[0.10]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.062</td>
                  <td align="center">0.230</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stature z#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.43[0.27- 0.73]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41[0.23-0.64]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54[0.32- 0.79]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57[0.35- 0.83]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52[0.35-0.74]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71[0.42-0.87]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  <td align="center">0.083</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WC (cm)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">64.50[60.00-69.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">61.00[58.00-66.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">66.50[63.75-70.20]</td>
                  <td align="center">76.50[72.00-86.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">72.50[67.25-76.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">83.00[75.25-91.12]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.54[18.07-21.26]</td>
                  <td align="center">19.69[18.18-21.65]</td>
                  <td align="center">19.33[17.81-20.49]</td>
                  <td align="center">25.34[23.88-27.91]</td>
                  <td align="center">24.93[24.08-27.08]</td>
                  <td align="center">26.04[23.64-29.03]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI- Z</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0.18[0.85]</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.19[0.90]</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.17[0.78]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.78[0.64]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.60[0.56]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.93[0.68]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">121.00[111.50-130.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">117.00[108.50-129.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">124.00[116.50-132.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">129.00[120.00-136.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">124.00[116.62-136.25]</td>
                  <td align="center">130.25[122.38-138.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP (mmHg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68.50[62.50-74.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00[64.50-75.25]</td>
                  <td align="center">67.50[61.25-73.25]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00[64.50-76.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.50[66.12-77.88]</td>
                  <td align="center">69.50[62.38-74.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075</td>
                  <td align="center">0.255</td>
                  <td align="center">0.096</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA-L (min/day) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17.14[0.00-42.32]</td>
                  <td align="center">11.43[0.00-36.43]</td>
                  <td align="center">25.71[8.57-51.43]</td>
                  <td align="center">24.29[6.96-51.43]</td>
                  <td align="center">24.29[1.43-64.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">23.57[8.57-43.39]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.910</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA-Mod (min/day) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.29[6.43-34.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">12.86[6.07-31.07]</td>
                  <td align="center">17.14[6.79-37.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">17.14[8.57-35.36]</td>
                  <td align="center">13.57[8.57-35.36]</td>
                  <td align="center">19.29[8.04-35.36]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.532</td>
                  <td align="center">0.768</td>
                  <td align="center">0.734</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA-Vig (min/day) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.71[0.00-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">4.29[0.00-13.57]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[0.00-29.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[2.14-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[3.21-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">10.71[1.39-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.120</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">0.603</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD = standard deviation; # non-parametric; t: Total vs. Total; &#9792;: boys vs. girls; &#9794;: boys vs. boys; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC = waist circumference; BMI-Z: BMI z-score; PA-L: light physical activity; PA-Mod: moderate physical activity; PA-Vig: vigorous physical activity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the group with central obesity, the girls had higher SBP (p=0.026), body weight (p&lt;0.001), height (p=0.038) and BMI-z (p&lt;0.001) compared to the group considered adequate. In relation to boys, the group with central obesity showed higher SBP (p=0.002), DBP (p=0.003), body mass (p&lt;0.001) and BMI-z (p&lt;0.001) compared to the group considered adequate ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). However, no differences were identified for the practice of physical activity.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Anthropometric variables and blood pressure according to the classification of waist circumference.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">ADEQUATE</th>
                  <th colspan="3">CENTRAL OBESITY</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="10" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=291)</th>
                  <th>Female (n=163)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=128)</th>
                  <th>Total (n=45)</th>
                  <th>Female (n=10)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=35)</th>
                  <th>pt</th>
                  <th>p &#9792;</th>
                  <th>p &#9794;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.64[13.39-15.94]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.74[13.64-16.01]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.49[13.23-15.63]</td>
                  <td align="center">13.81[12.99-15.52]</td>
                  <td align="center">13.50[12.95-15.48]</td>
                  <td align="center">13.94[13.02-15.31]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.065</td>
                  <td align="center">0.170</td>
                  <td align="center">0.326</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peso corporal (kg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">54.50[46.80-61.35]</td>
                  <td align="center">53.80[46.45-60.80]</td>
                  <td align="center">55.20[47.58-61.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">78.40[68.90-89.30]</td>
                  <td align="center">81.75[70.65-89.38]</td>
                  <td align="center">78.40[68.80-88.20]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estatura (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.62[0.10]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59[0.07]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.65[0.11]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.66[0.08]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64[0.03]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67[0.09]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.038</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.543</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estatura-z#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.45[0.28-0.74]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43[0.24-0.68]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55[0.32-0.80]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74[0.49-0.89]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77[0.61-0.90]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73[0.46-0.89]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.005</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CC (cm)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66.00[61.00-71.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">64.00[59.00-69.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">69.50[64.50-72.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">88.50[84.00-95.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">81.00[79.00-88.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">90.00[86.00-97.25]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC (kg/m2)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20.56[18.54-22.77]</td>
                  <td align="center">21.40[19.13-23.38]</td>
                  <td align="center">20.11[18.37-21.60]</td>
                  <td align="center">28.67[26.40-31.40]</td>
                  <td align="center">29.80[26.30-33.16]</td>
                  <td align="center">28.67[26.66-30.23]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC-z</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.22[1.02]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25[1.07]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17[0.95]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.39[0.52]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.35[0.53]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.40[0.53]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAS (mmHg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">122.50[112.75-131.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">119.00[111.00-129.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">124.25[117.50-132.88]</td>
                  <td align="center">132.00[127.00-139.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">136.25[129.00-138.25]</td>
                  <td align="center">131.00[126.75-141.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.026</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAD (mmHg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68.50[62.50-74.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00[65.00-75.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">67.00[61.00-73.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">73.00[68.00-78.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">76.50[68.88-84.38]</td>
                  <td align="center">72.50[68.25-74.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.101</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.003</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AF-leve (min/dia)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.29[0.00-42.86]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.29[0.00-38.57]</td>
                  <td align="center">25.71[8.57-46.61]</td>
                  <td align="center">21.43[5.71-51.43]</td>
                  <td align="center">23.57[9.29-57.86]</td>
                  <td align="center">21.43[5.00-47.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.609</td>
                  <td align="center">0.432</td>
                  <td align="center">0.527</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AF-moderada (min/dia) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.29[6.43-35.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">12.86[6.43-33.21]</td>
                  <td align="center">17.14[6.43-36.43]</td>
                  <td align="center">17.14[8.57-34.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">19.29[6.96-33.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">17.14[9.64-34.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.377</td>
                  <td align="center">0.779</td>
                  <td align="center">0.619</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AF-vigorosa (min/dia)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.43[0.00-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">5.71[0.00-14.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[0.00-26.43]</td>
                  <td align="center">10.71[2.86-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">6.43[0.71-11.79]</td>
                  <td align="center">12.86[3.57-22.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.271</td>
                  <td align="center">0.928</td>
                  <td align="center">0.607</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; # non-parametric; t: Total vs. Total; &#9792;: boys vs. girls; &#9794;: boys vs. boys; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI = body mass index; WC = waist circumference; BMI-Z: BMI z-score; PA-L: light physical activity; PA-Mod: moderate physical activity; PA-Vig: vigorous physical activity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were also assessed according to AF-mv ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ). In the total sample, active individuals had higher values of body weight (p=0.002), BMI (p=0.016), height z (p=0.001), in addition to lower DBP (p=0.046) compared to those classified as insufficiently active. In relation to girls considered sufficiently active, higher values for body mass (p=0.005), height (p=0.048), WC (p=0.015), BMI (p=0.005) and height z (p=0.016) were identified compared to insufficiently active girls. Sufficiently active boys had higher z-stature (p=0.025) than insufficiently active boys.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Anthropometric variables and blood pressure according to the classification of level of physical activity. By sex</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">SUFFICIENTLY ACTIVE</th>
                  <th colspan="3">INSUFFICIENTLY ACTIVE</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="10" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=201)</th>
                  <th>Female (n=93)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=108)</th>
                  <th>Total (n=135)</th>
                  <th>Female (n=80)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=55)</th>
                  <th>pt</th>
                  <th>p &#9792;</th>
                  <th>p &#9794;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.39[13.17-15.96]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.48[13.28-15.99]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.27[13.08-15.88]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.64[13.56-15.80]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.84[13.94-15.95]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.45[13.38-15.10]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.504</td>
                  <td align="center">0.442</td>
                  <td align="center">0.854</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body weight(kg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">58.10[50.50-65.80]</td>
                  <td align="center">57.40[50.70-63.40]</td>
                  <td align="center">59.15[50.40-72.30]</td>
                  <td align="center">53.70[43.90-62.05]</td>
                  <td align="center">51.60[43.08-60.83]</td>
                  <td align="center">58.50[48.45- 66.65]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.300</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stature (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.63[0.10]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.60[0.07]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67[0.11]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.60[0.09]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.58[0.08]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64[0.10]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stature z#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.56[0.34-0.80]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48[0.34-0.73]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68[0.35- 0.84]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41[0.23- 0.70]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38[0.22-0.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48[0.27-0.71]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WC (cm)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69.50[64.00-75.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">67.00[61.00-72.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">71.25[66.38-79.25]</td>
                  <td align="center">65.00[61.00-72.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">63.00[59.00-67.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00[64.00-75.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.226</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21.58[19.40-24.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">22.27[19.69-24.26]</td>
                  <td align="center">20.98[19.17-24.80]</td>
                  <td align="center">20.35[18.23-23.56]</td>
                  <td align="center">20.10[18.25-23.34]</td>
                  <td align="center">20.39[18.29-24.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.530</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>- Z</bold>
                    </sub>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.64[1.11]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59[1.01]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67[1.19]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31[1.34]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11[1.26]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61[1.41]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.748</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">124.50[115.50-132.50]</td>
                  <td align="center">120.50[112.50-131.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">129.00[119.12-136.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">123.00[111.50-130.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">117.50[108.50-130.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">124.00[118.00-130.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.067</td>
                  <td align="center">0.365</td>
                  <td align="center">0.205</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP (mmHg)#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69.00[62.50-74.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.50[64.50-75.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">67.75[61.38-73.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00[64.50-77.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00[65.00-77.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00[62.50-77.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  <td align="center">0.599</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA-L (min/day) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34.29[12.86-64.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">34.29[14.29-64.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">34.29[12.86-64.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[0.00-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00[0.00-12.86]</td>
                  <td align="center">12.86[2.86-25.71]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA-Mod (min/day) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25.71[12.86-60.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">25.71[12.86-60.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">25.71[12.86-53.57]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[0.00-12.93]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[0.00-12.86]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.57[0.71-17.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA-Vig (min/day) #</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.29[5.71-32.14]</td>
                  <td align="center">12.86[5.71-25.71]</td>
                  <td align="center">15.71[8.04-39.64]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00[0.00-5.71]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00[0.00-4.64]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.86[0.00-5.71]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; # non-parametric; t: Total vs. Total; &#9792;: boys vs. girls; &#9794;: boys vs. boys; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; BMI-Z: BMI z-score; PA-L: light physical activity; PA-Mod: moderate physical activity; PA-Vig: vigorous physical activity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Analyzing the anthropometric parameters CC, BMI and AF-mv with blood pressure ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> ), the boys presented a higher proportion of prehypertension and arterial hypertension (p=0.033). The individuals considered active had a higher proportion of diastolic prehypertension, while sedentary individuals had a higher proportion of AH (p=0.015). It was observed that adolescents with central obesity, as well as those with overweight, had a higher proportion of prehypertension and hypertension and high SBP (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Percentage distribution of blood pressure according to anthropometric values and level of physical activity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">BLOOD PRESSURE</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th colspan="3">SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th colspan="3">DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="14" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Adequate (n=158)</th>
                  <th>Pre (n=42)</th>
                  <th>Hypertensive (n=136)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Adequate (n=164)</th>
                  <th>Pre (n=40)</th>
                  <th>Hypertensive (n=132)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Adequate (n=287)</th>
                  <th>Pre (n=18)</th>
                  <th>Hypertensive (n=31)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Sex (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">91(52.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(8.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67(38.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.033</td>
                  <td align="center">93(53.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(8.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65(37.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.075</td>
                  <td align="center">145(83.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(6.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(9.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.633</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">67(41.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27(16.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69(42.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71(43.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25(15.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67(41.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">142(87.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(4.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(8.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>PA-mv (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Suff. Active</td>
                  <td align="center">91(45.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27(13.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83(41.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.685</td>
                  <td align="center">93(46.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27(13.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81(40.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.412</td>
                  <td align="center">179(89.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(5.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(5.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Insuff. Active</td>
                  <td align="center">67(49.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(11.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53(39.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71(52.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(9.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51(37.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">108(80.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(5.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(14.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>WC (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Appropriate</td>
                  <td align="center">151(51.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34(11.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">106(36.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">155(53.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(11.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">104(35.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">252(86.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(5.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23(7.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Central Obes.</td>
                  <td align="center">7(15.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(17.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30(66.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(20.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(17.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(62.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(77.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(4.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(17.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>BMIz (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Eutrophic</td>
                  <td align="center">121(55.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25(11.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72(33.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">125(57.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(10.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71(32.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">190(87.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(6.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(6.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.114</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">37(31.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(14.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64(54.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39(33.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(15.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61(51.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">97(82.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(4.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(13.6%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>PA-mv: moderate-vigorous physical activity level; Insuff.: insufficiently; Suff.: sufficiently; Obes.: obesity; WC: waist circumference; BMI z: body mass index z score.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>According to the odds ratio analysis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref> ), there was no difference between sexes for high AH (OR = 1.40; CI = 0.88&#8211;2.22), SBP (OR = 1.35; CI = 0.85&#8211;2.14) and DBP (OR = 0.84; CI = 0.40&#8211;1.77). On the other hand, according to adiposity indicators, individuals with central obesity were 6.11 (CI = 2.59&#8211;14.42) times more likely to have AH than those with adequate WC, while obesity general analysis revealed that the probability of presenting AH is 2.91 (CI = 1.77 = 4.79) higher than those who presented adequate BMI z-score. In addition, it was observed that sufficiently active adolescents had a reduction of approximately one third in the risk of high DBP (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15&#8211;0.72).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Odds ratios for the risk of high blood pressure between anthropometric variables and level of physical activity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>HA OR (CI 95%)</th>
                  <th>PAS elevada OR (CI 95%)</th>
                  <th>PAD elevada OR (CI 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex=Boys</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.40(0.88-2.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35(0.85-2.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84(0.40-1.77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA-mv= sufficiently active</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.15(0.72-1.84)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21(0.76-1.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33(0.15-0.72)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WC= Central obesity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.11(2.59-14.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.64(2.10-10.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.50(1.04-6.03)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI-z= General obesity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.91(1.76-4.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.75(1.68-4.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.09(0.99-4.40)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>
                  <italic>M: male; AF-mv: moderate-vigorous physical activity; WC: waist circumference; BMI-z: body mass index z-score; AH: arterial hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; p values with significance level at p &lt;0.005.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main results revealed higher risk for the presence of AH in students with abdominal obesity (OR = 6.11) and general obesity (OR = 2.91). In addition, adolescents who practice AF-mv showed a 33% reduction in the risk of high DBP. The current literature has been consistent in showing that BMI-z and WC are strongly associated with AH in childhood and adolescence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, the findings of this study show a relevant protective factor of the practice of AF-mv for the presence of AH in adolescence, an aspect that has been little explored in population-based studies.</p>
        <p>In view of this situation, anthropometric measurements represent relevant predictors of AH, which are justified as a simple, quick, easily interpreted and cost-effective alternative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Several reports demonstrate an association between blood pressure, BMI and WC, suggesting obesity as a strong risk factor for the development of AH in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Excessive distribution of visceral fat is accompanied by changes in various inflammatory and endothelial markers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> which stimulate the increase of insulin resistance events, endothelial dysfunction and increased fluid retention, which can then stimulate variations in BP levels and growth of cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It was found that 40.5% of the adolescents had AH, with half of overweight students and two-thirds with high WC diagnosed as AH, in a greater proportion in adolescent relationships with adequate measures. In a study of national and regional representativeness that evaluated 73,399 students aged 12&#8211;17 years in the southern region of Brazil, the estimated prevalence of AH was 12.5% and that of prehypertension was 17%;excess weight varied between 29.8%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and 35.5%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> of South Brazilian adolescents. It is suggested that, in addition to genetic and environmental factors, obesity and AH may be related to metabolic disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Regarding the differences between sexes, a prevalence of AH and similar SBP among boys and girls was identified, however, girls had higher mean DBP. Similar results have been found in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A possible explanation may the fact that girls practice less physical activities per day compared to boys, which demonstrated a protective effect for high DBP.</p>
        <p>In addition, it was observed that overweight girls practice longer physical activities, as well as adolescents considered active had higher averages of anthropometric indicators. This data may reflect participation in physical activities as a strategy to reduce body weight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It was found that high WC and BMI-z were associated with higher risk of AH, however, those considered sufficiently active showed one-third reduction in the risk of high DBP, which suggests that AF-mv may interfere with blood pressure levels, in addition to reducing metabolic risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> However, another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> demonstrated that only overweight and obesity were directly associated with AH, but not the practice of AF-mv.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Most adolescents were considered sufficiently active, which may be related to socioeconomic level, as physical activities are offered out of school periods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The urbanization process, technological advances in modern society and the increase in violence are associated with changes in behavior in children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The increase in time spent doing sedentary activities and less AF-mv practice favor weight gain and diseases associated with obesity, including HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> At least 300 minutes of AF-mv per week is recommended to provide additional health benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this regard, an aspect of relevance found in this study refers to the association between lower DBP in adolescents who practice AF-mv, suggesting that the practice of AF-mv may interfere with blood pressure levels in the juvenile population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A recent study found that adolescents with better muscle skills exhibited lower levels of DBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Thus, interventions that encourage the transition from physical inactivity to activity promote immediate impacts on the increase of physical activity among schoolchildren,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> which can be considered a protective factor for AH.</p>
        <p>Therefore, effectively detecting risk factors early can contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, since changing established habits and attitudes can represent complex tasks and often lead to unsatisfactory results. However, health policies directed at schoolchildren, as well as social investments to improve the practice of AF-mv, may eventually determine significant changes in the population. In this regard, the presence of education and support from health professionals is of great importance, contributing to the control and prevention of AH, among other risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations, such as the small sample size, and measurement of blood pressure must be performed on at least three different occasions to better diagnose hypertensive students. Another limitation is the use of a recall questionnaire to assess the level of physical activity, however the IPAQ has an excellent association with AF-mv.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The variables of socioeconomic level, sexual maturity, dietary salt intake and family history of hypertension were not verified either. However, it is noteworthy that the strong point was to associate AH with the diagnosis of central and general obesity, as well as to highlight the importance of the practice of AF-mv as a protective factor against changes in BP in children and adolescents. Such assessments are important as a prevention in public health, as many children and adolescents do not have the opportunity to have their blood pressure assessed at school.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this study, it was observed that half of the evaluated students demonstrated AH and one third had general obesity. In addition, the anthropometric measurements of WC and BMI-z were significantly related to the increased risk of the presence of AH, while the practice of physical activities appears as a protective factor of high DBP among children and adolescents. Thus, it is suggested to implement programs that encourage a healthy lifestyle in the school environment, to contribute to the reduction of central and general obesity indicators, as well as to add protection against AH by increasing the practice of AF-mv in the population of children and adolescents.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Tatiana Affornali Tozo, from Universidade do Minho under cotutela regime with Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the under the protocol number 2.198.319- CAAE: 713240017.1.0000.0020. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6001">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Research Center for Child Studies (CIEC), by the Strategic Project UID / CED / 00317/2013, through the National Funds of the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through COMPETE 2020 - Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program (POCI) with reference no. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007562.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
